Teacher to Student, Student to Teacher: The Wonderful Cycle

Linda S. Costanzo Arthur C. Guyton Physiology Teacher of the Year Medical College of Virginia, Richmond

I have spent more time than usual this past year thinking planned to raise the microcirculation to new heights. about teaching and students. I wanted to write an article for The date for the lectures approached and the chairman the VCU community, but the obvious topics-the ones mak- inquired about my progress. At his request, we arranged for a ing the rounds at meetings-struck no special chord. “dress rehearsal” in the lecture hall-amphitheater. The chair- Teaching as scholarship? Evaluating and rewarding teaching? man took a seat in the back row, about three miles up. In two Computers instead of teachers? All worthy of discussion. agonizing hours, I committed just about every possible of- However, in the quiet moments, what I contemplate is what fense on good teaching. The verdict was pronounced from lies at the heart of our motivation as teachers. the back of the room-” This will never do! We’ll do it again I first taught as a postdoctoral fellow at Cornell Medical tomorrow.” I was shaken and embarrassed, but thankful that I College in New York City. The Chairman of Physiology ap- hadn’t made a fool of myself in front of 100 medical stu- proached me about giving a couple of lectures on the micro- dents. While I don’t remember the actual lectures well circulation to first year medical students. Teaching had been enough to tell any stories, I will never forget the lessons something I wanted to try and so I agreed. I started preparing learned on rehearsal day with the booming pronouncement the notes right away, reading and citing original research. from the back. The notes of my experienced predecessor seemed good, but I There were the minor lessons. Young faculty often com- mit the sin of overkill, teaching and testing right at the limit of their own knowledge, hoping to dispel any doubt about their qualifications. Young faculty are often so caught up in Inside. . . their own fear of performance, that teaching, caring whether or not the student learns, is secondary. These difficulties will Physiology and Pharmacology Disciplines for disappear with time and practice, as long as there is humility the 21 st Century ...... *.... 165 and the desire to become a good teacher. The major point of the story is more subtle but far more APS Outreach to Latin American Colleagues ...... 181 important. An extremely busy department chairman would not tolerate an inadequate lecture to his students. He cared Research Accountability Bill Reintroduced ...... 183 enough to spend his own time with a green, overzealous young faculty member to insure quality teaching. The lesson APS Conference: Signal Transduction and taught by his example, never stated or discussed between us, Gene Regulation Program ...... i has been with me ever since. (continued on I). 168)

Vol. 36, No. 5, 1993 163 CONTENTS G. Edgar Folk, Jr., Senior Physiologist TEACHER OF THE YEAR INTERNATIONAL PHYSIOLOGY Teacher to Student, Student to APS Outreach to Latin American Teacher: The Wonderful Cycle. Colleagues 181 163 L. S. Costanzo The G. Edgar Folk, Jr., Senior PUBLIC AFFAIRS Physiologist Fund has been set up 21ST CENTURY DISCIPLINES Varmus Named NIH Head 183 Physiology and Pharmacology through the generosity of family and former graduate students and postdocs Disciplines for the 21st Century. PEOPLE AND PLACES 197 H. Nishimura 165 to provide modest but helpful assis- POSITION AVAILABLE 200 tance to senior physiologists 70 years APS NEWS or older who no longer have grant New Awards Available 166 KNOW YOUR SUSTAINING funds available to them. The awards ASSOCIATES 200 might be used for such purposesas at- Education tending an APS meeting to present a Materials Needed for Education IUPS 1997 FIRST ANNOUNCEMENT 201 paper, engaging in a series of modest Packets 167 experiments, or completing a Hosting Summer Research Teachers 167 BOOK REVIEWS 202 manuscript (paying for typists or perhapspage charges). Recipients will Meetings BOOKS RECEIVED 204 APS Conference: Mechanotrans- be selected with the assistanceof the duction and the Regulation of ANNOUNCEMENTS 205 Senior Physiologists Committee Growth and Differentiation 171 throughout the year. Names of APS Intersociety Meeting: Regula- APS CONFERENCE awardees will not be made public. .. . tion, Integration, Adaptation: General Information 111 Mary Folk writes that the purpose of A Species Approach 172 Hotel Map iv the fund is for the Senior Physiologists Week at a Glance V Committee “to have fun assisting col- Membership Program vi leagues and for Emeritus APS mem- Council Meets in Bethesda 174 xv Table of Contents bersto keep in closer touch with APS.” Council Thanks Staff 175 Abstracts A-l APS and Section Awards 176 Author Index A-23 Inquiries concerning the G. Edgar Senior Physiologists News 180 Folk, Jr., Senior Physiologist Fund should be made to Martin Frank, Executive Director, APS.

The Physiologist Publications Committee: Chairman, Leonard Published bimonthly and R. Johnson; Members, Diana Kunze, Lorne distributed by Mendell, Loring R. Rowell, and John A. The American Physiological Society Williams. Publications Manager, Brenda B. Rauner; Editorial Stuff, Laura North and 9650 Rockville Pike Lorraine Tucker. Bethesda, Maryland 208 14-399 1 Subscriptions: Distributed to members as part ISSN 003 l-9376 of their membership. Nonmembers in the USA: individuals $25.00; institutions $37.00. Non- Martin Frank, Editor and members elsewhere: individuals $35.00; institu- Executive Director tions $48.00. Single copies and back issues when available, $10.00 each; single copies and back is- William H. Dantzler, President sues of Abstracts issue when available, $20.00. Stanley G. Schultz, Past President In 1993, subscribers to The Physiologist will re- Brian R. Duling, President-Elect ceive it and the abstracts of the Fall Conferences of the American Physiological Society. The Councillors American Physiological Society assumes no re- sponsibility for the statements and opinions ad- Mordecai P. Blaustein, Helen J. Cooke, vanced by contributors to The Physiologist. D. Neil Granger, Barbara A. Horwitz, Deadline for submission of material for publi- L. Gabriel Navar, and James A. Schafer cation: Dec. 15, February issue; Feb. 15, April issue; April 15, June issue; June 15, August Ex Oficio issue; Aug. 15, October issue; Oct. 15, Decem- ber issue. If you change your address or tele- Leonard S. Jefferson, Leonard R. phone number, please notify the central offke Johnson, Franklyn G. Knox, Frank L. as soon as possible. Printed in the USA. Powell, Jr., and Heinz Valtin Headquarters phone: 301-530-7118. Fax: 301- 571 -8305.

164 THE PHYSIOLOGIST 21ST CENTURY DISCIPLINES

Physiology and Pharmacology Disciplines for the 2lst Century

An APS Symposium Presented at Experimental Biology ‘93

Organizers: Morton Printz, University of California, San Diego Hiroko Nishimura, University of Tennessee, Memphis

Introduction: Morton Printz gy as distinct disciplines have lost their identification and utility. If the disciplines are to continue, what form should The last 20 years have brought significant advances in physiology and pharmacology take as disciplines in the all of the sciences and especially in our knowledge of biolog- 21st century? This symposium is an outgrowth of many ical systems. Our greater knowledge today of the mecha- conversations between the organizers and our colleagues nisms of cell-cell communication helps us understand the ge- and seeks not to find answers but to define the questions. netic basis for eukaryotic cellular function and pathology, the Once we know the questions, we will know the answers. structure and function of receptors and intracellular signal The symposium format will have a state-of-the-art research transduction mechanisms, and how cells interact to give rise presentation followed by a position paper addressing what to coordinated organ system responses, to name but a few of the speaker believes are the critical issues that our disci- the advances. Many investigators, myself included, believe plines must address if we are to continue to train future we are on the threshold of yet another “quantum leap” in the physiologists and pharmacologists in conducting such cut- knowledge that comprises our disciplines. Yet, with all this ting-edge research in the 2 1st century. The issues that con- excitement, there has been, over the last five years, a deepen- front the disciplines are many and multifactorial. All the ing gloom expressed at scientific meetings and conferences. speakers have been involved in dealing with this present An overwhelming number of physiologists and pharmacolo- ferment in our disciplines, and we have asked them to con- gists have indicated, in writing or conversation, that a “crisis” sider what are the challenges that must be dealt with if the exists in our disciplines. There is a ferment that has entered disciplines are to survive and grow. We ask that you, the the disciplines which is driven, possibly in large part, from audience, also consider the fundamental questions, and we the rapid introduction of molecular and cellular techniques invite your comments and participation. To begin this into pharmacology and physiology. Many believe that grant thought process, we submit that an underlying question is review study sections have exacerbated this ferment through the following: Does discipline drive research or does re- awarding fundable priority scores more readily when the pro- search drive (the) discipline? posal primarily employs molecular or cellular techniques. The animal rights movement has contributed to this ferment by making it increasingly difficult to undertake studies of the Organ System Physiology regulation of complex biological systems at the multicellular or whole organ system level. Yet, as disturbing as these out- State-of-the-Art Lecture: Coalescence of “new technolo- side influences may be, perhaps the most challenging issue is gy” for an integrative approach for cardiovascular physiol- the fact that many pharmacologists and physiologists tend to ogy. Allen W. Cowley, Medical College of Wisconsin hide the identification of their discipline and prefer that they be known as molecular biologists (not even molecular phar- In the 21 st century, I propose that the term “organ sys- macologists), bioengineers, biotechnologists, etc., but not tems physiology” or “integrative physiology” will conjure physiologists or pharmacologists. Graduate programs have up a very different image than it has in the waning years of changed their names and curriculum, ostensibly to reflect a the 20th century. If so-called “integrative physiology” is to widened faculty base, but also, many faculty will admit, to survive as a distinct and recognized branch of the life sci- better attract graduate students. ences, it will be necessary for physiologists to broaden the If indeed there is a crisis, then can solutions be found? meaning of the term “integrative.” The revolutionary ad- Clearly, before one can find answers to the challenges that vances in cell and molecular biology have provided un- confront the disciplines of physiology and pharmacology, it precendented opportunities to understand the structure and is necessary to correctly identify the question(s). Rather than function of biological systems at levels of detail unimag- talking about changes in the curriculum, perhaps a more fun- damental question is whether physiology and/or pharmacolo- (continued on p. 187)

Vol. 36, No. 5, 1993 165 APS NEWS

The Council is pleased to an- and more senior investigators entering nounce the establishment of the APS a new field of research. Career Enhancement Award Program. Members in good standing inter- This award program is an outgrowth of ested in applying should submit an ap- the Society’s Strategic Planning pro- plication form including a curriculum cess and is designed to enhance the ca- vitae, justification for requesting an reer potential of our members. The award, description of enhancement ac- awards will provide up to $4,000 to tivity and current research program, APS Career allow individuals in the early phases of and anticipated budget for the pro- their careers to obtain special training posed program of enhancement. The Enhancement and in later phases of their careers to applicant must also include a letter of develop new skills and to retrain in support either from his/her department Awards areas of developing interests. chair, laboratory host, or other appro- The Awards can be used to sup- priate individual. PO* For additional information about l short-term visits to other labora- this new award program, contact Mar- tories to acquire new scientific skills; tin Frank, Executive Director, Amer-

l attendance at special courses de- ican Physiological Society, 9650 Rock- voted primarily to methodologies ap- ville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814. Tel: propriate for both new investigators (301) 530-7118. Fax: (301) 571-8305.

The Giles E Filley Memorial Fund Filley’s long association with the Uni- was established in 1993 to recognize versity of Colorado, Denver, prefer- excellence in respiratory physiology ence for one award, on a competitive and medicine. The awards are made to basis, will be given to individuals affil- investigators who hold an academic iated with that institution. rank no higher than assistant professor The awards will be announced and are pursuing research in respirato- during the APS Business Meeting held ry physiology and medicine. Each at the Experimental Biology meeting award will be for approximately and at the Respiration Section dinner. $12,000 and is designated for the use The recipients receive reimbursement of the awardee in their research pro- for their expenses to attend the meeting gram. Awards do not include any indi- and a plaque recognizing their designa- rect cost reimbursement. tion as Giles F. Filley Awardees. The Giles F. Filley Awards will be made annually to recipients are selected by a committee individuals demonstrating outstanding composed of members of the APS Memorial promise based on their research pro- Respiration Section. Deadline for re- gram in respiratory physiology and ceipt of applications is December 1. Awards for medicine. Applications will be accept- For information about application ed from members of the APS working procedures, contact Martin Frank, Excellence in within the United States, reflecting Executive Director, American Phys- Giles F. Filley’s contributions to the iological Society, 9650 Rockville Pike, Respiratory national research community through Bethesda, MD 20814. Tel: (301) 530- Physiology his membership in the American Phys- 7118. Fax: (301) 571-8305. iological Society. Because of Giles F. and Medicine

166 THE PHYSIOLOGIST APS NEWS

Ediication

Materials Needed for Education Packets

APS staff are requesting that APS staff in the Education and resources and those available from members who have activities, experi- Public Affairs Offices, with guidance other scientific organizations and agen- ments, or materials that they have from the corresponding APS commit- cies, as well as newly developed mate- found useful during visits to K-12 tees, are developing packets of re- rials. Packets will be available for dis- classrooms send a copy or description sources to assist APS members in their tribution by summer 1994. to the APS Education Officer. educational outreach activities. Three Ideas submitted by APS members APS members are often asked to packets are being developed-one will be incorporated into a “how-to” visit K- 12 classrooms to talk about each for elementary, middle, and high section of each resource packet. Ques- physiology, being a scientist, becoming school levels. Each packet will contain tions about the resource packets and a scientist, and the use of animals in re- hands-on physiology activities to do ideas and activities for submission search. Pulling together the resources with children, resources on scientific should be directed to the APS Edu- to address these issues at a level appro- careers and using animals in research, cation Officer, Marsha Matyas, via priate for the particular age group of and resources to leave with the teacher. mail, phone: 301-530-7132, or fax: students can be time-consuming if not The packets will utilize existing APS 301-571-8305. impossible, especially given short no- tice for a presentation.

Would You Like to Host a High School Summer Research Teacher?

Application forms for the APS High School Science Teacher Research in Physiology Program are currently being distribut- ed to physiology department chairs, interested teachers, and interested physiologists. This program provides $5,000 fellowships for teachers to do research in the laboratories of APS members. Often high school teachers are interested in participating in the program but don’t know of a physiologist who would be interested in having a teacher work in his/her laboratory. If you would be interested in having a teacher work in your laboratory for the summer, please complete and return the form below. If a teach- er in your geographic area expresses interest in the program, we will refer him/her to you to discuss possible research projects.

Yes! I might be interested in having a Summer Research Teacher work in my laboratory!

NAME

ADDRESS

TELEPHONE

FAX

Return completed form to Marsha Lakes Matyas, APS Education Officer, American Physiological Society, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 208 14-399 1 or fax: 30 l-57 l-8305.

Vol. 36, No. 5, 1993 167 APS NEWS

TEACHER OF THE YEAR showed that he thought of me as a person, that he understood (continuedfromp. 163) I would need “luck,” and that he understood the give-and- take of teaching. The beginning of our personal relationship ensured that I would be more successfulas a teacher and he more successfulas a student. Students’ questionsprovide some of the most rewarding moments in a teaching career. Whenever a student says that he or she needsto see me privately to ask a “stupid question,” I know that it will be a good one. We will have an honest ex- changeand I relish the opportunity. I am touched that the stu- dent would trust me enough to dare ask the most basic ques- tion. At the sametime, realize that my own ignorance may be exposed, since the “stupid questions” are always the tough ones-the ones that textbooks never clarify, that teachers routinely sidestep, and that are more unthinkable to ask the further one gets in a career. These are the most intimate mo- ments in all of teaching, as student and teacher meet on some middle ground. Progressis made, another gap is bridged. The studentis changed and so is the teacher. The first time a student asked me why the most potent L-r: Arthur Guyton, Linda Costanzo,Roger Thies, and Lawrence diuretics (those acting in the kidney’s loop of Henle) increase McGrew (associateeditor, W. B. Saunders). urine production, I was stopped dead in my pedagogical tracks. After all, the student had understoodfrom the lectures Good teaching is very hard work, harder than it looks. that this part of the kidney is not permeable to water, and so Isn’t it ironic that the best teaching appearsto be effortless? reasonedthat its handling of water would be unaffected by Good teaching just flows. Point follows point, logically dis- such drugs. After I mumbled something about what a good pensed. Examples illustrate and reinforce, but also make new question it was (!) and raced through some panicked silent points, and so excite. Students may leave the classroom reasoning, student and teacher sat together and discussedthe drained from the tension of following the story line, so anx- complexities of the kidney with its magnificent ability to sep- ious that they not be left behind. Yes, studentsshould leave a arate salt and water excretion at some times, to link them to- good lecture a little weary, but exhilarated and wanting more. gether at other times. I’m not sure the student ever realized The worst teaching seems labored and to require the how grateful I was to finally have an answer to one of these greatest effort, as it is riddled with excuses and disclaim- imponderablequestions. I have been asked the samequestion ers-“they cut my lecture time,” “my secretary didn’t proof- many times since but the answering of it has never been as read my syllabus notes,” and the most foreboding of all--“1 stressful or as exhilarating as it was that first time. cannot possibly teach you all that I know about this difficult About seven years ago, when I was just getting my feet subject in one hour” (the students grumble “50 minutes”). wet in the acid-base teaching business,a student caught up Students leave a poor lecture exhausted from attempting to with me after class on the landing between floors in Sanger follow the hodgepodge,but sometimesconvinced that this is Hall for a “stairwell question.” These are urgent, insightful, the best the professor could do with such a challenging topic. traffic-blocking questions. The problem was with my text- Good teaching is so much a two-way street though. book level explanation of “volume contraction alkalosis.” When caring, dedicated teachers meet enthusiastic stu- With all due respect he said, my explanation simply could dents-magic! A classroomwith several interested faces. An not be true on physicochemical grounds. I could only admit excellent, thoughtful question, Excitement about the subject that I didn’t understandeither how it could be and promised matter, beyond “what we have to know for the test.” The best to get back to him when I resolved it. I called upon all the ex- teacherscare whether the students “care back.” perts I knew and heard an interesting array of explanations. It A single student can sometimes make a difference. seemedthat we were all punting this one when teaching be- Several years ago, I was teaching acid-base physiology to a ginning medical students. However, I have never againgiven burned-out group of first year medical students, hoping to be the textbook explanation, but a modified and more accurate enthusiasticamidst all that burn-out. A student who I didn’t version, at least as far as I understand it. Thanks to Pete know well came up to me before class to ask questions. Quagliano, wherever he is, for the insight and for the prompt- Before he took his seat he said, “good luck on your lecture.” ing to get the story straight. In short, for being the kind of That simple exchange meant the world, for the student student who has made me a better teacher. An article in Medical Education (22: 393-397, 1988) en- Reprintedwith permissionfrom the VCU Voice,January 15, 1993. titled “Teaching Basic Science: Dr. Fox in the Physiology

