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Mercury and Organic Chemicals in Fish from the New York City Reservoir System

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Mercury and Organic Chemicals in Fish from the New York City Reservoir System Mercury and Organic Chemicals in Fish from the New York City Reservoir System by Jefferey J. Loukmas and Lawrence C. Skinner Bureau of Habitat, Division of Fish, Wildlife, and Marine Resources New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Albany, NY March 9, 2005 ABSTRACT The 19 upstate reservoirs in New York City’s water supply system all support active fisheries, but recent contaminant monitoring in five of these reservoirs detected elevated mercury concentrations in certain species of fish. The lack of fish contaminant data for the other reservoirs and the likelihood that elevated mercury levels would be found prompted this project. From 2001 - 2003, important recreational fish species from 16 reservoirs (two reservoirs, Cannonsville and Pepacton, were re-sampled because contaminant data were available for only one species from each reservoir) were examined for polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, dioxins, furans, and mercury residues. Mercury was confirmed as the primary contaminant of concern in fish tissue from the reservoir system. Mercury concentrations above the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) enforcement limit of 1000 ng/g were detected in 13.6% of the samples and included seven species and 14 reservoirs. The New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) subsequently issued human consumption advisories for six species from 11 reservoirs. Species included in the advisories were walleye (Sander vitreus), smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui), largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), brown trout (Salmo trutta), white perch (Morone americana) and yellow perch (Perca flavescens). There are now 14 reservoirs, including all six west of the Hudson River, within the New York City system with mercury- related health advisories. Chlorinated dioxin and furan, PCB, and DDT concentrations were below USFDA or NYSDOH health criteria for all samples. However, many samples exceeded the corresponding United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) risk-based criteria. Relatively high PCB concentrations in Bog Brook Reservoir fish indicated a potential point source problem that should be investigated further. The USEPA piscivorous wildlife criterion for mercury in high trophic level fish (346 ng/g) was exceeded in 50% of the samples. Further monitoring of mercury in smaller, forage fish and piscivorous wildlife is recommended. There were few samples that exceeded the wildlife health criteria for chlorinated dioxins and furans, and DDT. None of the samples exceeded either the human or wildlife guidance levels for chlordane or other analytes. i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT i TABLE OF CONTENTS ii LIST OF TABLES iv LIST OF FIGURES viii LIST OF APPENDICES x INTRODUCTION 1 METHODS 1 Sampling locations 1 Sample selection and collection 2 Tissue preparation and chemical analysis 3 Data reporting and statistical analyses 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4 Sample collections 4 Analytical quality assurance and quality control 4 Analytical results by analyte group 5 Mercury 5 Chlorinated dioxins and furans 6 Polychlorinated biphenyls 7 DDT 7 Chlordane 8 Other analytes 8 Human health guidelines 8 Mercury 9 Chlorinated dioxins and furans 10 Polychlorinated biphenyls 10 DDT 10 Chlordane 11 Other analytes 11 Wildlife protection guidelines 11 Mercury 12 Chlorinated dioxins and furans 13 Polychlorinated biphenyls 13 ii DDT 13 Chlordane 14 Other analytes 14 SUMMARY OF RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS 14 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 16 LITERATURE CITED 17 iii LIST OF TABLES Table Title Page 1 New York City water supply reservoirs that were sampled, 2001-2003. 2 2 Mercury levels in fish taken from New York City reservoirs, 19 1998-1999. 3 Summary of quality control results for analysis of mercury in fish from the 21 New York City Reservoir system, 2001-2003. 4 Recovery of isotope-labeled standards used for chlorinated dioxin and furan 22 analyses of fish from the New York City Reservoir system, 2001 - 2003. 5 Recovery of matrix spikes used for chlorinated dioxin and furan analyses of 23 fish taken from the New York City Reservoir system, 2001-2003. 6 Summary of analytical results for duplicate analyses of dioxin and furan 24 congener groups in fish samples taken from the New York City Reservoir system, 2001-2003. 7 Recovery of isotope-labeled standards for PCB and organochlorine pesticides 25 conducted in association with analysis of fish from the New York City Reservoir system, 2001-2003. 8 Summary of analytical results for duplicate analyses of organic chemicals 26 in fish samples taken from the New York City Reservoir system, 2001-2003. 9 Mercury concentrations in fish species from sixteen New York City 28 reservoirs, 2001-2003. 