CITIZEN NATION INTRODUCTION

Often, visitors to the Citizen Potawatomi Nation have varying levels of exposure to and understanding of our story. For this project, our goal was to create a visually 2 impactful and detail-specific timeline that provides an overview of our history. We 11 wanted to provide some context about where we came from as a people, and where we are going as a Nation.

We hope that you will gain a foundation of information that will spark an interest in learning more about the Citizen Potawatomi Nation. An oral tradition within our Tribe 1 3 4 5 foretold of a time in which the People [Neshnabek] would go back along the path of our ancestors and revive the language, culture, traditions and ceremonies of our past.

Educating ourselves about our history is part of this important process, and it is a vital component of our sovereignty as a people. The lack of a voice has been a detriment to Native communities for generations, so we embrace this opportunity to share our story. We hope that those of you reading this booklet will endeavor to learn more 12 about our efforts and further develop your relationship with our Nation. 8 The information in this booklet is not meant to be exhaustive. In selecting the content, we chose materials that would provide a well-rounded view of our history and highlight significant milestones. We anticipate the continued growth and advancement of our Tribe and look forward to updating this booklet with future successes of Citizen Potawatomi Nation.

Thank you for your interest in learning more about Citizen Potawatomi Nation.

6 7 9 10 13 PRE-EUROPEAN CONTACT

The story of Potawatomi and other Neshnabe Communities built their villages around clan peoples stretches back to times lost to history, systems and extended families. Traditionally, beginning on the East Coast of what is now individual communities were led by village- North America. By the time Europeans arrived, approved councils and headmen whose power stemmed from their relationship with, and influence the Great Migration of prophecy was complete, over, the people. Leaders who wielded authority and the Tribes were living around the Great enjoyed the privilege because people respected Lakes with a social structure that included a their opinions enough to heed their advice; they strong communal lifestyle. The people were used this authority and power for influence to bound together by ties of kinship, custom and create alliances and build relationships with mutual necessity. councils and headmen of neighboring Tribes.

4 PRE-EUROPEAN CONTACT

CREATION-FLOOD STORY SPIRITUALITY/CLANS SEVEN FIRES MIGRATION THREE FIRES Over several millennia, we Neshnabek/Bode- Protecting the Neshnabek from their destructive For more than seven centuries, our ancestors Heeding the first prophecy that they must leave It was at Niagara Falls that the Neshnabek dis- by the Neshnabek. Last to build a fire as one wadmi have told the story of our creation and pasts, Kshamnedo [Creator] bestowed two gifts have endured and recounted the prophecies of their home on the East Coast of North America, banded into three distinct Tribes. Confederated people were the Bodewadmi, migrating south eventual destruction. Believing that the earth to the people. First was spiritual strength in the the Seven Fires. Delivered by seven prophets, the Neshnabek began a mass migration inland through spirituality, groups established duties to the coasts of Lake Michigan. We are known and our existence have been manifested in a form of our ancient Midewewin Lodge, providing each foretold of succeeding eras the Neshnabek from the Atlantic coast to the Great Lakes to serve the Neshnabek as a whole. First were as Keepers of the Fire, protecting the sacred would encounter, altering our culture and way of region. Led by the sacred Megis shell of our the , migrating to the north and west of succession of four worlds, each end is met with balance amid the spiritual and physical elements cultural and spiritual fire of our people. life. Over several generations, each revelation, Midewewin Lodge, the journey consisted of Lake Superior. They are our Keepers of the Medi- great devastation, humility and sacrifice. The of life. The second was our traditional clan or fire, has come to pass. Interpreted and seven stops, the beginning and end signified by cine, providing spiritual guidance and protection. story of the Great Flood embodies the compel- system, preserving and maintaining spiritual and shaped over time, these teachings have helped a turtle-shaped island. Today these locations are Next were the , establishing villages to ling and humbling beginning of our fourth and social order among our people. Neshnabek know who we were in the past, are in known as Montreal, Niagara Falls, Detroit River, the north of lakes Superior, Michigan and Huron. current existence. the present and will be in the future. Manitoulin Island, Sault St. Marie, Spirit and They are our Keepers of the Trade, establishing Madeline Islands. and protecting the vast trade network controlled

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

5 6 EARLY EUROPEAN CONTACT

Early European contact brought fur trade and a short-lived time of prosperity native population to avoid the detrimental conditions that accompanied for the Potawatomi people. The first account of the Potawatomi people was political and social instability. by Samuel de Champlain, a French explorer traveling the Great Lakes in 1615. By the end of the 18th century, the foundations for Neshnabek social struc- The first contact with the Potawatomi happened in 1634 when Jean tures were changed forever. Consensus traditionally governed Potawatomi Nicolet, a French explorer and interpreter, visited Green Bay, Wisconsin. village life — a system that worked as long as individuals who dissented were The Potawatomi moved into Wisconsin because of pressure and raids from allowed to leave, new villages were free to form, and Tribal leaders who the Iroquois Confederacy. While there, they met disappointed the community could be cast aside. Fr. Claude Allouez, a Jesuit priest, and in 1670 European settlement significantly constrained established their first contact with Christianity. Native mobility, eventually causing infighting and 1615 destruction of old alliances, all of which greatly By 1679, Potawatomi Chief Onangises [Shim- hindered the structure of Tribal communities. mering Light] and French explorer René-Robert First European account of the Potawatomi. Cavelier Sieur de La Salle had developed fur For many years, colonial powers, primarily trading in Wisconsin. Potawatomi villages were 1634 French and the British, competed for control of central to this campaign and were often used as First recorded contact between lands in what would become the Old Northwest. areas to stockpile fur. The relationships that de- the Potawatomi and Europeans. The existence of strong warrior societies, the veloped from frequent trading resulted in inter- sheer numbers of native peoples in the Great marriage between the two cultures. Lakes region and their superior knowledge of the 1670 terrain and warfare tactics conducive to fighting While European settlement allowed new First exposure to Christianity in the area meant that the Europeans had to alliances and lucrative avenues of trade to for the Potawatomi. deal with the Potawatomi and other Tribes on a develop, it also caused conflicts over territory government-to-government basis. and resources that resulted in an exodus by the