168 THEPHYSIOLOGIST APS NEWS

Chicken Coop,” was the report of an educational specialist’s endocrinology course, where the Teppermansbrought in five efforts to increase student ratings of teachers at the Uni- or six of the world’s leading investigators just to speak to us versity of Utah School of Medicine. The plan was as follows: students and then entertained us at a reception; for me and the educational specialist, knowing nothing about physiolo- many others, countless invitations to their home and their gy, spent five hours training for and preparing a neurophysi- place at the lake; and their encouragementand interest in my ology lecture for first year medical students. Then, armed progresslong after I left their institution. with his minimal knowledge of the subject, and a superior There was more. Simply put, Jay and Helen Tepperman ability to keep attention, to highlight major points and to end made all the critical differences for me as a student, future in- on time, gave the lecture without the students’ knowledge of vestigator and teacher. I had gone to their institution to study the scheme. It was no surprise to read that the students spon- kidney physiology and found myself in a bewilderingly apa- taneously applauded at the end of the lecture-after all, the thetic state, unexcited by any of the available projects. What actor had given them a breather with little depth, had enter- I loved were the afternoons with Jay and Helen Tepperman tained with well-placed diversions, and had followed his where they made tea and told stories about the old days in rules on good teaching. New York and New Haven and at the Medical Research Good teachers and good students should be infuriated by Laboratories of Edgewood Arsenal during World War II with this trickery! The only suggestions put forth of any value its mind-boggling collection of scientific talent. They talked were the obvious ones that successful teachers already know: about the annual June gatherings at the Gordon Research be organized, be interesting and be mindful of the clock. Conference on Hormone Action, which was like a summer There is a tendency to place far too much credence in the su- camp for endocrinologists and where the Teppermanswere perficialities of the teaching performance. What really counts major players. Above all, they talked in specifics about their is the teacher’s depth and clarity of understanding; then, the beloved endocrinology with the most uncanny ability to re- ability to translate that at an appropriate level with equal clar- late the latest findings in a way that made sense. In other ity and with heart-felt enthusiasm. What could possibly sub- words, they ignited a fire in me that wasn’t going to go out. stitute for a scholarly base, experience, and the continuous Other students who were part of the afternoon tea group felt renewal of scholarship? If you see Dr. Fox . . . run the other the sameway. way! I soon wrote a paper for Jay Tepperman on the effects of What would happen if Dr. Fox were stopped for a “stair- aldosteroneon the kidney as a final exam for my tutorial with well question ?” Would he try to continue the charade or him. Aldosterone was a relatively “new” hormone which was would he confess the scheme to the innocent student? Good attracting a lot of attention. Three theories of its mechanism teaching only begins in the classroom. If the teacher is lucky of action were being hotly debated: the “metabolism” theory it will develop into a close, collegial relationship with the (many supporters), the “active transport” theory (a few sup- student that could last over years or even decades. If the stu- porters), and the “permease” theory (one supporter). I im- dent is inspired, interested, and senses no barriers, he might mersed myself in the published work in the area, wrote a re- dare to ask the “stupid” questions or even the more sophisti- view with the auspicioustitle, “On the Mechanism of Action cated ones. And the teacher, warmed by that interest, will re- of Aldosterone,” and took sideswith the “permease”support- spond with openness and self-revelation. So, good teaching er. What mattered most, however, about the aldosterone re- in this broader sense, has nothing to do with the scintillating view was the suggestion by Jay Tepperman that I write on performance of Dr. Fox. this subject which linked the kidney and hormones-the for- Years after my ordeal with the microcirculation, I mer to which I was pledged and the latter with which I was in thought back to my own experiences as a student, searching love. I was off and running and sure that I would find a niche for understanding of this fragile balance which student and somewhere in the actions of hormones on the kidney, al- teacher must maintain. Had I been the kind of student that I though it was not yet clear which hormone. From my reading now wished my students to be? I thought of my own great of the literature, the aldosterone field already looked too teachers-in particular Drs. Jay and Helen Tepperman, pro- bloodied. fessors of mine when I was a graduate student in Syracuse. The next pivotal event, again involving the Teppermans, The “T’s”, as we students fondly referred to them, had just was their invitation of Hector DeLuca to speak in the ad- finished the fifth edition of their textbook on endocrinology vanced course. DeLuca, working at the University of Wis- and were retired professors emeriti. consin, was the hottest item in vitamin D and calcium I remembered my contacts with them as a student: lec- metabolism. Vitamin D was no simple vitamin, but a full- tures from Helen Tepperman which could have set the gold fledged hormone with all the rights and privileges. I wasn’t standard for clarity and organization; a tutorial with Jay the only one in the room at the edge of the seat as DeLuca Tepperman several afternoons a week where I was mostly unfolded the story! My mind was already racing ahead, awed by one of the truly great “big picture” men and a self- imagining what part I could play in this exciting new area of described “endocrinology watcher;” their book, which edu- research.As always, the students were invited afterwards to cated legions of medical students world-wide; the advanced have dinner at the Teppermans’home and talk with the guest

Vol. 36,No. 5, 1993 169 APS NEWS

speaker. That evening my thesis was conceived, and I was must have showed that she “cared back.” full speed ahead on vitamin D, calcium and the kidney. The flood of memories seemed incredibly accurate from My advisor was enthusiastic about this new area, but the perspective of nearly twenty years out. What I could not warned me that calcium was not his expertise. We reassured remember was whether I had ever thanked the Teppermans ourselves that Jay and Helen Tepperman knew a lot about an- for well . . . everything. In retrospect, it seemed that I other important player in calcium metabolism, parathyroid thought to, but never found just the right time. And then I hormone, and had offered to help in any way. In the most in- panicked, because for a fleeting moment, I thought it might credible move of all, the T’s invited Larry Raisz, their friend be too late. A letter to Jay and Helen Tepperman became top and calcium expert, to visit so that he could advise me before priority and it was quickly sent. I embarked on the project. I was not even their thesis student! I was not to have the last word, though. By return mail, Raisz came over from Rochester, talked with me for half a came a long letter and the latest edition of their book with day, imparted the inside wisdom on raising vitamin D defi- their personal inscription. It said: “For Linda, bless you for cient rats in total darkness, gave me his phone number, and writing. . . . At our age, we need all the positive reinforce- welcomed me to the calcium fold. The Teppermans and my ment we can get! With all good wishes, Jay and Helen T.” advisor saw me through the rest of the project and sat for my Two professors, with outstanding careers spanning almost defense. Ultimately I left Syracuse for the fellowship in New one hundred collective years, with vast networks of associ- York, but I never left calcium. ates, friends and admirers, were still touched by the belated While many teachers played important roles in my de- thanks of a former student. velopment, none were as comprehensive or pivotal as those No matter where the public discussions at universities of Jay and Helen Tepperman with their old-school caring. turn, whether teaching is redefined, or whether “new” ways What they offered, no strings attached, was a warm welcome are found to reward teaching, nothing will ever replace these into their large extended scientific family, with all the bene- simple expressions of interest, of concern, and of grati- fits of that membership. But why? What prompted them to tude-teacher to student, student to teacher, and back again give, over and over again. 3 I must surmise that our relation- in a wonderful cycle. These are the driving forces of the stu- ship had that magical element, that elusive mutual give-and- dent-teacher relationship and the underpinnings of good take; the teachers cared and the student, in her own way, teaching for all time. @

Future APS Conferences and Meetings 1994

Intersociety Meeting Regulation, Integration, Adaptation: A Species Approach October 29-November 2 Organizers: E. J. Braun, J. R. Hazel, and S. H. Wright San Diego, CA

APS Conferences Physiology of the Release and Activity of Cytokines June 25-28 Organizers: J. T. Stitt, J. G. Cannon, G. W. Duff, M. J. Kluger, Yale University A. J. Lewis, and I. G. Otterness New Haven, CT

Mechanotransduction and the Regulation of Growth and Differentiation October 5-8 Organizers: H. E. Morgan, P. A. Watson, D. E. Rannels, F. Sachs, Sarasota, FL M. Schwartz, and H. Vandenburgh

1995 Understanding the Biological Clock: From Genetics to Physiology Organizers: Jay C. Dunlap and Jennifer J. Loros

New Discoveries Within the Pancreatic Polypeptide Family: Molecules to Medicine Organizers: William Zipf, Ian Taylor, Claes R. Wahlestedt, Richard Rogers, and Helen J. Cooke

170 THE PHYSIOLOGIST APS NEWS

Meetiys andConferences

APS Conference Mechanotransduction and the Regulation of Growth and Differentiation

October 5-8, 1994 Sarasota, Florida

Wednesday, October 5 Thursday, October 6 Friday, October 7 Saturday, October 8

Evening Lecture: Morning Symposium: Morning Symposium: Morning Symposium: Historical Perspective Musculoskeletal Responses Cardiovascular Adaptations Mechanisms of Mechan- Regarding Studies into to Mechanical Stimuli to Mechanical Stimuli I ochemical Signal Mechanotransduction Transduction Herman Vandenburgh Peter F. Davies (U Chicago) A. James Hudspeth (U (Brown U) Fred Sachs (SUNY, Buff- Texas Med. School) alo) and Peter A. Watson (Weis Ctr Res/Geisinger Clin)

Evening Symposium: Evening Symposium: Afternoon Symposium: Pulmonary Responses to Cardiovascular Adaptations Regulation of Cell Shape Mechanical Stimuli to Mechanical Stimuli II and Function by the Extracellular Matrix D. Eugene Rannels (Penn Howard E. Morgan (Weis State) Ctr Res/Geisinger Clin) Martin A. Schwartz (Scripps Res Inst) I Evening Lecture: Complex Mechanochemical Signal Transduction Involved in the Regulation of Development David R. McClay (Duke U).

Vol. 36, No. 5, 1993 171 APS NEWS

APS Intersociety Meeting Regulation, Integration, Adaptation:

October 29-November 2, 1994

Sunday, October 29 AM Sunday, October 29 PM Monday, October 30 AM Monday, October 30 PM

8: 15-9: 15 am l:OO-3:00 pm &E-9:15 am l:OO-3:00 pm Plenary Lecture Poster Defending and Exhibit Plenary Lecture Poster Defending and Vie wing Exhibit Viewing J. Diamond B. Block

9:30 am-12:30 pm 2:00-5:30 pm 9:30 am-12:30 pm 2:00-5:30 pm Symposium: Excretion of ni- Workshop: Phylogenetic ap- Symposium: Comparative respi- Workshop: Kinetics and lim- trogen-containing com- proaches in comparative physi- ratory neurobiology I itations of intracellular pH pounds: comparative aspects OlOtsY N. Smatresk regulation W. H. Dantzler T. Garland, Jr. and R. Huey N. Heisler

9:30 am-12:30 pm 5:3O-8:00 pm 9:30 am-12:30 pm 5:3&8:00 pm Symposium: Biomedical ap- Free Time Symposium: Anhydrobiosis Free Time plications of marine mammal physiology: adaptation to an J. Crowe aquatic world M. A. Castellini

9:30 am-12:30 pm 8:0&9:00 pm 9:30 am-12:30 pm 8:0&9:00 pm Symposium: Evolution of en- Plenary Lecture Symposium: From myxine to Plenary Lecture dothermic metabolism man: the physiology of the C. R. Taylor G. Somero blood volume in regulation A. J. Hubert K. Olson

9:30 am-l 2:30 pm 9:30 am-l 2:30 pm Symposium: Calcium regula- Symposium: Calcium regula- tion: mechanisms and control tion: mechanisms and control II: I: Calcium regulation in crus- Calcium regulation in lower taceans vertebrates M. Wheatly and M. Wheatly and P. Greenway P. Greenaway

9:30 am-12:30 pm 9:30 am-12:30 pm Symposium: Advances in rep- Symposium: Neural modulation tilian and amphibian osmoreg- of muscle properties ulation E. Arbas S. Yokota and S. Benyajati

Poster boards are on display Sunday through Wednesday from 8:OO am to 9:00 pm.

172 THE PHYSIOLOGIST APS NEWS

This meeting is a collaborative effort of The American Physiological Society, American Society of Zoologists (Comparative Physiology A Species Approach & Biochemistry Division), The Canadian Society of Zoologists (Comparative Physiology & Biochemistry Division), German Society of Zoologists, and Society of Experimental San Diego, California Biology

Tuesday, November 1 AM Tuesday, November 1 PM Wednesday, November 2 AM Wednesday, November 2 PM

8:15-9:lS am 1:0&3:00 pm 8:15-9:15 am 1 :OO-3:00 pm Plenary Lecture Poster Defending and Exhibit Plenary Lecture Poster Defending and Kewing Exhibit Viewing M. Koehl A. Bennett

9:30 am-12:30 pm 2:00-530 pm 9:30 am-12:30 pm 2:0&5:30 pm Symposium: Comparative Discussion; Contributions of Symposium: Subzero tempera- Discussion; Evolutionary de- respiratory neurobiology II comparative systemic physiolo- ture adaptations of poikilother- sign of functional capabili- gy to theoretical biology mic organisms ties: How much is enough N. J. Smatresk but not too much? F. Powell J. Duman P. Suarez

9:30 am-12:30 pm 5:30-8:00 pm 9:30-l 2:30 pm 5:3&8:00 pm Symposium: Environmental Free Time Symposium: Neurohormonal Free fime and physiological determi- peptides in invertebrates- nants of muscle performance A model approach capacities M. C. Thorndyke H. Guderley 9:30 am-12:30 pm 8:00-9:00 pm 9:30 am-l 2:30 pm 6:0&8:00 pm Symposium: Ontogeny of Plenary Lecture Symposium: Ontogeny of car- Banquet, Awards cardiovascular systems I: L. Riddiford diovascular systems II: Diversity Presentation, and Lecture Mechanisms in developmental patterns W. Burggren W. Burggren

9:30 am-l 2:30 pm 9:30 am-12:30 pm 8:00-9:oO pm Symposium: New insights into Symposium: New insights into Scholander Award Lecture the function of the vertebrate the function of the vertebrate kidney: Lessons from jawless, kidney: Lessons from jawless, P. W. Hochachka cartilagenous and bony fish I cartilagenous and bony fish II K. Beyenbach K. Beyenbach

9:30 am-12:30 pm 9:30 am-l 2:30 pm Symposium.- Ecological physi- Symposium: Adaptations to hy- ology of endangered animals: poxia: Regulatory mechanisms Physiological contributions to on the systemic and metabolic the preservation of biological levels diversity M. Grieshaber M. S. Gordon 9:30 am-l 2:30 pm Symposium: Adaptations to ex- treme exvironments N. Hazon

Vol. 36, No. 5, 1993 173 APS NEWS

Council Meets in Bethesda

The APS Council had the opportunity to sample a typi- In addition, the honorarium associated with the Bowditch and cal Washington summer when they met in the 90+ heat and Cannon Lectures was increased to $2,500 and $4,000, re- humidity of Bethesda from July 9 to 11. The meeting marked spectively. the annual gathering of the Council to receive reports of The Council also approved the Task Force’s recommen- committee activities from the committee chairs. Most of dation that the Society allocate funds for Career En- these committee reports were published in the August issue hancement Awards for members in good standing. These of The Physiologist. awards would be for up to $4,000 and be designed to assist The joint Council and Committee chairs meeting pro- APS members in their efforts to learn new methodologies vides the opportunity to review last year’s activities, discuss through a visit to a laboratory or enrollment in a special opportunities for the future, and to develop projects that can course. These awards are designed to help our members en- be implemented through collaborative efforts. Such a project hance their skills so they can better compete in the scientific is the Resource Packet being developed by the Careers in marketplace. Physiology, Education, and Animal Care and Experimen- The Membership Committee also presented a series of tation Committees to assist our members in their efforts to bylaw changes designed to accommodate the suggestions of take physiology and animal research into the pre-college a Task Force on Membership that had met earlier in the year. classroom. With the employment of Marsha Matyas and The bylaw changes are designed to recognize the fact that Alice Hellerstein, pre-college education and career informa- “independence” is not as easily attained in the current fund- tion have become a more significant Society activity. ing environment. Individual scientists are spending four to During the meeting, Council also received the report of six years in postdoctoral positions, working as research facul- the Task Force on Awards, which reviewed the status of the ty, and/or working in collaborative groups. Recognizing this Society’s prestigious lectureships, the Henry Pickering change, Council approved the Committee’s recommendation Bowditch and Walter B. Cannon Award Lectureships. The that the Associate and Associate Corresponding membership Task Force received comments from the APS Past Presidents categories be eliminated. Students, having completed their and reviewed procedures used by other basic science soci- doctorates and having published one paper from their thesis, eties and recommended that the size of the honorarium and would be able to apply as Regular and Corresponding mem- the selection procedures be modified. In the future, the mem- bers, with a reduction in dues for the first several years. bership will be encouraged to nominate candidates for these Members currently in these categories would be promoted to Awards, with selection being made by the Executive Cabinet. Regular and Corresponding members. Full details of the pro-

APS Council. Back row (I-r): Martin Frank, Neil Granger, James Schafer, and Franklyn Knox. Middle row (l-r): Leonard Jefferson, Mordecai Blaustein, Frank Powell, Jr., Gabriel Navar, and Heinz Valtin. Front row (l-r): Helen Cooke, Stanley Schultz, Brian Duling, William Dantzler, and Barbara Horwitz.

174 THE PHYSIOLOGIST APS NEWS

APS Committee Chairs. Back row (l-r): Joseph Haywood, Franklyn Knox, Gabor Kaley, Frank Powell, Jr., Stephen Flaim, and Diana Marver. Front row (L-r): Donald Jennings, Mary Anne Frey, Hannah Carey, Eleanor Ison-Franklin, and Heinz Valtin. posed bylaw changes will be published in the December issue of The Physiologist. The Council also approved the establishment of Dis- tinguished Lectureships for each of the 12 sections of the Society. The Lectureships are to be named after physiologists that have made significant contributions to the section’s area of physiology and be presented at the spring meeting by an outstanding scientist. In addition to presenting the Dis- tinguished Lecture, the speaker will be asked to participate in other section activities at the meeting, such as chairing a ses- sion, attending the section dinner, and/or meeting with gradu- ate or postdoctoral students. The establishment of the Lec- tureships was proposed by a subcommittee of the Section Advisory Committee. Council also approved the allocation of funds for an or- ganizational membership in the incurably ill For Animal Research. The Council recognized the importance of this US Rep. Roscoe G. Bartlett, a physiologist representing the Sixth group and expressed the view that the APS should continue District of Maryland joined the Council and Committee chairs for to support national groups that promote biomedical research lunch. Pictured, l-r: Stanley Schultz, Bartlett, Brian Duling, and and the use of animals in research. Currently, APS supports William Dantzler. Mrs. Bartlett is seated in front. the National Association for Biomedical Research and Research!America. Council Thanks APS Staff The Council also began planning for its fall retreat scheduled for November 21 and 22, following the APS During the meeting, APS President Dantzler and Coun- Conference on “Signal Transduction and Gene Regulation.” cil hosted a reception to meet the APS staff and thank them Council is concerned about the state of physiology education, for their service to the Society. The APS currently has 51 both at the pre-college level and at the graduate/medical full- and part-time employees, a small percentage of whom school level. During the retreat, Council hopes to review the meet with the Council and Committees on a regular basis. Society’s programs and identify areas in which APS can in- Dantzler expressed the opinion that without the staff, the fluence the educational process. It is hoped that representa- various programs and publications of the Society could not tives from the LCME and NBME will be able to attend the go forward. He noted that it was through their efforts that the meeting to discuss the role physiology and other basic sci- Society has been able to prosper and be of service to the ence disciplines play in the accreditation process. physiological research community and to our membership. Additional details of the Council’s actions during the Dantzler then presented certificates to members of the July meeting will be communicated to the membership at the staff who had reached five-year anniversaries. He noted that next Business Meeting and in The Phyiologist. @ the average length of employment at APS is 6.24 years, sug- gesting that it is a pretty good place to work. Dantzler pre- sented certificates to the following staff members: 20 years,

Vol. 36. No 5. 1993 175 APS NEWS

Brenda Rauner, Publications Manager; 15 years, Laurie Chambers, Production Manager; 10 years, Ruth Freehling, Copy Editor, Journal of Applied Physiology; 5 years, Joanne Acevedo, Subscriptions; 5 years, Kristin Deneau, Member- ship Services; 5 years, Maria Kuhrmann, Copy Editor, Phys- iological Reviews.

L-r: Karen Cannon (publications), Beth Caseman (publications), L-r: Martin Frank, Brenda Rauner (Publications Manager), and and William Dantzler. William Dantzler.

APS and Section Awards

Society Awards For additional information about this new award pro- gram, contact Martin Frank, Executive Director, American Physiological Society, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD Career Enhancement Awards 208 14.

The APS Career Enhancement Awards are designed to Caroline turn Suden Professional enhance the career potential of APS members. The awards will provide up to $4,000 to allow individuals in the early Opportunity Awards phases of their careers to obtain special training and in the later phases of their careers to develop new skills and to re- The APS Caroline turn Suden Professional tram in areas of developing interests. Opportunity Awards ($500, complimentary registration, The awards can be used to support short-term visits to and placement service fees) are granted to as many as twelve other laboratories to acquire new specific skills and to sup- graduate students or postdoctoral fellows who present a con- port attendance at special courses devoted primarily to tributed paper at the Experimental Biology meeting. methodolgies appropriate for both new investigators and Candidates must be the first author of an abstract submitted more senior investigators entering a new field of research. to APS. An accompanying letter, signed by the sponsor of the Members in good standing interested in applying should abstract, must contain 1) certification that the author is a stu- submit an application form including a curriculum vitae, jus- dent or postdoctoral fellow and 2) the approximate date the tification for requesting an award, description of enhance- nominee will be available for employment. Awardees are no- ment activity and current research program, and anticipated tified by the Selection Committee prior to February 15 and budget for the proposed enhancement program. The applicant presented with their awards during the APS Business must also include a letter of support from his/her department Meeting. chair, laboratory host, or other appropriate individual.

