EVALUATION OF EFFECTIVENESS, IMPACTS, AND SUSTAINABILITY OF EU-FINANCED CISP PROGRAMMES IN EASTERN HARARGHE ZONE OF OROMIA DURING 1994-2004
VOLUME II MAIN REPORT
By
AMDATER CONSULTS June 2005
AMDATER CONSULTS TEL: (+251-9) 600540; (+251-1) 451667; PO Box 26733/1000 Addis Ababa E-mail- [email protected]; [email protected] i VolumeIIMainReport
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF ACRONYMS ...... iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... Errore. Il segnalibro non è definito. I. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 A. BACKGROUND...... 1 1. GENERAL ...... 1 2. THE INTERVENTION WEREDAS ...... 4 2.1. Gursum ...... 4 2.2. Babile...... 5 2.3. Fedis ...... 7 2.4. Qersa ...... 7 2.5. Gorogutu ...... 8 B. OBJECTIVES OF THE PROGRAMMES ...... 9 C. OBJECTIVE OF THE EVALUATION ...... 10 D. SPECIAL EVENTS DURING THE EVALUATION...... 10 E. METHODOLOGIES PURSUED ...... 11 F. SCOPE OF THE EVALUATION ...... 12 II. FINDINGS ...... 13 A. CISP/EU PROGRAMMES AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS ...... 13 1. Rehabilitation and Extension of Water Points in Gursum (1994-1996) ...... 14 2. Community Based Water Supply for Enhanced Health Status in Gursum and Babile (1996- 1998) ...... 16 3. Promotion of Food Security and Economic Development in Babile (1997-1999) ...... 21 4. Employment Generation Schemes (EGS) ...... 24 4.1. CISP/EU Employment Generation Schemes (1998-2004): Rationale ...... 24 4.2. EC Allocations ...... 26 4.3. Major EGS Accomplishments...... 26 5. Integrated Food Security Programmes (1998-2005) ...... 31 5.1. IFSP-I (1998-2001) ...... 31 5.2. IFSP–II (2002-2005) ...... 36 B. OTHER NGOS OPERATING IN THE ZONE ...... 39 C. CAPACITY BUILDING ...... 40 D. METHODOLOGIES AND APPROACHES/PARTICIPATION OF STAKEHOLDERS ...... 42 1. Community-Based Water Supply Schemes ...... 43 2. Promotion of Food Security and Economic Development ...... 44 3. EGS ...... 44 4. IFSPs ...... 45 E. GENDER ASPECTS OF THE PROGRAMMES...... 46 F. GENERAL BENEFITS OF THE PROGRAMMES (IMPACTS) ...... 47 1. Community Based Water Supply ...... 47 2. Promotion of Food Security and Economic Development for Babile ...... 49 3. EGS ...... 51 4. IFSPs ...... 53 G. EFFECTIVENESS OF THE PROGRAMMES ...... 59 1. Community Based Water Supply ...... 60 2. Promotion of Food Security and Economic Development for Babile ...... 60 3. EGS ...... 60 4. IFSPs ...... 61 H. SUSTAINABILITY OF THE ACHIEVEMENTS ...... 61
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1. Community Based Water Supply ...... 62 2. Promotion of Food Security and Economic Development for Babile ...... 66 3. EGS ...... 67 4. IFSPs ...... 67 I. CONSISTENCE WITH GOVERNMENT AND DONOR’S POLICIES AND FOCUSES ...... 68 J. SWOT ANALYSIS FOR THE SCHEMES ...... 69 1. Strengths ...... 69 2. Weaknesses ...... 70 3. Opportunities ...... 70 4. Threats ...... 71 K. LESSONS LEARNT (MISSING LINKS) ...... 72 L. EXTERNAL FACTORS ...... 74 III. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 77 A. CONCLUSIONS ...... 77 B. RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 82 IV. ANNEXES ...... 88 A. MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION...... 89 Appendix 1. Water Point Sustainability Analysis (Developed and Rehabilitated), Gursum Wereda89 Appendix 2. Water Point Sustainability Analysis (Developed and Rehabilitated), Babile Wereda . 89 Appendix 3 Water Point Sustainability Analysis (Developed and Rehabilitated), Fedis Woreda ..... 90 Appendix 4. Water Point Sustainability Analysis (Developed and Rehabilitated), Kersa Woreda .. 90 Appendix 5. Ten-top Diseases of the Zone, 1995-2004 ...... 91 B. MAPS OF THE INTERVENTION WEREDAS...... 93 C. LIST OF MAIN DOCUMENTS CONSULTED ...... 94 D. LIST OF PERSONS CONSULTED...... 96 E. PHOTO GALLERY FOR SAMPLE SCHEMES ...... 100 Key for the Pictures...... 106
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. The EU-Financed CISP Programmes Implemented During 1995-2004 ...... 14 Table 2. Comparison of Clean Water Coverage in Eastern Hararghe Zone ...... 18 Table 3. EC/CISP Food Aid Allocations to Eastern Hararghe, 1998-2004 ...... 26 Table 4. Summary of CISP/EU EGS Activities in Easter Hararghe Zone, 1998-2004 ...... 30 Table 5. Materials Provided to Partner Offices for Capacity Enhancement, 1999-2005 ...... 42 Table 6. Utilization and Current Status of Goats Received by Sample Beneficiaries, 1998-2001 ...... 55 Table 7. Summary of Functional and Non-functional Water Points in the Intervention Weredas ...... 63 Table 8. Estimation of Cost Recovery Analysis of Hand-Dug Wells...... 65
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LIST OF ACRONYMS
CIS Corrugated Iron Sheet CISP International Committee for Development of People DA Development Agent DPPC Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Commission DPPD Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Department ECHO European Commission Humanitarian Office EGS Employment Generation Scheme EHZ Eastern Hararghe Zone EWU Early Warning Unit FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FSED Food Security and Economic Development GoE Government of Ethiopia GR Gratuitous Relief IEC Information Education Communication IFSP-I Integrated Food Security (Phase I) IFSP-II Integrated Food Security (Phase II) KA Kebele Administration KAP Knowledge attitude and Practice LD Line Department MFM Meschen fur Meschen MIS Management Information System MT Metric Tone NPDPM National Policy for Disaster Prevention and Management OCSSCO Oromia Credit and Saving Shared Company OIDA Oromia Irrigation Development Authority ONRS Oromia National Regional State PCM Project Cycle Management PMS Preparation, Monitoring and Supervision PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal RFO Relief Food Outlet SHDI Self Help Development International SWC Soil and Water Conservation SWOT Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threat TOT Training of Trainers UNCEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNHCR United Nations High Commission for Refugees VIP Ventilated Improved Pit Latrine VLOM Village Level Operation and Maintenance VTC Vocational Training Centre WATSAN Water Supply and Sanitation WFP World Food Program WPMCs Water Point Management Committee WUC Water Users’ Committee WUF Water Users’ Fee ZDPPD Zonal Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Department
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I. INTRODUCTION
A. BACKGROUND
1. GENERAL
Eastern Hararghe Zone (EHZ) is one of the 14 zones of Oromia National Regional State (ONRS). The zone is one of the most densely populated zones of ONRS. According to the 2004 CSA projection, the total population of the zone is estimated to be about 2.2 with a population density of 95 persons/m2. Out of this total, 20%, 39%, and 41% live in the highlands, midlands, and lowlands, respectively. Likewise, about 94% of the total population is living in the rural areas and mainly depend on subsistence agriculture with small off-farm activities. Agro- ecologically, the zone is divided into three climatic zones, namely, Dega, Woina Dega and Kolla, respectively constituting 18.34%, 47.30% and 34.46% of the total area of the zone.