7 American Revolutionary War WA R 1775-1783 With war declared between the American Colonies and The decades following European settlement Britain, Potawatomi support divided geographically were rife with turmoil. Old alliances and economically. Aside from those exacting shattered, new coalitions formed and all retribution, villages located near key U.S. and English parties acted in ways they believed would military forts such as the Detroit and St. Joseph Potawatomi were often enticed or pressured into benefit them most. As a result, a steady allying with neighboring garrisons. succession of skirmishes and wars filled the 18th century and early 19th century. Additionally, communities or individuals reliant on An- glo goods for survival or affluence were equally moti- vated to join a cause. However, far western Potawatomi 2 4 villages led by Segnak the Elder [Blackbird] and Naake- woin [Wind Striker] utilized diplomatic principles and villages, merchants and trade routes for two decades, distance to stay seemingly neutral. Beaver Wars 1628-1701 implementing full-scale retaliation. Despite numerous French and Indian War 1754-1763 Pontiac’s War 1763-1766 Raid of Fort St. Joseph – Feb. 12, 1781 Seeking to expand their range and broker the thriving attempts to draw peace, the allied forces decided As the British colonies expanded and outgrew their Understanding that the French and Indian War was genocide was the only solution, forcing the To expel British traders from the area and reduce their fur trade, the Dutch supported Iroquois engaged in western borders, expeditions to secure and safeguard more than provincial disputes between European to seek refuge among the Sauk. However, as the plan kinsmen’s dependence on Anglo goods, Spanish-allied one of the earliest and longest territorial conflicts with land and resources developed into regional battles nations, but a cultural battle between Native people began to materialize and fewer than 60 Meskwaki Segnak the Elder, Naakewoin and 60 Three Fires the French allied confederated Algonquin nations. between the colonies of New France and Great Britain. and eventual Anglo assimilation, a Great Lakes Native warriors sieged and took control of the fort in the warriors remained, Potawatomi and other Tribes took War-displaced Potawatomi communities emigrated confederacy led by Odawa leader and warrior Pontiac name of New Spain. to and initially populated the northern and western pity on the decimated people and came to their aid, Battle of the Monongahela – July 9, 1755 assembled and continued to fight to preserve their way providing security and delegating for peace. shores of Lake Michigan. It is said that a Potawatomi warrior dreamt and foresaw of life. Battle of Blue Licks – Aug. 19, 1782 the battle. Using the dream as a battle plan, French and One of the last battles and Native victories of the Battle of – May 9 - Oct. 31, 1763 Indian forces ambushed the British at dawn, defeating American Revolution, this conflict was the final -at In an attempt to drive the British from the territory and Fox Wars 1712-1737 young Virginia Colonel George Washington and killing tempt to force American rebel colonists from pres- illustrate the power of the confederated Native forces, ent-day Kentucky and Western Virginia. Famed explor- Led by prominent warriors Mackisabe [Eagle], Major General Edward Braddock. Pontiac, Detroit Potawatomi leader Nenewas and er and frontiersman was active in, and a Winemac [Catfish] and Madouche [Sweet One], the more than 900 warriors sieged the fort for over five Battle of Fort William Henry – Aug. 3-9, 1757 survivor of, this battle. Potawatomi, along with allied France and other Great months, eventually concluding in a stalemate. Lakes nations, enlisted to quell disruptive Meskwaki With a force of more than 2,000 Native warriors [Fox] attacks on the lucrative western fur trade including Potawatomi leaders Wakwshe [Fox], Nan- Battle of Fort St. Joseph – May 25, 1763 and neighboring Tribes. Angered that their Siouan aquiba [Water Moccasin] and Nenewas [Little Man], Under the guise of friendship, St. Joseph Potawatomi enemies acquired weapons and supplies via the trade French General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm sieged and led by Washee [Swan] attacked and took control of 3 5 network, the Meskwaki raided, killed and pillaged took control of the pivotal fort. the garrison.

1 10 Northwest Indian Wars Osage War 1793-1794 Battle of Tippecanoe Nov. 7, 1811 1785-1795 Intent on protecting the bustling Creole com- In an effort to weaken the Nativist movement led by merce of the Louisiana Territory from Osage Tenskwatawa [The Open Door] “The Proph- Post-revolution America was riddled with conflict incursions, Spanish officials exploited the tra- et,” his brother and warrior [Panther Across as settlers began encroaching on Native lands ditional Osage and Potawatomi blood feud the Sky], along with his field general Potawatomi unlawfully ceded to the United States by Great and enlisted feared Muskodan warriors Main Wabeno Main Poc, Indiana Territorial Governor Britain. Rejecting American control and settle- Poc [Withered Hand], Nuscotomek [Mad William Henry Harrison and nearly 1,000 troops, ment in the Northwest Territory, a confederation Sturgeon] and Segnak the Younger [Black marched on the Nativist capital of Prophetstown. of Great Lakes Tribes, including Detroit and St. Bird], among others, to purge all militant Intercepting the troops and mounting a defensive Joseph Potawatomi, engaged in a campaign of Osage from New Spain. counterattack were hundreds of Native warriors led violent raids that culminated in a series of battles by Potawatomi headmen Wabaunsee [He Walks at that ultimately warranted U.S. military action. Dawn], Shabbone [Breaking Through] and Neeboash Led by renowned Miami warrior and headman [Humble Death]. Mshikenikwe [Little Turtle], the Tribesmen dealt the most significant defeats in American military

history to date. 1 5 6 Harmar’s Campaign – Oct. 19-22, 1790 Attempting to suppress Native attacks on and Main Poc, along with more than 600 warriors, settlers and garrisons in the Ohio Territory, sieged and gained critical control of the fort and General Josiah Harmar engaged in numerous With the United States and Great Britain on the brink surrounding area. ineffective retaliatory assaults on major Tribal of a second war, tensions between Northwestern Tribes villages that amassed overwhelming casualties Battle of – Aug. 15, 1812 and settlers reached an impasse. Angered by their and defeat. Led by Segnak the Younger, Nuscotomek and defeat at Tippecanoe, Tecumseh, Main Poc and their prominent Gigo [Fish] Dodem member Naunongee, St. Clair’s Defeat – Nov. 4, 1791 Native confederacy increased assaults on settlers in a Native force of over five hundred attacked the Humiliated by the defeat of Harmar, the U.S. Illinois, Indiana and Ohio, forcing many to sell their evacuating garrison, inflicting heavy casualties and commissioned another major expedition against homesteads and flee the Territory. All attempts by seizing the fort in less than one hour. the Northwest Tribes under the command of the U.S. to halt hostilities with peace negotiations – Oct. 5, 1813 General Arthur St. Clair. Near present Fort were futile as the Confederacy secured their alliance Outnumbered three to one, Tecumseh, Shabbone, Recovery, Ohio, Mshikenikwe, Shawnee leader with Great Britain and planned for war. When war Nuscotomek and the British-allied Native confederacy Weyapiersenwah [Blue Jacket] and a force of was declared, a simultaneous preemptive strike on all made a final stand to retain control of the Northwest more than 1,000 inflicted greater losses than major U.S. forts was set into action. Territory. Facing extreme casualties, among them the previous year. Due to the military disaster, Battle of Fort Detroit – Aug. 15-16, 1812 Tecumseh and Wyandot leader Round Head, the the United States ordered the first internal Considered an inspirational victory for the Native Confederacy retreated to their respective villages to investigation of its executive branch. confederacy, Tecumseh, his lieutenant Shabbone plan their next assault.

