Index

Note: page numbers in italic refer to illustrations; those in bold refer to tables

Accumulation Plateau 240, 241, 242, Apennines bedrock 243-244, 244 Northern, Pliocene to present-day Baltic Oil-Shale Basin 76-77, 78 Adriatic Sea 119 uplift and denudation rates deeply weathered, found under western sector, seismo- 119-125 Neogene sediments 96-97 surveys 121 remnant landsurfaces l 10-116 Dry Valleys region, intruded by African Planation Surface, Uganda Appalachian Mountains 250 dolerites 256 250 Arena Sandstone 265 serpentinite, Niemcza Hills, deeply Ahtme Elevation 75, 77, 77, 78, 81 Arena weathered 100 Ain Grab Formation 130, 131, 132, avalanche tongues in 259, 263 bedrock gorges, rectilinear 185 140 clay content of ash 263 Bees Nest Pit, Derbyshire, Kenslow Allan Nunatak 264 Argentina, palaeo-landsurfaces and Clays in 52 alluvial fans neotectonics 229-238 Beglia Formation 131, 132 Guide Dong Shan 190, 190, 196 geological setting 229-232 Bekaa Valley Nemegt Uul 203, 205, 206, 208, uplift characteristics 235-236 historical evidence for earthquakes 214, 217 Asgard Range, glacial 264 145 and terraces, Guide Basin, Tibet Ashdown Forest/Crowborough- Yammouneh forming 190, 190, 192, 196 Burwash-Mountfield-Fairlight western boundary 145 Alpine Storm, outer ripples 3 axis 26, 29 BIRPS, deep seismic-reflection altiplano, confusion over term 245 Asian lithosphere, underlying profiling 66 Altyn Tagh Fault 184-185, 184 northeastern margin of Tibetan Black Mountains-Fforest Fawr- Andes 248-250 Plateau 184 Brecon Beacons scarp 66, 68-69 Andes, Chilean, fan-like faults 248 Aterno River, uppermost reach, case relief inverted with respect to Andes, Ecuadorian 249-251 study 112-113 Palaeozoic landscape 69 Cordillera and gravity spreading Atlas Mountains 127 Blackdown 25 249 Atlas Thrust Front 128 Bohemian Massif, Sudetes and and thrust belt results from Australia, gravity spreading after Sudetic Foreland 93-105 Upper Miocene decollements vertical uplift 249 Boiano basin case study 113, 115-116 25O avalanche tongues, Arena Valley, altitudinal distribution of terrace formed by vertical uplift following retain form on slopes 259, 263 sequences 115, 115 planation 249, 251 an inter-montane depression 113 granite/granodiorite batholiths, badlands bounded by normal fault-sets 113 mainly Mesozoic 250 205,206 SW fault controls tectonic modelled by single planation Irangi Hills 158 evolution of 115, 116 surface 245 bajadas see alluvial fans terrace sequences, anomaly in morphotectonic units 239-246 Bala Fault 66, 67 accordance of 115 symmetry round Inter-Andean Ballyadams Formation 53 Bosherston-Castlemartin Surface 56 Depression 250 Ballygaddy Outlier, Co. Offaly, erosional bevel 48 uplift 246-251 saprolite fill 53 braid plains, Guide Basin 190, 196 Andes, Peruvian, block faults 248 Baltic Oil-Shale Basin, pre-Devonian Braintree Line 35 angiosperms 55 landscape 75-83 'Brecce di Bisegna' Formation 111 Anglesey 70 Baltic Syneclise 82 Brevard Fault Zone, appearance on Anglesey-Arfon block 66, 70 Barrow Valley, Co. Carlow 50 COCORP profile 69-70 Anglesey-Snowdonian landscape Barton Basement Bed, chert in 34-35 British Institutions Reflection contrast 71 basement Profiling Syndicate see BIRPS Anglesey/adjacent Welsh mainland, British Isles, a complex mosaic of British Isles Menaian Surface/Platform differing terranes 67 palaeoforms and saprolites 48-49 Caledonian, Scandinavia 85 preserved on low coastal Antarctica, extreme landscape crystalline, Sudetic Foreland 95 platforms 71 stability 255-267 Lower Cretaceous, cut by sharp lateral discontinuities in denudation rate estimates from planation surface 239 continental crust beneath 66 cosmogenic isotope data Precambrian British margin 264-265 Baltic Oil-Shale Basin 76 receives continuous energy input 71 Dry Valleys region 256-258 Scandinavia 85 stress state due to dynamic rates of landscape change basement control 13, 28 processes 68 258-264 basin inversion, south of the Variscan strong control of pre-rifting anticlines, crustal ramp 184 Front 13 structure 65-66, 66 Apaqui River Gorge 240, 242 beach gravels, St Agnes sediments 47 brittle crust 67 apatite fission-tracking studies (AFT) Beacon Cottage Farm Outlier 48 in front of Snowdonian front 70 14-15, 71 Oligocene sediments 48, 56 preserves signature of previous indicates major erosional event, and St Agnes Outlier 56 tectonic events 68 eastern flank of Southern sediments rest on more irregular bulk-shortening 13 Scandes 88 surface 48, 56 Bullers Hill Gravel 11 Northern Apennines 121 Beacon Member 56 Bullslaughter Bay syncline, saprolite Apennine thrust belt, extension and Beacon Supergroup 256, 264 bodies, chemically weathered uplift, post-Miocene 109 Beacon Valley 263 mudstone 56 270 INDEX