176 THE PHYSIOLOGIST APS NEWS

Giles F. Filley Memorial Awards academic background and experience; 2) a written statement of interest in research in physiology; 3) a letter of recommen- for Excellence in Respiratory dation from the applicant’s mentor; 4) a list of publications, if Physiology and Medicine available; 5) a statement indicating the under-represented mi- nority (Black, Hispanic, American Indian, etc.) with which The Giles F. Filley Memorial Fund was established in the applicant identifies himself/herself; and 6) an estimate of 1993 to recognize excellence in respiratory physiology and required travel and per diem expenses. The deadline for re- medicine. The awards are made to investigators, who hold an ceipt of completed applications is December 8. academic rank no higher than assistant professor, and are pursuing research in respiratory physiology and medicine. Each award will be for approximately $12,000 and is desig- John R Perkins, Jr. Memorial nated for the use of the awardee in their research program. Awards do not include any indirect cost reimbursement. Fellowship Awards will be made annually to individuals demonstrat- ing outstanding promise based on their research program in The American Physiological Society invites applications respiratory physiology and medicine. Applications will be for the John F. Perkins, Jr. Memorial Fellowships. The Perkins Fellowships are designed primarily to provide sup- accepted from members of the APS working within the United States, reflecting Giles F. Filley’s contributions to the plementary support to foreign physiologists who have al- national research community through his membership in the ready arranged for fellowships or sabbatical leave to carry on American Physiological Society. Because of Giles F. Filley’s scientific work in the United States. long association with the University of Colorado, Denver, The supplementary support is intended to help foreign preference for one award, on a competitive basis, will be scientists bring their families to the United States and thus given to individuals affiliated with that institution. enable them to take fullest advantage of other cultural bene- The awards will be announced during the APS Business fits inherent in international exchange. Preference will be Meeting held at the Experimental Biology meeting and at the given to physiologists working in the fields of respiratory Respiration Section dinner. The recipients receive reimburse- physiology, neurophysiology, and temperature regulation. ment for their expenses to attend the meeting and a plaque Applications from scientists in developing countries will also recognizing their designation as Giles F. Filley Awardees. be given special attention. The awardees are selected by a committee composed of Application should be made by both the visiting scientist members of the APS Respiration Section. and his/her host. To qualify, the host must be a member of the For information about application procedures, contact American Physiological Society. The application should con- Martin Frank, Executive Director, American Physiological tain an account of these arrangements with a brief description Society, 9650, Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 208 14. Tel: of the proposed scientific work and an account of how visi- (30 1) 530-7 118. tors and their families intend to make use of cultural opportu- nities during their stay. Deadlines for receipt of applications are May 1 and November 1. Applications may be obtained from the Executive Director, American Physiological So- ciety, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 208 14, USA. NIDDK Travel Fellowships for Minority Physiologists

NIDDK Travel Fellowships for Minority Physiol- Orr E. Reynolds History Award ogists are open to advanced undergraduate, predoctoral, and postdoctoral scientists who have obtained their undergraduate The Orr E. Reynolds Award is given annually by the education in Minority Biomedical Research Programs American Physiological Society for the best historical article (MBRP) and MARC-eligible institutions, as well as students submitted by a member of the Society. in the APS Porter Development Program. Applications may Articles may deal with any aspect of the history of also be submitted by minority faculty members at the above physiology, including the development of physiological ideas institutions. Funds will provide transportation, meals, and and their application, instrumentation, individual and collec- lodging to attend the annual spring Experimental Biology tive biography, departmental and institutional history, history meeting. The specific intent of this award is to increase par- of societies including APS, and physiology in its public con- ticipation of the pre- and postdoctoral minority students in text. Manuscripts submitted for the award should represent physiological sciences. Applicants need not be members of original research and be adequately documented. Articles the APS but should be US citizens or hold permanent resi- published in APS journals or books during the prior calendar dent visas. Applications should include 1) information on year are also eligible for the award upon request by the au-

Vol. 36, No. 5, 1993 177 APS NEWS thor(s). The award is open to all classes of APS membership Cardiovascular except for those members who have advanced degrees in the history of science and medicine. A member may receive the The Cardiovascular Section presents three annual award only once. awards-Fellowship, the Lamport Award, and the Carl J. The awardee will receive $500 plus expenses to attend Wiggers Award. Nominations for Fellowship Awards must the annual spring Experimental Biology meeting. If the be made by at least two existing fellows with supporting let- awardee wishes, and there is a suitable place on the program, ters sent to the steering committee for vote. The total number an oral presentation will be made at the Experimental of fellows cannot exceed 5% of the APS regular members Biology meeting or a subsequent conference at the beginning who have published meritorious research in cardiovascular of an appropriate scientific session. It is hoped that, after ap- physiology. The Lamport Award is presented to a young in- propriate peer review, the article will be published in one of vestigator under the age of 36 showing outstanding promise the APS journals. in his/her field of cardiovascular research. The recipient, who Manuscripts will be evaluated by a committee consisting receives a certificate and a $200 check, is selected by the of three members of APS appointed annually by Council in Wiggers awardee of the previous year. The Carl J. Wiggers consultation with the chair of the History of Physiology Award honors a founder of the section and is presented to a Group. At least one member will be a professional historian. scientist who has made outstanding and lasting contributions Manuscripts should be typed and double spaced with to cardiovascular research. wide margins on 8.5 x 11 paper and should conform to the style used in APS journals. (Instructions will be sent on re- quest.) Three copies should be submitted for use of the re- view committee. Manuscripts should be sent to the Orr E. Central Nervous System Reynolds Award, American Physiological Society, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814, by December 1. The The Van Harrevold Memorial Award ($250) is pre- recipient of the award will be announced at the Experimental sented by the Central Nervous System Section to recognize Biology meeting. outstanding research in neuroscience by a graduate student or postdoctoral fellow. The recipient must be first author on an abstract presented at the Experimental Biology meeting. Section Awards Comparative Physiology Procter & Gamble Professional The Comparative Physiology Section Scholander Award is presented annually to recognize an outstanding Opportunity Awards young investigator presenting a papers as first author in a comparative physiology slide session at the spring The Procter & Gamble Professional Opportunity Experimental Biology meeting. Candidates must be graduate Awards (providing $500 and complimentary registration for students or postdoctoral fellows, not more than five years be- the spring Experimental Biology meeting) are granted to at yond their highest degrees. The recipient receives a cash least 17 predoctoral students who present a contributed paper award of $100 and a certificate from the APS. at the meeting. Candidates must be the first author of an ab- stract submitted to APS and within 12-18 months of com- pleting his/her PhD degree. All recipients must be US citi- Environmental and Exercise zens or hold a permanent resident visa. An accompanying letter, signed by the sponsor of the abstract, must contain 1) Physiology certification that the author is a predoctoral student and 2) the approximate date of degree completion. Awardees will be no- The Environmental and Exercise Physiology Section tified before February 15. Awardees are selected by the fol- presents two annual awards. The Young Investigator Award lowing sections of APS: Cardiovascular, Cell & General ($150) is for the recognition of excellence in research by a Physiology, Comparative Physiology, Endocrinology and graduate student. The Honor Award ($200) is given to a Metabolism, Environmental and Exercise Physiology, member of the section who has had a lifetime of outstanding Gastrointestinal Physiology, Nervous System, Neural Control research. Candidates must be first author on a paper present- & Autonomic Regulation, Renal Physiology, Respiratory ed at a previous APS meeting. Honoring Harwood S. Beling, Physiology, Teaching of Physiology, and Water & Electrolyte the awards are presented at the section dinner. Homeostasis.

178 THE PHYSIOLOGIST APS NEWS

Gastrointestinal Physiology ties and members of the APS. They must be involved in classroom teaching and not exclusively teaching of graduate students in a research laboratory. Each nominee must be The Gastrointestinal Physiology Section Student Prize nominated by a member of APS. The nominator is responsi- is designed to challenge and reward students and postdoctor- ble for completing application materials and forwarding three al fellows who are conducting their research efforts in gas- copies to the chairperson of the Award Selection Committee. trointestinal physiology. Two awards-one for work done The deadline for receipt of applications is November 30. while enrolled as a student for a doctoral degree and the other The person selected will receive the award at the ban- for work performed during the first through third postdoctor- quet of the Teaching of Physiology Section at the spring al years-are presented at the spring Experimental Biology Experimental Biology meeting. The Teacher of the Year will meeting. Applicants must be first author on abstracts submit- receive a certificate, an honorarium of $1,000, and expenses ted for the Experimental Biology meeting, which are accom- of up to $900 to attend the meeting. panied by a letter from the applicant’s advisor indicating whether the applicant is a graduate student or postdoctoral fellow. Each award consists of a certificate and $300. The Steering Committee chooses a senior physiologist as the re- cipients of the Smith, Kline and French Prize in Gastroin- Water and Electrolyte testinal Physiology. The awardee receives $500 and presents a lecture at the Section’s annual meeting. Homeostasis

The Young Investigator Award in Regulatory and Integrative Physiology was established to encourage young investigators to continue research careers in cardiovascular, Renal Physiology renal, and neuroendocrine integration. The award will be pre- sented annually at the business luncheon of the Water and The Renal Physiology Section Award for Excellence in Electrolyte Homeostasis Section of the American Physio- Renal Research is to promote and develop excellence in re- logical Society to a young investigator (less than 40 years search related to molecular, cellular, and organ mechanisms old) who has made important contributions to our under- expressed by the kidneys. Annual awards are presented to a standing of the integrative aspects of cardiovascular, renal, graduate and a postdoctoral student, with judging based on and neuroendocrine physiology in health and/or disease. The abstract submission (25%) and meeting presentation (75%). award will consist of $500, a plaque, and free registration to Papers are evaluated by three judges in renal hemodynamics, the annual Experimental Biology meeting. The recipient of epithelial transport, and metabolism. A certificate and prize the award will also be invited to present a short lecture on of $200 are presented to the recipients at the annual renal his/her research work during one of the scientific sessions of dinner. the Experimental Biology meeting. Any member of the APS in good standing may apply or be nominated for the award. Applications will be reviewed by the Awards Committee of the Water and Electrolyte Teaching of Physiology Homeostasis Section and should include a curriculum vitae of the nominee; a brief (one-page) summary and analysis of The Teaching of Physiology Section of the American the research contributions of the nominee; a complete list of Physiological Society sponsors the Arthur C. Guyton publications; and two letters of nomination from members of Physiology Teacher of the Year Award. The award is spon- the APS. sored by the W. B. Saunders Company. Nominees must be The nomination and supporting documents must be re- full-time faculty members of accredited colleges or universi- ceived no late than November 1,1993. @

Nominations for Honorary Membership

Members are invited to submit nominations for honorary membership. Send nominations and documentation of the candi- date’s contributions to physiology to APS Honorary Membership Committee, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814.

Vol. 36, No. 5, 1993 179 APS NEWS

News From Senior Physiologists

Letters to Helen M. In addition, he reported that “a few Letter to Martin years ago Indiana University School of Tepperman Medicine promoted me to the rank of Frank Distinguished Service Professor Lyle Beck wrote that, like many Emeritus of Pharmacology (without J.H.U. Brown writes that he is ap- other physiologists, he was for the last any increase in my Zero salary).” proaching his 50th year of membership 20 years or so before his retirement a in the APS. He retired from the Uni- member of the Pharmacology Depart- Carl Bunde characterized himself versity of Houston some years ago. ment of his medical school. as “. . . an ancient physiologist turned Since then, he has been working as a Then, “since February of 1991 pharmacologist. In the middle 1940s I consultant to Japanese and American some of the attention of health profes- shifted my interests to clinical pharma- companies, developing an optical card sional in Bloomington and Indianap- cology, which was just emerging as a computer memory that is now begin- olis has been focused on improving the specialty. This resulted in my shifting ning to grow nicely. “I have managed activities of my cardiovascular system. from academia to the pharmaceutical to write two or three books (I am now I have been exposed to some of the industry. The move was not difficult up to a total of 32) and to serve on both newer as well as older knowledge in because pharmacology is the physiolo- SCORE (Service Carp of Retired Ex- Human Physiology, Pharmacology, gy of drugs. ecutives) and the Executive Service Anatomy, Biochemistry, etc. For a time “After 23 years as Vice President Corp as a consultant. I finished my fi- I had auricular fibrillation, which an for Research and Director of Medical tieth year of teaching in 1989 but I am EKG revealed had disappeared. I got Research at two pharmaceutical com- still teaching (art, publishing tech- acquainted with an Echo machine, with panies, I reached the age of 65 and de- niques, and on rare occasions, science). which ultrasound is used to study heart cided to stop working full time. I be- As my past graduate students retire I function. In 1992 I twice underwent came a self-employed Medical Re- find it harder to keep up with the col- angioplasty. I have been taking drugs search Consultant, which was some- leagues, although I maintain emeritus galore. . . . I feel much more learned times full time. status at the Texas Medical Center and now, as well as healthier. All of this “At the end of 1992, looking at my the University of Houston and go to as has not prevented me from reading 86th birthday, I decided to retire. I many meetings as I can. widely, much of the time about sci- even gave up my medical license so I “It is a real pleasure to read the ence, exercising, going to plays, etc., would not be tempted to take on anoth- column in The Physiologist and see the and visiting Mrs. Beck’s house on Lake er assignment. I had been Chairman of names of physiologists I have known Geneva, Wisconsin. While creativity an Institutional Review Board for 11 during my tenure as department chair- may be weak, life can be interesting years. I may continue to help out there man and a director in MIGMSNH.” long after 80.” if needed.”

Future Meetings

1994 Experimental Biology ‘94 April 24-28, Anaheim, CA APS Conference June 25-28 Physiology of the Release and Activity of Cytokines New Haven, CT A PS Conference October 5-8 Mechanotransduction and the Regulation Sarasota, FL of Growth and Differentiation Inter-society Meeting October 29-November 2 Regulation, Integration, Adaptation: San Diego, CA A Species Approach 1995 Experimental Biology ‘95 April 9-14, Atlanta, GA

180 THE PHYSIOLOGIST INTERNATIONAL PHYSIOLOGY

Despite chronic underfunding and, international journals. Valuable contri- implemented. Thus encouraged, the over the past several years, also a butions to Latin American physiology IPC subsequently sponsored at Experi- “brain drain,” Latin American physiol- are also being made by many of the re- mental Biology ‘92 a workshop entitled ogists have contributed remarkably to- searchers who left their country earlier “Fostering Physiology in Latin Am- ward the advance of knowledge in our and are now on the faculties of foreign erica.” It involved the participation of discipline. universities: they too collaborate in several invited guests from area coun- Indeed, physiological research in joint research programs, serve as visit- tries who reviewed some of the prob- Latin America has a long and glorious ing professors, give lectures, transfer lems they face and suggested means tradition, recognized by two Nobel technologies, and accept postdoctoral that might help in bringing Latin Prizes since World War II. It flourished students for further training in their American physiologists back into the in the 193Os, after Latin American sci- own laboratories. mainstream of our field. One concrete entists trained in Europe and the However, notwithstanding all result of that workshop was the forma- United States returned home and these efforts, Latin American physiolo- tion in December 1992 of an IPC sub- founded groups that, in turn, offered gy involves only a minority of the vast, committee on Latin America (CLA), training opportunities for young, local potential talent now in place. Hence, under the chairmanship of Clark investigators. It declined somewhat those physiologists not included in Blatteis, with both US and Latin during World War II, when resources such joint programs, lacking the re- American members; all the US mem- became scarce everywhere, than gradu- sources to conduct independent re- bers have interest and extensive experi- ally developed again as more Latin search, find themselves at the margins ence in research and teaching in Latin Americans went abroad for training of the field, cut off from the main- America. The CLA soon thereafter de- and, on their return, introduced to their stream. The American Physiological veloped a proposal for action that, after peers the updated techniques and new Society, concerned with the plight of review and approval by the IPC, was perspectives that they had learned. so many of our Latin American col- forwarded to Council, which must still However, in the last two decades, leagues, has been considering how it act on some of the recommendations worsening economic and political con- might extend a helping hand toward before they can be implemented. ditions have again curtailed the support enabling them to participate more fully Fundamental to the plan is the for research that was heretofore pro- in the practice of our discipline. Conse- opening of more, better, and regular vided by both national public and pri- quently, two years ago, Council communications between Latin Ameri- vate institutions. Consequently, basic charged its International Physiology can and US physiologists. Initially, this research activities in Latin America be- Committee (IPC), chaired by Don will have to depend mainly on person- came substantially reduced; many sci- Jennings, to explore means whereby to-person contacts. In this regard, the entists then preferred to leave home the APS could foster all-around, high- CLA will gladly help to put interested and pursue their careers abroad. Those quality physiological research in that investigators from both sides in touch who stayed generally devoted them- region. with each other. A network of local, selves more toward clinical fields, To gauge the general interest of resident coordinators has already been working in basic research whenever an US physiologists in participating in organized in most Latin American opportunity arose. such an endeavor and to determine the countries for this purpose. Despite these difficulties, active extent of ad hoc interactions already There are many ways by which groups gradually have reformed in sev- under way, the IPC organized a poster US and Latin American physiologists eral countries. Several are linked by session on “Biomedical Research in could assist each other. For example, joint research programs with centers Developing Countries.” It was held at US physiologists might be interested in sharing similar interests in European the FASEB ‘91 meeting in Atlanta. developing collaborative projects with and North American institutions, their Gratifyingly, the results of over 20 col- Latin American colleagues that take work supported largely by internation- laborative research and educational ef- advantage of the unique fauna and geo- al foundations and only very modestly forts between individual US and over- graphical features of the region (e.g., by national and local university grants. seas groups were reported. More than the Andes), as well as of special phys- The research currently conducted is 75 other participants also signed up, iopathologies that may affect certain modern and of high quality, and the expressing their desire to help, should regional populations. APS members findings are published in prestigious, a plan of cooperation be adopted and may also wish to offer opportunities to

Vol. 36, No. 5, 1993 181 INTERNATIONAL PHYSIOLOGY

Latin American colleagues for ad- reagents unavailable to Latin Ameri- of the career-junior, mid-career, and vanced training or to explore possibili- cans in their own country, or spare establishedscientists alike-to become ties for collaboration in their own labo- parts for instruments, or even used involved in this outreach to Latin ratories in the United States. equipment. There is indeed a pressing American physiologists. Various re- At the very least, they may like to need for these items in Latin America, sources now exist that fund US-Latin be informed about the forthcoming as well as for reprints of papers, re- American scientific exchanges on an travel to the United States of Latin views, and books on recent advances, individual basis. APS members who American physiologists whom they hard-to-get supplies, general technical might be interested in developing rela- would expressly like to meet, present a information, computer software, audio- tionships with Latin American col- seminar, or just come in for an infor- visual aids, etc. leagues are invited to communicate mal visit to get acquainted. The APS is already helping by their ideas or specific interests to Conversely, US physiologists trav- contributing free APS journal subscrip- Martin Frank, Executive Director, eling to Latin America might like to tions to qualified institutional libraries 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD consider visiting, if invited, institutions and is considering providing back is- 20814, or directly to the US members other than their primary destination, to sues of APS journals, when the value of the CLA: present seminars, or organize an ad- of the journals to a reasonable number Clark M. Blatteis, Department of vance short-course, workshop, or simi- of researchers can be documented. Physiology & Biophysics, University lar activity, summarizing the current Gifts of current and no-so-current of Tennessee-Memphis, 894 Union state-of-the-art for participants who al- physiology textbooks, monographs, Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163. Tel: ready have basic competence in physi- and proceedings to the libraries of 901-528-5845; fax: 901-528-7126; ology and would appreciate the updat- Latin American institutions would also email: blatteis @physiol.utmem.edu. ed information to apply it to their own be most welcome. Oxford University Sukhamay Lahiri, Department of research. In this regard, it would be Press has already agreed to offer the Physiology, University of Pennsyl- helpful to both sides if announcements new Handbook of Physiology series to vania School of Medicine, 36th and of national or international meetings, all members of the Latin American Spruce Streets, Richards Building courses, workshops, etc., on any physi- Association of Physiological Sciences A2 10, Philadelphia, PA 19 104-6084. ological topic to be held in the United at the samediscounted price as to APS Tel: 2 15-898-9480; fax: 2 15-573-5851. States or Latin America were widely members. And to facilitate exchanges Gerald B. Spurr, Department of publicized. among physiologists everywhere, the Physiology, Medical College of Wis- Other types of cooperative associ- APS has recently launched its Gopher consin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, ations could involve US physiologists Information Server that can be ac- Mailwaukee, WI 53226. Tel: 414-257- willing to edit the English style of cessed through the Internet/NREN. 8266; Fax: 4 14-257-8570; email: manuscripts by Latin American col- The Server lists the table of contents of [email protected]. leagues before they are submitted; this the APS journals, employment oppor- Guillermo Zeballos, Department would render a great service to those tunities in the United States, meetings of Physiology, New York Medical whose work is meritorious but whose announcements,and other useful infor- College, Valhalla, NY 10959-9999. English skills are inadequate. Sim- mation. Tel: 914-993-4094; fax: 914-993-4018. ilarly, interested US colleagues might The CLA would like to encourage like to help by sending drugs or strongly US physiologists at all levels

Plan to Attend Experimental Biology ‘94

April 24-28 Anaheim, California

Abstract Deadline: December 1

182 THE PHYSIOLOGIST PUBLIC AFFAIRS

Varmus Selected as NIH Head

After weeks of rumor and speculation, President Clinton In an essay published in the January 22, 1993 issue of announced on August 3 that he would nominate Harold Science, Varmus, Bishop, and Marc Kirschner urged the Varmus to become the new head of the National Institutes of Clinton administration to “act decisively and soon to revital- Health. Bernadine Healy stepped down from the post on June ize the support of fundamental as well as applied research” 30. by the federal government. They recommended that NIH Varmus has been the American Cancer Society professor funding be increased by 15% per year to achieve a doubling in molecular virology with the department of microbiology in current dollars by 1998, enabling NIH to fund about and immunology at UCSF. He won the 1989 Nobel Prize in 30%of approved grants. They advised the new administration Medicine or Physiology together with J. Michael Bishop for to establish the NIH as an independent federal agency and to their pioneering work on oncogenes. He is a member of the consolidate the director’s authority over the individual insti- National Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Medicine tutes. The article also urged that basic research at NIH and and belongs to the American Society for Biochemistry and NSF be protected by ensuring new funding is provided to Molecular Biology and the American Society for Cell Bio- cover any new initiatives in research, technology, and educa- logy. He is expected to transfer his lab to the NIH’s Bethesda tion. campus.