11 2 3 4 12 1701 Nov. 15, 1861 Peace treaty signed between the Treaty of Kansas River Agency Potawatomi and other western Tribes- Mission Potawatomi members sign a EARLY RELATIONS men and the Iroquois Confederacy. treaty with the United States to sell Resulting from the treaty, Potawatomi portions of, and have their lands allotted, 1 WITH THE U.S. began migrating back to their original and held in severalty. Stipulations of the homelands in Michigan. treaty require the Mission Potawatomi Years of warfare between colonizers further escalated tensions between The Potawatomi were signatories to more treaties with the United States than to distinguish their members from the the Tribes of the Great Lakes, their Indian neighbors and settlers, because any other Tribe. Despite signing more than 40 treaties during this time, the other Potawatomi [Prairie Band] that reside upon the same reservation and European colonial forces pressured native communities to choose sides. The period between 1700 and 1900 was a time of conflict and removal for the desire to hold the land in common. To Potawatomi and their Neshnabek brethren were accomplished warriors. Potawatomi people. Between war and forced removal, these years were a Aug. 3, 1795 enforce the agreement, Tribal members dark time for Potawatomi people and culture. Treaty of Greenville During the fighting at the end of the 18th century and beginning of the 19th must surrender membership and take The treaty is a direct result of the Battle century, colonial military forces sought them out as mercenaries and reached When Potawatomi headmen and other leaders signed treaties, they often United States citizenship, hence the out to village leaders to form alliances. These village leaders consistently of Fallen Timbers. drew a symbol that represented their name and signified their name Citizen Potawatomi. made decisions about alliances based on the potential advantages each colonial entity could provide them and their kinsmen. respective clan, indicating that they were acting as communal delegates. Huron and St. Joseph Potawatomi signatures from the Mar. 29, 1866 At this period in history, the advantage an ally could provide the leaders in 1795 Treaty of Greenville [right] illustrate numerous and various Aug. 29, 1821 Treaty of Washington, DC their regional struggle to gain territory and dominance over ancient and new clan representatives from the Mko [Bear], Pneshi [Bird], Gigo An amendment to the Treaty of 1861 enemies was the most important for survival. [Fish] and Kche Gami [Great Sea] clans. The X is a European The treaty cedes to the United States states that beneficial provisions of the The winners and losers in these battles eventually came together to determine signature mark. all lands in Michigan Territory south of treaty shall extend to all adult persons the postwar terms of their relationships. The Constitution dictated that the the Grand River, except several small of the Tribe, without distinction of sex federal government, not those of states or municipalities, had the authority reservations. or status. to negotiate treaties with Tribal governments. The prevalence of violence and hunger for Tribal land following the American Revolution resulted in the U.S. entering into more than 200 peace and land cession treaties with Tribes in the Feb. 27, 1867 first few decades of the new nation’s independence. Sept. 26 - 27, 1833 Treaty of Washington, DC Treaty of Chicago Citizen Potawatomi members sign another treaty with the United States by The treaty cedes all Tribal lands west which they sell their remaining Kansas of Lake Michigan to the United States; lands and purchase lands in Indian approximately 5 million acres. Territory with the proceeds.

13 2 3 4 INDIAN REMOVAL ACT MISSOURI RESERVATION AND TRAIL OF DEATH 2 The Treaty of Chicago, signed Sept. 26 and 27, The Treaty of Chicago stipulated that the Over the next three years, small groups of Potawatomi, In the years after the defeat of the British and Potawatomi were leaving Indiana whether they 1833, proved to be a watershed agreement in Potawatomi would relocate to a reserve led by headmen like Wabaunsee and influential men their Indian allies in the War of 1812, the nature wanted to or not. the dealings between the Potawatomi and the near Council Bluffs, Iowa, “as soon as such as Billy Caldwell and Alexander Robinson, trickled May 28, 1830 of the U.S. government’s Indian policy and the Congress passed the Indian Removal Act, U.S. government. Before this treaty, land cessions conveniently can be done.” At the wishes into Missouri as they were rounded up and told of their goal of treaty making became increasingly On the morning of Sept. 4, 1838, a band of 859 authorizing President Andrew Jackson to were relatively small and included land set aside of the Potawatomi, and as a result of the fate. They resided on the from 1833 Potawatomi, with their leaders shackled and negotiate the removal of Eastern Tribes to hostile toward Native Americans, opening the as private reserves for certain signatories. The ambivalence of government agents, a to 1837. restrained in the back of a wagon, set out on a lands west of the . Many Tribes door for the removals of the 1830s. This shift Treaty of Chicago, however, ensured a substantial majority of the Potawatomi initially removed in policy was solidified May 28, 1830, when forced march from their homeland in northern The stop in Missouri turned out to be temporary. Indian that resisted were forcefully removed from land cession of roughly 5 million acres around the settled on the Platte Purchase instead, a President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Indiana to a small reserve in present-day Kansas. agents and non-Indian settlers in the region pressured their ancestral homes. Great Lakes, and the removal of a majority of piece of land in present-day Missouri that was Removal Act. The act ultimately removed To minimize the temptation for the Potawatomi to Potawatomi to lands west of the Mississippi River. physically nearer to their ancestral homes. the Potawatomi to remove from the fertile lands thousands of Native Americans from their try to escape and return home, militia members along the . As a result, by presidential Sept. 26 – 27, 1833 homes on forced walks from the Great Lakes burned both fields and houses as the dejected proclamation on March 28, 1837, the Tribe was evicted Some Potawatomi leaders, along with and east coast regions to Indian Territory. members of the wagon train departed. from the Platte Purchase territory and annexed to the headmen and chiefs from the Ojibwe and state of Missouri. Odawa Tribes who lived along the coast of From the 1830s to the 1860s, there were The journey was a 660-mile trek for which our the Great Lakes, collectively referred to as ancestors were unprepared and through terrain Some Potawatomi, including Wabaunsee’s villagers, hundreds of removals, each surrounded by the United Nation or United Band, signed to which they were unaccustomed. The heat went to Council Bluffs, Iowa, and others, like Topinabee circumstances unique to each Tribe, village or the Treaty of Chicago. The treaty ensured a geographic area. was oppressive, and water was often scarce. [He Who Sits Quietly] and his St. Joseph River land cession of roughly 5 million acres and the Potawatomi, to a subagency on the Osage River in They had only a few hundred horses to carry removal of a majority of Potawatomi. In early September 1838, General John Tipton Kansas. In some cases, extended families ended up people and supplies. Even the weak and elderly called for a council of Potawatomi leaders at residing on different reservations. had to walk. The pace and conditions of the Sept. – Nov., 1838 ’s village near Twin Lakes in Indiana march were debilitating. Two small groups of Potawatomi arrived at Council Bluffs Almost 860 Potawatomi were forced to march to discuss the issue of removal. In reality, the by Missouri River steamboats in 1837. The main body of from their villages near the Great Lakes, on General had no intention of talking about A day rarely passed that a member of the party the group arrived soon after, and the last parties came a 660-mile trek to present-day Kansas. The removal. He had been assigned the task of did not die, usually a child, forcing bereft and in 1838. From their earliest days on the reservation in journey became known as the Potawatomi removing Indiana’s remaining Potawatomi exhausted families to leave bodies behind in Council Bluffs, the Potawatomi faced pressure to move Trail of Death because of the numerous Tribal population by Governor David Wallace, who hastily dug graves. More than 40 people died farther west and settle with their kinsmen on the Osage members who lost their lives. believed the Potawatomi couldn’t live alongside during what the Potawatomi came to call the River in Kansas. a more “civilized” American population. The Trail of Death.