Caesar's Camp Gravels, reassessed 8 compression high rates of induced by extreme Calabrian level, ubiquitous nature of and crustal shortening 248 precipitation 172, 174 pervasive 49-50 late Silurian 82 lithologically and structurally calcrete 208 conifers 55 controlled 103-104 Cantalupo sequence 115 continental crust net, southern England, since end- Carboniferous Limestone, Central anisotropy of 66-8 Cretaceous 33 Ireland, undated saprolitic/ imposed stress, brittle and ductile North Downs backslope benches palaeosol masses 58 crust, different behaviour 68 38, 39-40, 40 Cardigan Bay Basin 68 permanent record of geological Palaeocene 18 'Celtic Plain', early Neogene 58 events affecting it 67 Palaeogene 32 Central Europe, epeirogenic and continental plate boundary system Pleistocene 12, 28 block uplift, Late Tertiary 93 143 Quaternary, deduced rates of 40-41 Central Range, Taiwan 170, 172 Cornubian massif 68 rates in the Northern Apennines Cha Lang Valley 196 Cornubian terrane 67 121-122 braid plain 187, 190, 192, 193, 196 Cornwall, west 51 removal of Chalk cover, southern faults, Guide Formation badlands wide 50-120 m surface, marine/ England 25 193, 194 Pliocene view 45, 47 South Downs crest 38, 39-40, 40 Chalk cosmogenic isotope data, Dry Valleys denudation chronology studies 49-51 complexity of sedimentation and region 264-265 denudation rates, catchments in semi- local variation in 30-31 crustal basins, Scandinavia 86 arid areas 165 preservation of outliers indicates crustal blocks, morphotectonic desert pavements, Nemegt Uul 207, long periods of morphostasis equilibrium 67 208,213, 215 12 crustal discontinuity(ies) Djebel Cherichira rapid removal of 18 major, between Snowdon and aspects of stratigraphy 129, 131- timing of denudation of 7 Anglesey Arfon blocks 70 132 varying dates for exhumation of 40 and the origins of major location of 127, 128 see also Upper Chalk escarpments 68-69 structural uplift 128-129 Chalklands strongly influence present structure of thrust front 132-137 divisible into morphotectonic landscapes 71 tectonic evolution and structural regions 16 crustal movements, lrangi Hills 162 uplift of thrust front at evolutionary , a crustal thickening 184 132-137 contemporary synthesis 16-20 associated with active collision 171, topographic uplift and of morphostasis, late Palaeogene and 173 137-138 Neogene 41 cuesta topography, extra-glacial Djebel Cherichira and Oued southern 2-3 Chalklands 2-3 Grigema, uplift and erosional Chambira Formation 245 cuestas, developed on Upper and history of 127-142 Channel High 2 Lower Greensand 25 Djebels, Triassic-cored, evolution of shows inversion 13 Culver Chalk 31 in Tunisia 129, 131-132 Channel Uplands, isolation of 16 Curaray Formation, Late Miocene Doble Member 56 Chattian and Miocene deposits, links fauna 245 Dong Gou Grassland, Guide Basin with 5-150m surfaces 55-58 Cutucu Uplift 245 181, 187, 188-189, 189 Cherhil Formation 130 Dorking-Penshurst-Tonbridge- Cherichira Anticline 130, 135, 136, Danghe Nan Shan 184, 184 Biddenden axis 29 136, 138 Danian l 1 Douhou Louyang river 187, 190 Cherichira Blind Thrust 133, 135, 136 creation of Summit Surface implies Dover Straits 30 Cherichira and Grigema drainage rapid removal of Chalk 12 discordant, explanations 27 systems, evolution of 138-139 Dartmoor, as a monadnock 11 drainage Cherichira Sole Thrust 135-137 Datong Shan 184 discordant 5, 27 during reactivation Dead Sea Transform 143, 145 drainage patterns of 138 and Yammouneh Fault, plate lrangi Hills, modified 161 Cherichira Thrust 130, 133-135, 136 tectonic and regional setting southern England, accordant and cinder cones, Dry Valleys region, slow 144 discordant 7, 9 erosion of 259 Yammouneh Fault not active Weald, concordant and discordant Clay-with-Flints 7, 11 segment in Lebanon 150 27, 27 climate decollements 250, 251 Drum Hills, planation staircase climatic environment, Taiwan deforestation, lrangi Hills 158 system 49 173-175 deformation Dry Valleys region, Antarctica Eocene 19, 34 compressive 170-171 active slope processes in coastal Gobi Desert 204 Miocene see tectonism, Miocene zone 258 lrangi Hills 158 Nemegt Uul 215, 217 climates past and present 256, 258 present and past, Antarctica 256, neotectonic, poorly understood, denudation rate estimates from 258 southern Argentina 229 cosmogenic isotope data regional and global, affected by the denudation 264-265 raising of Tibet 183 Central Weald 38-39, 39 described 256 climatic cooling, throughout the controlled by bedrock properties evidence demonstrating slow rate Oligocene and Miocene 53 105 of landscape change 260-261 Clogrenan Formation 53 gross, Tertiary, variations, geological and tectonic setting 256 Coastal Range, Taiwan 169-170, 172 southern England 32-33, 33 glacial landforms 264 INDEX 271

mean denudation rates very low 265 erosion cycle 68 fan-like divergence 250 modification of landforms limited erosional relief, East European geometry of at depth, 265 Craton, development of 75 reconstruction 233, 233 morphological/depositional erosional surface, in broad region normal, Guide Formation 193, 194 evidence of rates of landscape from Salisbury to Dartmoor post-planation 251 change 258-264 11-12 pre-existing, reactivation of in morphology of 256 escarpments 66, 68-69 brittle crust 67 persistent low temperature, hyper- erosional 152 reverse, Sierras Pampeanas 229, aridity and low rates of Jelania G6ra basin 102 230-231,232, 235 landscape change 255-256 origins of and crustal sigmoidal curvature 203 progress in geochronometric discontinuities 68-69 strike-slip 248 dating of landforms 255, separating Irangi Hills from see also thrust faults 258-259 Maasai Plains 157 Fennoscandian Shield 75, 76 raised marine features 263-264 straight, associated with high-angle basic relief types 87 ductile creep 68 faults 240 differing amounts of Neogene and ductile crust, ductility increases with Walbrzych, Middle Sudetes, Palaeogene uplift 89 depth 67 lithologically controlled 103 Ferrar dolerites 256 dunes, and desert pavement, Nemegt Wesenberg Escarpment 78-79, 82 Ferrar 257 Uul 206, 209, 213, 215, 217 Western Cordillera, Ecuador 239 fill terraces 110 dynamic equilibrium 65 see also Snowdonia front scarp flexural 138 Estonia, flatter hilly relief 75 regional 128-129 earthquakes etchplains, on