The Zone is subdivided into 16 weredas and 429 kebele administrations (KAs) locally termed as Aradda. According to various situation analyses, most of the population is living on highly degraded highlands. Likewise, a significant proportion of the population of the zone lives in mid and low altitude areas where the rainfall is unreliable both in quantity and in distribution. Under normal conditions, the agrarian households of the zone depend on rain-fed farming systems, livestock husbandry, and small-scale irrigation-based cash crops production (especially chat and high value vegetable crops) for their livelihood. Sorghum and maize are the major staple food crops produced in Eastern Hararghe zone, constituting about 75% of the annual crop production.
However, the annual food production is far below the actual needs, the zone suffering from serious food deficits almost every year. Assessment of the cereal production of the zone over the past decade reveals that local production could meet only about 70% (on average) of the need (Fig. 1). The food gap of the zone is usually bridged by external aids, delivered either through
1 VolumeIIMainReport the DPPC or through humanitarian organizations (NGOs). As a result EHZ is categorized as one of the structurally food insecure weredas in ONRS.
The overall food insecurity situation of the zone is attributed, among others, to subsistence farming, increasing number of population against the carrying capacity of the land (small landholding of households) coupled with land degradation and insufficient (and erratic) rainfall, shortage of alternative means of livelihood, and crop and livestock diseases and pests. Furthermore, the zone is repeatedly hit by recurrent drought and concomitant food crisis since the last couple of years. Consequently, food crops production is markedly reducing from time to time, leading to increasing number of vulnerable population. For such vulnerable households, the implication is depletion of livestock and other productive assets, and deteriorating coping mechanism even during years of relatively minor shocks, more affecting those penurious households who have little resources to buffer the shocks.
Fig 1. Food Requirement vs Production in Eastern Hararghe Zone, 1994-2004
500000
421888 409999
400000 381045
340033
315744
308666
297792
291096
284452
277807
274819
271317
264979 258556
300000 255960
236845
218143 215905
200000 172061
142078 Cereal Production
100000 Cereal Requirement 35356
0 Surplus/Deficit Cereals (MT) Cereals
-100000
-37976
-58034
-63661
-69673 -73530
-200000 -99030 1994/95
1995/1996 1996/1997 1997/1998 1998/1999 1999/2000 2000/2001 2001/2002 2002/2003 2003/2004
-300000 -173666 -205983
Year -208984.55
Source: Zonal DPPD Archive, Annual Crop Assessment Reports
To curb the situation and improve household level food security, CISP has been implementing series of relief and development activities in EHZ. CISP’s response emanated from its global missions and its experience in Ethiopia responding to various kinds of social crises. Basically,
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CISP’s operational presence in the country dates back to 1986. It started operation in Eastern Hararghe zone of Oromia in 1994, being engaged in development and relief interventions. During 1994-96, CISP implemented Rehabilitation and Reintegration of Ethiopian Returnees from Somalia and Djibouti in Babile Wereda through the fund obtained from the Italian Government, which was followed by Rehabilitation and Extension of Water Points, and Community Based Water Supply for Enhanced Health Status, through the fund gained from the EU.
Thereafter, CISP expanded its scope of intervention to various development sectors (food security, water development, and other social services development) and response to emergency relief operations through employment generation schemes (EGS) to three more weredas (Qersa, Fedis and Gorogutu), which were undertaken from 1997 to 2001. CISP involved in relief operations in its intervention weredas since 1998 in response to the emergency that had affected household food security in its operational areas, securing funding from EU. The first relief intervention, referred to as EGS-I, was implemented in four weredas, namely, Babile, Gursum, Fedis and Gorogutu during 1998-2001. At the same time, CISP designed a long-term food security programme (IFSP I and IFSP II), which has been under implementation since 1998 in the five weredas of Eastern Hararghe Zone, namely, Gursum, Babile, Fedis, Qersa, and Gorogutu weredas.
The Food Security Programmes were designed to address the cross-cutting nature of poverty and systematically reduce it through multi-sectoral assistance to local capacities. The programmes sought to strengthen household and community livelihoods as well as to curb the negative effects of living with poverty, through integrated interventions. The programme components include goat credit, vocational training, environmental protection activities linked to employment generation schemes, improved access to micro-credit services, smallholders agricultural support (such as seeds, fertilizers and tools initiatives), small-scale irrigation development, improved community management capacity, strengthening the capacity of wereda line departments to work with their communities, water, sanitation, nutrition and basic health training activities.
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IFSP-II is currently under implementation. It is apparently a consolidation phase/continuation of the IFSP-I that came to an end in 2001. The project comprises three components, namely, consolidation of income generation activities, consolidation of management of water resources, and reinforcement of disaster prevention and preparedness capacity at zonal and wereda levels, which were footing upon and linked to the activities of the preceding project. Recently, the EC has approved financing of another development programme, Reinforcing Rural Livelihood through an Integrated Food Security Approach in Fedis and Gorogutu Weredas of Eastern Hararghe Zone, which will be implemented over two years.
The EC committed a total of €4,336,243 cash in put (including the PMS budget of the relief allocation). The EC also allocated 19,113 MT of food items to the zone within the framework of indirect allocations through CISP over the past ten years.
2. THE INTERVENTION WEREDAS
As mentioned hereof, Eastern Hararghe zone in general and the five CISP intervention weredas, viz, Gursum, Babile, Fedis, Qersa, and Gorogutu, in particular are among the 54 food insecure weredas in the ONRS where majority of the population live under severe poverty. Population pressure over the carrying capacity of the farmland, declining fertility of farmlands, and recurrence of failure of rains at critical crop production times interplay to cause and sustain the problems. As a result, the area has been receiving relief assistances of sizeable quantity over the last decade. Specific features of the intervention weredas are briefly provided below.
2.1. Gursum
Gursum wereda lies between 9007’ and 9032’N latitude and 42017’ and 42038’E longitude. It is bordered by Jarso wereda to the north-west, Harari Region to the west, Babile wereda to the south and southwest, and Somali Region to the east. Gursum has a total area of 967km2 accounting for about 5% of the total area of East Hararghe zone. The capital (Fugnan Bira) is
AMDATER CONSULTS 4 VolumeIIMainReport located 75 km from Harar town. The wereda is composed of 36 rural kebeles and 3 urban kebeles.