1 16 1846 KANSAS RESERVATION Treaty of Council Bluffs & Osage River established a single reservation in northeast The scattered Potawatomi settlements were supporters of each cause over the next five years Kansas for all Potawatomi living west of the consolidated onto one reservation in northeast were so violent the conflicts became known as Mississippi River. The two groups had two Kansas as a result of an 1846 treaty. A few Bleeding Kansas. There were several instances years from the signing of the treaty to move to years later, in 1854, the Kansas-Nebraska of fighting in eastern Kansas, especially in the the new reservation. Act organized the central plains into two east-central region of the territory where the territories and effectively repealed the Missouri Potawatomi resided until 1846. Compromise of 1820. The act admitted From 1847 to 1861 the Potawatomi in Kansas 1862 Nebraska as a free territory and Kansas as a The Office of Indian Affairs officially recognized managed to survive as a people, but they did territory that would or would not allow slavery, the Potawatomi Business Committee as not thrive. Tribal members largely adapted to a depending upon their Constitution at the time an authoritative body. Founding members of their admission as a state. sedentary lifestyle, but they did not assimilate to 3 4 the degree desired by the federal government. represented both the Mission and the Prairie Applying popular sovereignty to the question Most Potawatomi were resigned to their fate Band and included Madore B. Beaubien, Joseph of slavery made the new Kansas Territory the of living on a government-assigned reservation N. Bourassa, B.H. Bertrand, John Tipton and On Nov. 15, 1861, eight designated “chiefs” and acre reservation in Kansas, most having endured battleground for violent confrontations between for the rest of their lives and simply wanted to Louis Vieux. George L. Young replaced Anthony more than 70 other members of the Potawatomi two or more removals in the previous 30 years. Of antislavery free-staters and proslavery settlers. be left in peace and one place, without threat F. Navarre as the sixth member prior to the Nation met with federal agents to sign a treaty these, 1,400 ultimately chose to take land allot- The series of skirmishes that occurred between of further removal. group’s recognition by the federal government. that would forever alter their community’s rela- ments and the rest chose to continue holding their 2 tionship with other Potawatomi and the U.S. gov- land communally on a reservation reduced to 11 ernment. The 1861 treaty initiated the process square miles. 1866 for acquiring fee-simple land allotments and U.S. Tribal members insisted on a treaty citizenship for almost two-thirds of its members. Some Potawatomi welcomed the notion of pri- vate land ownership and the legal restrictions ti- amendment that dictated the extension of This group, which became known as the Citizen tles placed on emigrants and squatters who en- the beneficial provisions of the 1861 treaty Potawatomi, was among the first Tribes to enter croached on their property. A handful of Tribal to all adult members, without distinction of into a treaty agreement that included both con- members ran successful businesses and carried sex or whether the individuals were heads ditions. The decade that followed brought both successes and great challenges as the Citizen out significant improvements to their homes and of household. The modification of treaty Potawatomi struggled to navigate their evolving fields in their 15 years on the reservation. Others language opened the possibility for women status as Native Americans, U.S. citizens, landown- on the reservation did not want to further engage and men who were not heads of a family ers and dispossessed people. in negotiations with the U.S. government. They to acquire patents to their allotments and wanted to be left alone, and see the federal gov- become United States citizens. In 1861, 2,170 Potawatomi lived on the 576,000- ernment honor previous agreements.

1 18 INDIAN TERRITORY, THE EARLY DAWES ACT AND STATEHOOD 20TH CENTURY

party of Citizen Potawatomi traveled to In the Land Run of 1891, the remainder of In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the negative impacts of many existing federal Indian Indian Territory and selected a tract of the Potawatomi reservation in Oklahoma Citizen Potawatomi Business Committee and policies. It called on Congress to allocate money land that became the site of the Citizen opened to non-Indian settlement. More other Tribal members committed themselves to reform the Office of Indian Affairs and declared Potawatomi reservation. They chose than 20,000 anxious settlers gathered to several key issues. They demanded that they that allotment, as a policy, was a failure and a section of land that encompassed on foot, horseback, and with wagons at a have a say in which allotment law applied to should be abandoned. 576,000 acres between the north and predetermined starting line, awaiting the their community and that Citizen Potawatomi As a result, the Indian Reorganization Act passed south forks of the Canadian River. sound of the bugle that would change women receive allotment rights equal to male their lives. Each of these individuals members. They also insisted they have the final in 1934. Under this act, Tribal governments now The land lay just west of the Seminole hoped to be lucky enough to claim one determination in who was considered a member had the authority to create their own constitutions, determine conditions for Tribal membership reservation and had an eastern boundary of the 7,000 available 160-acre plots. of their Tribe and whether individuals were eligible and write their own laws. In most cases, Tribes, at the Indian Meridian. The earliest This contest for recently relinquished for an allotment. including the Citizen Band of Potawatomi Indians, families to make the journey to the new Indian lands was one of seven land runs “The Problem of Indian Administration,” also adopted a constitution written by the U.S. Bureau reserve arrived in Indian Territory in 1872. that occurred in Indian and Oklahoma Territories between 1889 and 1895. known as the Meriam Report, published in 1928, of Indian Affairs [BIA] [formerly the Office of Since they paid for the move themselves, brought to light the terrible shortcomings and Indian Affairs, which changed its name I 1947]. 2 these families were among the more Several of the members of the original affluent Potawatomi families who were Citizen Potawatomi Business Committee, able to move from Kansas and included including Joseph Napoleon Bourassa 1876 Sept. 22, 1891 Sacred Heart Mission established on 640 acres Potawatomi reservation opens to non-Indian 1 members of the Anderson, Melot, Clardy, and Lewis Vieux, did not choose to Pettifer, Bergeron, Bourbonnais and move to Indian Territory. As a result, a within the Citizen Potawatomi reservation. settlement by a land run. The provisions for the Citizen Potawatomi’s move to Indian Toupin families. new group of Citizen Potawatomi Tribal Territory were stipulated in a treaty signed Feb. 27, 1867. members stepped into leadership roles. May 22, 1887 Jan. 1, 1901 Signatories and the officials from the Office of Indian Affairs In 1890, the Citizen Potawatomi unwill- The first mention of an official Business Jim Thorpe, who would become known as Sacred Heart Mission boys’ dormitory agreed that a delegation of Citizen Potawatomi should travel to ingly participated again in the allot- Committee] in Indian Territory was the World’s Greatest Athlete and first Native destroyed by a fire. Indian Territory and select a tract of land, not exceeding 30 miles ment process implemented through the in 1887. Members of that committee American to earn an Olympic gold medal for square. The treaty stipulated that they would buy the reservation Dawes Act of 1887. With this Act, Citizen included Alexander B. Peltier, Baptiste the United States, is born to Citizen Potawatomi with the proceeds from selling their “surplus” lands in Kansas at $1 Potawatomi were forced to accept indi- Pambogo, Stephen Negahnquet and member Charlotte Vieux and Sac and Fox Nov. 16, 1907 Nation member Hiram Thorpe. Oklahoma statehood. per acre to the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. In 1869, a vidual allotments. Joseph Moose. 3 19 20 The new legislature has brought the Tribal apportioned to equitably distribute voter counts executive members no longer represent the CITIZEN POTAWATOMI NATION government to its outlying members. By giving as of 2007. Districts are reviewed and revised majority of the legislative body. An added benefit Tribal members the opportunity to elect every 10 years to equalize representation. of a diverse group of legislators is an expanded representatives from within their own community, network of specialized contacts in the business CONSTITUTION the new constitution has given distant Tribal In addition, the creation of the expanded community that allows the Tribe to explore new members an opportunity to actively participate legislature not only spreads more authority and means of economic development. Aug. 16, 2007, the BIA’s unnecessary oversight of our member Business Committee consisting of a Tribal in their government and address issues that are responsibility to members outside the Tribe’s CPN adopted its first written Tribal government was rejected by voters and the Citizen Chairman, Vice-Chairman, Secretary/Treasurer and two unique to members residing in their area. former reservation, but it also creates a true Finally, the new constitution provides a means separation of the Tribe’s legislative and executive of making future amendments without BIA constitution Dec. 12, 1938. Like all Potawatomi Nation overwhelmingly ratified a new Committeemen elected from the local Tribal community. constitutions of its time, it was a constitution. It expanded the legislative body to include The new constitution encourages cooperation powers. While the Chairman, Vice-Chairman review and approval, allowing the Tribe greater BIA-generated document forced representatives from throughout the United States; While Tribal members outside of Oklahoma could vote via through equal weighted representation inside and and Secretary/Treasurer remain members of sovereignty and the ability to make necessary on the Nation without the benefit clearly defined the separation of governmental powers absentee ballot, they couldn’t propose candidates who outside the state. After an initial implementation the legislative body to maintain some necessary adjustments in a rapidly changing world. of personalization. As a result, among the executive, legislative and judicial branches resided within their regions to represent their interests. phase, elected legislators serve staggered four- continuity and leadership as the full role of many amendments were necessary of government; and removed, wherever possible, the year terms. Each district outside Oklahoma is an expanded Tribal legislature develops, the The geographical separation between Tribal members to make it adequate. United States Secretary of the Interior from the Tribal and their elected officials encouraged a disconnection government process. between Tribal members and their government. For all The Citizen Potawatomi Nation’s Constitutional Reform practical purposes, the old constitution endowed the Sept. 27, 1956 May 29, 1985 Aug. 15, 2001 Project addressed three significant challenges in executive branch with the sole responsibility of enacting Authorized the Business Committee to fill the Implemented the Citizen Band of Potawatomi Tribal Supreme Court decision 01-01 led to governmental process and structure. First, the reform and implementing all Tribal decisions, leaving many unexpired vacancy of any elective office. Indians General Council as the entire elector- the creation and implementation of the new addressed the lack of participation and Tribal identity Tribal members with little or no emotional investment in ate, which granted all Tribal members the right Tribal constitution, as well as the recognition of among members living outside of Citizen Potawatomi the Tribe’s future well-being. to vote by absentee ballot. separate branches of the Citizen Potawatomi June 29, 1961 Nation’s government. jurisdiction. Second, the reform addressed the challenge Changed original Membership of Council Finally, despite numerous amendments, the legacy of of decentralizing governmental powers beyond a to read “Council of the Citizen Band of Apr. 3, 1989 federal domination was ingrained in the old constitution. Business Committee that functioned as both executive Potawatomi Indians of Oklahoma” and added Removed the blood quantum requirement and Jan. 31, 2002 Like other Indian Reorganization Act constitutions from CPN Business Committee v. Chairman Barrett and legislative branches of Tribal government. Third, 1/8 blood quantum to eligibility requirements. set four-year terms for Executive Officers and the 1930s, Article VIII delegated approval authority for established the separation of powers that the reform addressed a need to remove the legacy of Business Committee members. federal domination and paternalism whereby the U.S. constitutional amendments to the Secretary of the Interior. precluded the Business Committee from government maintained veto authority over certain Apr. 17, 1971 terminating the Chairman as the salaried CPN’s Constitutional Reform Project ushered in a new The last Saturday of June was established as the Tribal actions. Feb. 29, 1996 Tribal Administrator of the Nation. The Nation era in government. The new constitution expanded date for the annual meeting of the Council and The Tribe’s name changed from Citizen could, however, decide not to pay him as Tribal Before the adoption of the new constitution, the the Business Committee into a 16-member legislature the date elections of the Business Committee Band of Potawatomi Indians to Citizen Administrator. The resolution of the “Separation governmental body responsible for passing laws and representing 13 geographically distinct districts located are to be held. Potawatomi Nation. of Powers” issue led to the current Constitution. conducting business on behalf of the Tribe was a five- throughout the United States. 21 22 CITIZEN POTAWATOMI NATION TODAY