stable blocks 71 flexuring Aterno River, uppermost reach 112 etchplanation 17-18, 19, 105 early Palaeogene 3 Boiano basin 115 dynamic 65 mid-Tertiary 28 Irangi Hills 161-162, 163, 163 widely recognized in the tropics 18 Flimston Outlier/Flimston Pipeclays Lleyn Peninsula 70 etchsurfaces 48, 56-57 Qinghai Lake and Gonghe Basin stripped, Irangi Hills 157 floods, catastrophic, from cylones 174 185 sub-Cretaceous 87-88 floras 53, 55 East Africa, suspended-sediment sub-Jurassic 87-8 folds/folding yields from large catchments 166 sub-Mesozoic 87, 87-88, 87 and faulting, contemporaneous, East Africa Rift System 157, 158 Sudetic Foreland 97-101 indications of 13 data on uplift rates scarce 163 a general view 101 large, Nemegt Uul 204 East Anglia, downwarping of 16, 19 Eurasian continental plate 169, 171 Oligo-Miocene 36 East Antarctic Ice Sheet 258 Evolutionary model 37, 39, 39 plains-type, Baltic Oil-Shale Basin East Devon Plateau 77 Combpyne Soil remnants 11 Faille du Pas de Calais 27 small en echelon 28 summit mantled by residual soils fault complexes/systems, strike-slip, foredeep 11 left-lateral 184, 202 Northern Apennines 119-t21,121 Eastern Cordillera (Cordillera Real), fault propagation fold see Cherichira foreland basin development 140 Ecuador 241,242, 243-244, Anticline Fortuna Sandstone Formation 130, 244-245 faulting 131 planation surface 245 co-seismic 112 Fucino basin case study 111-112, 112, Eastern Longitudinal Valley, Taiwan dip-slip 155 114, 116, 119 169, 170, 172 extensional, Guide Basin 193-194, Ecuador, planation surfaces 239-253 196, 198 Gaohongai River 187, 188 El Bouqaia Depression 148, 151 Guide Basin 185, 190 incision into basin deposits 194, E1 Houfia Extensional Faults 130 normal 111 197-198 history of 137 Guide Basin 194 Gash Breccias 48 end Neogene datum, position of Xining Basin 194 geographical information systems 201 35-36, 36 Quaternary, Nemegt Uul 215 Ghab Fault 145 endogenic energy 68 strike-slip 170-171 gibbsite 57 Eocene thrust, and oblique-slip 215 glacial landforms, Dry Valleys region sub-tropical climate 34 transcurrent, Plio-Quaternary, 264 subaerial erosion in a hot climate evidence against 147-152 glaciation, Quaternary in northeast 19 faults 183 Tibet, no firm evidence for 185 Equilibrium Line Altitude (ELA) active, central and southern Italy Gobi Altai Mountains 201,202 depressions, Qinghai Nan Shan 109 North Gobi Altai 202 and Laji Shan 196 base Jurassic 26 Gobi desert 204-205 erosion Boiano basin 113, 115 Gobi Platform 184, 185 assessment of using suspended dip at low angles into reflective Gobi-Tien Shan fault system 201, sediment data 219 lower crust 68 202, 202 marine dip-slip normal 109 goethite 57 Cenozoic 58 divide Irangi Hills into tectonic Gonghe Lake Basin 184 Eocene, link with London Basin blocks 160 gravels, siliclastic, covering Chalkland platforms extensional Bosherston-Castlemartin rejected 8-9 Ecuador 239, 244 Surface 48 Weald, pulses of in later E1 Houfia Extensional Faults age of 57 Palaeogene 34 130, 148, 151 possibly a pediment 57 272 INDEX gravity sliding, Ecuadorian Andes Hipparion cf tchicoicum 185 of complex origin 102 240 Hipparion jitssatum 185 morphological boundary 102 gravity spreading 249, 250 Hipparion platyodus 185 relationships between landforms gravity , causing compressive hog's back ridges 2 and bedrock properties 102 folds and thrusts 249 Hollymount Outlier, Co. Laois, age Jumbeli-Naranjal Fault 139 Great Glen Fault 66, 67, 68, 70 of solution-subsidence infill Grigema Unconformity 130, 131, 135, 52-53, 58 K-Ar dating, Homs Basalt 150-151, 136 homeomorphism 60 151, 155 Grochowa Massif 95 Horns Basalt 154 Kang Zhou Shan, Guide Basin 187, Groombridge-Benenden axis 29 age of 150-151,151 189-190, 189, 191 Guajaquil-Babahojo-S. Domingo lies unconformably against kaolinite, desilication of 57 Fault 241 Yammouneh Fault 150, 154 Kenslow Clays 52 Guayalabamba Gorge, Ecuadorian relationship to Yammouneh Fault Kenslow flora, and evolution of the Andes 242 145, 147-150 Pennines 51 Guide Basin, Tibet 185 relationships with shattered Klodzko region 98 alluvial fans and terraces 190, 190, carbonates 150 Klodzko-Zloty Stok Granitoid 192, 196 Hythe Beds 25, 36 Massif 103, 104 base-level lowering, due to Yellow bedrock-controlled topography River drainage 193 Iapetus Suture 66, 67 103, 104 deposition of molasse in Miocene ignimbrites, Cuenca, Ecuador 246 Kredija Backthrust 130, 131, 136, 137 185 Indian crust, underthrusting Tibetan Kredija Strike-Slip Fault 130 faulting 190 Plateau 184 age of 140 flysch deposits thrust and folded inherited landscapes and uplift, truncates E1 Houfia Extensional 185 Sudetic Foreland 93-105 Faults and Cherichira Thrust loess accumulation, Surface 2 194 Inter-Andean Depression 240, 241, 137 model for development of 197-198 242, 243-234, 244 molasse deposits suggest closed Inter-Andean Graben, ophiolites Laga Formation 119, 120 basin 193 and volcanoes 248 Laji Shan 185 reactivation of faults in Cenozoic Quaternary strato-volcanoes 246 land degradation, Irangi Hills 157 185 Intermediate Atlas 128 evolution, long-term, recent small-scale glaciation and intermontane basins neglected 65 deglaciation 195-196 central Italy 111 landforms Surface 1 192, 193, 197-198 compressional 184 may help to unravel uplift and surfaces developed in 188-189, 196, intrusions subsidence histories 93 198 Andes, Ecuadorian 250 pre-Devonian, Baltic Oil-Shale Guide Dong Shan 185, 187, 188, 190 Sierras Pampeanas 232 Basin 77-81 high piedmont terrace 190,190, 193 Sudetic Foreland 