The physical feature of the wereda is predominantly characterized by highlands and lowlands. Its elevation ranges from 1200 to 2950 m.a.s.l. Agro-ecologically, Gursum is classified as Dega (temperate rainy climate), Woinadega (tropical rainy climate), and Kolla (tropical dry climate), covering 15%, 35%, and 50%, respectively. There are several springs, most of which were developed to serve both for domestic and irrigations purposes.
According to the Rural Development Office, the population of the wereda is estimated to be 221,000. The rural population accounts for 93% of the total population of the wereda. Crude population density has grown from 160 persons/km2 in 1995/1996 to 228/km2 in 2004.
The rural population depends on both crop production and livestock rearing, the latter being increasingly predominating in the lowland areas. Low precipitation and unreliable rainfall patterns characterize the lowland part of the wereda bordering Somali Region.
According to the baseline survey conducted in 1994, only 3% of the population have access to safe water. The rural population having access to potable water was 20% in 2004 while it is was 58% in urban areas of the wereda.
According to CISP study of 1995, about 42 shallow-wells were drilled and equipped by different institutions indicating that ground water has been the major potable water sources of the community of the wereda. The current water supply source for the Gursum town is from foot of the Mountain Kunudo at Onaya. This water supply was improved through CISP water supply programme.
2.2. Babile
Babile wereda lies between 8009’N and 9023’N latitude, and 42015’ and 42053’E longitude. The wereda is bordered by Gursum wereda to the north and northeast, Harari Region to the north and
AMDATER CONSULTS 5 VolumeIIMainReport northwest, Fedis wereda to the west and Somali Region to the south, and southwest. The total area of the wereda is estimated to be 3022 km2, accounting to 12.4% of the total area of the zone. The wereda capital (Babile) is located 35 km from Harar to the southeast direction. The wereda is classified into two meteorological zones, viz, Woinadega (1500-2000 m.a.s.l.) and Kolla (900- 1500m.a.s.l.), covering 15% and 85%, respectively. The wereda is subdivided into 20 rural and 1 urban kebele administrations.
According to the wereda Administration, the present population size of the wereda is 123,438. The rural population accounts for 80% and that of the urban 20%. The crude population density of the wereda was 17 persons/km2 in 1995 and 40 persons/km2 in 2004/2005. The landholding in 1995/96 was 8.5 ha while it diminished to 2 ha in 2000 and even less than that in 2004/2005. According to the baseline survey conducted in 1998, about 90% of the total population of the wereda had no access to potable water supply during the indicated year. At present (2003), 52.7% of the rural population and 55% of the urban population have access to potable water.
The main economic activities of the wereda are crop production, maize and sorghum in high altitude areas and chat and groundnuts (main cash crops) in low lying areas. The livelihood of the people living in the lowland is mainly based on livestock rearing.
Babile has generally little surface water resources. Limited surface water is found only in some stream channels. The main water supply source in Babile is thus groundwater like that at Kitto, which is currently serving Babile town, and the Mineral Water Factory in Harar. According to the baseline study, 30 shallow-wells existed in the wereda drilled and equipped with Indian Mark-II hand-pumps. This also indicates that shallow groundwater has been the only dependable water supply sources for most of the wereda.
The inventory was updated in 1997, and the total hand-pumps available in the wereda were 38 of which 11 were functional (29%), 12 (31.5%) were unfucntional (but could be maintained), while 15 (39.5%) are not repairable.
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2.3. Fedis
Fedis wereda lies between 8022’ and 9014’N latitude and 42002’ and 42019’E longitude. It is bordered by Girawa wereda to the south and southwest, Babile to the east, Kurfachele wereda to the west, Harari Region to the north and Somali Region to the south. The wereda has a total area of 2193km2, accounting for about 9.70% of the total area of the zone. The wereda capital (Boko) is located at a distance of 26km from Harar.
Climatically, Fedis wereda is classified into Woinadega and Kolla, respectively accounting to 15% and 85% of the total area of the wereda. According to the information obtained from the wereda, the total population of the wereda is more than 218,000 of which the rural population accounts for 98% of the total population of the wereda, the crude population density was 70 persons/km2 in 1995/96 while it has increased to 99/km2 in 2004. The wereda has good potential of production of crops like onion and sorghum. However, the deterioration of rainfall situation in the wereda over time made agriculture unreliable and socio-economic situation of the people vulnerable. According to the inventory compiled in 2003 by the Water Development Department, 44% of the rural population have access to potable water against 10% in 1989. Access to potable water in the Fedis town is currently reported to be 100%??.
Food insecurity is a major constraint to the development of the wereda. The degree of food insecurity is severe as compared to other weredas having the same problem. More than 100,000 people has been depending on food aid for the last two decades and the number of people receiving food aid exceeds the above figures in some years due to long lasting drought, and losses of assets by the community. Lack of soil fertility and severe soil erosion, lack of other off- farm income generating and job opportunities, depletion of farm assets, severe shortage of water sources are the main problem for food insecurity in the wereda.
2.4. Qersa
Qersa wereda lies between 9017’ and 9029’N latitude and 41012’ and 41056’E longitude. It is bordered by Alemaya wereda to the east, Kurfachele wereda to the south, Bedeno wereda to the
AMDATER CONSULTS 7 VolumeIIMainReport southwest, Meta wereda to the west and Dire Dawa Administrative Council to the north. The wereda has a total area of 545km2, accounting for about 2.41% of the total area of the zone.
The population of the wereda is 136,455 with rural population accounting to 93%. The wereda is one of the densely populated weredas in the zone with crude population density of the wereda is 250 persons/km2. The wereda is subdivided into 35 kebele administration (32 rural and 3 urban kebeles).
Climatically, Qersa is classified into dega, woinadega, and kolla. The average landholding size was 2.7ha in 1995/96, 0.5ha in 2000 and 0.35ha in 2004. Regarding access to potable water, it is 46.6% in rural areas and 100% in the town????.
The livelihood in Qersa is based on agriculture. Vulnerability of the rural households is a common feature of the wereda. Arable land is scarce mainly due to the high population density and limited landholding.
2.5. Gorogutu
Gorogutu is located in the north-western extreme of the zone. It lies between 9018’ and 9033’N latitude and 41033’ and 41030’E longitude. The wereda is bordered by Deder wereda to the south and southeast, Meta wereda to the east, West Hararghe zone to the west and Somali Region to the north. The wereda has a total area of 531 km2, accounting for about 2.35% of the total area of the zone. It is classified into Dega (2000-2657 m.a.s.l.), Woinadega (1500-2000 m.a.s.l.) and kolla (<1500 m.a.s.l.) agro-climatic zones, respectively covering 10.7%, 51.8% and 37.5%.