In the 1970s, Tribes saw United States policy change to favor self-governance. The early 1900s brought more forced re- organization and threats of termination for Tribal nations. The Citizen Potawatomi Na- Dec. 18, 1 974 1986 tion thought it had found a permanent place A case was brought by the Potawatomi Citizen Band of Potawatomi Indians Court to call home in Oklahoma, and began to Nations of Indians, including the Citizen Band System established. restructure its government and settle into a of Potawatomi Indians, against the United new way of life. States over the payment of land claims. The 1988 In 1921, Tribal headquarters and the council United States Court of Appeals found in favor Self-Governance Amendment to PL-638 passed, house were relocated from Sacred Heart of the Potawatomi, which led to the payment allowing Citizen Band of Potawatomi Indians to to Tribal lands in northern Pottawatomie of land claims. direct federal funds to programs and services County. The Sacred Heart Mission had been most needed throughout the Tribal community. established on 640 acres of the Potawatomi Jan. 4, 1975 reservation in 1876 and began to decline after The first Indian Self-Determination Act passed. Feb. 1989 a fire in 1901 burned the men’s dormitory. Citizen Band of Potawatomi Indians bought First The Great Depression caused many Citizen 1984 Oklahoma Bank, later changed to First National Potawatomi to relocate across the United Citizen Band of Potawatomi Indians Bank & Trust Co. States seeking better opportunities. From Bingo. On July 9, 1983, FireLake Golf Course Many of these changes throughout the 1970s In October 1997, Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tax Commission established. this dispersion, large communities of Tribal opened. As a result of this growth, 1984 saw the and 1980s led to the programs and services that compacted with Indian Health Services to 1996 members rose and set the foundation for the establishment of the Citizen Band of Potawatomi Citizen Potawatomi Nation offers today. Aug. 28, manage and operate all health care services, June 29, 1984 Citizen Potawatomi Nation Housing Tribe’s nine present-day regions. Indians Tax Commission, and a few months later 1980, the Citizen Band of Potawatomi enacted effective fiscal year 1998. By October 1998, CPN First Tribal convenience store and Authority established. on June 29, 1984, the first CPN convenience store the Title VI program. In 1986, Citizen Band of had a Self-Governance Compact with the U.S. The late 1970s and 1980s brought a new smoke shop opened. and smoke shop opened. Potawatomi Indians court system was established, [BIA] allowing CPN to era of growth and prosperity for CPN. In internally manage and operate programs such Oct. 1998 1976, the first Tribal offices and museum FireLake Casino opened in 1988 after the and 1988 brought the passage of Self-Governance 1985 A Self-Governance Compact with the BIA allowed were constructed. By 1982, the Tribe opened National Indian Gaming Act passed. In February Amendment to PL-638. By 1996, the Tribe had as realty and land operations, probate, Tribal The Tribe took control of High Stakes CPN to manage and operate various programs, High Stakes Bingo. Originally operated by 1989, with the purchase of First Oklahoma Bank, created the Citizen Potawatomi Nation Housing rolls, Tribal courts and Indian reservation roads, Bingo, eventually changing its name to including Tribal rolls, Tribal courts, reservation an outside agency, CPN assumed control Citizen Band of Potawatomi Indians became the Authority. Citizen Potawatomi Nation Child effective fiscal year 1999. FireLake Bingo. roads and realty and land operations. in 1985 and changed the name to FireLake first Tribe to own a federally chartered bank. Development Center opened July 21, 1997. 23 2024 CPN TRIBAL SEAL AND DESCRIPTION CITIZEN POTAWATOMI NATION