95 regional-scale, controlled by incised alluvial fan 190, 196 see also Klodzko-Zloty Stok crustal properties 69 scarps attributable to faulting 190, Granitoid Massif; Strzegom- tectonic, stability of 155 193 Sob6tka granitoid Massif landscape change, evidence Surface 1 at foot of 193, 197-198 inversion structures see linear demonstrating slow rate of Guide Formation, described 185 inversion structures; upwarping 260-261 Gwna Group 49 inversion tectonics 28-29 landscape development, models framework for southern England emphasising time-dependent Haiyuan Fault 184 34 landforms 71 activity along 184-185 in the Weald 28, 29 landscape differentiation, pre- results of changes in trends 185 Irangi Hills, Kondoa, Tanzania Neogene, in Europe 105 Haldon Hills 3, 11 earthquakes, uplift and natural landscape evolution Hampshire-Dieppe Basin 13, 16, 18 161-163 part played by deep weathering Hangay Dome 202 geology and climate 157-158 96-97 Hardy's multiquadric method 220 N-S fault scarps 157, 159 reached by Pleistocene ice-sheets Hastings Beds 41 recent sedimentation and 96 forming 'High' Weald 25 denudation rates 163-166 and solution subsidence 51-53 Haubi basin tectonics and drainage systems in Southern Mongolia 201-218 catchment denudation rate 159-161 Sudetes calculated 163-164 topographic transects 159, 160 a new look at 102-105 highly accelerated soil erosion 166 ironstone, fossiliferous 8 and Sudetic Foreland, differing increase in apparent sedimentation Isle of Wight Monocline 10, 18 96 rate 163 isostatic readjustment/rebound 65, Tertiary, new models of 10-13 Haubi, Lake 123, 174 landscape stability deep sediment profile 159, 161 Italy, central, palaeolandsurfaces and eastern Taiwan 169-181 formation of 161 recent tectonics 109-117 extreme, Antarctica 255-267 severely degraded catchment 158 Izhora Heights 75, 77, 77 landscapes, exhumed and partly Headley Sand 3 buried 93 fossiliferous ironstone problem 8 Jabel Akroum ridge 148, 151-152 landslides, and rockfalls, triggered by high-elevation surfaces, Dry Valleys Jason glacio-marine diamicton, heavy rain 174 Region 256 evidence of 263 Latvia Hindhead 25 Jelania Gdra intramontane basin 98 extensive tectonic deformation 75 INDEX 273

short hiatus, Silurian to Devonian Marnoso Arenacea Formation 119, geomorphology 204-215 82 120 mountain front sinuosity 205, 208, Lebanon, landscape evolution in mass movement, Nemegt Uul 205, 215 143-156 213 possible differential tilting of preservation of landscapes 152-153 Mejerda Zone 128 mountain range 217 Leith Hill 25 Menai Straits Fault system 66, 67, 70 rock types 203, 217 Lenham Beds 3, 8 Menaian Surface/Platform 48-49, 70 structural geology 203-204 Lenham Beds incursion 20 and the Trwyn y Parc solution- Neogene land surface Lenham surface, controversial 3 subsidence complex 57 height over Central Weald 36 Lewes-Medway line 30 mesas and buttes, Guide Basin 189, position and disposition of 33 topography to East more subdued 189, 195 Neogene surfaces, extrapolation of 36 Metiaoui Formation 130 away from the London Basin 3, 5 linear inversion structures/axes/zones mica cooling ages, Larderello Neotectonic Map of Italy 109 13, 19, 29 geothermal field 121 neotectonism, Plio-Pliocene 58 compartmentalize southern Mio-Pliocene Peneplain 3, 5, 6 Netley Heath, bench a flexured facet England 13-14, 34 concept abandoned 35 of Sub-Palaeogene Surface 8 linear zones of disturbance, Baltic non-existent in type area 7-8 New Downs Member Oil-Shale Basin 77 mobile belts, British Isles involvement depositional climate 56 lithological control with 66-67 organic material yields Miocene Chalklands 13 Mogugu River 187, 188 microflora 47 scarps around Walbrzych, Middle incision into basin deposits 194, represents a freshwater ecosystem Sudetes 103 197-198 56 lithosphere scarp above terrace 190, 191,195 Niemcza Hills 94 role of reflective ductile lower crust Moho 68, 70 etchsurfaces 100-101,101 68 Mongolia, Southern, landscape North America, eastern, sediment typical structure around and evolution 201-218 yields 219-228 beneath the British Isles 67 monoclines 13, 29 North Downs typical vertical structure 67-68 Isle of Wight 10, 18 central, soils 8 lixisols 163-164 morphogenic systems, as closed Kent, Lenham surface 3 Lleyn Peninsula earthquake 70 systems 65 North Wales, concept of the loessic cover, Sierra de San Luis morphostasis morphotectonic system 70-71 palaeolandsurface 231-232 Tertiary episodes, southern North-South Axis, Tunisia 127, 128 London Basin 13 England 33 crustal and lithospheric thickness estimating original thickness of Wealden area 40 129 Chalk 31 morphotectonic regions 14, 16, 35 Northern Scandes 86, 86, 88 platforms on flanks of 17-19, 19 morphotectonic systems 68-71 Norwich Crag 16 Upper Chalk border 2 morphotectonics 105 Nummulites vascus marker horizon warping 35 and Cenozoic history, Sudetic 131 see also Red Crag Foreland 96 London-Brabant Platform, no sub- Mount Lebanon 145 oceanic-continental plate collision horizontal reflections 68 northern margin 154 zone 169 London-Brabant/Variscan Front, a truncated spur on eastern flank of Ohio River 223, 224, 225 fundamental boundary 16 t45, 153 oil-shale deposits, commercial, Baltic Long Plain Fault, a low-angle thrust Mount Lebanon uplift, ancestral Oil-Shale Basin 76 249 boundary 152 Okinawa Trough 169, 171 Longyang Gorge 194 Mount Marine Fault 112, 115 oldland-oldland geomorphological Lower Chalk 2 mountain ranges, orogenic 248-249 relationships, British Isles 60 lower crust, deforms along ductile Muddus Plains 88 ophiolite complexes shears 68 correlation with Palaeic surface, Memegt Uul 203 Lower Greensand outcrops 35 Southern Scandes? 