The population size of the wereda is 129,866, rural population accounting to 95% of the total, the average rural household size being 4.9. The crude population density in 2004 is 244 persons/km2. The wereda is subdivided into 30 kebele administrations (28 rural and 2 urban).
The highland altitude of most part of the wereda gets better rainfall i.e. 900-1000 mm mean annual rainfall. Most of the rural population are settled at mountain foot in the highland of the
AMDATER CONSULTS 8 VolumeIIMainReport wereda. Similar to other weredas of the zone, the livelihood of the people of wereda is dependent on agriculture and agriculture-related activities.
B. OBJECTIVES OF THE PROGRAMMES
The central themes of the CISP/EU funded programmes in Eastern Hararghe Zone is addressing food insecurity problems in the area through multi-faceted interventions including improving access to potable water, credit services, health situations, and building the local capacities to respond to crises of various causes.
The specific objectives include: 1. Increase access of the community of safe water through the rehabilitation and construction of water points, health and sanitation, and proper management of the water facilities at community level (Community-Based Water Supply Programmes); 2. Improving the livelihood and living standard of the farming community and food security situation of the beneficiary households through expanding credit and saving schemes, provision of goats, fertilizers and oxen credit and provision of training on associated management practices (Promotion of Food Security and Economic Development in Babile Wereda); 3. Mitigating the adverse effects of recurring acute food shortage on the livelihood of the affected households, preventing loss of assets, out-migration, and decline in nutritional status and contribute to resilience to disaster (EGS programmes); and 4. Promoting long-term self-reliance and sustainable development in the areas of intervention through strengthening of rural livelihood through increased income, increased agricultural production and improved health status of the rural community (Integrated Food Security Programmes).
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C. OBJECTIVE OF THE EVALUATION
In view of the size of works its has been implementing in the zone and its long-years commitment in rural development in the country, CISP has taken initiative to engage external consultants to look into the achievements thus far, impacts and sustainability of the structures and systems developed in implementing EU-funded programmes. Hence, the main objective of this assessment is to make an in-depth review and evaluation of various CISP-implemented and EU-financed rehabilitation/relief and development programmes in Eastern Hararghe with a core focus on assessing efficiency, effectiveness and the sustainability of attainments/impacts.
D. SPECIAL EVENTS DURING THE EVALUATION
As a matter of fact, this evaluation process coincided with the period of National Election. As a result, the informants from line departments were overstretched by the campaign as well as final counting of the votes, and hence, the schedule of this evaluation was postponed forward by about three weeks pending the completion of the election process and subsiding of the tensions. Even then, toward the end of this evaluation, most of the weredas were still tensioned by high-level of rumours of frauds in counting of votes and fear for political turmoil following the announcement of any winning party. Hence, cases where the evaluation team was advised to finalize at least the fieldworks before the announcement of the election results were encountered.
The National Polio Campaign also coincided with duration of this evaluation. This resulted in postponement of appointments with the health professionals and bureau heads for information required regarding health sector.
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E. METHODOLOGIES PURSUED
During the course of this evaluation, participatory approaches were employed and the data were analyzed in qualitative and/or quantitative terms from the perspectives of socio-economic conditions of the target groups.
The field works were preceded by review of documents from secondary sources. The documents reviewed included project documents, annual plans and regular progress and achievement reports of CISP/EH, financial status monitoring and expenditure reports, assessment reports from other institutions in the weredas, reports of particular relevance to the programme produced by government institutions, evaluation reports). Specific information were gathered on population figures, climate and production data, food security situations for the recent past, office set-up, and project management procedures/systems of CISP (history of operational presence in the area), monitoring and reporting mechanisms, and other development programmes implemented through other institutions.
Gathering of information at the field level (primary information) constitutes major part of the evaluation process. The fieldwork started with interviewing the CISP technical and management staff as well as stakeholders in the programme implementation areas. The field work generally involved: in-depth interview with management and technical staff of CISP; observation of activities accomplished in selected intervention kebeles in the five weredas; focussed group discussions with zonal and wereda relevant offices (Wereda Administration, Rural Development, Agriculture, Cooperative Promotion, Water Sector Development (urban and rural), OIDA, OCSSCO, Capacity Building); in-depth interviews and discussions with target groups; interviews with kebele administration; and SWOT analysis with target groups.
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Over 175 informants (24% of which are female informants) were contacted to obtain one information or another. To capture the essential information from the beneficiaries and non- beneficiaries, community leaders and government structures at the operation level, open-ended questionnaires were utilized as guiding checklist. The checklists were geared to provide information on: contribution of the programme to addressing the basic needs of the intended groups and long-term food security of the community/households; consistence of the programme with the relevant government policies and strategies and programme achievements thus far to the initially intended goals and/or any adjustment made thereto; sustainability of the different schemes of the programmes; effectiveness of the programmes in addressing the root causes of poverty; efficiency of the responses/interventions; phasing out strategies put in place; and external factors (natural and policy environment).
The evaluation was conducted by Teriessa Jalleta (Lead Consultant, Food Security Expert), and Gulilat Abebe (Socio-Economist) and/or Ato Abiti Getahun (Water Supply Expert), who have been deployed for the whole period of the evaluation period. The evaluation (fieldwork) took place between 19th May and 12th June 2005. The preliminary findings were presented to the field staff (Harar) as well as CISP Addis Ababa, and the feedback of the debriefing was considered in processing this report.
F. SCOPE OF THE EVALUATION
This evaluation was conducted in accordance with the ToR prepared for the purpose. The evaluation concentrates on series of CISP/EU funded programmes implemented over the last 10 years (1994-2004). Five weredas of the zone, where one programme and/or another has been implemented (Gursum, Babile, Fedis, Qersa, and Gorogutu), were visited. In fact, terminal evaluations and impact assessments of the respective programmes were conducted and compiled
AMDATER CONSULTS 12 VolumeIIMainReport at different times and different stages. This evaluation, therefore, doesn’t tend to repeat what has been done through the assessments of the respective programmes, but rather concentrates on consistence of the existing situations with the reports thus produced, any deviation from the impacts assessments per se and the perception of the stakeholders and the primary beneficiaries especially on the programmes completed years back.
The evaluation also looked into the present status of the services developed at that time. For the ongoing programmes (IFSP-II), the programme progresses to-date, institutional arrangements for the handing over of the achievements, and the likely sustainability of these achievements were assessed. Institutional options/recommendation and lessons are also forwarded for implementation of future similar initiatives.
II. FINDINGS
A. CISP/EU PROGRAMMES AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Ever since its presence in Eastern Hararghe (1994), CISP has been engaged in implementation of ranges of development and relief interventions. More than six multi-year projects, geared to addressing livelihood problems mainly in the five weredas, were implemented. Since its involvement in relief/emergency, rehabilitation and development interventions in the zone, CISP has managed to secure more than €4,646,455 of which €4,336,243 was financed by the EU, including the newly launched project (Table 1).