Secretary/Treasurer Beverly Hughes created the first Tribal seal in the shape of a roof or shelter over the fire. The Tribe must shelter and ECONOMIC IMPACT OVERALL IMPACT $ the 1970s. It was a black circle with “Great Seal of the Citizen Band of protect its people. 558.6 Potawatomi Indians of Oklahoma” inscribed inside the edge, and it featured The latter part of the 20th century and the early years a crossed Cherokee-style pipe and tomahawk over a fire with three logs. The pwagen’s pipestone bowl holds the burning tobacco. Smoke is drawn of the 21st have been a period of great success for the $518 When the Tribe changed its name to Citizen Potawatomi Nation in 1996, through the stem to send up in prayer. The pwagen on the Great Seal means we Citizen Potawatomi Nation. In fact, CPN is the largest a new seal was needed. Drawn in 1995 by Chairman John “Rocky” Barrett pray for the good of our people and believe in the power of prayer. The pwagen of the eight federally recognized Potawatomi Tribes and carries four eagle feathers, symbolizing the Four Directions and the Four Spirits in pen, ink and colored pencil, the design was standardized in 2003. The the ninth-largest Tribe in the United States. Tribal seal’s red circle symbolizes the Great Circle of Life — Gzhemnedo that God intended mankind to carry in his character. The tomahawk symbolizes our commitment to defend our Tribe and our history of doing so. The or Mamogosnan’s [God’s] great pattern for all things. With sound leadership and a Tribal membership base blade up shows we are not at war. The tomahawk carries two eagle All of God’s creations move clockwise through their feathers, symbolizing the two inner natures, the two genders of of more than 33,000, Citizen Potawatomi Nation has existence, like the sun and the moon, in a great circle mankind and the two halves of existence in the Great Circle experienced growth in administration, Tribal enterprises from light to dark, living world to spirit world and back. of Life — the living world and the spirit world, the light and and community outreach programs. All living things have a life force, a “fire” — the energy the dark. Kno [Eagle] is Mamogosnan’s messenger. When that makes cells divide returns undiminished at death it sees prayer smoke rising from the fires of the Nishnabe, Beginning in 1970 with only 2.5 acres of Tribal land held to Sugamukwe [Mother Earth] and later emerges into and the sun rises for another day, it calls out to the Creator in common and less than $1,000 in cash assets, the Na- the light in the life force of other living things. Every that the faithful still inhabit Mother Earth. tion has grown to have a more than $500 million an- beginning has an end; every end is a beginning. Red is nual economic impact in the state of Oklahoma. That the color of wech nawkwek, the South, symbolizing the The fire symbolizes the Bodewadmi, later pronounced includes more than $80 million in wages and benefits Potawatomi. It means “People of the Fire.” In the old direction of procreation, the women’s direction. All living for 2,200 jobs, and purchases contributing to a more things are born of a mother. Medewin religion, we are the Keepers of the Fire in the Three Fires of the Nishnabe — the Potawatomi, Ojibwe and Odawa than $300 million impact on the local economy. South is the direction of KehTahMah GehNinGahWin, the Spirit [] Tribes. The fire symbolizes the power or essence of life of Compassion, a mother’s great strength. A yellow rope binds the red that never diminishes but simply changes form as living things travel In recent years, careful planning and prudent use circle’s inner and outer edges. Yellow is the color of wech mokek, the East, from the living world to the spirit world. The fire also symbolizes the two of revenues generated through gaming and other the direction of BwaKahWin, the Spirit of Wisdom. The first wisdom was natures we all have inside of us, good and evil. Only humans can choose business enterprises have made possible a resurgence original man’s knowledge of God’s Great Plan in the Circle of Life — that the between the two. The fire has seven logs symbolizing the Seven Prayers of in the Citizen Potawatomi Nation’s prospects. Economic life of one living thing is related to the life of all other living things, never- the Pwagen Ceremony. development that benefits the entire community is in the ending. Wisdom should surround the decisions of our Tribal government. best interest of both Tribal members and non-Indians. To Nishnabe means “the People.” Nishnabe are comprised of the Potawatomi, CITIZEN POTAWATOMI NATION IN FEDERAL DOLLARS CITIZEN POTAWATOMI this end, the Nation’s business and gaming endeavors IS THE LARGEST EMPLOYER IN BROUGHT TO OKLAHOMA BY NATION CONTRIBUTES Underlying the Great Seal is the color white, the color of wech ksenyak, the Ojibwe and Odawa [Ottawa] Tribes. We are one blood and one original POTTAWATOMIE COUNTY CITIZEN POTAWATOMI NATION MORE THAN $5 MILLION IN produce many positive results, including job creation, IN THE PAST DECADE SCHOLARSHIPS ANNUALLY TO North, symbolizing MeanGoWin, the Spirit of Generosity and giving. Giving language. We traveled as one in the migration from the Atlantic Ocean near HELP TRIBAL MEMBERS PURSUE must be the motive underlying Tribal governance. The top of the field shows Nova Scotia to the Great Lakes in the 1300s. The name sits on a bed of the attraction of tourism revenue, and the reduction of HIGHER EDUCATION. poverty and unemployment. CITIZEN POTAWATOMI NATION IN FEDERAL DOLLARS CITIZEN POTAWATOMI a pwagen, or pipe, crossed with a kemsagne-pwagen [tomahawk] to form green, symbolizing that we will live on as a people as long as the grass grows. HAS CREATED 7 OF EVERY 10 JOBS BROUGHT TO OKLAHOMA BY NATION SPENDS 30 CENTS OF IN SHAWNEE SINCE 2003 CITIZEN POTAWATOMI NATION EVERY 1 DOLLAR SPENT 25 IN THE PAST DECADE IN SHAWNEE. THAT’S A TOTAL 26 OF $86 MILLION IN THE PAST EIGHT YEARS MAJOR MILESTONES IN THE 2000S Cultural Heritage Center Citizen Potawatomi Nation Cultural Heritage Potawatomi Leadership In February 2013, the WIC building opened. In Center exists to educate Tribal members, the March 2013, The PLACE [Potawatomi Learning greater Native American community and other Program is Established and Cultural Exchange] opened, offering youth visitors about the historical and contemporary an afterschool club in which they can learn, gain Citizen Potawatomi Nation estab- aspects of the Tribe. lished the Potawatomi Leader- leadership skills and socialize. ship Program in 2003, with The acquisition, preservation, exhibition and In 2015, the police department was remodeled. the mission to educate, in- exploration of the diverse materials pertaining CPN also began dispatch operations for most of form and encourage qualified Pottawatomie County. to the culture and traditions of Citizen Potawatomi students, and to Potawatomi Nation guide educational programs develop within the Tribal mem- In 2015, Health Services expanded its dental and exhibits. We maintain, protect and nurture bership at large a more accurate perception program by adding staff and dental technology. 3 our culture, spiritual beliefs and historic values of the Tribe and its operations. Each summer Health Services also began offering optometry. In through the celebration of our unique traditions, 1 since 2003, seven to 10 students have traveled 2016, CPN added urgent care services, allowing Entertainment Center added a small room be- FireLake Lanes Converted language and sovereignty. Promoting education from as far as New Zealand to Shawnee to learn CPN patients to receive same-day care for a tween the bingo hall and bowling alley, its walls is a cornerstone of our mission. FireLake Grocery about CPN and develop as leaders. The Har- variety of health needs. Constructed in 1982 as a bingo hall on Tribal lined with slot machines. Staff dubbed it the vard Honoring Nations program recognized the In 2001, Citizen Potawatomi Nation opened land, gaming was Tribally owned but managed “Las Vegas Room.” In 2006, the CPN Veterans’ Wall of Honor PLP program in 2014 for its efforts in preserving one of its largest enterprises, FireLake Discount by an outside source before CPN began over- exhibit was unveiled, displaying photos and Tribal sovereignty. seeing operations in September 1988. Foods. It was one of the only grocery stores military uniforms from Potawatomi veterans. in rural Pottawatomie County and provided In 2007, the 19th century Bourbonnais Cabin CPN a larger tax base so that the Tribe could Originally, the bingo hall hosted two games — Expansion of Services was restored and added as an exhibit. The expand the programs and services for Tribal bingo and pull-tabs — each day and night be- Cultural Heritage Center sustained severe and community members. In 2003, the CPN Wellness Center was part of fore the introduction of the casino. an expansion of services for Tribal members and water damage in March 2014 when an FireLake Express Grocery Tecumseh opened employees. In 2007, CPN Midwest Regional In 1995, FireLake Entertainment Center under- uncapped City of Shawnee-owned water main in 2005 and provided the only grocery store Housing Complex in Rossville, Kansas, was went a major renovation and added a bowling that ran under the building was turned on. The in the town of Tecumseh. FireLake Express completed. In 2011, the CPN West Medical clinic alley. Today, visitors can still see the layout Cultural Heritage Center reopened in 2018 Grocery McLoud opened in 2016 and is the opened. The facility serves Tribal members, if they visit, though the lanes have long since after undergoing renovation. The new museum closest grocery store for the residents of the city employees and employee spouses. and nearby communities like Dale, Bethel Acres, moved to FireLake Bowling Center, located just floor includes exhibits and information on Tribal 2 Harrah and Newalla. In May 2012, the new CPN police station opened. west across the parking lot. In 2002, FireLake 4 history from precontact to present day. 27 28 First Meeting of Legislature Grand Casino Hotel and Resort A constitutional amendment created eight leg- FireLake Grand Casino opened Dec. 3, 2005, islative districts outside Oklahoma, eight legis- with 225 slot machines and four blackjack ta- lative districts within Oklahoma and established bles. In 2005, it expanded to include 2,000 slot the first “virtual legislature” with internet simul- games, 25 table games, 12 poker tables and a cast. The new legislature held its first meeting keno lounge. The venue was rebranded as Grand April 25, 2008. Casino Hotel and Resort when the 262-room hotel opened in 2013. Other new amenities, in- cluding Grand Café, a spa and Flame Brazilian Steakhouse, were added in 2014 and 2015.