89 Sudetic Foreland 95 lower-Langhian to Messinian mushroom tectonics 249 ophiolite suites, Laji Shan 185 interval, two seismic sequences Front Range, Colorado 248 Ordovician, Baltic Oil-Shale Basin 82 140 orogenesis, Andean 229 Luzon Arc 169, 171, 173 Napo Uplift 245 orogenies, Precambrian, Ecuador Narva-Luga Lowland (Depression) 244-245 Ma Wu Gorge 188 77-79, 82 Oued Cherichira 130 formation of 194 Natural Pits, Hainault, Belgium 52 basal Segui Formation Macchiagodena sequence 115 Nazca Plate, subduction segment 229, braided fluvial deposit 132 Macigno Formation 119, 120 232 debris-flow deposit 138 Mahmoud Formation 131, 132 Nemegt Uul, Southern Mongolia 201 facies change 138 Maidstone lineament 29 a broad sigmoidal-shaped drainage system Mangan Formation 239 restraining bend 202, 203 age of 138 Manila Trench 169, 171 catchment areas 205, 210, 211 an ephemeral wadi system 127, mantle intrusion 68 flower structure geometry 204, 215 129 marine platform, Pliocene 3, 4, 8 geographic and structural setting antecedent system maintained its marine shingles, age of changed 11 202, 204 base level 137, 138, 140 marine-cut surfaces, former, criteria geographical control of not displaced by Kredija Fault for recognition of 50 sedimentary facies 217 138 274 INDEX

Oued Cherichira (cont.) Peleus Till, Wright Valley, Porth Wen, saprolite pocket 49 time of formation 132 preservation of upper feather Portland Wight inversion axis 13, 14 generation of structural uplift edge 264 Portland Wight-St Vfilery axis 14 137-138, 140 Pembroke Peninsula see Bosherston- post-uplift spreading see gravity position of Cherichira Sole Thrust Castlemartin Surface spreading 137 periclines Potomac River 220, 222, 223, 224, time of formation 132, 140 Cretaceous, becoming Tertiary 225, 226 Oued Grigema 130 Monoclines 13 precipitation cuts through Ain Grab Formation superimposed on Weald Artois Dry Valleys region 256, 258 139 Anticline 25 high from tropical cyclones 173-174 debris-flow fan deposits of Segui Pewsey-London Platform inversion pulsed tectonism 7, 10, 12, 18, 28, 34 Formation 132, 139 axis 13 pulsed tectonism model see fluvial features post-tectonic 139 important structural divide 16-17 Palaeogene Denudation Model similarities to Oued Cherichira 138 Philippine Sea oceanic plate 169, 171 puna surface see planation surfaces, smaller ephemeral wadi system phosphorite layer, Baltic Oil-Shale Ecuador 128, 129 Basin 76 younger consequent drainage Pinon Formation 239 Qaidam Basin 184 system 132, 140 Pinon Terrane 248 Qilian Shan 184, 184, 202 outliers Pisayambo Formation 246 Qing Shui river 187, 190 Chalk 3 Pizzoli Barete basin 112, 115 Qinghai Lake 184, 184 Palaeocene/Eocene 8 plains with residual hills, Scandinavia Qinghai Nan Shan 184 see also Ballygaddy Outlier; 87, 88 Quartermain Mountains 264 Beacon Cottage Farm Outlier; Northern Scandes 88 quartz, ~mouss~s luisant textures 57 Flimston Outlier/Flimston planated landscape elements 45 Quaternary Pipeclays; St Agnes Outlier; planation 55-58 deduced rates of denudation 40-41 St Erth Outlier double surfaces of see differential uplift, southern overland flow, Hortonian and etchplanation England 35-36 saturated 174 planation model, contradicted in solutional lowering 36 Germany 105 stability during 353 Palaeocene planation surfaces Quaternary movements, and Tertiary denudation then marine divide pre-planation from post- tectonic episodes 16 encroachment 18 planation tectonics 250-251 variation in erosion 32 Ecuador 239-253 rectilinear slopes 259, 265 Palaeocene-Eocene boundary, affects lrangi Hills 160 Red Crag of choice of position 10 mark the end of tectonic regimes deposition on marine-trimmed Palaeogene 248-249 surface 35 distinction between stable areas Palaeogene and Miocene 105 eastward tilt 16 and areas of pulsed uplift 34 separated by uplift phases, Sudetes known extent of 15 late 96 marine incursion of limited evolution of the Weald during planed landscape, Palaeogene/ geomorphological 33-35 Neogene age 58 significance 9 off-shore record 34 plate tectonics westward extension 9 time of limited erosion 34 fails to account for growth of the importance of 15-16 Palaeogene Denudation Model 3-5, Andes 249-250 redbeds 37, 38 and landform development 65 lnter-Andean Depression 242 Palaeogene residuals 3, 8, 32 Taiwan 169-173 Sierras Pampeanas 230, 232 Palaeogene sequences, London and see also Tibet remnant landsurfaces, Apennines Hampshire basins 31 Plateau Drift 7 110-111 palaeolandsurface development 232 platforms, Chiltern backslopes, remnant landsurface analysis, palaeolandsurfaces structurally controlled 8 Fucino basin 112 late Palaeogene and Neogene 40 Pliocene Reskajeage Surface 48 Miocene, northern Bekaa, replacement of Northern Alpine planation around the Palaeogene/ terminates at an erosional foredeep 119 Neogene boundary 56 escarpment 152 southern Chalklands coastline 3, 5, Reyueshui River 187 and neotectonics, Argentina 5 Rhes-y-cae, Flintshire, solution 229-238 Po Plain Adriatic Sea basin, volume subsidence 51-52 and recent tectonics, central Italy of Holocene sediments deposited river/stream capture 152, 153 109-117 121 Guide Basin 195 Pancanta Fault system, defined by poljes rivers secondary faults 235 Lebanon 155 Irangi Hills Pandivere Heights 75, 77, 77, 78, 81 pollen, Oligocene, Beacon Cottage ephemeral 160-161 Pantano Negro Fault 235 Farm 47 sandbed 161 Pantano Negro Fault shear zone polycyclic surface, early Tertiary 10 westward-flowing 161 235 polygonal cracking, Dry Valleys area, Roccamandolfi sequence 115 partial melting 68 preservation of volcanic ash in Ross Embayment 256 passive continental margins 65 259, 262 Roum Fault Peak Hill Gravel 11 Portezuelo Blanco Fault 234 probably active transcurrent pediments, Irangi Hills 157-158 Porth Swtan, saprolite pocket 49 structure 155 INDEX 275