At the end of each programme, CISP has been producing Terminal Reports and/or Impacts Assessment Reports, as the case may be. While readers of this report are advised to refer to these reports to have comprehensive understanding of the entire achievements, the major physical achievements of each of the different phases of the programmes, as reported by various informants of this evaluation and reviewed from various reports of the programmes are separately presented under this section.
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Table 1. The EU-Financed CISP Programmes Implemented During 1995-2004
Programme Wereda Duration Funding (ECU/Euro) EC CISP Community Based Water 1 Supply Gursum 1995-1996 264,650 63,930 Community Based Water Supply Gursum & Babile 1996-1998 614,756 72,700 2 Promotion of Food Security Babile 1997-1999 73,840 Gursum, Fedis, Babile, Gorogutu, Fedis & 3 EGS Alemaya 1998 – 2004 525,426 Gursum, Fedis, Babile, 4 IFSP I Gorogutu & Qersa 1998 - 2001 1,295,341 Gursum, Fedis, Babile, 5 IFSP II Gorogutu & Qersa 2002-2005 873,382 97,043 Reinforcing Rural 6 Livelihood Fedis and Gorogutu 688,848 76,539 Total 4,336,243 310,212 Grand Total 4,646,455
1. Rehabilitation and Extension of Water Points in Gursum (1994-1996)
With the aim of providing support and address short-term rehabilitation needs of specific vulnerable groups, during 1995-1998, the EC funded 33 social rehabilitation projects in Oromia, Tigray, Somali, Amhara, Afar and Beneshangul-Gumuz regions of Ethiopia with a total budget of 13 million Euro, under the Social Rehabilitation Programme/Ethiopia. More than 5 million returnees, displaced and local poor benefited from the programme. The programme was implemented in collaboration with 21 international and 3 local NGOs. CISP was one of the partner NGOs that implemented the programme. The CISP/EU Social Rehabilitation Programme, named, Community Based Rehabilitation and Extension of Water Points in Gursum, was first started in Gursum wereda of Eastern Hararghe zone of Oromia.
This programme was launched in December 1994, and extended to May 1996. It was designed to benefit 16,000 direct beneficiaries, which included displaced people, returnees from Somali and Djibouti and some local people. The programme was co-implemented with the then Water Supply and Sewerage Authority, Departments of Health, Education and Agriculture.
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The wereda was featured by very low access to safe water. In 1993, only 15 (27%) of the installed hand-pumps mainly by the UNICEF and the government were reported to be functional, lending quite significant number of rural people in need of access to safe water. Limited community involvement in the development of the water schemes was also identified as one of the factors for poor status of the water pumps in addition to lack of maintenance and shortage/unavailability of spare-parts.
Moreover, the phenomenon of returnees and displaced people was putting an increasing pressure on the scarce water resources. At that time, the conflict between Bursuq and Jarso clans resulted in further displacement of 25,000 people in 17 PAs. Due to this, access to safe water has dramatically decreased implicating on health situations (water-borne diseases).
Hence, this programme was launched to increase and improve access to safe water through construction of new hand-dug wells, as well as rehabilitation of non-functioning water schemes developed by other institutions sometimes before. In conjunction, it was also aimed at strengthening community water management systems through establishment of cost-recovery schemes.
To promote sustainability, the programme was reported to have encompassed participation of the community at every stage of implementation (identification, management, and maintenance), promotion of appropriate technology, and health educations.
The major activities accomplished during this phase of the programme included: Provision of sanitary facilities and health education materials in Gursum, Babile and Fedis weredas; Rehabilitation of 11 hand-pumps in Gursum to serve 5,500 beneficiaries; Drilling and hand-pump installation of 19 water points to serve 9,500 beneficiaries in Gursum wereda; Inventory and rehabilitation, and provision of tools and spare parts in Babile; and
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Construction of one earth-dam with necessary purification and three distribution wells equipped with pumps at Borale with a capacity of storing 140,000m3 of water to enable 14,000 people access to clean water.
2. Community Based Water Supply for Enhanced Health Status in Gursum and Babile (1996-1998)
This programme was launched in January 1996 and implemented for 18 consecutive months, i.e., up to May 1998. It was designed to benefit 30,000 direct beneficiaries (12,500 urban beneficiaries and 17,500 rural beneficiaries). The major government counterpart of the programme was the then Oromia Water, Minerals, and Energy Bureau.
The programme was designed as an extension phase to the then on-going Community Based Rehabilitation and Extension of Water Points. It aimed at improving access to water supplies, and thus, reduction in water-borne diseases. The two weredas being bordering the two regions (Somali and Oromia), internal conflicts have left large number of people to have been displaced. Consequently, the already critical health conditions in the area have further aggravated with water-borne diseases being among the first causes of morbidity.
The preceding programme has addressed some of the problems in particular in choices of appropriate technologies, community participation water sanitation and health education. However, in view of the degree of the problem, further resources were required to extend the benefits of more people while strengthening the capacities of Water, Mines and Energy Resources Bureau. Realizing the need for provision of additional water points for the community, CISP extended its programme to the development and construction of new water points. Specifically, provision of water supply for the rural and urban communities of the two weredas, strengthening the institutional capacities through piloting water information system and appropriate training, and promotion of hygiene and sanitation practices were planned and executed. In addition, development and construction of shallow wells equipped with appropriate village level operation and maintenance (VLOM) type hand pumps were implemented. This was
AMDATER CONSULTS 16 VolumeIIMainReport preceded by situation studies aimed at identifying communities without safe water supply. The major activities accomplished during this phase of the programmes were: o Construction of 15 new shallow-wells for rural community in Babile wereda by which more than 7,500 people were served with clean and potable water at an average of 500 people/hand-pump; o The construction of 15 new shallow-wells for rural community in Gursum wereda to serve over 10,000 people; o Expansion and improvement of Babile town existing water scheme which raised water supply coverage from 30% to 80% by drilling additional deep well with discharge of 2.5lt/second and 8km power installation from Babile town to Kitto, construction of 30m3 reservoir and distribution points benefiting 11,000 people; o Expansion and improvement of Gursum (Fugnan Bira town) existing water supply scheme which reportedly raised water coverage from 52% to 95% benefiting 13,000 people; o Construction of VIP latrines (3) at Gursum, one at zonal level for demonstration; o Promotion of hygiene and sanitation practices to reduce water-borne diseases; and o Training on WATSAN Management Information Systems (MIS).
Clean Water Supply The previous water development programmes and water supply components of the latest IFSPs have been reported to have improved access of the population of the weredas to clean water (Table 2). As compared to the base year of 1995, the water supply coverage of the intervention weredas grew from 10.2% to 59% for Babile, from 2.1% to 54.5% for Fedis, from 4.2% to 34% in Gursum and from 7.7% to 61.6% for Qersa.