APS Member Selected for OSTP Post President Clinton has also chosen APS member M.R.C. (Marci) Greenwood as Associate Director for Science at the Office of Science and Technology Policy. On August 9 the White House announced Clinton’s intention to nominate Greenwood for a new post that combines responsibility for the physical and the life sciences. Greenwood, the dean of graduate studies at the University of California since 1989, has a PhD in physiology, neuroscience, and developmental biology from Rockefeller University. She is also a member of the American Institute of Nutrition and the American Society for Clinical Nutrition. Her re- search has focused on the genetic bases for obesitv.

Torricelli Reintroduces “Research Accountability” Bill

Rep. Robert Torricelli (D-N.J.) has again intro- is not needed because scientific peer review and the duced a bill to require a special review of all animal re- keen competition for federal funding already screen out search to ensure that the project does not duplicate pre- unnecessary and duplicative animal research. Fur- vious experiments. The bill (H.R. 2472) would estab- thermore, the 20 individuals selected for the National lish a 20-member National Center for Research Ac- Center for Research Accountability are unlikely to have countability that would have a final say as to whether the expertise to provide serious reviews of the wide approved research grants would be funded. The bill range of research proposals involving animal subjects also directs the National Library of Medicine to collect on a timely basis. In addition, the $38 million cost esti- and make available at cost to biomedical researchers mate for providing full-text, on-line access to biomedi- all the biomedical information acquired by the federal cal information does not take into account the costs of government since 1960. H.R. 2472 is identical to legis- conversion of the current National Library of Medicine lation Torricelli sponsored in the 102nd and 103rd system, which now provides only computerized bibli- Congresses. ographies and abstracts. H.R. 2472 would have the net APS members should write to their US Rep- result of delaying grant awards and siphoning off resentatives urging them to oppose the bill because it scarce dollars without improving how research is con- will create bureaucracy and cost a lot of money but it ducted. won’t work. The additional layer of review it mandates

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Misconduct Ruling the June/July issue of the FASEB Congress to change the law requiring Newsletter, Federation Vice President that his department conduct the pro- Overturned on Samuel C. Silverstein and John D. gram. Appeal Loike argued that a softening of con- The Senate on July 1 approved gressional support for NIH appropria- technical amendments to the Immi- The HHS Departmental Appeals tions may be due to public ignorance gration and Naturalization Act includ- Board has reversed the misconduct of what the NIH does. Not only the ing a provision to relieve the Labor finding made by the Office of Re- general public but even some members Department of its obligation to conduct search Integrity in the case of Cleve- of Congress may not realize how much the pilot labor certification program. land Clinic Foundation researcher biomedical research conducted at uni- Similar House action is expected. Rameshwar Sharma. The Sharma case versities, hospitals, and nonprofit re- drew much attention when former clin- search institutes throughout the coun- ic administrator Bernadine Healy, then try relies on NIH funding, according to the director of the National Institutes Silverstein and Loike. of Health, publicly clashed with House “Our responsibility is to help as- A-2 1 Regulations Energy and Commerce Committee sure public demand for increased NIH Finalized Chairman John Dingell over her han- appropriations by emphasizing the key dling of the Cleveland Clinic’s investi- role that NIH support plays in our Final revisions to OMB Circular gation. work and in weaving the scientific A-21 concerning indirect cost reim- The Departmental Appeals Board tapestry of the future,” Silverstein and bursement were published in the ruled on August 11 that the govern- Loike wrote. Federal Register of July 26. The new ment failed to prove its case that Shar- rules are almost identical to the ones ma falsified statements on his 1989 ap- readied for publication in January dur- plication for NIH grant funding. ing the closing days of the Bush ad- Sharma allegedly wrote that he had ministration. performed one kind of experiment Foreign Scientist Meanwhile, on Capitol Hill sever- when in fact he had performed another. Exception on Hold al bills have been introduced concern- The board reported that “OR1 failed to ing indirect costs. Report language that carry its burden of proving scientific Regulations that would have made accompanied the House versions of the misconduct by a preponderance of the it easier for foreign-born biological sci- VA-HUD-Independent Agencies ap- evidence.” It concluded that Sharma’s entists to get jobs in 17 states have propriations bill raised questions about misstatement was the result of “care- been put on hold indefinitely and may the wide variation among indirect cost less error” rather than misconduct. be cancelled under legislation ap- rates. Sen. Hank Brown (R-CO) has in- proved by the Senate. troduced S. 1184, a bill to place a 50% The APS sent a letter of comment cap on indirect cost rates. In addition, opposing the pilot labor certification Senate Minority Leader Robert Dole Giving NIH Credit program, which was outlined in a Fed- (R-KS) has introduced a 75-page eral Register notice published March “neighborhood crimes” bill (S. 1356) FASEB is urging scientists to 19, 1993. Some 553 individuals and that would fund solutions to urban make sure that university efforts to organizations sent comments, most of problems in part by a 10% across-the- publicize their findings acknowledge them opposing the new program to board reduction in indirect costs. A the role of National Institutes of Health simplify the labor certification process comparable bill (H.R. 2847) was intro- as a funding source for the research. In for certain occupations. Labor Secre- duced by Rep. James Sensenbrenner a guest opinion column published in tary Robert Reich subsequently asked (R-WI) and has 48 cosponsors.

APS Publishes Animal Use Sourcebook

The APS Animal Care and Experimentation Committee recently published a Sourcebook for the Use of Animals in Physiological Research and Teaching, which was sent to all APS members. The Sourcebook rec- ommends steps investigators can take to meet the challenge of animal rights activists who might threaten or ha- rass them because of their use of animals in research. Additional copies are available from Alice Hellerstein at the APS office at a cost of $5 for one or two copies or $4.50 for three or more copies.

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University of Colo- Washington Court to scientists who submit applications, and members of scientific review panels, to rado Wins Suit Over Decide Unfunded politically motivated harassment.” Lab Requirements Grants Case The brief said distinctions should be made between research that has been A US District Court Judge ruled in The Washington State Supreme funded with public monies and un- favor of the University of Colorado in Court is reviewing a lower court’s rul- funded applications. a case brought by a student who re- ing that the University of Washington fused to complete a required physiolo- should be forced to release the contents gy course because animals were used of a grant application to an animal in the laboratory instruction. rights group. The Progressive Animal According to court records, enter- Welfare Society (PAWS) sued the uni- ALF Probes Continue ing student Safia Rubaii had signed a versity under the state’s public records standard letter of acceptance to the disclosure statute for access to an NIH Fugitive Animal Liberation Front School of Medicine, which had ex- grant application written by psycholo- (ALF) activist Rodney Adam Coro- plained that students are “required to gist Gene P. Sackett, PhD, of the nado was indicted in July on five participate in laboratory exercises that University of Washington and veteri- counts in connection with the February use animals, including anesthetized narian Linda Cork, DVM, of Johns 28, 1992 break-in that caused dogs.” Rubaii, a practicing Buddhist, Hopkins University. Sackett and Cork $200,000 of damages at a Michigan did not raise her religious and moral proposed to examine a connection be- State University Laboratory. ALF objections to participating in the ani- tween developmental brain abnormali- claimed responsibility for the vandal- mal labs until shortly before they were ties of monkeys reared in isolation and ism and a fire set in the office of due to begin in March 1992. At that self-abusing behavior. The grant, Richard Aulerich, who heads the time Rubaii requested an alternative, which was not funded, was intended to MSU’s animal nutrition research pro- and the university accepted her sugges- assist in understanding and ultimately ject involving minks. The fire de- tion that she take a physiology course in treating similar behavior in children. stroyed 30 years of Aulerich’s work. not involving an animal lab from an- The lower court found partially in Meanwhile, in a separate investi- other medical school. Rubaii then de- favor of PAWS and ordered that the gation in Washington state, a federal cided not to take the course and was group be granted access to most but court judge denied the second motion placed on academic probation. She not all of the information in the grant in two months to release a noncoopera- eventually did take the alternative application. Both parties sought the re- tive grand jury witness from jail. WSU course and was promoted to second- view by the state Supreme Court. graduate student Rik Scarce was jailed year status. The American Psychological in early May for refusing to answer Rubaii filed suit in April 1992, Association and the Washington State questions from a grand jury investiat- claiming that the university violated Psychological Association filed an ing an August 1991 break-in at her rights to free exercise of religion, amicus curiae brief that argued that Washington State University. The freedom of speech and association, due permitting the disclosure of an unfund- grand jury wants to hear evidence from process and equal protection under the ed grant application would “(1) com- Scarce concerning conversations he US and Colorado Constitutions. US promise the ability to conduct certain may have had with Rodney Coronado District Court Judge Lynne M. Huf- research; (2) jeopardize the established and others who allegedly were at nagel granted the university’s request intellectual property rights of re- Scarce’s house at the time of the raid. for summary judgment and dismissed searchers; and (3) improperly subject US District Court Judge W. all nine of Rubaii’s complaints. “The court finds that the University was under no obligation to offer plaintiff (Rubaii) any alternative to the lab re- quirement but did so in an attempt to APS Membership accommodate her religious and moral objections.” Hufnagel wrote. “Thus, Membership applications may be obtained from APS Membership any damages suffered by plaintiff in this action are a direct result of her re- Services, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 208 14-3991. Applications are fusal to timely exercise an option that reviewed and approved by Council on a regular basis throughout the year. she herself suggested to the Univer- sity.”

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Fremming Nielson dismissed the mo- proved and reported, it is understand- quired. From the “Wiscinfo” menu se- tion for Scarce’s release. “From the ev- able that IACUCs may see no need to lect “UW-Madison Information Ser- idence presented to this court,” Nielson respond to the familiar points raised by vers,” then select “Wisconsin Primate stated, “it appears that Mr. Scarce more PETA.” Regional Center Server,” and finally probably than not has knowledge of select “Primate Info Net.” conduct relevant to the criminal inves- For further information about Pri- tigation and therefore he has a duty as mate Info Net, contact Larry Jacobsen, a citizen to testify about this conduct Proposed Standards Head of Library Services, Primate before the grand jury.” Scarce could be Center Library, Wisconsin Regional kept in jail until the grand jury’s term on Marine Animals Primate Research Center at 608-263- expires in December. APHIS is considering whether to 3512 or by email at jacobsen@pri- publish new standards for the humane mate.wisc.edu. care and transportation of marine mammals used for exhibition and re- PETA Corresponds search purposes. Standards for marine Further With IACUCs mammals were established in 1979 and Final APHIS amended in 1984. APHIS has decided Regulations People for the Ethical Treatment to review the current standards because of Animals has sent follow-up letters of new information developed and new The USDA’s Animal Plant and to Institutional Animal Care and Use concepts that have been implemented Health Inspection Service (APHIS) has Committees that reported to the USDA with respect to the housing and care of finalized regulations to implement the in 199 1 that they had approved re- marine mammals. 1990 pet protection amendments to the search procedures that caused pain or Comments on an Advance Notice Animal Welfare Act. The final regula- distress and for which pain-relieving of Proposed Rule-Making (ANPRM) tions, which were published in the drugs could not be administered be- were due by October 6. For more in- Federal Register of July 22, 1993, re- cause they “would have adversely af- formation, contact R. L. Crawford, quire that most pounds and shelters fected the procedures, results or inter- Assistant Deputy Administrator for must hold dogs and cats for at least pretation .” IACUCs that did not re- Animal Care, at 301-436-498 1. five days, including one Saturday, be- spond to an initial form letter request fore providing them to a dealer or re- from PETA National Director Ingrid search organization. The new rules Newkirk concerning such experiments took effect August 23, 1993. are receiving a second form letter stat- Internet Primate ing that it would be “unfortunate if, in Resource our open society, research facilities re- fused direct communications” with The Wisconsin Regional Primate Court Orders Report PETA. Research Center Library at the Uni- Research facilities that did re- versity of Wisconsin is coordinating an Release spond to the first PETA form letter are Internet Gopher information server A US District Court ruling in early receiving individualized follow-up let- called Primate Info Net (PIN). The PIN August cleared the way for the USDA ters informing them that “[allternatives provides access to resources including to release information from Carolina to most procedures are available.” The a taxonomy of the primate, the current Biological Supply’s 1987 report. The letters also ask for copies of the “writ- issue of Laboratory Primate News- company had sued the USDA to pre- ten narrative description . . . used to letter, a list of topical bibliographies vent it from publishing sections of the determine that alternatives were not from the Primate Information Center, report covering how many animals it available,” and for information on any the Primate-Talk Directory, and infor- bought and sold and how the transac- column “E” experiments that are cur- mation about the Primate Supply tions take place. The company argued rently being conducted. Clearing House and the Animal that this information would benefit its A NABR Update published July Welfare Act and Amendments. PIN competitors. An attorney for the ani- 26, 1993 stated that NABR was “confi- can be accessed via Gopher by setting mal rights group the N.C. Network for dent that our members will handle the gopher client to point to Animals told the Greensboro, N.C. PETA’s letters just as they would any “gopher.primate.wisc.edu”. PIN can News and Record that information other similar communication.” How- also be reached using Internet telnet from the report would assist the group ever, the Update points out, “Since with the command “telnet telnet. in getting “more of a map of what goes these letters address research which wiscinfo.wisc.edu” and using the login on in the procurement of animals in has been previously reviewed, ap- ID “wiscinfo.” No password is re- North Carolina.”

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21ST CENTURY DISCIPLINES mation that is evolving. It will remain the role of the physiol- (continued from p. 165) ogist to think about the integrated function of the organism, about how “we” as a whole system function in our ever ined even a decade ago. Those of us who go beyond merely changing environment. studying a mechanismat increasingly smaller levels of detail I believe that systemsand integrative physiology, which (go beyond pure reductionism) and struggle to obtain and use has currently ceasedto exist in some institutions, is presently this information to understand whole organ function will be undergoing a quiet renaissance.I predict that as we enter the the “organ systemsphysiologists” of the 2 1st century. 21st century, our discipline will reemergeas an important and Today’s frontiers of the chemical, physical, and mathe- central component of the researchenterprise. Physiology will matical sciencesprovide the physiologist’s “technology” of survive as a discipline becausethe goal of the biological sci- tomorrow. These tools provide extraordinary opportunities to ences has been and always will be to understandthe mecha- those whose goal it is to understand organ function. Clearly nisms that make the whole animal tick. We will learn to inte- no one person could or should becomethe masterof all these grate information from the microscopic to the macroscopic. specialized skills. However, individual scientists can under- Physiology will emergein a form that a true systemsphysiol- standthe basic principles of these techniques and be conver- ogist of the 19th and 20th century would be proud to see. sant in the “language” of the needed areas of research from which the data are acquired. I believe this representsa funda- mental role of the 21 st century physiologist. This is indeed a Position Paper: Training physiology students for the 21st role not different from the traditional role of the physiologist century. M. Ian Phillips, University of Florida except we will be equipped with a new bag of tools and skills. Each scientist brings his own interests and strengthsto It is said that “the best predictor of the future is the every question addressed.Individual laboratories cannot each past.” Therefore, faced with the daunting task of predicting contain the expensive instrumentation and trained personnel, the future, let us consider how we would be training physiol- so “collaboration” within and between current disciplines, ogy studentsfor the next 100 years if we lived in 1693, 1793, and “shared instrumentation facilities” must serve these 1893, and 1993. needs. 1693: Experimental physiology and the cautious inter- This view of the future leads directly to the question of pretation of results from animal experiments began with how the physiologist of tomorrow must be trained. It seems William Harvey. His famous book of 1628, De Motu evident that a strong background of organ systems physiolo- Cordis-The Motions of the Heart and Blood, is one of the gy will be necessary(an integrated view of function spanning great classics of the physiology experimental method. from the gene to the whole animal). A variety of focused However, the 17th century really belonged to the as- skills which may be required to make original contributions tronomers, like Galileo, and the mathematicians, like to the understanding of biological systems will evolve as Newton. Therefore, if this were 1693 and we were training neededand must be encouraged. Perhaps the most important physiology students, we would predict that they should have characteristic of a student of physiology and his mentor has solid backgrounds in math and physics and be able to use a been and will continue to be an attitude which will enable Hooke microscope. They should conduct experiments as them to learn and incorporate the new technology required to Harvey did. answer questionsat all levels of structure and function of the 1793: In the 18th century Lavoisier gave us animal living system. combustion, Galvani gave us animal electricity, and Priestly It is also increasingly evident that “Physiology discovered oxygen. So in 1793 we would insist that our stu- Departments” cannot remain isolated units any more than can dents preparing for the next century should study animal individual investigators. A rapidly emerging interdisciplinary electricity, have a good knowledge of gas laws, i.e., physical research structure is emerging within institutions since no chemistry, and grasp the physiological concepts of cell oxi- single department can encompassthe equipment and skills dation. Armed with such training, the student would have required to addressquestions at the multiple levels at which been ready for the 19th century, which began with the dis- they can now be examined. Such changes,however, will pro- covery of electric current (Volta, 1800) and, later, Charles vide enormousopportunities and open the world of physiolo- Bells’ work on nerves and brain anatomy, which opened up gy to previously unimagined or unobtainable tools to explore neurophysiology. the integrated functions of the living systems. 1893: By 1893 our students would have to know a lot of There exists perhaps an overemphasison new technolo- physics, have read Darwin’s The Origin of the Species and gy at the moment, and it often overshadowsthe basic ques- have looked down the Helmholtz ophthalmoscope. But the tions that we must address; but I believe this will change real influence on them would be Claude Bernard, who com- soon. The biological scienceswill again begin to look out- bined experimental skill with theory and gave to physiology ward as well as inward. The world will demandthat we study its central theme of homeostasis.Those trained in Claude important problems and make senseof the enormous infor- Bernard’s tradition would have been the best equippedfor the