seismicity focused on 145 Turonian, at altitude in the solution features, density of on the Russian Platform 75, 76 Sudetes 96 Chalk 16, 17 Ryuku Arc 169, 171 Miocene, lack of 31 solution pipes Ryuku Arc tectonic regime 177 Oligocene 31, 34, 48, 56 pipe fills 3 Ryuku collision event 171 Palaeogene Trwyn y Parc 49, 57, 70 Ryuku Trench 169, 17l estimating thickness of removed solution subsidence deposits/fills sediments 31 51-53, 57, 70 St Agnes Outlier 56, 60 thicknesses used in cross- Songba Gorge 194 buried cliff line 47, 56 sectional reconstruction 29, Souar Shale 130 deposits 32-33 South American Craton 248 environment of deposition 56 terrigenous, Middle and Upper South Downs, establishment of sub- fluviatile 47 Eocene, lacking beneath Palaeogene overstep 13 possibly coeval to St Erth Channel 34 South Downs inversion axis 14, 29 Outlier (Reid) 47 Segui Formation 130, 131, 139, 140 South Swedish Dome 86, 86 terrestrial and Miocene 48 age 131 and its palaeosurfaces 89 organic material from New Downs back-steepened 136 last rise 87 Member 47 braided fluvial deposit 132, 138 post-uplift development of plains sub-Miocene unconformity 48, debris-flow deposit 137, 138 with residual hills 87 56 near Oued Grigema watershed southern England, Tertiary evolution St Agnes-Flimston-Trwyn y Parc 132, 139 of axis, control offered by 58 seismic activity differential uplift 20 St Erth Outlier, Pliocene marine high frequency of associated with importance of Neogene 36-37 fauna in 47 active collision 173 inversion tectonics framework and St Georges Channel Basin 70 northeast Tibet 185 argument for pulsed St Ives/Mount's Bay depression 47 seismic shaking, vulnerability of tectonism 14 Salisbury Plain Chalklands 16 rocks to 173 long-term evolution of, important Santiago Terrane 248 Serdj-Ressas Line 128 developments 13-16 Saouaf Formation 130, 131, 132 shield areas, interpretations of low relief in Pliocene, inherited 28 dated as Tortonian 131 denudational history 85 new model of Tertiary landscape tilting of 136 Sierra de San Luis 229-236 evolution 18-20 saprolites 71 Sierras Pampeanas views of Green/Jones/Small, Northern Apennine summits 122 Devonian intrusions 232 important differences 12-13 and solution-subsidence 49, 55-58, E1 Realito Mesilla del Cura area Southern Scandes 86, 86, 88-89 70 234, 234 stepped terrace sequences, Apennines South Swedish Dome 87 geological setting 229-232 110 stripped from Irangi Hills summits bounding faults and their Sticklepath-Lustleigh Fault 66 157 relationships 230 Sticklepath-Lustleigh Fault Zone stripping of, Sudetic Foreland 104 Mesilla del Cura block 234 67-68 sarsens 3, 6, 10 Neogene uplift 229 storm surges 173 Savana planation theory 58 Palaeolandsurface 232-233 strath terraces 110-115 Scandinavia, mountains planated palaeotopographic surface, strato-volcanoes, Quaternary, after Caledonian orogeny 251 reconstruction of 233,233 Ecuador 246 Scandinavian domes, uplift histories Rio Nogoli area 234, 235, 235 stresses, anisotropic crust, controlled revealed by 85-91 uplift characteristics, contribution by lines of weakness 67, 68 sub-Mesozoic etchsurfaces 87-88, of palaeolandsurface analysis strike-slip basin reactivation 140 87 to 235-236 structural basins, major sea-level silcrete formation 10 further definition of 18-19 eustatic fall, Middle Oligocene 34 Sirius Group 264 Jones/Small model 10 lowering of, late Oligocene 55 marine diatoms in 258 structural compartmentalization 34 seaways, interior Antarctica, early- Sleza Massif(-Radunia) 94, 95 determines morphotectonic regions mid Pliocene 258 pre-Neogene etchsurfaces 94, 13-14 secondary structures, growth of in 99-100, I00 individual inversion axes may mid-Tertiary 5 imperfect correlation bedrock move independently 14 sediment yields structure-topography 99 structural control, direct, lacking in eastern North America 219-228 sepentinite slope 99-100 Baltic Oil-Shale Basin 82 world's rivers, and the global slope failures, from torrential rain structural restlessness, mid-Jurassic denudation system 226 174 to end Tertiary 7 sedimentation slopes, rectilinear 256, 259, 265 structure-drainage relationship, SE late Upper Cretaceous, Tertiary Snowdonia, large topographic feature England 7 style 13 along a major crustal hinge 70 structures, inherited, control Lower-Middle Pleistocene, Snowdonia block 66, 70 geometry of recent structures Northern Apennines 122 Snowdonia front scarp, differing 67-68 Oligocene, extent unknown 10 crustal types on either side 70 Strzegom Hills 94 sediments soil erosion 174 boreholes show unevenness of Cenozoic 86 importance of climate for 166 weathering front 97 marine Irangi Hills 157, 162, 164, 166 inselberg-like landscape 97 Plio-Pleistocene, London Basin soils, inheritance from former Strzegom-Sob6tka granitoid Massif 9 Palaeogene cover 8 95 276 INDEX