Hand Pumps Types While both Indian Mark II and Afridev were installed, Afridev was promoted and popularized more than Indian Mark II due to its reported suitability for maintenance and repair by trained village hand pump technicians (ease for VLOM). Indian Mark II was reported to be more durable but it is difficult to repair at village level and the spare parts are not easily available. Akaki Steel Factory has been producing and promoting Afridev until late 90s. It has stopped production of the pumps reportedly due low demand for the pumps at that time as only few NGOs were promoting it.
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Table 2. Comparison of Clean Water Coverage in Eastern Hararghe Zone S.No Wereda Clean Water Coverage (%), 1995 Clean Water Coverage (%), 2004 1 Babilee* 10.2 59 2 Bedeno 35.1 3 Deder 15.5 4 Fedis* 2.1 54.5 5 Gola Odaa 51.4 6 Goro Gutu 4.5 27 7 Girawa 30.8 8 Gursum* 4.2 34 9 Haramaya 48.7 10 Jarsso 10.4 11 Kersa* 7.7 61.6 12 Kombolcha 28.4 13 Kurfachele 70 14 Melka Bello 19.4 15 Meta 18.5 16 Mayu 27.7 17 Aweday 54.9
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Picture 1. Babile Town Water Collection Chamber (a) and Shallow Well at Kitto Water Supply (b)
WATSAN To improve the health status of the target population, CISP focused on the development of potable water supply, environmental health education, and the promotion vegetable production through school based nutritional education. This can be achieved by improving health facilities and services, providing health education through school based nutrition education, improving the availability and use of potable water and proper sanitation. Through Information Education and Communication (IEC), awareness creation on health issues such as prevention and control of communicable diseases and personal hygiene have been provided to the community. The Summary of the results of KAP (knowledge, attitude and practice) study on IEC in 12 weredas of the zone (the 5 intervention were among the study weredas), recently conducted by the Zonal Health Office is presented below. 80.9% the respondents received health information on diseases prevention; 56% of the respondent received information on environmental health and pure water supply is from health workers; 85% of the respondents have knowledge of latrine could prevent communicable diseases; 84% of the respondents have knowledge of cleaning house could prevent communicable diseases; 81.9% of the respondents have knowledge of open defecation could transmit eye diseases; 83.9% of the respondents have knowledge of stagnant water could be a cause for malaria;
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78% of respondents have knowledge of proper disposing of refuse could prevent communicable diseases; 84% of the respondents know hand washing after defecation could prevent communicable diseases; Percent of respondent that a housefly could transmit; Diarrhoea 85% Malaria 5% TB 11.7% Percent of respondent that drinking of un safe water could transmit Diarrhoea =68% Amoeba = 59% Malaria = 5% Percent of respondent that poor personal hygiene could be a cause for Scabies 68% TB 22.3% Eye 11.7 Malaria 12.7% Percent of people aware of causes of diarrhoea in children Drinking Dirty water 60.5% Eating with unwashed hand 57.4% Trough flies 64.9% Bottle feeding 42.5%
School-Based Education As a result of the health education intervention on improved nutritional status, family heads were practicing backyard gardening, thus this intervention is improving their dietary situation besides improving the household income from marketing of the surplus from consumption. And it was successful at Qersa and Gorogutu Weredas where it was possible to see the continuations of the intervention. Vegetable seedlings were produced on school nursery plots and distributed to the farmers/parents for homestead planting.
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Case Study 1. Qersa Ato Mekonen Kifle, former team leader of examination and student service of Qersa wereda, is presently working as head of Administration and Finance of Capacity Building office of the wereda in association with other teachers of Qersa School. He reported that the intervention is still ongoing and certain schools like, Soddu school of Qersa, Furdose school of Woter, Wichale, and Botea schools of Lange are replicating the programme. Even some teachers provide a short briefing about the importance of vegetable production and consumption habit before starting their regular classes.
Though no proof to ascribing it to this scheme, vegetable production in the surrounding farmers is increasing from time to time. However, vegetables like onion, carrot, tomato, cabbage, Swiss chard, lettuce etc are available on Qersa market since recently. Schools have started to raise fruit and tree seedlings by their own initiation to be planted in the school compound and at the same time to be distributed to parents of school children.
3. Promotion of Food Security and Economic Development in Babile (1997-1999)
This project was implemented between December 1997 and January 1999 (18 months). It was designed to benefit 10,000 rural direct beneficiaries. The major government counterpart of the programme was the then zonal and wereda Agriculture Offices. The rationale of the programme was to promote saving and credit schemes to improve the livelihood of resource poor households in Babile wereda, as a continuation of the EU-funded Social Rehabilitation Programmes and follow up of a one-year research-oriented project, Livelihood Strategies and Coping Mechanisms with Drought in Gursum, Babile, Fedis, Kersa, and Gorogutu weredas (1997/1998), funded by the Italian Cooperation. Within the context of promoting food security and economic development, linking the credit schemes to the then ongoing government extension programme was envisaged to boost crop productivity. To that end, the following main activities were reported to be accomplished. Establishment of 17 Farmers groups in 6 peasant associations with 482 members (14 women) for provision of agricultural inputs (fertilizers and seeds); Distribution of nearly 600 quintals of fertilizers and 4.25 quintals of maize seed on credit basis;
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Establishment of 10 Women Groups having 100 members for Goat Credit in 5 PAs, 200 goats provided; Establishment of 30 Oxen Credit Groups having 167 members for oxen provision. Provision of veterinary drugs and equipment through revolving fund has been integral part of the credit scheme. The supply of the drugs (valued at 1,368 BIRR) was made to the paravets working at local levels; and Skills upgrading through training of local artisans (handcrafts) and provision of basic equipment on credit basis.
Dairy Goats Credit The dairy goat beneficiaries were required to settle down-payment of 20 Birr (10 Birr for head of goat) each to be eligible for the credit. The repayment was envisaged to be made in kind by passing two female goats at the second kidding to their associate beneficiaries. At the end of the programme, 91 offspring (45.5%) were transferred to 51 associates. In general, however, only 53% of the beneficiaries transferred the kids to their associates.
Oxen Credit These beneficiaries deposited 16,700 Birr (100 Birr to be eligible for the credit) as a down payment in the credit groups account. For the oxen credit, a total of 176,176 Birr was disbursed in 1996. At the end of 1998 only 13,120 Birr (7.5%) was repaid.
Inputs Credit In spite of the fact that access to seed is one of the strong measures of ensuring food security, it remained always deficit in the cases of these intervention weredas. The problem is more severe and exhibits profound effects especially during drought-years as the rural vulnerable households deplete the seed resources to cope with the critical food deficits. Experience shows that many development institutions have engaged in seeds provision either in emergency situations and/or rehabilitation purposes.