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20th century. Although his technical skill was in animal 21st Century: Today, in 1993, students already have surgery, he was open to any technique that could be used to three new, enormously powerful new techniques available answer the problem he was studying. He studied the nervous that should revolutionize physiology. First, is MRI, which system, gastric secretion, and the role of bile and pancreatic can be used to study blood flow and metabolism in any organ juice in the digestion of fats, discovered glycogen, and of the body of man or animal noninvasively and at mm2 res- showed that oxidation occurs in all tissues, not just the lungs olution. Second is the power of the computer and computa- as Lavoisier had assumed. The graduate student of that time tional methods. Third, we cannot ignore the fact that in 1993 would also have picked up tools for future research from the we will graduate trainees into a world where, ultimately, discovery of x-rays in 1896 and the discovery of radium in every nucleotide of the human genome will be mapped. 1898. Walter Cannon represents a student of physiology When we train physiologists, we have to give them the physi- training in 1893. Roentgen discovered x-rays in 1895, and ology overview of the workings of organs and also give them the very next year Cannon was embracing this high-tech the tools they need to answer physiological questions. Every state-of-the-art equipment to study digestion. established professor I know was trained in one technique in 1993: The 20th century advances are too numerous to some depth. But at some time in their careers they had to list completely and also are not distant enough for us to know learn another technique. This is because techniques change, what is truly outstanding. Depending on our field of interest, and none will be appropriate forever. It is the question that we would pick different discoveries from this century. A neu- determines which technique to use. rophysiologist might pick Dale, Hodgkin, and Huxley; a car- The lessons of history are clear. Physiology is a strong diovascular physiologist -Bayliss, his brother-in-law, discipline rooted in 365 years of experimentation that has Starling, and Krogh; an endocrinologist might choose borrowed the practical side of discoveries in math, physics, Banting and Best, and Yallow; while a muscle physiologist, chemistry, immunology, and molecular biology. It is, and will Krebs and Huxley. But all would probably agree that the remain an integrative discipline. Now it is integrating the greatest impact from this century would come from the ele- molecular into the whole organ system. Future physiologists, gant, precise, and short note that appeared in Nature in 1953, like those of the past, will have questions to ask nature, and authored by Watson and Crick. they will choose their techniques from any discipline to get So what do we teach our students in 1993, and what can the answer. The future has never been brighter or more excit- we learn from previous centuries? In 1993 the modern stu- ing for students in physiology. dent is faced with more choices and more tools than at any previous time. Each student will have a natural affinity for one area of research over another. I don’t know if there is a Cell Physiology gene for physiologists, but we all have our preferences for certain subdisciplines. Many physiologists are concerned State-of-the-Art Lecture: Inhibition of acid secretion: drug today about maintaining integrative physiology as if it were a mechanisms by design. George Sachs, UCLA and religion. But what could be more integrative than DNA? It is Wadsworth VA Medical Center, Los Angeles at the beginning of every event in every cell of every organ of every organism. As physiologists, we talk about coming The etiology of peptic ulcer disease is not well under- “down” to the DNA level or “down” to the cellular level, but stood. For most of this century it has been known that the actually we start with the organ or organism and work our presence of acid is essential for the development of duodenal way “up” to the most integrative features of that organ: the and gastric ulcers. Only recently has the possible connection membrane, the channels, the transport systems, the enzymes, between H. pylori infection and duodenal and gastric ulcers the metabolic processes, the mRNA, and the DNA. Our real become recognized. The majority of currently approved ther- creed as physiologists is to understand “how homeostasis apies therefore have as their goal reduction of acid secretion. regulates the fundamental cellular, molecular processes.” The differing efficacies and tolerability of the different drugs How does an increase of 5 mEq/l of Na+ produce changes in depend on the physiology and biochemistry of acid secretion. angiotensinogen mRNA? How does the long interval be- The approach to the elucidation of new antiulcer therapy pro- tween Q and T waves in a patient’s EKG relate to the RAS vides a lesson applicable to the theme of this symposium. gene and ATPases? We can study such questions with the Stimulation of acid secretion is both centrally and pe- techniques of Northern blots, point mutations, and gene tar- ripherally mediated, centrally via vagal activity and acetyl- geting. But we do not expect our students to be geneticists choline release within the fundic mucosa, which directly nor molecular biologists. In each field there is too much stimulates acid secretion from the parietal cell via muscarinic depth. What we must give our students is the philosophy of M3 receptors and indirectly via Ml receptors, causing his- Claude Bernard and William Harvey so that, like Walter tamine secretion from enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells. Cannon, they can embrace the new techniques available to Peripheral stimulation depends on the release of gastrin, answer physiological problems. which stimulates histamine release from ECL cells to act on

188 THE PHYSIOLOGIST 21ST CENTURY DISCIPLINES

H2-specific histamine receptors on the parietal cell. pump is formed, and yields a significant improvement in Belladonna alkaloids provided the first type of peptic therapeutic results in acid-related diseases as compared with ulcer therapy, namely atropine and hyoscine, which block the receptor antagonists. Ml and M3 receptors. While side effects such as dry mouth and pupillary dilatation severely limited their use, their effi- cacy is also less than optimal. A major advance was the de- Position Paper: Educational needs and goals for cell physi- velopment of H2 receptor-specific antagonists in the 1970s ology. William H. Dantzler, University of Arizona, Tucson by Black and his colleagues. While their side effects are few, because the parietal cell can be stimulated directly by acetyl- Physiology is the science dealing with mechanisms of choline and by histamine, even these drugs cannot fully in- normal function and their regulation at all levels of biological hibit acid secretion during the day. They nevertheless are organization from molecules to intact animals, including hu- generally quite effective against nighttime acid secretion. mans. For the 21 st century, cell physiologists must be able to There is, then, no single common pathway for stimulation of 1) integrate information obtained at the molecular (and even the parietal cell. Using metaanalysis, Hunt and his collabora- submolecu .lar) level into the function of the intact cell and 2) tors showed that optimal healing for duodenal ulcers requires contribute to the in tegratio n of cell ular functions into the elevation of intragastric pH to greater than 3 for at least 16 h function of epithelia, organ ,s, and multicellular organisms, in- per day, and for reflux disease elevation of intragastric pH to eluding humans. Although progress will continue to be made greater than 4 for the same period of time. via the reductionist approach, the integrative approach will The gastric acid pump, the H+ K+ ATPase, is however, be the real challenge for the rest of this century and well into the final step in acid secretion; and inhibition of the pump the next. Moreover, this integration cannot be accomplished would control acid secretion effectively, no matter what the with the old methods and old approaches. It will be absolute- stimulus. The pump is composed of two subunits. A large ly necessary to find new methods and new approaches. I can- catalytic subunit consisting of 1,033 amino acids is folded not predict what some of these approaches may be. Under such that it forms a large cytoplasmic domain, eight mem- these circumstances, what can be done about preparing stu- brane spanning segments, and a small extracytoplasmic do- dents for the future? First, graduate programs must require main. The smaller subunit has one membrane spanning seg- that all students be exposed to both cell physiology and sys- ment, and most of it is on the outside surface of the mem- tems physiology. Students exposed to higher levels of biolog- brane and is heavily glycosylated. ical organization can move to the molecular (or submolecu- The parietal cell ATPase exists in a resting, non-acid-se- lar) level and will still be able to appreciate the need for inte- creting form in cytoplasmic membranes, and when activated gration. Those who are only exposed to the molecular (or is present in the membrane of the secretory canaliculus where submolecular) levels of organization rarely can appreciate or it generates a very large pH gradient, causing pH to fall to 1 .O work at the higher levels of organization. Second, to help stu- or below. In designing a drug specific for inhibition of the dents find new approaches to integration, graduate programs acid pump, namely, one with the ability to concentrate selec- must make certain that students have major interactions with tively in the acid space generated by the H+ K+ ATPase and individuals working in diverse fields-not just the biological with a finite membrane permeability of the unprotonated sciences, but the physical sci ences and eng ineering These in- form, two types of inhibitor may be visualized: covalent or teractive pathways between stude nts and faculty ( and ot her reversible. The only class of clinically useful drugs is of the students) in diverse fields must be established early in the covalent type, such as omeprazole. Omeprazole accumulates graduate students’ careers so that they will always be used to selectively in the acid space of the secreting parietal cell and looking for new approaches to scientific problems and to undergoes acid-catalyzed conversion to a cationic sulfon- searching for them in other areas of science. One educational amide, which, being a permanent cation, remains trapped in mechanism to accompl ish this is to eliminate departmentally the acid space.The sulfonamide undergoes rapid covalent re- based graduate programs and to establish interdepartmental, action with available cysteines to form a stable disulfide. The interd isciplinary graduate programs. These can bring together reactive cysteines are cysteine 892, between the 7th and 8th faculty with interests in physiology from many departments membrane spanning segment, and either cysteine 813 or 822, (physiology, biochemistry, molecular biology, genetics, cell which are in or near the 5th and 6th membrane spanning seg- biology, anatomy, physical sciences, and engineering). There ments. Another substituted benzimidazole-pantoprazole, are a number of obstacles to developing these types of pro- which also inhibits the proton pump-reacts only with cys- grams, including 1) rigid departmental structure (although teine 813 and cysteine 822, indicating that reaction in the 5th this does not require doing away with departments, and my and 6th membrane sectors is important for drug action. This definition of physiology is independent of academic depart- class of drug therefore gives effective, long-lasting inhibition ment); 2) rigid university superstructure that interferes with of acid secretion, since a covalent derivative of the acid budgeting; 3) lack of rewards for faculty working in nonde-

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partmental settings; and 4) difficulties in supervising students Audience: An integrative program to look at problems and maintaining quality and cohesiveness. These problems involving both experimental approaches and applied mathe- can be overcome, and this is only one suggested approach to matics often requires interinstitutional collaboration in addi- helping graduate students to be prepared to make significant tion to interaction within the university, and what makes this contributions to physiological integration. increasingly possible is INTERNET. I would like to point out, however, the difficulty in getting extramural funding for such efforts approved by initial review groups. A more con- Audience Questions and Comments: sistent funding base for integrative and interdisciplinary ap- Issues on Physiology Disciplines proaches is necessary.

Audience: To promote interdisciplinary collaborations, Panelist: I agree that integrative systems approaches are the use of the National DNA Sequence Data Base and a na- not getting a fair shake in review. I think this is due, in part, tional computer network for molecular biology may be help- to the tendency toward narrowness of some of the reduction- ists that are frequently on study sections. Physiologists tend ful. NSF is sponsoring this INTERNET and will provide you to accept the work of molecular biologists, and their grants with a free service. Vice President Gore is trying to get high schools and other educational institutions around the nation sail all the way through with no trouble. However, other re- connected to the INTERNET, and they really would encour- viewers tend to be more narrow and don’t feel money should age you to participate. be given to “integration” efforts in research projects. Perhaps we need an integrative study section, and I would propose Audience: The technique of systems analysis is crucial that the American Physiology Society push the NIH toward for implementing integration from the cellular to the molecu- putting together an integrative-type study section that can lar level and should not be overlooked. Dr. Cowley men- deal with these grants. tioned the concept of pressure natriuresis and gave us an im- pressive list of technologies that were used to investigate this concept. I would like him to tell us whether the concept Molecular Pharmacology emerged basically from the systems analysis approach. State-of-the-Art Lecture: Making the transition from Panelist: I fully agree with you. I tried to convey the use molecular mechanisms to an understanding of in vivo func- of computers tying all of this together in a general sense. tions as a prelude to novel therapeutic design. Lee E. Indeed, a systems analysis was used to investigate the jux- Limbird, Vanderbilt University tamedullary circulation and understand how these systems in- teracted. Pharmacology is by its very nature a hybrid discipline. Even at the inception of this discipline, it was not possible to Audience: I disagree with the previous comment. I don’t understand drug action and mechanism without employing think the systems analysis that we talked about and that we all of the elements of other existing scientific disciplines. The learned about is a technique. What we need to do in training same is true today. Thus, although some investigators may our graduate students is to think about “processes” and “how choose to focus on molecular issues and others may engage to view the world” and “how to approach systems.” To think in understanding the effects of a given drug or endogneous of the world as a group of systems gives us a viewpoint that regulator in the in vivo situation, each investigator needs the allows an investigator to start with the animal and to seek insights gained by the other to foster our understanding of whatever techniques he needs to answer questions as he how the body works, and how drugs influence physiological moves to smaller and smaller systems that are all part of the processes. It has been my own personal experience, both in larger system. So I argue that we need to think more in our the laboratory and observing the career progression of others, graduate programs about “processes” and less about “specific that scientists proceed to a new understanding by following techniques” at the beginning. up on each answer with a new level of questioning in the lab- oratory, a process that often requires implementing new tech- Panelist: I agree. I think that this is a very important as- nologies most appropriate for elucidating the question at pect of education. We clearly need to think about the overall hand. It is for this reason that I have been unable to under- process. In fact, that is the sort of thing that people would de- stand what I perceive to be a polarization of the discipline of velop if we encouraged them to develop a broad attitude of pharmacology between so-called molecular versus organis- mind and interact with people at all levels. I don’t expect a ma1 pharmacologists, perhaps heightened by the accelerated single technique to solve all problems, and I don’t think one implementation of recombinant DNA strategies and other should get focused on a technique. molecular techniques in the discipline, as if utilization of

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these new technologies weren’t “real pharmacology”, what- vivo studies and vice versa will likely involve fruitful collab- ever that should be. It seems, at least to me, that to answer an orations as well as implementation of new technology in a important biological question with sufficient lack of ambigui- single lab. Furthermore, in terms of training, it may be that ty will likely require, during the lifetime of that question-an- the faculty participating in a given training program have swering enterprise, the involvement of a variety of comple- strength in molecular, but not in vivo pharmacology, or vice mentary experimental strategies. In our own studies for ex- versa. Naturally, the strengths of the faculty will influence ample, we have sought to elucidate the various signal trans- the emphasis of the graduate training program. However, duction pathways elicited by a2-adrenergic receptors and de- what can and should be taught in any environment is an ap- termine which are involved in metabolic effects versus regu- preciation for what can be learned at the molecular, cellular lation of hormone and neurotransmitter release versus modu- and in vivo levels of investigation. Passing on a sense of ap- lation of excitation-contraction coupling, with the hope that preciation for diverse experimental approaches can be ac- novel therapeutic strategies might offer specificity by per- complished by any number of means, such as the judicious turbing receptor coupling to discrete signalling pathways in selection of faculty invited to present research seminars in an particular cellular settings. Following up on an observation institution, requiring students to select topics outside their that a2-receptor activation of human platelet secretion uti- dissertation research area for presentation at student semi- lizes a pathway involving Na+/H+ exchange, we made the nars, specifically introducing students to diverse experimen- unexpected observation that the isolated receptor itself is al- tal strategies in a course that focuses on experimental design, losterically regulated by cations. Biochemical mapping and logic interpretation, etc. or any other intentional enrichment site-directed mutagenesis studies indicated that a membrane- of the graduate training program appropriate for a given insti- embedded aspartate residue highly conserved among G-pro- tution. Because powerful technology is being introduced not tein coupled 7-transmembrane-spanning receptors was criti- only at the molecular, but also at the in vivo level of investi- cal for cation regulation of adrenergic ligand binding to the gation, perhaps the best that we can do during the course of a2-receptor. Introduction of a Na+-insensitive mutant of a2- graduate student training is to teach students how to teach receptor (D79N a2-AR) into cultured AtT20 anterior pitu- themselves, as it is quite certain that what they learn during itary cells revealed that the mutant receptor was able to acti- their dissertation research will be eclipsed by new technolo- vate two known a2-adrenergic receptor pathways, i.e. sup- gy, questions, and “dogma” shortly following the graduation pression of cyclic AMP production and voltage-sensitive period. If graduates of our training program are to continue to Ca++ currents, but could no longer activate receptor-operated be at the forefront of their research area, they not only must K+ channels. This unanticipated finding suggests the exciting be intellectually flexible, but also must be capable of contin- possiblity that introduction of the mutant a2-receptor in vivo uous learning on their own. And if pharmacology, or any could provide an exquisite tool for understanding which elec- other biomedical discipline, is to contribute in a pioneering trical consequence of a2-receptor activation, i.e. Ca++ cur- way to the rapidly accelerating advancement of our under- rent suppression or K+ current activation, mediates integrat- standing of “how we tick” in health and disease, its students ed physiological responses, such as central control of blood and teachers alike must exploit the opportunities for perpetu- pressure, modulation of pain perception or suppression of al intellectual and technological growth and participation in epileptogenesis. Thus, we currently are undertaking homolo- fruitful collaborations to link molecules to man, a first step gous recombination to substitute this Na+-insensitive a2-re- into providing insights for development of novel therapeutic ceptor into the mouse genome, giving rise to animals ho- interventions, a classic hallmark of pharmacological re- mozygous for the mutant a2-receptor as a first step toward search. bringing in vitro molecular insight regarding a2-receptor-ef- fector coupling to an in vivo setting. Thus, even in this limit- ed example from our own laboratory, it is clear that efforts to Position Paper: Educational needs and goals for molecular understand how the “whole animal ticks”, to borrow a state- pharmacology. James C. Garrison, University of Virginia ment made by Dr. Cowley (above), will naturally involve a continuum of studies from the molecular to the organismal. My presentation made five major points as follows. 1. If one makes the assumption that during an investigative By its nature, pharmacology is a broad discipline that draws career, a scientist will need to employ strategies at the molec- from and gives to most other medically related disciplines. 2. ular and cellular and in vivo level to finally resolve a biologi- Accordingly, education for the PhD in pharmacology needs cal question, how can one purport to design a training pro- to be broad. The entrance requirements for the University of gram that prepares a graduate student for such an anticipated Virginia pharmacology program were discussed. An ideal adventure of inquiry? For pharmacology as well as for other background for entrance into graduate education in today’s disciplines, there is no doubt that a graduate student cannot pharmacology is a BS degree in chemistry. The graduate attain experimental proficiency with every available experi- courses leading to the PhD were presented and discussed. 3. mental approach. This is an unattainable goal even for senior Areas of future emphasis in pharmacology were pointed out investigators, and making the transition from molecular to in and discussed. The areas included biochemistry, molecular