Strzegom-Sobdtka granitoid Massif tablelands uplifted by Cherichira Anticline (cont.) developed in Upper Greensand 3 135 change in morphology correlates Devon and Dorset 10-11 Tengouch Thrust 130, 132 with internal differentiation Taiwan terrace sequences 97, 99 climatic environment 173-175 Aterno River, uppermost reach etchsurfaces 97, 98, 99 geological setting 169-173 113, 115 granite altered to kaolinitic mantle recent palaeoenvironment 177 Boiano basin 115 97 tectonic setting 169, 171 Fucino basin 112, 114 Strzelin Fault 100 see also Taroko Gorge, Taiwan terraces Sub-Andean Zone and Oriente, talus deposits, Nemegt Uul 205, 213 developed above the Mogogou Ecuador 245 Tanzania, landforms, erosion and river 192, 195 sub-Cambrian peneplain deposition 157-168 development in Guide Basin may Scandinavia 85 earthquakes, uplift and natural be related to climate change South Swedish Dome 87, 87 erosion 161-163 195 sub-Cenomanian surface 60 geology and climate 157-158 terranes, exotic, Ecuador, case for Sub-Eocene Surface 3, 4, 6, 11 recent sedimentation and 246, 248 tectonic deformation 3 denudation rates 163-166 Tertiary see also Sub-Palaeogene Surface studies on erosion and active stress sources 36 sub-lnferior Oolite surface 60 sedimentation in degraded southern England, evolutionary sub-Liassic surface, Mendips 60 catchments 166 geomorphology 6 sub-Mesozoic unconformities 58, 60 tectonics and drainage systems two periods of exhumation 14-15 Sub-Miocene facets 10 159-161 Wooldridge and Linton, emphasis sub-Miocene unconformity, beneath Taroko Gorge, Taiwan on stability 3 St Agnes outlier 48, 56 computer modelling of evolution Tertiary landscape, new models of Sub-Oligocene facets 10 177-180 10-13 Sub-Palaeogene Surface/ formation of 176-177 thrust belts, structural uplift, unconformity 3, 17 probably on boundary between topographic uplift and erosion deduced position in relation to two tectonic zones 177 in 128-129 Chalk 29, 33 regional setting 175-176 thrust faults 185 multi-faceted, potygenetic and rock types 176 Nemegt Uul 204, 208 diachronous 10, 11, 18 sediment yield 176 thrust ramp angles, northern and overstep and overlap relations 7, 8, stable form along length of 177 central Tunisia 136 31-32 suspended sediment data 176 thrust stacking, causing regional sub-Red Crag surface, planar nature Tawonga Fault, a low angle thrust 249 flexural subsidence 128-129 of 16 Taylor Glacier 257 thrust zone, Nemegt Uul 203 sub-Tertiary unconformity 31-32 tectonics Tibet 143 fossilized 10 compressional/compressive 170-171 northeast, geomorphology and subduction contribution of ancient landsurface uplift 183-200 and the Andes 249-250 analysis in evaluation of geological structures 184 at Manila Trench 169 109-117 geomorphology south of the subsidence, continual 68 and drainage systems, Irangi Hills Yellow River 188-192 Sudetes 93, 94 159-161 large-scale gravitational collapse almost total absence of Neogene Plio-Pleistocene, mountain unlikely 194 sediments 96 building 251 tectonic evolution, current basement geology similar to the see also inversion tectonics opinions 184-185 Foreland 95 tectonism see also Guide Basin inherited component of landscape Cenozoic, northeast Tibet 183 Tomoko Hills, probably never 104 Cretaceous 31 deforested 158 a new look at landscape evolution in long-term land/landscape Tornquist Zone 86 102-105 development 65 Tower Wood Gravel 11 sedimentary rocks in 95 mid-Tertiary 3, 12, 19, 33 Transantarctic Mountains 256 uplift Miocene 14, 31 structural components in the Dry late Cenozoic 96 deformation model 27-28, 37, 38 Valleys area 256 Neogene-Quaternary, and the downgrading of 36-37 transform-transform-trench triple mountain front 96 Guide Basin 185, 192 junction 145 Sudetic Foreland 93, 94, 95-96 Neogene 232 transgressions Sudetic Marginal Fault 94, 96 reduced significance of 36 late Pliocene 8 Summit Plain see Summit Surface Palaeogene 18, 31 no evidence for in Wessex type Summit Surface 5 see also deformation area 9 debate on origin of 28 Tellian Atlas 127, 128 possibility of two 8 evolution under sub-tropical/warm Tengouch Lateral Fault 130, 131, 132, St Erth 60 temperate environment 12 134 Pliocene, extent controversial 19 incomplete dissection of 12 all movement pre-Segui Formation Red Crag 9, 15-16, 15, 19, 35 mantled with Clay-with-Flints 3 132 no morphological evidence survived from early Palaeogene probably formed synchronously outside the London Basin 9 11 with Cherichira Thrust 132, tree root exposures, Africa, superficial deposits 3 134 measurements of show erosion contrasting, separation of 11 reactivation of 135 rates 164 INDEX 277

Treffynnon Outlier 57 Nemegt Uul 203-204, 217-218 Wardour-Portsmouth inversion axis tropical cyclones (typhoons), in thrust belts 128-129 13, 14, 16, 26, 29 affecting Taiwan 173 tectonic, Taiwan 171, 173 warping Trwyn y Parc solution-subsidence Tertiary, Scandinavia 85, 89 late prolongation, along Anglesey- complex 49, 57 topographic Arfon and Snowdonia blocks association with Menaian Surface Djebel Cherichira 137-138 hinge 70-71 57 in thrust belts 128-129 London Basin 35 petrography of pipe infills 57 transpressional, Gobi Altai 201 Palaeogene 36 saprolites see also upwarping; Weald upwarp and Neogene 14-15 and organic palaeosols 70 Upper Chalk Quaternary 12 source differs from host rock 49 deposition ceased in Maastrichtian regional, late Cretaceous 32 Tunisia see Djebel Cherichira and 18 Weald Oued Grigema estimation of original thickness 30 background to evolutionary Turi Formation 240 outcrop in Chalkland regions 2, 2 geomorphology 25-30 Typhoon Herb 173 Upper Greensand 3 catastrophist interpretations Typhoon Ophelia 174 upwarping 13, 19, 29 27-28 typhoons see tropical cyclones London Basin Chalk 31 fluvial erosional