2

Ball Fields During the height of the spring, summer and fall seasons, every weekend is booked for tourna- Opened in March 2012, FireLake Ball Fields ments and draws teams, parents and families continues to exceed expectations. In its first from across the country. year alone, FireLake hosted more than 20 events during the softball and baseball sea- Rural Water District 3 son, from T-ball to high school competitions. Citizen Potawatomi 1 Nation purchased the FireLake has developed into the premier desti- assets of Pottawato- nation for numerous state high-school softball FireLake Bowling Center Opens mie County Rural Wa- tournament competitions due to its high-qual- ter District 3 in 2007. FireLake Bowling Center, which opened in June ity facilities and central location. It has hosted Under the Tribe’s man- 3 2011, is a bowling alley, pro shop, bar, arcade the USSSA World Series and Jim Thorpe All agement, the district game room and two eateries, FireLake Grill and Indian Games as well as multiple collegiate became a public service to residents, businesses Subway sandwich restaurant. competitions. and schools in rural Pottawatomie County.

29 4 FireLake Complete for renovation in 2016 and reopened with a new clubhouse and restaurant in June 2017. FireLake, the 12-acre pond that is home to the geothermal coils providing energy- The 6,335-yard course is lined with native efficient heat and air conditioning to the grass and water hazards on 13 holes with FireLake Resort complex, was completed champion Bermuda greens on all 18 holes. in 2012. Iron Horse Industrial Park FireLake Pizza Iron Horse is a general-use industrial park located on the national rail line network in FireLake Pizza is contemporary version the center of the United States. This indus- of an Italian eatery, reminding customers trial park consists of a 400-acre plot of 1 more of a Subway sandwich restaurant 3 Native American trust land owned by Citi- than a pizza place. Customers can build zen Potawatomi Nation, located 35 minutes a tasty personal-sized pizza using fresh Grand Event Center east of Oklahoma City. Eagle Aviary ingredients they choose. FireLake Pizza Grand Event Center at Grand Casino Hotel and Resort opened in 2014. The well-planned park layout provides ten- offers 2,000 seats and more than 15,000 square feet Completed in June 2012, Citizen Potawatomi Nation ants with direct access to both rail and the of concert space. It replaced entertainment space Eagle Aviary is a sanctuary for injured eagles. U.S. highway system. The industrial park is that opened in October 2006 and hosted diverse April 16, 2013, the aviary released a juvenile bald FireLake Fry Bread Taco located less than 10 miles from Interstate and award-winning musicians and comedians. Among eagle. Wadasé Zhabwé [Brave Breakthrough], has FireLake Fry Bread Taco offers various 40 and within 2 miles of U.S. 177. its most popular shows were Gretchen Wilson, Merle surpassed all expectations and CPN continues to types of the powwow staple using recipes Haggard, Wayne Newton, Ron White and Larry the learn valuable information from her telemetry. Many from our own CPN members. Customers Cable Guy. The first concert was Rodney Carrington on experts in the field marvel at the incredible amount choose between frybread taco or meat pie Dec. 27, 2013. of data gathered and her continued progress. With and then pile on the toppings of their choice. flights reaching heights above 9,000 feet [1.7 miles] FireLake Fry Bread Taco opened in 2014. FireLake Arena and speeds over 55 mph, it is safe to say Wadasé has mastered the sky. FireLake Golf Course Firelake Arena offers 5,000 seats and more than 52,000 square feet of event space for concerts, Mko Kno, a juvenile bald eagle, hatched at the Opened in 1983 and owned and operated conventions and community events. It also hosts cultural Citizen Potawatomi Nation Eagle Aviary March by Citizen Potawatomi Nation, FireLake events, including powwows. The first show was Xtreme 21, 2017, and was released Sept. 20. The occasion Golf Course is the only public golf course marked the first time a bald eagle was hatched at Fight Night with special guest UFC fighter Johny in Shawnee. A 2011 fire destroyed the 4 Hendricks on Jan. 18, 2013. and released from a Tribal facility. clubhouse and restaurant. The course closed