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biology, cell signaling, electrophysiology/biophysics, molec- Position Paper: Educational needs and goals for physiologi- ular modeling, crystal structure of proteins, protein-protein cal pharmacology. Edward H. Blaine, John M. Dalton interactions, stem cell technology/transgenic animals, and Cardiovascular Research Center and University of Missouri- gene therapy. 4. It was discussed that pharmacology was al- Columbia ways evolving and new areas of science were becoming im- portant to the discipline. Therefore, it was important to work Physiological pharmacology is a key element in the pro- at the leading edge of some field and understand the role of cess of discovering and developing new drugs. In the context cutting-edge research. It was noted that the actual field of of this symposium, I define physiological pharmacology as training did not have to be pharmacology as long as the basic the practice of applying physiological principles to pharma- tenants of thediscipline were understood. 5. Finally, it was cological investigations. The power of this approach is that it pointed out that success in the field of pharmacology re- focuses our understanding on the mechanisms underlying quired a broad view of modern biology and the ability choose drug therapy. Physiological pharmacology relies on the de- the correct approaches to solve research problems and to velopment of a hypothesis for a particular therapeutic ap- communicate the results to other scientists. proach. Testing that hypothesis to determine if a therapeutic possibility exists is the role of the physiology component of this partnership. Pharmacology takes over when the thera- Physiological Pharmacology peutic target is clear. Chemists invent new molecular entities, which are tested in standard test schemes to characterize the State-of-the-Art Lecture: Renal eicosanoids: tissue-specific compounds for efficacy and safety. If successful, the drug pathways and functional effects. John C. McGiff, New York candidate moves into the development pipeline where addi- Medical College tional long-term animal testing occurs to ensure complete safety assessment. If not successful, which is the case for the The generation of biological mediators from arachidonic vast majority of new chemical entities, the process recycles acid depends on oxygenases that are region-specific and back to the chemist to make new and, one hopes, better com- stereospecific and involve three major enzyme systems: cy- pounds. clooxygenase, lipoxygenases, and cytochrome P450-depen- Physiological pharmacology flourishes in the pharma- dent monooxygenases. The cytochrome P450 isoforms have ceutical industry, and many young scientists can find reward- a wide distribution including the nephron and renal vascula- ing careers in this discipline. What is disappearing in our ture. In the vasculature, cytochrome P450 monooxygenase training system is the broad-based, systems-level integration activity is stratified, the highest activity being present in the that characterizes the thinking of the physiological pharma- intima. These monooxygenase (M) products are endowed cologist. As training becomes more reductionist, fewer indi- with biological properties- vasoactivity and the ability to af- viduals choose to view the broad implications of a systems fect ion movement-that identify them as potentially impor- approach to understanding biological problems. There is a tant to the regulation of the circulation and extracellular fluid real possibility of overspecialization if the goal is a practical volume and composition. Synthesis of P450-M products can outcome like a drug. What is needed is greater integration of be altered by pharmacologic probes. Quantitative and quali- molecular and systems-level approaches and everything in tative alterations of these products occur in response to hor- between. If this cannot be done in individuals, our education- mones, elevation of blood pressure, dietary factors, and age. al system must provide mechanisms to support collaborative In considering the theme of this symposium and the interactions at all levels of research. Drug discovery is not a challenge, we must recognize that the pharmacologist has al- reductionist enterprise; it is an integrative undertaking. ways been a “jack of all trades” and, I would add, master of Improving human health is a practical endeavor. some. The solution to “Big Questions” requires the use of tools borrowed from many disciplines. In the future, as in the past, novel research approaches will arise from the conver- Discussion Paper: Future direction of graduate training. gence of two or more disciplines, as seen in the development William Spielman, Michigan State University of renal micropuncture studies when a pharmacologist (for example, A. N. Richards, University of Pennyslvania) en- I reiterated a number of fundamental points made by the countered a cell biologist-anatomist (for example, Robert previous speakers. First, I mentioned the “polarization” of Chambers). Nevertheless, pharmacology is the study of physiologists and pharmacologists into “reductionists and in- agents in integrated systems. Therefore, classical pharmacol- tegrative biologists,” a situation that has led to an adversarial ogy must be maintained, for it provides the essential testing relationship rather than an opportunity. Additionally, I point- ground. Still, we can look to molecular biology to provide ed out the unfortunate but real trend toward a decreased em- specific probes for functional studies and the conceptual phasis on in vivo investigation in some of the contributing basis for novel drug development. factors. I then went on to mention training needs for physiol-

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ogists and pharmacologists in academia and industry and the Discussion paper: Does research drive discipline or does perceived strengths and weaknesses of recent trainees. discipline drive research? Morton Printz University of Cali- Finally, I made some recommendations for a general curricu- fornia-San Diego lum that might serve as an example for physiology and phar- macology PhD programs. Is there a future for physiology and pharmacology as identifiable disciplines in the 21 st century? I posed the fol- lowing question at the beginning: does discipline drive re- Discussion Paper: Importance of organ system approaches search or does research drive discipline? The dictionary pro- for understanding biological perspectives. Hiroko Nishimura, vides several definitions for DISCIPLINE, including the fol- University of Tennessee, Memphis lowing: instruction and exercise designed to train to proper conduct or action; the training effect of experience, adversity, The physiology/pharmacology discipline represented in etc.; behavior in accord with rules of conduct; a set or system this symposium by four subdisciplines should remain for the of rules and regulations; a branch of instruction and learning. 2 1 st century. Organ system physiology/pharmacology is im- Likewise, RESEARCH is defined as diligent and systematic portant not only for integration of the information derived inquiry or investigation into a subject in order to discover or from cellular and molecular studies, but also for its indis- revise facts, theories, applications, etc. It has long been rec- pensable values. First, important questions and hypotheses ognized that the application of the principles of a relevant to biomedical science arise from observation of in- “Discipline” should lead one to systematic investigation for, tact organs and living animals. Imaginative research begins in the final analysis, that is what should come from a true sci- by imposing questions on complex systems and by intending entific discipline. If research drives “Discipline,” will sys- to grasp overall views and processes. Second, information tematic investigation lead to a “Discipline?” obtained at cellular/molecular levels becomes more valuable Posturing appears to have assumed a much greater role when it is interpreted and integrated into in vivo living sys- in the biomedical disciplines over the past 10 years than pre- tems. Third, although organs are composed of cells, simple viously. Integrative physiology and pharmacology appear to collections of cells and molecules do not function as organs have lost favor with many of our colleagues, who seek identi- or living creatures. Whole animal studies and organ system fication as “molecular” or “cellular” scientists. But is there a approaches are necessary to understand regulation of biologi- confusion between “methodology” and “principles?” Are our cal systems and interactions among cells and organs. Fourth, disciplines truly in a crisis; or, rather, is it evolution? Ian to elucidate biological evolution and evolutionary perspec- Phillips indicated that every established professor trained in tives, it is necessary to understand adaptation of animals to one “technique” (I prefer to use the term “disciplinary area”) changing environments and modulation and selection of gene in some depth. In my opinion, a discipline is not merely a messages and gene expressions through their interactions branch of instruction and learning, but also instruction and with diverse environments. Fifth, it is prerequisite for medi- exercise designed to train to proper conduct or action. A dis- cal students to learn organ system physiology/pharmacology cipline should do more than simply teach a technique or a set as a basis for understanding the pathophysiology of diseases. of rules; more important, it should develop a way of thinking Last, but not less important, organ system physiology/phar- about problems necessary to conduct research in the disci- macology is indispensable for industrial designing and devel- pline. This requires, however, in-depth teaching of a body of opment of new drugs and chemicals, biological instruments, facts and principles to the trainee. Can a physiology or phar- and apparatus. macology curriculum really teach molecular biology? Can a It is the role of current physiologists, particularly that of molecular biology curriculum really teach electronic princi- senior investigators, to teach to students and young scientists ples and computer neural networks or the biochemistry of the principles of organ system physiology/pharmacology and signal transduction mechanisms? the proper methodology to study them so that these important I entered pharmacology from doctoral training in bio- concepts and approaches are retained in science in the future. physics and the physical chemistry of macromolecules. It is our responsiblity to transmit to the next generation the While I clearly recognize the importance of the “molecular” excitement of working on living models that provide us with approach, it seems to me that the “integrative” aspects of numerous puzzles and questions. It is our role to propagate as both disciplines are crucial to understanding and answering a group the importance of the organ system approach at local the questions that we as physiologists and pharmacologists and national levels to obtain institutional and federal supp‘ort. should be increasingly asking. Yet there are fewer “integra- In this context, channeling through appropriate professional tive” physiologists and pharmacologists being trained. There societies such as the American Physiological Society is effec- is, whether our societies want to admit it or not, a “flight tive and should be more utilized. Furthermore, the impor- from identification.” There are many potential reasons for tance and necessity of whole animal and organ studies in in- this posturing, and the speakers today have already alluded to dustrial tests and research should be more widely propagated several. I submit that among these reasons are the following: to investigators and public communities. 1) funding decisions by NIH study sections have over-em-

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phasized molecular and cellular approaches in granting fund- technology? Fifth, what would be the role of industry in able priority scores; 2) the rapid expansion of biotechnology physiology and pharmacology disciplines in tb 21st centu- and the impact this has had on venture capitalizations in aca- ry? Many of these issues were already raised; and we invite demics; 3) the antiintellectual impact of political movements, the audience and the panel to expand on any of these or other including the animal-rights, on research; 4) the belief of related subjects. many academics that to compete for graduate students one must emulate molecular or cellular biology; and 5) molecular Audience: It has been implied that we were uncomfort- biology research methods are easier. able or felt inadequate with our own knowledge base and However, I am an optimist; and I submit what is happen- with our own research tools because in the minds of both ad- ing is really an evolution of the methodological approach. ministrators, including those at NIH, and the public-at-large The experimental methods of integrative physiology and what was considered to be physiology has changed because it physiological pharmacology are coming of age. We now was felt it wasn’t up-to-date. The real issue is how to tell ev- have available instrumentation, including computers and erybody what physiology and pharmacology is all about computational methods, physical-chemical techniques, in- without new adjectives and without new modifiers. Another cluding MRI (for organisms) and NMR (for molecules), problem would be the fact that there is an increasing gap be- modelling miniaturized electronics, etc. The problem, I sub- tween what we teach the students in the core medical school mit, is that our disciplines have failed to integrate many of curriculum and what our laboratories stress. these methodological advances into our educational curricu- lum in a rigorous manner; and young, bright undergraduates Panelist: If you define physiology as the study of nor- recognize this and find many of our curricula boring. The mal function and its regulation at all levels, you’re obviously APS should be congratulated in taking a proactive stance in going to use all sorts of techniques and new approaches; but recognizing that a crisis exists and that questions must be you don’t necessarily change the name for that purpose. The asked so as to find answers. Unfortunately, my society, other issue you raise in terms of the teaching is a real one; ASPET, felt the questions posed by this symposium and the but if one is broadly trained as a physiologist, one should be faculty that were to be invited constituted “too controversial” able to teach one type of student in terms of broader areas a topic to support and would not cosponsor this symposium. and another type of student in a differently focused approach. Nevertheless, as a pharmacologist by choice, I believe that It is certainly true that perhaps in terms of the teaching, we our disciplines are too crucial to advances in the 21 st century are being caught by administrators pushing one way or an- to let them whither and disappear. From the size of the audi- other. If a person is well enough trained in physiology and ence that we have had for the “education” symposium, I be- pharmacology and has the appropriate breadth, one can deal lieve that there are many who agree with this position and with these challenges and will not be intimidated. want to preserve the future of our disciplines. In this regard, I want to thank the symposium speakers and participants for Panelist: I don’t think that we should be changing the dealing so directly with the issues that we must discuss if our name or perception of physiology/pharmacology just because disciplines are to evolve and be strengthened. of some current trend. But I do know that, in reality, sales- manship does affect us, since many very qualified students target cell and molecular biology because that’s what they Panel Discussion hear is a good area of biology. The salesmanship issue may be critical to the recruitment of young faculty. Chairs: The basic questions asked in this symposium are “Do we want physiology and pharmacology disciplines in Chair: I think that most of the audience are associated the 21 st century?” and if yes, “what must we do to maintain with medical schools; and, since identification of physiology the structures of disciplines as well as to meet the demand and pharmacology in the minds of future graduate students from rapidly growing biotechnology?” First, what would be really has to take place prior to commencing graduate educa- the roles of individual investigators in terms of integration of tion, i.e., at the undergraduate level and even in high school, molecular and cellular techniques to traditional organ system what is being done to (a) educate our colleagues on the gen- approaches in research and teaching, and development of in- eral campus in biology and chemistry to acquaint undergrad- terinstitutional network and communication? Second, does uates with the disciplines of physiology and pharmacology, the university administration adequately back-up faculty’s and (b) educate high school science teachers that there are goal in research and teaching? Third, do grant review groups such disciplines as physiology and pharmacology? Finally, I for funding agencies adequateIy represent all areas of desci- would ask how many of us here today are or have been in- plines? Fouth, do graduate students recognize importance of volved with undergraduate education so that undergraduates integrative approaches and put sufficient effor to learn organ can get a “vision” of who we are and how we function before system approaches as well as newer molecular ant cellular they make their decision on graduate education?

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Panelist: At our own institution, we are located in the problems have been computationally too difficult to approach medical school on the main campus; and we do teach at least within the computation framework that has been available. two undergraduate courses, a systems levels course as well as With advances in parallel computing, you can now get a gi- a course designed strictly for engineers. In our institution, the gaflop of computing power, and this should only increase. biology departments want to interact with each other so that One issue that the Society might look at is the way that this all the heads of the departments, including the heads of the computational power can be made available to physiologists basic departments in the medical school and on the main in general. campus, the college of agriculture, the cancer center, etc., all meet once a month to have planning sessions on the needs for Chair: How many graduate programs in physiology and biology. We have formed a committee (including medical pharmacology require a computer course, computer program- school faculty) that is going to begin looking at undergradu- ming, or some course that introduces students to advanced ate teaching at the early levels and also at courses for non- technqiues in the use of computers? This is critical for physi- majors. Furthermore, the APS is beginning to take steps in ology and also for pharmacology. Certainly in the area of this direction. We now have a full-time educational officer, molecular pharmacology, the power and availability of the and we are going to emphasize programs at the preprofes- computer was the limiting factor in molecular modelling. sional level, actually the precollege level, (K-12). I think this However, with existing and evolving supercomputers, that is all very important, and it’s an area that we all must be in- limitation is disappearing. Has any graduate program imple- volved in not just for physiology and pharmacology but for mented formalized computer training for graduate students? the future of science and the future of biology in general. Panelist: Students don’t take a separate course at Audience: When I look at physiology today, including Vanderbilt University, but molecular modeling and computa- the American Physiological Society, I have a feeling of a tional chemistry are part of a course termed “Fundamentals group of people anxious to sell the birthright for a plate of in Pharmacology”, Computer-assisted analysis for statistics lentils. The birthright that they are selling is the fact that they and for other data handling are part of a short-course taught are the only scientists, biologists, who are really integrative. in alternative summers and are dealt with in several courses The physiologists are the only integrative biologists at the or- as appropriate for experimental design, data analysis, and in- ganismal level; and if physiologists give up that dimension of terpretation. their calling, nothing will be left. For the first time in history, we have a fine scalpel so we can go down to the molecular Audience: The issue of attracting students is key for level, and every day we are discovering a new molecule, many faculty members. One thing that students are using which is wonderful and good, but let’s not confuse molecular more and more these days is computer networks, like anatomy with the integrative function of physiology. Prodigy, CompuServe, etc.; but the senior people in molecu- lar biology are often reluctant to get involved with comput- Panelist: The molecular discoveries are truly exciting. I ers. Thus, I wish that the American Physiological Society think, however, one of the most exciting areas in the coming could be one of the first societies to actually take the initia- years in physiology, and for many aspects of pharmacology tive and get on-line and start using the network. Lots of indi- as well, is new ways of integration. Integration will have to vidual molecular biologists and cell biologists are out there be accomplished through techniques and approaches that nowadays using the networks. NSF has the Arabidobsis- many of us don’t recognize now. Xenon project, which is using the network and uniting scien- tists from the United Kingdom to the U.S., Canada, Australia Panelist: I also think that we can’t possibly anticipate and the rest. But so far, all attempts I have made to try to get the breadth of technology a decade from now. We thus need professional societies on-line are still languishing to some to prepare ourselves to continually train and teach our stu- extent. dents how to think well and how to set aside a time of day to always read something new, for example, a new primary re- Panelist: This is obviously very important. The search paper outside their field or an integrative review arti- American Physiological Society established recently a bul- cle in an area outside their own, and try to integrate these letin board system on INTERNET through the Gopher concepts, if appropriate, into how they think about their own Network, and that’s just the beginning of what we hope will research problem. be more and more information flow in this manner. It is a start, and obviously there’s a long way to go; but we are Audience: Coming originally to physiology and moving in that direction. medicine from physics, I was always struck with what I re- garded as a lack of theoretical underpinning in physiology Chair: If integrative physiology and pharmacology in- and particularly of any mathematical underpinning. One of volve the INTERNET or an interdepartmental or interinstitu- the main reasons for this would be that many physiological tional network and communication, how will this research or

Vol. 36, No. 5, 1993 195 21ST CENTURY DISCIPLINES

education be funded? Does this require more institutional and high school science teachers and students who want to commitment, more departmental support, or more federal re- work in laboratories during the summer. These programs will search support? help in cultivating future graduate students.

Panelist: We have several department chairs here today Panelist: There are many aspects of your scientific envi- who can speak to the problem of how to get funds out of their ronment that you could make more didactic. We’ve tried to deans! However, my impression is that it’s always a hassle do this to make issues related to how to approach science getting funded for INTERNET. It’s not all that cheap, so I more explicit. When we invite speakers from off campus for think it’s going to become absolutely essential to seek the seminar series, we ask them before they come to con- sources of funds to get on-line.It’s not an easy question to an- struct their seminar not just to showcase their research but to swer, but I think this is something that the Society might be emphasize their thinking processes. And, when they meet more successful in trying to address than individuals. with students the next day, we ask them, to be prepared to discuss what influenced making their career choice as well as Audience: My point is that if physiology and pharma- experimental choices, and what criteria they use in a change cology are going to survive to the next century, we are going of direction, scientifically. to need graduate students. Let’s take that as a given. And, I think the comments made indicate that we need to train stu- Panelist: In some medical schools, problem-based learn- dents how to think because there is an information overload ing is becoming a mode that will actually eliminate a tradi- issue. But what I think we really lack is how to do that. I re- tion of courses that we have used to train graduate students ally don’t know if we have good methods or curricular ideas and will necessitate a revision of how this whole process oc- or if you can really demonstrate, in fact, that you can teach curs. I don’t know how pervasive problem-based learning people how to think and continually retrain themselves. I will be or exactly the structure it will take ultimately, but this think we don’t know how to train people, short of just dou- is certainly a trial balloon that is getting very serious consid- bling or tripling the length of graduate programs, to try and eration. If it does occur, than the traditional format needs to make people well-versed in all the techniques of the day. be revised. I think that the possibility of expanding physiolo- That’s the big educational challenge that I see. gy and pharmacology out of the graduate disciplines and into the undergraduate schools is very strong, and I think that’s Panelist: I agree with those views. You can’t have a where we ought to be looking right now. course in what I think is essentially an attitude. Part of that training has to come from the faculty members themselves Panelist: We implemented problem-based learning in and from the departments fostering that attitude. If all the pharmacology, not as a replacement for didactic lectures, but people around you think like that and that’s the valued ap- in place of discussion sections. I can tell you that problem- proach to the problem when you’re learning it, you’re more based learning, when it supplements formal lectures, is phe- likely to think that way. nomenally successful. It facilitates an understanding by med- ical students of the formal didactic lecture material. I think Panelist: I also think this is a major problem, and I agree we shouldn’t shrink from problem-based learning, but clearly that it has to be something that you learn from example and problem-based learning should not replace the formal didac- from interaction with people. But I believe it has to start well tic instructions. before graduate school. We have a major undergraduate re- search program that is expanding every year, and it gets stu- Audience: Following up the discussion on problem- dents involved early on. I think it’s really important that we based learning, the “technology,” if you want to use that figure out ways of getting these attitudes of thought into stu- term, is available in the College of Education. There are dents at a much, much earlier age. You certainly can’t sud- methods and techniques to teach students how to think. denly do it with a course later on. Problem-based learning is thrilling to be involved with, and it’s a way to teach students to think. Graduate students faced Chair: An early start in training how to approach sci- with “cases” can think how to solve research problems. ence would be a key issue. In our department, we have estab- There’s another technique called “guided discovery” that’s lished a local educational network. We periodically invite also as powerful as problem-based learning. chairmen, faculty members, and students of local colleges to our department, show our laboratories, and discuss. We have Chairs: We think it was a great symposium and panel federal and local programs that financially support college discussion and thank all speakers, discussants and audience.

196 THE PHYSIOLOGIST PEOPLE AND PLACES

APS Members Elected to the National Academy of Sciences

APS members Henry Friesen and human hormone prolaetin and the sub- Bert Sakmann were among the 15 new sequent development of a simple blood foreign associate members elected to test to identify patients with tumors the National Academy of Sciences. that secrete excessive amounts of pro- Foreign associate member status is an lactin. honorary position awarded in recogni- Friesen has received many honors tion of outstanding accomplishments. for his research, including the 1982 G. Malcolm Brown Memorial Award from the Canadian Society for Clinical Investigation and its 1987 Distin- guished Scientist Award. In 1987 he was also made an Officer of the Order of Canada and received the Koch recognition. He took a three-year post- Medal, which is the highest award of doctoral fellowship with Bernard Katz the Endocrine Society. Since 1991 at University College, London, where Friesen has been President of the he was trained in cellular biophysics. Medical Research Council of Canada. Sakmann’s research interests are in neurobiology, where he has focused Bert Sakmann, an honorary on the molecular basis of long-term member of APS, is director of the changes in synaptic transmission at the Henry Friesen received his MD Department of Cell Physiology at the neuromuscular junction and the estab- from the University of Manitoba in Max Planck Institute for Medical lishment of structure-function relation- 1958 and obtained his FRCPC in Research in Heidelberg, as well as act- ships of synaptic membrane channels, Internal Medicine in 1963. He has di- ing director of the Institute. He re- especially the acetylcholine receptor rected research and clinical trials on ceived his MD from the University of channel. His honors and awards in- the effectiveness of human growth hor- Munich in 1967 and then began work- clude the 1991 Nobel Prize in physiol- mone (HGH) to stimulate the growth ing with Otto Creutzfeldt at the ogy or medicine, which he shared with of children who are HGH deficient. He Kreupelin Institute in Munich on the Erwin Neher. 8 is also known for his discoirery of the etectrophysiological basis of pattern

The American Physiological Society Information Network Access: Tables of Contents from recent issues Employment Opportunities public Mairs updates and alerts Instructions for Authors Announcements and Meeting notices Bylaws . .. And much more! A document distribution protocol created by the University of Minnesota, “GOPHER” is simple to use. It tunnels through Internet, making connections to universities, companies and government agencies easy. Updated information...it sounds too sim le. but that is what “GOPHER” is, simple. And now you can have access to valuab Pe APS information in a snap! Contact APS for information, eMail: [email protected].