10 Mercury concentrations in fish from individual New York City reservoirs, 29 2001-2003. 11 Correlation analyses of length vs mercury concentrations in eight fish species 34 from the New York City Reservoir system, 2001-2003. 12 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxicity equivalents (TEQs, pg/g) for dioxin and furan 35 concentrations in fish tissue in New York City Reservoirs, 2001-2003. 13 Chlorinated dioxins and furans in individual common carp from Amawalk 36 Reservoir, 2002. iv 14 Chlorinated dioxins and furans in individual walleye from Bog Brook 37 Reservoir, 2002. 15 Chlorinated dioxins and furans in individual white perch from Boyds 38 Corner Reservoir, 2001. 16 Chlorinated dioxins and furans in individual brown trout from Cannonsville 39 Reservoir, 2002. 17 Chlorinated dioxins and furans in individual common carp from Cross 40 River Reservoir, 2001. 18 Chlorinated dioxins and furans in individual white perch from Croton 41 Falls Reservoir, 2001. 19 Chlorinated dioxins and furans in individual common carp from Diverting 42 Reservoir, 2002. 20 Chlorinated dioxins and furans in individual walleye from East Branch 43 Reservoir, 2002. 21 Chlorinated dioxins and furans in individual brown trout from Kensico 44 Reservoir, 2001. 22 Chlorinated dioxins and furans in individual walleye from Middle Branch 45 Reservoir, 2002. 23 Chlorinated dioxins and furans in individual common carp from Muscoot 46 Reservoir, 2002. 24 Chlorinated dioxins and furans in individual common carp from New 47 Croton Reservoir, 2001. 25 Chlorinated dioxins and furans in individual brown trout from Pepacton 48 Reservoir, 2003. 26 Chlorinated dioxins and furans in individual walleye from Schoharie 49 Reservoir, 2001. 27 Chlorinated dioxins and furans in individual common carp from Titicus 50 Reservoir, 2002. 28 Chlorinated dioxins and furans in individual common carp from West Branch 51 v Reservoir, 2002. 29 Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticide concentrations 52 (ng/g [ppb]) in fish taken from Amawalk Reservoir, 2002. 30 Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticide concentrations 54 (ng/g [ppb]) in fish taken from Bog Brook Reservoir, 2002. 31 Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticide concentrations 56 (ng/g [ppb]) in fish taken from Boyds Corner Reservoir, 2001. 32 Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticide concentrations 58 (ng/g [ppb]) in fish taken from Cannonsville Reservoir, 2002. 33 Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticide concentrations 60 (ng/g [ppb]) in fish taken from Cross River Reservoir, 2001. 34 Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticide concentrations 62 (ng/g [ppb]) in fish taken from Croton Falls Reservoir, 2001. 35 Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticide concentrations 64 (ng/g [ppb]) in fish taken from Diverting Reservoir, 2002. 36 Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticide concentrations 67 (ng/g [ppb]) in fish taken from East Branch Reservoir, 2002. 37 Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticide concentrations 69 (ng/g [ppb]) in fish taken from Kensico Reservoir, 2001. 38 Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticide concentrations 72 (ng/g [ppb]) in fish taken from Middle Branch Reservoir, 2002. 39 Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticide concentrations 74 (ng/g [ppb]) in fish taken from Muscoot Reservoir, 2002. 40 Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticide concentrations 77 (ng/g [ppb]) in fish taken from New Croton Reservoir, 2001. 41 Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticide concentrations 79 (ng/g [ppb]) in fish taken from Pepacton Reservoir, 2002 - 2003. 42 Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticide concentrations 81 (ng/g [ppb]) in fish taken from Schoharie Reservoir, 2001 and 2003. vi 43 Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticide concentrations 83 (ng/g [ppb]) in fish taken from Titicus Reservoir, 2002. 44 Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticide concentrations 85 (ng/g [ppb]) in fish taken from West Branch Reservoir, 2002. 45 Criteria for the evaluation of chemical residue concentrations in fish. 87 46 Existing health advisories to restrict human consumption of recreationally 88 caught fish taken from New York City water supply reservoirs. vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Title Page 1 Map of New York City Reservoirs east of the Hudson River. 89 2 Map of New York City Reservoirs west of the Hudson River. 90 3 Predicted mercury concentrations ( = 352 ng/g) and 95% prediction 91 intervals in 250 mm yellow perch from the New York City reservoirs, 1998 - 2003. 4 Predicted mercury concentrations ( = 848 ng/g) and 95% prediction 92 intervals in 395 mm smallmouth bass from the New York City reservoirs, 1998 - 2003. 5 Predicted mercury concentrations ( = 681 ng/g) and 95% prediction 93 intervals in 425 mm largemouth bass from the
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