31 2 HEARTH ACT CONTACT US Citizen Potawatomi Nation Administration 1601 S. Gordon Cooper Dr., Shawnee, OK 74801 In 2013, Secretary of the Interior Sally Jewell and Assistant Secretary of Indian Affairs Kevin K. Washburn joined Citizen Potawatomi Nation 405-275-3121 Potawatomi.org | PotawatomiHeritage.org Chairman John “Rocky” Barrett to formally 800-880-9880 CitizenPotawatomiNation | @c_p_n approve Tribal leasing regulations meant to spur investment and commercial development on the Nation’s trust lands in central Oklahoma. PHOTO INFORMATION Historical Society. 7. Cha Co To by James Otto Lewis, 1827. Indian Mission, St. Mary’s, Kansas, circa 1865-1869. Courtesy Courtesy Wisconsin Historical Society. Kansas Historical Society. 4. Indian Land Certificate [Sophia Front Cover [left to right]: 1. The Great Flood by Norval Vieux Johnson], 1866. The regulations gave CPN the authority to decide Morrisseau, 1975. 2. Na Pów Sa [The Bear Traveling in the Night] Page 8: Council with the Allies by Robert Griffing. Courtesy Lord by George Catlin, 1830. Courtesy Musée du Château Ramezay. Nelson’s Gallery. Page 19-20: 1. Map of Indian Territory. 2. L-R: Aloysius how it wants to do business on its lands, making it 3. Scene on the Wabash by George Winter, 1837. Courtesy Negahnquet, Joseph Naknashkuk, Father Dom Bede “Albert Gerald Peters Gallery. 4.Wiss So Gay by George Winter, 1838. 5. Page 9-10: 1. Life and Death by Robert Griffing. Courtesy Lord Negahnquet,” Stephen Negahnquet, Thomas Negahnquet, easier for families to do things like buy and build Gathering Wild Rice by Seth Eastman, 1857. Courtesy Collections Nelson’s Gallery. 2. Battle between Iroquois and Algonquian circa 1915. 3. Sacred Heart Mission, circa 1879-1883. Courtesy of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. 6. Council of KeeWau Tribes by Samuel de Champlain, 1609. 3. Combat between houses and open businesses in the communities 2 Oklahoma History Center. Nay by George Winter, 1837. Courtesy Glenn A. Black Laboratory the Ojibwe and the Sacs and Foxes on Lake Superior by Seth where they have lived for generations. of Archaeology and Trustees of Indiana University. 7. Transient Eastman, 1847. Courtesy Newberry Library. 4. The Shooting Page 27-28: 1. FireLake Discount Foods. 2. Citizen Potawatomi Potawatomi by Rudolph Friederich Kurz, 1851. 8. Wa Tha Huk of General Braddock at Fort Duquesne [Pittsburgh] by Edwin Nation Health Services – West Clinic. 3. FireLake Casino. 4. The [Bright Path] “Jim” and Charles Thorpe, circa 1890s. 9. Three Willard Deming, 1755. 5. Treaty of Greenville [signature of restored Bourbonnais Cabin. Potawatomi by George Catlin, 1830. Courtesy Smithsonian President Barack Obama signed The Helping Segnak the Elder “Sugganunk”], 1795. Courtesy United States Page 29-30: 1. Night bowling at FireLake Bowling Center. 2. American Art Museum. 10. Early Citizen Potawatomi Council. National Archives and Records Administration. Several Oklahoma schools have participated in tournaments at Expedite and Advance Responsible Tribal FireLake Ball Fields. 3. FireLake water tower. 4. Grand Casino Page 1-2: 1. Na Se Ka “James Hale Sr.,” circa 1890-1899. Courtesy Page 11-12: 1. View of the Maumee Towns Destroyed by General Resort Hotel. Kansas Historical Society. 2. We Wis Sa by George Winter, 1837. Harmar by Ebenezer Denny, circa 1790. 2. The Hero of the Homeownership Act [HEARTH Act] in July 2012. Courtesy Tippecanoe County Historical Association. 3. Nan Wesh Wabash, 1791. Courtesy Filson Historical Society. 3. Ben Ache Page 31-32: 1. Grand Event Center 2. Xtreme Fight Night at Mah [Always at Rest] “Abram B. Burnett,” 1869. Courtesy Kansas It restored the authority of federally recognized [Bird] “Segnak the Younger” by George Winter, 1837. 4. Nee FireLake Arena. 3. Mko Kno at the Aviary. 4. The newly renovated Historical Society. 4. Mother & Child “Madeline Bertrand” by Van Boash [Humble Death] by George Winter, 1837. 5. Battle of the FireLake Golf Course. Sanden, circa 1830-1840. Courtesy Indiana Center for History. Tribes to develop and implement their own laws Thames and the death of Tecumseh by William Emmons, 1833. 6. 5. Back row L-R: Wisa “Peter Curly,” Wah Quah Po Shkuk [Roily Shabb Ona [Breaking Through] by E.S. Webber, 1859. Courtesy Page 33-34: Dignitaries sign Citizen Potawatomi Nation HEARTH Water]. Front row L-R: Ki Wa Kouk [Thunder Returning Home], Ni Act regulations. Front row: John “Rocky” Barrett, Citizen governing the long-term leasing of Indian lands Chicago History Museum. Ba Kwa [Walking at Night] “James Thompson,” 1898. 6. Wa Baun Potawatomi Nation Tribal Chairman; Sally Jewell Secretary, U.S. for residential, business and other purposes. Upon See [He Walks at Dawn] by Charles Bird King, 1835. 7. Ellen and FUTURE Page 13-14: 1. Wa Baun See [He Walks at Dawn] by Charles Department of the Interior; Kevin Washburn, Assistant Secretary, Carrie Vieux, circa 1880-1889. 8. Me Te A by Samuel Seymour, Bird King. Courtesy Wisconsin Historical Society. 2. Me No U.S. Department of the Interior. Second row: Citizen Potawatomi one-time approval of these Tribal regulations by circa 1824. 9. Ne Kon We Tak [Lead Sound], circa 1870-1879. 10. Quet [Good Cloud] by James Otto Lewis, 1827. Courtesy Nation Vice-Chairman Linda Capps, U.S. Rep. Tom Cole. 2. Work Louis Vieux, circa 1850s. Courtesy Kansas Historical Society. Wisconsin Historical Society. 3. Chat O Nis See by James Otto begins at Iron Horse Industrial Park. the U.S. Department of the Interior, Tribes have 11. Kristi Melot, 2014 Potawatomi Leadership participant. 12. Lewis, 1827. Courtesy Wisconsin Historical Society. 4. Treaty PROJECTS George Godfrey, CPN Tribal member. 13. Coby Lehman, CPN Back Cover [left to right]: 1. Pottawatomie Indian Mission, St. of Greenville, 1795. Courtesy United States National Archives the authority to process land leases without Tribal member. Marys, Kansas, circa 1865-1869. Courtesy Kansas Historical and Records Administration. Society. 2. Village of Kee Waw Nay by George Winter, 1837. Bureau of Indian Affairs [BIA] approval, greatly Page 3: Life in an Anishinabe Camp by Margaret Amy Reiach. n 3. Potawatomi-Missouri by Rudolph Friederich Kurz, 1853. FireLake Resort RV Park Courtesy Crabtree Publishing Company. Page 15-16: 1. Spring Camp of the Indians [Iowa, Potawatomi, expediting the approval of leases for homes and Otoe] by Rudolph Friederich Kurz, 1853. 2. The Emigration by 4. Potawattomie dice game, circa 1930-1940. Courtesy Page 5-6: 1. The Flood by Roy Thomas. Courtesy Charles J. Denver Public Library. 5. Mas Sa by George Winter, 1837. 6. n George Winter, 1838. small businesses in Indian Country. Softball Complex Phase II Meyers Great Lakes Indian Art Collection. 2. Partridge, a Pottawattamie Emigration by George Winter, 1838. 7. On Thunderbird Clan symbol. 3. Potawatomi wigwam with fire. 4. Page 17-18: 1. Pisehedwin, a Potawatomi, and others in front of Sáw Kie [The Sauk] in the Act of Praying by George Catlin, n West Child Care Center Migration by Norval Morrisseau, circa 1970s. Courtesy Royal his Kansas farm home, 1877. Courtesy United States National 1830. Courtesy Musée du Château Ramezay. 8. Fishing by CPN’s first HEARTH Act business, BDC Gun Museum. 5. Kee Me One [Rain] by James Otto Lewis, Archives and Records Administration. 2. Pottawattamie Reserve Torchlight by Paul Kane, 1845. Courtesy Royal Ontario Museum. 1827. Courtesy Wisconsin Historical Society. 6. A Celebrated Lands in Kansas belonging to Atchison Topeka & Santa Fe 9. Potawatomie Indians at St. Mary’s Mission, Kansas, 1867. Room, opened in 2015. n CPN Health Imaging Center Ottawa Chief by James Otto Lewis, 1827. Courtesy Wisconsin Railroad Co. Courtesy Kansas Historical Society. 3. Pottawatomie Courtesy Kansas Historical Society.

33 1 34 CITIZEN POTAWATOMI NATION POTAWATOMI.ORG