development 28 Tyrrhenian margin, volcanic activity inversion tectonics explanation 111 valley system evolution 151-152, 152, 28-29 153, 154 recognition of anticlinal unconformities Vanda, Lake 263, 264 structure 28 angular, Sierras Pampeanas 230 Vfiner Basin 86 central sub-Mesozoic 58, 60 Viivikonna Anticlinal Zone denudation patterns 38-39, 39 sub-Miocene 48, 56 strncture/topography of the greater uplift 36 Sub-Palaeogene Surface/ sedimentary bedrock 81 height of Neogene land surface unconformity 3, 7, 8, 17, 29, a zone of disturbance 79 over 36 31-2, 33 volcanism subaerial denudation possible, sub-Tertiary 10, 31-2 Dry Valleys region most of Palaeogene 32 see also Grigema Unconformity Cenozoic 256 complex horst structure 16, 36-37 uplift volcanic ash deposits 259, 262, decoupled from less disturbed assessment of amount and pattern 263,263 provinces 29 105 Eastern and Western Cordillera, established description of 28 and deforestation, causing Ecuador 246 folds, tensional, Alpine accelerated erosion 164 Inter-Andean Depression 240, 246 compressional model differential 35 Cuenca area 246 abandoned 28 and crustal anisotropy 65-74 Mio-Pliocene, southern Argentina geological reconstruction 30-37 Ecuadorian Andes, vertical 249, 232 inversion axes, dominant and 251 secondary 29 and gully erosion 162-163 Wadi Chadra 148 models of evolution 37-41 and inherited landscapes, Sudetic duration of eruption of Homs possible structural partitioning of Foreland 93-105 Basalt into 151 26 and landscape stability, Taroko, and Jabel Akroum ridge, pulsed evolution of 41 eastern Taiwan 169-181 relationships between uplift and denudation possible, formation of Taroko Gorge 176-177 landscape features 154 Eocene and Oligocene 34, 35 late Cenozoic, Sudetes 96 limestone fractured/brecciated east variable uplift and later late Neogene-Quaternary 16 of Yammouneh Fault 147-148, downwarping to the East 36 Mount Lebanon uplift 152 150 Weald Island/shoal, London Clay Neogene 15, 39, t05 probably uplifted 155 Sea, rejected 31 Sierras Pampeanas 229, 232 section across Yammouneh Fault Weald upwarp 7, 13 Neogene-Quaternary, Sudetes 96 150 alternative development scenario Northern Apennines, timing of 122 Wadi Charbine 148 33 acceleration in Middle no post-Miocene incision 152 dating of 31 Pleistocene 123 Wadi ech Chaqif 148 evidence for early development geomorphic impact 122-123 headwaters captured 152 31-32 mode of 122 Wadi ed Deir 148 Neogene origin? 15 uplifted summit areas of low two-stage incision 152 shown to be asymmetrical in relief 122 Wadi Fissane 148 reconstruction 30 permanent, balanced by erosion 68 no post-Miocene incision 152 shows inversion 13 Pleistocene, differences as to scale Wadi Nsoura I48 Weald-Artois upwarp decoupled and significance of 12 two-stage incision 152 from more stable areas 41 Plio-Pleistocene, Sierras Wadi Serkhane 148, 151 well developed in early Palaeogene Pampeanas 230 headwaters captured 152 32 Plio-Quaternary modern valley incised into broader western end experienced greater Ecuador 246 valley 151,152, 153, 154 denudation, reasons for 35 northeast Tibet 183 Walbrzych, Middle Sudetes 98 Weald-Artois Anticline 10, 18 Quaternary, Wealden 16 present day morphology 103 French interpretation of events structural Wali Gong Shan 185 29-30 Djebel Cherichira 132-137 Walls Boundary Fault 66, 68 removal of Chalk cover 2 278 INDEX

Weald Artois Anticline (cont.) granite areas, elevated since the follows valley ofWadi Chadra 147, uplift and denudation of western Eocene 105 149 (Wealden) portion 25-43 oldland fringes represent one of geological setting of 143-145 Weald-Boulonnais Artois horst oldest little-changed northern 29-30 landscapes 60 drainage evolution, landscape possible effect on Weald uplift 32 planar sub-Mesozoic correlations across 151-152 weathering unconformities overlain by inactive since the Miocene 143 deep marine sequences 58, 60 valleys traced down to Miocene of exhumed sub-Cambrian Western Cordillera, Ecuador 239-240, palaeosurface, northern peneplain 87 241, 242 Bekaa 151-152 and pre-Neogene landscape bevelled by planation surface 245 Yammouneh polje 147 evolution 96-97 White Chalk inherited feature 153 grus weathering mantles 102 thickness at outcrop 2 Yellow River weathering residues 3 variability in three dimensions 13 geomorphology to south of see also saprolites Wilkes-Pensacola Basin, possible 188-192 Welsh Basin, northern edge marked seaways across 258 in the Guide Basin 185, 198 by Menai Straits Fault system Wilson cycles 250 and the raising of Tibet 183 70 WINCH 4 seismic profile, South Irish Yezhang Grassland, Guide Basin 188, Wesenberg Escarpment, Narva Luga Sea 70 189 Depression 78-79 winds, low humidity from the Polar deposits beneath 194 Wessex, end-Tertiary surface 36 Plateau 258 fault scarps delimit extent of 193 western Britain and Ireland Wooldridge and Linton model 1-2, northern edge, scarp with boreholes penetrating Oligocene 3-5, 37, 38, 39, 49 triangular facets 190, 192, outliers 53, 55 Woolwich and Reading Beds, 193 broad forested plain at Palaeogene/ overstepping 32 Ying Yao Valley 187, 196 Neogene boundary 60 Wright Valley 263-264 recent terraces onlap badlands 191, Chattian sediments in freshwater Wuchia Landslide 174 192 basins 58 Chattian/Miocene sedimentary Xining (Lake) Basin 184 Zhihai Shan 185, 187, 192 outliers and saprolites 54, normal faulting 194 Zulova Highland/Massif 94, 95 55-58 inselberg landscape 97, 98 coastal planation surfaces 45-51 Yammouneh Fault 145-148, 150 kaolin occurrences 97