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However, especially in seeds revolving schemes, either due to mistiming or due to lack of systems, no examples of success in view of the intended purpose have been reported so far. The provision of seeds may have helped the beneficiaries to plant their plots of land for the succeeding season. Due to lack of follow-up and systems as such, the repayment of the seeds was reported too poor. All of the informant beneficiaries reported that they have agreed to repay the same quantity of seeds they have received to their associates right at harvesting but they have never been approached by any one to facilitate the repayment.
According to the findings of Mohammed Mussa and Associates (Evaluation and Assessment of Credit and Saving Schemes in Babile Wereda, 2000), the loan recovery rates for the agricultural inputs was 98.6% during the first year of disbursement (1995) only. Thereafter, the repayment rate reduced drastically over time and the repayment rate for the group savings and CISP fund was nil. This was ascribed to crop failure that prevailed at that time.
Picture 2. Goat Credit Beneficiary of IFSP-I in Aubarre kebele of Gursum
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4. Employment Generation Schemes (EGS)
As part of government’s new policy, the EGS was heralded in 1993 as a cornerstone of the National Policy on Disaster Prevention and Management (NPDPM). In 1998, the EGS Guideline was finalized and made ready for uses. The EGS guideline appeared to offer an opportunity to increase effectiveness and efficiency of food-based projects. The main objective of the policy was to ensure that the relief assistance is provided in such a way that efforts contribute towards disaster prevention and sustainable growth and to link relief resources to development interventions in the drought-affected areas and channel relief food assistance to eligible people affected by food insecurity through implementation of development activities. With the same premises, EGS remained integral part of the EC relief food assistance to Ethiopia, and the EC has been funding NGOs programmes through allocation of food and non-food resources essential for implementation of EGS.
Areas of intervention are identified based on their relevance in addressing the causes of food insecurity and increasing productivity and access to food and services in line with the National Food Security Strategy, Regional Food Security Strategies and compliance with the EC Food Security and Food Aid Regulation.
4.1. CISP/EU Employment Generation Schemes (1998-2004): Rationale
Over the periods of 1998-2004, the intermittent failures of Belg rains, the late onset and early withdrawal of Meher rains and erratic rainfall patterns that occurred in many parts of the country have resulted in widespread drought, crop losses, livestock death, and hence, increasing vulnerability of rural people to food insecurity. The depressing situation continued resulting in a progressive depletion of the assets of the rural population and steadily growing need for relief assistance that eventually brought the total relief beneficiaries in the years 2000 and 2003 to unprecedented levels.
Though specific causes and associated effects in certain contexts showed some differences from one place to another and from one year to another, the disaster-prone parts of the zone suffered
AMDATER CONSULTS 24 VolumeIIMainReport from food insecurity and emergency problems. Eastern Hararghe is one of the most vulnerable zones in the region frequently affected by drought and other natural calamities as well as armed conflicts. The rainfall pattern and intensity is not always sufficient for crop production, and it is erratic in nature. Like other parts of the region, a number of factors combine to make the zone (and especially the intervention weredas) an area of chronic food insecurity. Rural households are not food self-sufficient even in normal years that the majority of the households do not meet their basic needs from subsistence production for more than 4-6 months. As a result, relief food assistance has been making paramount contributions to bridge the food gaps since the last two decades.
CISP has been playing proactive role in implementing prolonged development-oriented relief projects funded under EC relief allocations in the framework of the Emergency Appeals of the Ethiopian Government since 1998 in 4-5 food insecure weredas of Eastern Hararghe zone, viz, Gursum, Babile, Fedis, Qersa and Gorogutu weredas. CISP has been considered as one of the pioneers for familiarization and implementation of NPDPM in East Hararghe. Capitalizing on the experience it acquired in due course and its office, logistical and personnel setup that the subsequent programmes brought into, CISP has continued the relief interventions well into the present time, with subsequent allocations made by the EU.
All relief interventions embraced twofold objectives; income transfer and vulnerability reductions (increased resilience). They are aimed at addressing the immediate food need of vulnerable households through distribution of food as well as contributing to reduce vulnerability of targeted weredas to disaster through the implementation of EGS activities and enhancing the preparedness capacity. Delays in responses and limited sizes of allocated resources as compared to the actual needs in some way reflected upon the expected outputs of the interventions. Hence, though provision of food aid saved many lives, it had hardly solved the underlying root causes of the recurrent drought.
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4.2. EC Allocations
Despite differences in the scope and levels of interventions, various relief programmes have been designed as continuation of the preceding projects. The continuation of relief interventions in the development operation weredas should help facilitate the smooth continuity of development projects. The EU allocated nearly 20,000 MT of food items and €171,2941 for covering associated costs of implementation of the programmes (PMS).
Table 3. EC/CISP Food Aid Allocations to Eastern Hararghe, 1998-2004 Ref. No Grains SF Total Year Weredas ET/CIS/98/044 5,000 5,000 1998-2000 Gursum, Babile, Fedis, Gorogutu ET/CIS/2000/053 3,666 3,666 2000 Gursum, Qersa, Fedis, Gorogutu ET/CIS/2000/053 3,539 3,539 2001 Gursum, Babile, Qersa ET/CIS/2001/071 1,728 1,728 2002 Gorogutu ET/CIS/2002/078 1,720 117 1,837 2002 Gursum, Meta, Qersa ET/CIS/2002/116 1,428 1,428 2002-2003 Gorogutu ET/CIS/2003/025 1,833 82 1,915 2004 Alemaya Total 18,914 199 19,113
4.3. Major EGS Accomplishments
The first EGS programme was launched in October 1998 within the framework of EC food allocations for the purpose. The programme was implemented with allocation of 5,000 MT of grains from the Commission and came into an end in July 2000 (22 months duration). Thereafter, series of EGS programmes were implemented in responses to various episodes of drought in these intervention weredas. The outstanding achievements of this phase of EGS were: Construction of 4 RFOs of 300 - 400 MT at 4 weredas (Babile, Gorogutu, Gursum, Fedis). Provision of 5 motorbikes; Provision of packages of hand tools and amenities to the 5 weredas for EGS implementation; Rehabilitation of ex-UNHCR warehouse of 2000 MT capacity at Babile;
1 This doesn’t include PMS for 5000 MT of EGS I as the latter had its own budget grant.
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Various Soil and Water Conservation activities, development and maintenances of rural infrastructures and social services through relief resources obtained at different times of relief assistance years: and Distribution of food grains of about 20,000 MT to considerable dimension of vulnerable beneficiaries on seven different episode of drought (25-20% of food was distributed in the form of GR).
Relief Food Outlets The RFOs are the major warehouses for the relief interventions thereafter and food resources of the ongoing Safety Net programmes in the respective weredas.