Vol. 36, No. 5, 1993 197 PEOPLE AND PLACES

Klabunde Appointed Associate Director APS member Richard C. Vari has accepted a position as Associate Richard E. Klabunde has been Professor of Physiology at the Uni- appointed Associate Director of the versity of North Dakota School of Deborah Research Institute, a nonprofit Medicine in Grand Forks, ND. He was research organization. He moves from formerly at Tulane University School Abbott Laboratories, where he was se- of Medicine in New Orleans, LA. nior cardiovascular group leader and a William J. Betz, APS member research fellow in the Department of since 1976, has been appointed Chair, Physiology. He is a member of APS, Department of Physiology, University the Microcirculatory Society, and the of Colorado, School of Medicine, American Heart Association. Denver, where he has been Professor of Physiology. Betz is also a recipient of a Humboldt Award to work with Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann at the Max Planck Institute, Gottingen. Formerly at the University of Bishop Named to SCAW Board of Trustees Tennessee,Mark R. Opp is now at the University of Texas Medical Branch, Vernon S. Bishop is one of two Galveston. new members of the SCAW (Scientists Kathleen P. O’Hagan has moved Center for Animal Welfare) Board of from the Medical College of Wiscon- Trustees. Bishop, a past president of sin to the Department of Physiology at APS, is chair and professor of the De- Midwestern University, Downers partment of Physiology at The Uni- Grove, IL. versity of Texas Health Science Center John A. Bettice is now with the at San Antonio. He has served as Ed- Office of Medical Education and itor of American Journal of Phys- Evaluation at the University of Illinois iology: Heart and Circulatory Phys- College of Medicine. Formerly at Case iology and on several editorial boards Western Reserve University, Bettice of APS journals. has been a member of APS since 1978. APS member Victor A. Con- vertino is now with the Armstroing Lab at Brooks Air Force Base, Texas. Jen-Shih Lee Named ASME Fellow He was formerly at the Kennedy Space Ceneter, Florida. APS member Jen-Shih Lee, chair of the Department of Biomedical Michael A. Kurz has accepted a Engineering at the University of Virginia, has been named a fellow of the American position in the Department of Medi- Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). The Fellow grade is conferred upon a cine, Division of Cardiology at Emory member with at least 10 years active engineering practice whi has made significant University School of Medicine, Atlan- contributions to the field. ASME is a worldwide engineering society focused on ta, GA. He was formerly with Gensia technical, educational, and research issues. Pharmaceuticals. Formerly at the University of Maryland, James M. Hagberg has moved to the Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Heart Insti- People and Places tute, Pittsburgh, PA. People and Places notices come almost exclusively from information provided by Barry D. Lindley has accepted a members and interested institutions. To ensure timely publication, announcements position as Vice Chancellor of Aca- must be received at least two months (by the 15th of the month) before the desired demic Affairs, University of Arkansas publication date. Send all information to The Physiofo@st,APS. 9650 Rockville Pike, for Medical Science. An APS members Bethesda, MD 20814-3991. since 1967, Lindley moved from Case Western ReserveUniversity. APS member Robert H. Gundel has moved from Boehringer Ingelheim

198 THEPHYSIOLOGIST PEOPLE AND PLACES

Pharmaceuticals to the Institute of In- Indianapolis. An APS member since the Division of Lung Diseases, Na- flammation and Experimental Medi- 1990, she was formerly at the VA tional Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, cine at Miles, Inc., West Haven CT. Medical Center, Philadelphia. NIH, Bethesda, MD. An APS member Edward M. Lieberman is now Jack D. Barchas has accepted a since 1980, Adams was formerly with with the Department of Physiology at postion as Chair of the Department of Shering-Plough Research. East Carolina University School of Psychiatry, Cornell University Medical Serge von Duvillard has moved Medicine. He was formerly with the College, New York. He was formerly to the Department of Exercise and National Science Foundation. at UCLA School of Medicine. Movement Science, The William Robert J. Moriff has moved to K. Bridget Brosnihan has moved Paterson College, Wayne, NJ. Von Centron Med., Inc., Cincinnati, OH, from Cleveland Clinic to the Hyperten- Duvillard was formerly at the Uni- from Eli Lilly & Co. sion Center at Bowman Gray School of versity of Chicago. Formerly at Walter Reed, APS Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC. APS member Catherine S. Chew, member Frederick C. Tyner has Formerly at Brown University, formerly at Morehouse School of Med- moved to the Headquarters at the US Cheryl Watson has moved to the De- icine, is on a one-year sabbatical at the Army Medical Research Development partment of Physiology, University of Department of Physiology and Medical Center, Fort Detrick, MD. Maryland, Baltimore. Biophysics, Uppsala University Bio- John H. Linehan has accepted a Christopher Hardin has moved medical Center, Uppsala, Sweden. position as Chairman of the Depart- from the University of Washington to David 0. Foster has moved to the ment of Biomedical Engineering at the Department of Physiology, Uni- National Research Council of Canada, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI. versity of Missouri, Columbia. Institute for Biodiagnostics, Winnipeg, He was formerly at the VA Medical Jo Rae Wright, formerly at the Manitoba. He has been an APS mem- Center in Milwaukee. University of California, San Francis- ber since 1987. Simon Gelman is now with the co, has moved to the Department of Joel G. Pick ar has moved from Department of Anesthesia/Harvard Cell Biology, Duke University Medical the University of California, Davis, to Medical School, Brigham 8z Women’s Center, Durham, NC. the Department of Anatomy and Phys- Hospital, Boston, MA. An APS mem- APS member Robert F. Wide- iology, Kansas State University Col- ber since 1985, Gelman moved from man has accepted a position as Pro- lege of Veterinary Medicine, Man- the University of Alabama in Birming- fessor of Poultry Science and Arkansas hatten, KS. ham. Poultry Federation Chair, Department Formerly at the Milton S. Hershey APS member Chester A. Ray has of Poultry Science, University of Ar- Medical Center, APS member Joseph moved to the Department of Internal kansas, Fayetteville. He was formerly J. McInerney is now with the Bio- Medicine and Cardiology at the Uni- at Pennsylvania State University. logical Sciences Curriculum Study, versity of Iowa Hospitals from the Ronald J. Torry has moved from Colorado Springs, CO. University of Georgia, Athens. the University of Iowa to the Center Pedro R. Lowenstein has moved Kiyoshi Isida is now with the for Reproductive and Transplant to the Department of Physiology, Uni- Department of Geriatrics, Faculty of Immunology, Methodist Hospital versity of Wales College at Cardiff. Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan. Indiana, Indianapolis. Lowenstein was formerly at the Uni- Roger A. Norman has accepted a Richard J. Sinclair, a member of versity of Dundee, Scotland. position as Director of Clinical Re- APS since 1978, has moved from the APS member Rajagopala Sri- search at the North Mississippi Medi- Texas College of Osteopathic Med- daran has moved from the University cal Center, Tupelo, MS. icine to the Texas Academy of Math of California, Santa Cruz, to the De- APS member Arlene A. Stecenko and Sciences, University of North partment of Physiology, Morehouse is now with the Center for Lung Re- Texas, Denton. School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA. search, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt Formerly at Pennsylvania State Craig W. Stevens is now with the University, Nashville, TN. She was University, Russell L. Moore has Department of Physical Education, formerly at the University of Florida, moved to the Department of Kines- West Chester University, West Chester, Gainesville. thesiology, University of Colorado, PA. Roger M. Enoka has moved to Boulder. Gary A. Dudley has moved to the the Department of Biomedical Engin- Yuochi Suzuki is now at the Department of Exercise Science at the eering, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Laboratory of Physiology, School of University of Georgia, Athens. He was Cleveland, OH. He was formerly at the Food and Nutritional Sciences, Uni- formerly at the Bionetics Corporation. University of Arizona. versity of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan. Adam Sun has moved from Bonnie L. Blazer-Yost is now Suzuki was formerly at the Yamagata Brigham & Women’s Hospital to the with the Biology Department at In- University School of Medicine. Renal Division of Rhode Island Hos- diana University -Purdue University, Kenneth G. Adams is now with pital, Providence, MA.

Vol. 36, No. 5, 1993 199 POSITION AVAILABLE

Assistant to F’ull Professors. University of Virginia, Department of Biomedical Engineering, invites applications Positions Available for these tenure track positions in Biomedical Engineering. Areas of interest include 1) cellular engineering to study the There is a $50 charge for each position listed. Positions functions of living cells, 2) cardiopulmonary and neural engi- will be listed in the next available issue of The Physiologist neering, 3) mechanismsof pressuresores, 4) biosensordevel- and immediately upon receipt on the APS Gopher Infor- opment and image analysis with emphasison physiological mation Server. Listings will remain on the APS Information Server for 3 months. mechanisms.Affiliated with the School of Engineering and A check or money order payable to the American Applied Science and the School of Medicine, the department Physiological Society must accompany the position listing. has 22 faculty and 50 graduate students and offers the ME, Purchaseorders will not be acceptedunless accompanied by MS, and PhD in biomendical engineering. Submit curriculum payment. Ads not prepaid will not be printed. Copy must be vitae, statement of current and future research interest, and typed double spaced and is limited to 150 words. All copy is up to three selectedreprints to J. S. Lee, Chairman, Depart- subject to the editorial policy of The Physiologist. EOAAE ment of Biomedical Engineering, Box 377, University of indicates Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908. and appears only when given on original copy. Copy dead- [EOEAA] line: copy must reach the APS office before the 15th of the month, two months preceding the month of issue (e.g., before February 15th for the April issue). Mail copy to APS, The Physiologist, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814- 3991.

Know Your Sustaining Associates

Groupe de Recherche respiratory disease:chronic obstructive mitted to excellence in researchas evi- Servier pulmonary diseases,asthma; metabolic denced by a steadily increasing invest- disease:diabetes, lipid disorders, obe- ment in researchand developmentover sity and their consequencesparticular- the years. Scientific research is being Of the 6,000 people working ly in terms of cardiovascular damage; supported by the construction of new throughout the world at the Groupe de neurological disease:cerebral impari- researchfacilities and with the use of a Recherche Servier, 25% carry out re- ment in elderly, Parkinson’s disease; Cray II supercomputer. Scientists are search involved in the development of new drugs. Carebrovascular disease:memory im- focusing on basic researchand targeted Among these, various specialists pariment, Alzheimer’s disease;psychi- medical therapy for cardiovasculardis- ease,central nervous system dysfunc- including chemists, pharmacists,phar- atric disease:emotional disorders,anx- macologists, toxicologists, and physi- iety, depression; and rheumatology: tion, cancer, diabetes, and pulmonary imflammatory and painful joint dis- disorders. cians work in our researchlaboratories eases,joint and bone aging including located in Suresnes, Orleans, Gidy, osteoporosis. Fulmer, Tokyo, and in our develop- ment teams in Courbevoie, Fulmer, SmithKline Beecham Brussels, Munich, Rome, Madrid, and Tokyo. Eli Lilly and Company SmithKline Beecham is one of the The main areas of research at the world’s leading healthcare companies. Groupe de Recherche Servier concern The Lilly ResearchLaboratories is Its principal activities are the discov- the following areas of pathology: car- dedicated to the advancement of basic ery, development, and marketing of diovascular disease: especially in hy- scientific information upon which fur- both human and animal pharmaceuti- pertension, myocardial ischemia; heart ther targeted medical breakthroughs cals, over-the-counter (OTC) medi- failure: cardiovascular aging, venous may be identified. Scientists in the cines, health-related consumer brands diseases; oncology and immunology; Lilly Research Laboratories are com- and clinical laboratory testing sevices.

200 THEPHYSIOLOGIST IUPS

First Announcement-1997 IUPS Congress

The Russian Academy of Science, as well as teachers. from hotels of varying cost and univer- the National Committee and the people The National Committee of sity dormitories to a chartered, Finnish of St. Petersburg invite physiologists to Russian Physiologists and the Organ- hotel-ship. The living quarters are situ- the XXXIII International Congress of izing Committee of the Symposium ated in the picturesque areas of the city Physiological Sciences to be held in will inform the IUPS, as well as the and are close to public transportation. Russia, July l-6, 1997. National Physiological Societies, of The times and locations of the sessions The Congress will be organized in progress in organizing the Congress. will be planned to keep transit time to the most efficient manner possible by These Committees will also invite a minimum. There will be chartered using the experience of previous con- stimulating ideas and suggestions to buses to take the delegates to sessions gresses. To make a complete and fo- contribute to a better organization of of the Congress and also on excur- cused presentation of all current trends the Congress. sions. in modern physiology, satellite sym- S. V. Medvedev, chair; S. V. Accompanying guests will be in- posia will not be arranged. Pakhomov, treasurer; I. A. Maximova, vited to join the delegates for all social Each day will commence with a secretary; and P. V. Simonov, pro- programs. A wide variety of tours special review lecture devoted to the gramme are members of the Organ- around St. Petersburg and excursions latest achievements and ideas in the izing Committee of IUPS 1997 and of to famous places and museums will be global directions of modern physiolo- the Institute of the Human Brain of the offered. gy. Later there will be free and open Russian Academy of Science, 9 Acad. Return the form below by mail or discussions at the symposia. Pavlova St., St. Petersburg, 197376, fax by December 1993. Fax number to Oral and poster presentations are Russia. Tel: +7-8 12-234- 1390, Fax: CONGREX is +358-O-7520899. Mail to be arranged. There will also be a +7-8 12-234-3247. the form to IUPS 1997, c/o CON- special symposium on the history of There is a variety of hotel accom- GREX, PO Box 35, Fin-00621 physiological science and a series of modations available to the participants Helsinki, Finland. survey lectures for young physiologists of the congress. These options range

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Vol. 36, No. 5, I993 201 BOOK REVIEWS

tion by animal rights activists since 1984. What is interesting to The Hijacking of the Humane note is that whether the activists won or lost in the courts of judicial Movement and public opinion following an attack upon a person or an animal- use industry, the incident is used as a renewed reason to solicit Rod 8z Patti Strand funds for carrying out future endeavors. Wilsonville, OR: Doral, 1993, 174 pp., index, $16.95. ISBN: Whether you have been long-involved in the animal rights O-944875-28-9 issue or a newcomer to the scene, The Hijacking of the Humane Movement is a book worth the time to read. It is a crisply written Those who write about animal rights tend to focus on specific book that not only gives the reader the broad view of the animal issues within the movement, such as the use of live animal models rights movement, but also explains how it has quietly subverted for purposes of research, teaching, and testing. This is not the case, many organizations that the public-at-large unwittingly still consid- however, with Rod and Patti Strand’s book, The Hijacking of the ers worthwhile charitable organizations. Humane Movement. The Strands give their readers a broad brushed review of the animal rights phenomenon from its grassroots in W. M. Samuels England and tracing the movement’s spread to the United States and North Potomac, MD its infiltration into the animal-related industries. The Strands are not strangers to the animal rights movement for they are a target for activists. For nearly a quarter of a century the Strands have bred, raised, and showed Dalmatians. Moreover, Patti Strand is the executive director of the National Animal Interest Alliance, an umbrella organization representing the interests of vet- Molluscan Neurobiology erinarians, sports enthusiasts, biomedical researchers, pet owners, and animal breeders. K. S. Kits, H. H. Boer, and J. Joosse(Editors). The book provides a researched insight as to how the humane Amsterdam, Holland: Royal NetherlandsAcademy of movement-which began in England in 1824 with the founding of Sciences,1991, 360 pp., illus., index, $55.86 the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and the National Antivivisection Society- was hijacked in the 1970s by two Proceedingsof the Third Symposium on Molluscan radical activists groups, the Hunt Saboteurs and its covert counter- Neurobiology, Free University of Amsterdam, part, Band of Mercy. The Band of Mercy was composed of several The Nethterlands, 1990 bands in England and later bands were established in the United States. These bands are known now as the Animal Liberation Front. Molluscan Neurobiology is subtitled Proceedings of the Third Two individuals of note in the take over of the humane move- Symposimum on Molluscan Neurobiology held at the Free ment in England are Ronnie Lee and Kim Stallwood. Lee, who sub- University of Amsterdam, August 20-24, 1990. The goal of this and scribes to the philosophy that the end justifies the means and who the preceding symposia was to cover the entire field of molluscan has served (and currently serving), several prison terms for his ac- neurobiology. In this regard, it has succeeded admirably. It repre- tions in the cause of animal rights, believes in disruption by destruc- sents the contributions of more than 150 authors, many of whom are tion. Stallwood believes in using the political process as the means the recognized leaders in the field. The book covers topics ranging to take control of organizations and their agenda concerning animal from biophysics to behavior and morphology to molecular biology. rights. The editors have organized the 54 papers into six broad categories Alex Pacheco, who founded the People for the Ethical such as the “biosynthesis, processing, transport and release of chem- Treatment of Animals (PETA), was in England during this time with ical messengers” and “Plasticity, neural growth and aging.” The Stallwood, who in 1986 came to the United States to be the execu- major molluscan model systems: Aplysia, Helisoma, Helix, and tive director of PETA. It was during Stallwood’s stay here that both Lymnaea, are all well represented as well as several of the less com- the New England Antivivisection Society and the Toronto Humane monly used molluscan species. There is even a paper on cultured Society, which had treasuries of $8 million and $14 million, respec- hippocampal neurons from the rat, a truly unusually “mollusc.” One tively, were taken over by PETA members. of the more distinctive categories is “Molluscs in Biomedical The book tells of the successful strategy of the animal activists Research.” While molluscs have become a mainstay for investigat- in their infiltration of mainstream humane and animal welfare orga- ing the basic properties of neurons, their clinical significance and nizations with the intent to taking them over and converting their utility for unraveling clinical problems is frequently overlooked. In status, influence, and finances to an animal rights perspective. short, there is something of interest here for almost everyone inter- Prominent animal welfare societies from the Humane Society of the ested in molluscan neurobiology. United States and the American Society for the Prevention of As might be expected from such a divergent group, the quality Cruelty to Animals down to a majority of local animal pounds and of the papers varies. Some papers pack a large amount of informa- shelters have moved now toward the animal rights philosophy. tion into a few pages. Others are more lean. Only one paper fails to Moreover, the animal rights philosophy has become a part of the have any useful information (despite multiple authors). Many of the agenda for some feminist and environmental groups. contributions represent the (then) current efforts of the authors’ lab- In addition to telling how animal rights activists operate, both oratories. Overall, the caliber is high. The publishers should be overtly and covertly, the Strands also present three case studies: the commended for the superior photomicrapraphs and photographs. All attack on the tuna fishing industry, Ed Taub and the Silver Spring have reproduced very well. One of the few faults that I have is with monkeys, and Bobby Berosini and his use of orangutans in his Las the abbreviated format of the references. Only the author, journal Vegas Show. Also presented is a chronology of raids and destruc- and pages are given. This lack of full citations, presumably to keep

202 THE PHYSIOLOGIST down the number of pages and costs, slightly diminishes the book’s trators and ultimately coming to the question that each individual usefulness for students. Nonetheless, Molluscan Neurobiology still must answer: if you oppose research involving animals, are you ac- serves as an excellent starting place for a broad range of topics. At tually prepared to deny yourselves or your children the fruits of that $55.86, the price is not out of line with today’s specialty book medical research? prices. All-in-all, I think ~~Zluscan Neurobiology is well worth it In summary, the book is well-written and would provide excel- and recommend it. lent source material for an ethics of science course or for individual investigators preparing to talk to the public about the contributions Steven M. Fredman animals have made to improving the health of all of us. Meharry Medical College Virginia M. Miller Mayo Foundation

Animal Experimentation and the Future of Medical Research Jack H. Botting (Editor) Dynamic Biological Networks: The Proceedings of the Research Defense Society Conference, Stomatogastric Nervous System Royal Society, London, April 26, 1992. Colchester, UK: Portland Press, 1992, 98 pp., illus., index, R. M. Harris-Warrick, E. Marder, A. I. Selverston, and M. $30.00 Moulins (Editors) Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992, 328 pp., illus., index, This book represents the proceedings of a one-day symposium $65.00 held at the Royal Society in London by the Research Defense Society to bring together biomedical scientists of “unquestionable The crustacean stomatogastric nervous system, a collection of stature” to discuss the contributions of animal experimentation to ganglia that generate the motor patterns that move the foregut, has past and future medical and technical advances. There are seven been much studied by workers interested in the production of rhyth- chapters that emphasize the “internationalism” of sciences and tac- mic behavior. However, in their introduction to this book, the edi- tics of those who oppose animal experimentation. The contributions tors make it clear that their aim is not an exhaustivecoverage of the that animals have made to medical advances outlined by each con- physiology of the stomatogastric nervous system (STNS) but rather tributor may not be new to those actively involved in biomedical re- a description of the important principles that have arisen from re- search. However, the organization of the material is logical and pro- search in this area. vides an excellent resource. An important recurrent message of the Happily this aim is fulfilled. The first chapter is designed to book is an urgency for the scientific community to counter the anti- give one a feel for the preparation and is written at a level that en- intellectualism and anti-technological attitudes of the animalists (a ables newcomers to the field, or those who have been confused by term Sir John Vane uses to describe all those who oppose animal ex- its nomenclature, to appreciate the subsequent chapters. This is fol- perimentation). It is emphasized that “public opinions influence lowed by a description of stomatogastric neurons in terms of their government and thus legislation; we then bear the fruits of that.” ionic channels and cellular properties, most notably the plateau po- The discussions following the invited contributions indicate the im- tentials that are of such importance in the generation of rhythmic ac- pact the impact of the animalist’s activities on voluntary health-re- tivity (chapter 2). Although most of the 30 cells that form the stom- lated charities and medical practice that promotes “alternative” or atogastric ganglion (a portion of the STNS) innervate muscles of the “complementary” medical care that is based on an anti-scientific ap- foregut and are therefore classified as motor neurons, they also proach to healing. Concerns about the alignment of the animalists function to generate the motor patterns. While the patterns generat- with environmental issues and of the distribution of their materials ed by the isolated ganglion can be remarkably stereotyped, neuro- to children within public schools are discussed. Each contributor modulators whether added exogenously or released by neuronal provides suggestions as to how some of the activities of the animal- stimulation can sculpt both the cellular and synaptic properties of ists can be combatted, including involvement of primary care physi- individual neurons. The resulting flexibility in motor output is de- cians at an individual level, rallying the support of hospital adminis- scribed in chapters 3 and 4, which illustrate how the functional con-

1995 APS Conferences

Understanding the Biological Clock: From Genetics to Physiology Organized by Jay C. Dunlap and Jennifer J. Loros (Dartmouth)

New Discoveries Within the Pancreatic Polypeptide Family: Molecules to Medicine Organized by William Zipf (Children’s Hospital, Columbus), Ian Taylor (Duke), Claes R. Wahlestedt (Cornell), Richard Rogers (Ohio State), and Helen J. Cooke (Ohio State)

Vol. 36, No. 5, 1993 203 BOOK REVIEWS

nections between neurons within a circuit can be markedly altered shaping neuronal activity). Such an approach is discussed in a con- following the activity of modulatory neurons. Flexibility is also ap- cise, nonmathematical manner. A recurring sentiment expressed in parent at the network level with neurons switching their allegiance this and other chapters is the hope that information about the prop- from one central pattern generating circuit to another. The sugges- erties of the STNS will “scale-up” to larger and more complex neu- tion is made that these networks are not discrete circuits of neurons, ronal networks. The extent to which this may be true is examined in and that the STNS should be viewed as a “multiple task processor” the final chapter, which discusses how the principles that have rather than as a collection of separate central pattern generators. emerged from the study of the STNS have parallels in other inverte- Interestingly, while the pattern generating networks of the SINS are brate and vertebrate model systems. Common themes (such as the well conserved between decapod species, the modulatory inputs that ability of neural networks to generate several motor patterns) do in- determine the final network configuration have proven to be rela- deed emerge. tively labile (chapter 7). Overall the tone of the book is candid and the authors make Recently, by monitoring the activity of the foregut in intact ani- clear where gaps in knowledge exist. Cross-referencing between mals with an endoscope it has become clear that the range of motor chapters and the single bibliography at the end of the book means patterns seen in the in vitro preparations correspond to a complex that it reads evenly. In view of the large amount of information pre- range of behaviors (chapter 6). Given that so much is known about sented, a formal summary at the end of each chapter might have the properties of the neurons and of the networks, it may appear been helpful. Nevertheless, this is a well-written book that can be strange that computer models of the STNS are being constructed. recommended to anyone interested in the mechanisms that underlie However, as pointed out in the section that deals explicitly with the- the generation and modulation of motor patterns. oretical matters (chapter 5), it is for this reason that network models may be an appropriate way to examine problems that are technically Matthew D. Whim difficult (such as the roles played by individual ionic currents in Yale University

BOOKS RECEIVED

Annual Review of Pulmonary and penhagen, 1992. Copenhagen, Denmark: 238 pp., illus., index, $80.00. ISBN: O- Critical Care Medicine 93/94. Richard A. 1993, 520 pp., illus., index, $66.15. ISBN: 8131-1788-7. Matthay, Michael A. Matthay, and 87- 16- 11074-9. The Ergonomics of Manual Work. Herbert P. Wiedemann (Editors). Phila- Molecular Biology of the Skin: The William S. Marras, Waldemar Karwowski, delphia, PA: 1993, Hanley & Belfus, Inc., Keratinocyte. Michael Darmon and Miro- James L. Smith, and Leszek Pacholski (Ed- 365 pp., illus., index, $55.00. ISBN: l- slav Blumenberg (Editors). San Diego, CA: itors). The Proceedings of the International 56053-073- 1. Academic, 1993, 291 pp., illus., index, Ergonomics Association World Confer- Aspects of Synaptic Transmission 2: $85.00. ISBN: 0- 12-203455-4. ence, Warsaw, Poland, 1993. Bristol, PA: Acetylcholine, Sigma Receptors, CCK and Muscles, Masses & Motion: The Phys- Taylor & Francis, 1993, 725 pp., illus., Eicosanoids, Neurotoxins. T. W. Stone iology of Normality, Hypotomicity, Spas- index, $175.00. ISBN: o-784-0060-5. (Editor). Bristol, PA: Taylor & Francis, ticity & Rigidity. E. Geoffrey Walsh. New The Physiology of the Human Pla- 1993, 255 pp., illus., index, $99.00. ISBN: York, NY: Cambridge University Press, centa. Kenneth R. Page. Bristol, PA: Taylor 07484-0063-X. 1993, 220 pp., illus., index, $59.95. ISBN: & Francis, Inc., 1993, 164 pp., illus., index, Dyslexia and Development: Neurobio- O-521 -43229-4. $29.50. ISBN: l-85728-066-0. logical Aspects of Extra-Ordinary Brains. New Insights in Vertebrate Kidney Vision: Coding and Eficiency. Cohn Albert M. Galaburda (Editor). Cambridge, Function. J. A. Brown, R. J. Balment, and J. Blakemore (Editor). New York, NY: Cam- MA: Harvard University Press, 1993, 378 C. Rankin (Editors). Society for bridge University Press, 1993, 448 pp., pp., illus., index, $45.00. ISBN: 0-674- Experimental Biology Seminar Series 52. illus., index, $34.95. ISBN: 0-521-36459-O. 21940-6. New York, NY: Cambridge University Women Physiologists. Lynn Bindman, Fetus and Neonate Physiology and Press, 1993, 389 pp., illus., index, $120.00. Alison Brading, and Tilli Tansey (Editors). Clinical Applications: Volume I: The ISBN: O-521-38324-2. Chapel Hill, NC: Portland Press, 1993, 166 Circulation. Mark A. Hanson, John A. D. Pathophysiology of the Gut and pp., illus., index, $15.00. ISBN: l-85578- Spencer, and Charles H. Rodeck. New Airways: An Introduction. Paul Andrews 049-6. York, NY: Cambridge University Press, and John Widdicombe (Editors). Studies in X-Ray Microanalysis in Biology: 1993, 438 pp., illus., index, $110.00 Physiology Series No. 1. Chapel Hill, NC: Experimental Techniques and Applications. (Hardcover), $39.95 (Paper). ISBN: 0-521- 1993, 150 pp., illus., index, $27.50. ISBN: David C. Sigee, A. John Morgan, Adrian T. 41 187-4: l-85578-022-4. Sumner, and Alice Warley (Editors). New Isotonic Transport in Leaky Epithelia. Respiratory Control: Central and York, NY: Cambridge University Press, Hans G, Ussing, Jorge Fischbarg, Ove Peripheral Mechanisms. Dexter F. Speck, 1993, 337 pp., illus., index, $89.95. ISBN: Sten-Knudsen, Erik Hviid Larsen, and Michael S. Dekin, W. Robert Revelette, and O-521 -41530-6. Niels J. Willumsen (Editors). Proceedings Donald T. Frazier (Editors). Lexington, KY: of the Alfred Benzoin Symposium 34, Co- The University Press of Kentucky, 1993,

204 THE PHYSIOLOGIST ANNOUNCEMENTS

Struggling Economy Hurts Salaries of Integrative Scientists and Engineers Physiological

The poor economic climate continues to provide the lowest annual salary, while Thought to plague experienced scientists and engi- PhDs working in R&D management earn neers whose salaries have remained stag- the most. The overall median salary for all A first meeting of physiologists with nant during the past two years-in many doctoral scientists and engineers in 199 1 the conceptualization of higher aspects of cases not even keeping up with inflation. was $60,700. organization in individual cells and multi- cellular organisms is being planned for From chemists to engineers, from physi- l Women doctorates in science and cists to geologists, from those employed in engineering earned 20% less that did men. April 28 and 29, 1994 (at the end of the industrial R&D to those employed in White PhDs earned more that minority Experimental Biology ‘94 meeting in Ana- academe-no one saw much movement in PhDs, and women earned less that minori- heim). It is organized by Joseph Engelberg increased economic benefits of their em- ties. (University of Kentucky College of Med- icine, Lexington, KY), Penelope Hansen ployment. Indeed, many felt fortunate to l The more experienced R&D scien- still have a job with the “downsizing,” tist or engineer reported higher salaries (Memorial University, St. John’s New “rightsizing,” and non-hiring taking place than their younger counterparts regardless Foundland, Canada), and C. Leo Ortiz in all segments of the economy. of position, although salaries do begin to (University of California, Santa Cruz, CA). But there is a ray of hope, with em- drop in the latter stages of their careers. Scientists wishing to attend may contact ployers expecting to hire a few more col- Regardless of degree level, discipline, or any of the above. Engelberg is at the Office lege graduates this recruiting year that in experience level, R&D scientists and engi- of Integrative Studies, University of the previous two. Yet, little increase in neers earned the most working in industry. Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536-0084. Tel: 606-233-5563; fax: starting salaries is foreseen. Employers are l Median salaries for chemists were continuing their “mean and lean” philoso- up 3.6% at the BS level, 3% at the master’s 606-257- 1060. phy, in terms of both number of new hires level, and 4.7% at the PhD level from 1992 and in retention of current technological to 1993. Unemployment among chemists personnel. These are among the principal and chemical engineers was up in 1993 for findings of the latest “Salaries of Scientists, the third year in succession. Research Associates Engineers and Technicians,” by the l For the sixth year in a row, 1993 Commission on Professional in Science salaries of experienced engineers in the in Space Biology and Technology. United States failed to keep up with infla- A brief narrative analysis of economic tion. Overall, the median salary of all engi- The current space shuttle program has conditions in the sciences and engineering neers is $53,800. allowed the development of space biology reinforces the 282 tables of salary data l Federal workers are just keeping up science that offers exceptional opportuni- from more than 60 salary surveys to pro- with inflation but may do considerably bet- ties for research. NASA is offering vide a broad range of information on start- ter if “locality pay” actually begins in July Research Associate Awards at the postdoc- ing and advanced salaries by field, experi- 1994. Government scientists and engineers toral level for scientists to conduct space ence level, degree level, and type of em- have traditionally earned less than their biology research in a university laboratory ployer; with differentials by sex, type of counterparts in industry. or nongovernmental research institute of job, and geographic area. Other highlights l Continuing a trend started in your choice that can provide the necessary of the Commission’s report: 1990-9 1, faculty salaries did not keep pace facilities and research environment. l While recruitment of college gradu- with inflation in 1992-92 and actually Projects should be in the gravitational and ates has not improved significantly in 1993, dropped by 0.4%. Engineering faculty con- space biology discipline. The awards are it has at least remained steady and may tinue to report the highest salaries at all $20,000 for the first year and $22,000 for even be somewhat better than in 1992. types of institutions. The average salaries the second year if the renewal proposal is Engineering bachelors’ graduates posted of women continue to be less that those of approved. Funding will begin July 1 to only slight gains, if any, in starting salary men, regardless of field, rank, or type of in- October 1, 1994. US citizens and perma- offers, even though still receiving the high- stitution. nent resident aliens with PhD, MD, DVM, est starting salary offers. Although down DMD, or equivalent degrees are eligible to from 1992, petroleum engineering BS grad- apply. Proposals are due February 15, uates had average offers of $38,610. In Salaries of Scientists, Engineers and 1994. For information and application contrast, women graduates in petroleum en- Technicians-A Summary of Salary booklet contact Gerald Sonnenfeld, De- gineering received offers of $42,900. Surveys, 16th edition, by Eleanor L. Babco, partment of Microbiology and Immun-

l Doctoral scientists and engineers 240 pp., August 1993 is available for $75 ology, School of Medicine, University of working in industry reported the highest prepaid (CPST Members $50) from the Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292. Tel: 502- median salary, while those working in state Commission on Professionals in Science 588-83 17; fax: 502-588-7043; or Thora and local governments reported the lowest. and Technology, 1500 Massachusetts Halstead, Life and Biomedical Sciences Teaching, the dominant work activity of Avenue NW, Suite 831, Washington, DC Division, NASA Headquarters, Wash- doctoral scientists and engineers, continues 20005. ington, DC 20546.

Vol. 36, No. 5, 1993 205 APS Sustaining Associate Members

The Society gratefully acknowledges the contributions received from Sustaining Associate Members in support of the Society’s goals and objectives Abbott Laboratories HarvardApparatus Pfizer, Inc. Alliance PharmaceuticalCorporation Hoechst-RousselPharmaceuticals, Inc. Pharmacia,Inc. AmericanMedical Association * Hoffman-LaRoche, Inc. Procter& GambleCompany Axon Instruments,Inc. JandelScientific QuakerOats Company Berlex Biosciences JanssenResearch Foundation * SandozPharmaceuticals * BoehringerIngelheim R. W. JohnsonPharmaceutical Corporation BoeingDefense & SpaceGroup ResearchInstitute * Schering-PloughCorporation BurroughsWellcome Company Kabi Pharmacia G. D. Searleand Company CoulboumInstruments, Inc. LederleLaboratories SmithKlineBeecham DaganCorporation Eli Lilly & Company * SquibbCorporation Du PontPharmaceuticals LockheedMissles & Space SutterInstruments Company FisonsPharmaceuticals Company,Inc. * The UpjohnCompany Genentech,Inc. Marion Merrell Dow Inc. Warner-Lambert&.rkeDavis Glaxo, Inc. McNeil Pharmaceutical Waverly Press Gould, Inc. * Merck & Co., Inc. Wyeth-AyerstLaboratories GrassFoundation Miles Inc. ZenecaInc. Groupede ResearcheServier NARCO Bio-Systems

* SecondCentury CorporateFounders

Scientific Meetings and Congresses FASEB Excellence in Science Lecture and Advances in the Understanding and Advancement of Medical Instrumen- ‘IYeatmentof Multiple Sclerosis,San Die- tation, Washington,DC, May 21-25, 1994. Award 1995 go, CA, December9-10, 1993. Informa- Information:AAMI EducationDepartment, tion: IBC USA Conferences Inc., 225 3330 Washington Blvd., Suite 400, The FASEB Excellence in Science TurnpikeRoad, Southborough,MA 01772. Arlington, VA 22201-4598.Fax: 703-276. Lectureand Award recognizesoutstanding Tel: 508-48l-6400; fax: 508-48l-79 11. 0793. achievementby women in biological sci- Coronary Artery Spasm,New York, Interleukin-6-type Cytokines, Poz- ence.All womenwho are membersof one NY, February 22-25, 1994. Information: nan, Poland, June 20-22, 1994. Informa- or moreof the societiesof FASEB are eli- ConferenceDepartment, New York Acad- tion: ConferenceDepartment, New York gible for nomination.The nominationrec- emy of Sciences,2 East 63rd Street, New Academy of Sciences,2 East 63rd Street, ognizesa womenwhose research has con- York, NY 10021.Tel: 212-838-0230;fax: New York, NY 10021.Tel: 212-838-0230; tributed significantly to further our under- 212-838-5640. fax: 212-838-5640. standingof a particulardiscipline by excel- Modeling and Control in Osteopontin, October 21-23, 1994. lence in research.The award includesa Biomedical Systems, Galveston, Texas, Information: ConferenceDepartment, New $10,000unrestricted research grant, funded March 27-30, 1994. Information: IFAC York Academy of Sciences,2 East 63rd by Eli Lilly andCompany, travel expenses, Biomedical Symposium, U. T. Medical Street, New York, NY 10021. Tel: 212- complimentaryregistration, and a plaque. Branch, Box 55176,Galveston, TX 77555- 838-0230;fax: 212-838-5640. The nominationdeadline is March 1, 5 176.Tel: 409-770-6628or 409-770-6623. Receptor Activation by Antigens, 1994. Nominationsmay be madeonly by 40th Anniversary Meeting of the Cytokines, Hormonesand Growth Fac- membersof the FASEB societiesand must American Society for Artificial Internal tors, New York, November 7-9, 1994. be madein the form of a letter, originaland Organs, SanFrancisco, April 14-16,1994. Information: ConferenceDepartment, New nine copies, setting forth in detail: 1) the Information: ASAIO National Office, PO York Academy of Sciences,2 East 63rd contribution(s)to the field that represents Box C, Boca Raton, FL 33429-0468.Tel: Street, New York, NY 10021. Tel: 212- the nominee’soutstanding achievement in 407-391-8589;fax: 407-368-9153. 838-0230;fax: 212-838-5640. science;2) leadershipand mentorship;3) The Post-Polio Syndrome: Ad- 2nd International Congress of evidence of national recognition; and 4) vances in the Pathogenesisand Treat- Pathophysiology,Kyoto, Japan,November honorsand awards. ment, Bethesda,MD, April 27-30, 1994. 19-24, 1994. Information: ToshiieSakata Ten copiesof the curriculum,as well Information: ConferenceDepartment, New c/o JTB Communications,Inc., New Kyoto as a brief bibliography,reprints, and letters York Academy of Sciences,2 East 63rd Center Bldg. 5F, Shiokoji, Shinmachi, of supportshould be included.Nominations Street, New York, NY 10021. Tel: 212- Shimogyo-ku, Kyoto 600, Japan.Tel: 81 and supportingletters are to be sentto Leah 838-0230;fax: 212-838-5640. (Japan)75-341-1618; fax: 81 (Japan)75. C. Valdez, FASEB Excellencein Science 29th Annual Meeting and 341-1917. Award, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Exposition of the Association for the MD 20814-3998.Tel: 301-530-7092.

206 THE PHYSIOLOGIST