Soil and water conservation (SWC) SWC activities implemented through EGS were visited during this study. Worth of statement here is the attempt made to rehabilitate some hillsides like in Gursum, and check-dam construction and rehabilitation of some gullies in Fedis. The SWC activities on hills of Gorogutu, where integrated measures (physical activities integrated with planting of seedlings and enclosure of the areas) were undertaken, are standing examples in terms of conserving the natural vegetation and reclamation of affected land.
a b
Picture 3. Partial View of One of the RFOs (a) and Teachers’ Residence at the outskirt of Gursum Constructed through Relief EGS
Access Raods Form the communities perspective, more than others, access roads construction to different kebeles through EGS programmes have impacts visible to the community. Eventual
AMDATER CONSULTS 27 VolumeIIMainReport maintenances of the access rural roads are usually implemented through (and dependent on) the next phase and availabilities of EGS resources.
Ponds Regarding water harvesting structures, big ponds were constructed at different phases of EGS. The Borale Dam of Gursum, Derer Arba pond of Babile, and Balina pond of Qersa are stranding example. While the ponds have harvested runoff to nearly full capacity to serve human and livestock consumption during critical periods (4-5 months), the Borale Dam was reported to have collapsed due to heavy flood and is not providing service currently. This dam was spoken of a phenomenal of water harvesting in term of dimension and the envisaged number of beneficiaries. It was reported to have failed as the result of technical shortcoming mainly apron structures. The main activities implemented through EGS ever since CISP started in the zone are summarized in Table 4.
General Aspects of the EGS The study found out that the amount of man-days (55,043,787,571) engaged in the EGS activities, doesn’t commensurate with the achievements on the ground. However, due to the very nature of relief EGS in the country as a whole and Eastern Hararghe zone in particular, most of the efforts had to go to doing on the same plots and on the same activities year after year. The number of times a single access road accommodates EGS (construction and yearly maintenances) justifies this situation. Apart from that, cases where EGS activities are planned to satisfy donor’s requirement to access the relief resources were encountered. A case in point is the construction of soil-bund on very flat fields like in Fedis where the bunds are hardly visible were encountered. Absence of appropriate capacities especially in the earlier years of the EGS for identification of appropriate EGS activities is also acknowledged.
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Picture 4. Part of EGS Access Road on Terrains in Biqa kebele of Gorogutu (a) and Pond Developed through EGS in Derer Arba kebele of Babile (b)
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Table 4. Summary of CISP/EU Supported EGS Activities Implemented in Easter Hararghe Zone, 1998-2004
Work EGS Activities Unit Quantity Accomplished Total Total PD norm 2000 2001 2002 2004 SWC Soil bund construction km 1342.55 794.9 64 2,201 150 330,218 Hill side terracing Km 442.66 206 1793.75 6.5 2,449 250 612,228 Cut-off drain Km 25 11 16.77 53 400 21,108 Check dam construction Km 148.7 94.98 73.5 317 1,000 317,180 Stone bund construction Km 272.88 74.48 158 36 541 250 135,340 Micro-basin development No 40000 40000 116925 12543 209,468 1 41,894 Water ways construction Km 46.83 41.82 23.5 112 800 89,720 Pitting No 574580 202146 776,726 1 51,782 Fanyaju construction km 67.4 67.41 135 250 33,703 Seedling planting No 598417 56674 655,091 1 13,102 Gully vegetation km 11.5 12 500 5,750 Compost pit construction No 196 1753 1,949 10 19,490 Irrigation canal construction Km 10 3 13 1,200 15,600 Irrigation site fencing Km 1 1 - Rural infrastructure - - Road construction Km 170.5 84.11 106.81 31 392 3,000 1,177,260 Road maintenance Km 283.7 92.28 966.31 91.1 1,433 500 716,695 Social service facilities - - School fencing No 32.58 17 50 1,500 74,370 School maintenance No 13 56.9 13 83 2,249 186,442 Class room construction No 7 32.5 20 60 1,300 77,350 Private latrine construction No 126 15 141 400 56,400 Public latrine construction No 13.89 14 28 2,640 73,630 Garbage pit construction No 74 74 40 2,960 Health edu hall construction No 1 1 - Clinic fencing No 7 2 9 750 6,750 DA houses maintenance No 15 1 16 600 9,600 DA houses fencing No 9 3 12 500 6,000 DA house construction No 1 1 - Const. teachers residence 25 25 650 16,250 Maint. teachers residence No 21 10 31 325 10,075 Spring development No 3 6 9 1,200 10,800 Spring clearing and fencing No 3 3 - School office construction No 15.5 2 18 1,300 22,750 Desk construction No 404 454 858 6 5,148 PA office construction No 9 9 1,300 11,700 Pond maintenance No 46 31.89 0.83 2 81 3,435 277,273 Pond construction No 36 2.64 0.91 95 135 6,700 901,485 Hand-dug wells No 34 34 100 3,400 Overall achievement 55,043,787,571
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5. Integrated Food Security Programmes (1998-2005)
5.1. IFSP-I (1998-2001)
Capitalizing on the experiences and lessons grained through implementation of the above programmes, CISP implemented a one-year research oriented project entitled Strengthening Local Coping Mechanisms with Drought for Disaster Prevention. Based on the findings and recommendations of the latter, and the then ongoing EU-funded programme, CISP designed an integrated food security project (IFSP-I). IFSP-I was launched in September 1998 and implemented over 42 months including 18 months of no-cost extension. The project has accomplished the following major activities. Drilling and construction of 8 shallow-wells (two hand-dug and six machine drilled at Qersa) and one borehole at Fedis; Seven shallow wells developed and rehabilitated in Fedis and Qersa; Training of water committees on water management, WATSAN and hygiene education, cost recovery for operation and maintenance; Financial grant of €31,661 to OCSSCO for disbursement to poor rural and urban households in Babile and Qersa; Provision of 800 local goats to 400 households (women), including female-headed households; Construction of 3 new VTCs provided with power, training machines and tools; Distribution of 136 MT of seeds on credit to 13,000 drought affected farmers in Gursum, Babile, Fedis, Qersa and Gorogutu weredas; Construction of two seed-stores with a capacity of 150-200 quintals of seeds; Training of farmers on private nursery management, and establishment of 66 private nurseries; Training of paravets and provision of vet-drugs and equipment; Construction of 10 km of road (5.2 km in Babile and 4.8 km in Gursum); Development of small-scale irrigation scheme with command area of 35ha farm plots of 140 households (in Gorogutu);
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Production and promotion of 1,200 SANPLATS in 4 weredas (Babile, Fedis, Qersa and Gorogutu); Establishment and promotion of school-based nutrition and school nutrition clubs; Training of frontline health workers on health and nutrition; and Provision of 5 motorbikes.
a b
Picture 5. Partial View of One of the VTCs (a) –Gursum, and Promotion of SANPLANTS in Eddo Baso of Fedis (b)
OCSSCO The actual commencement of OCSSCO in the two weredas was January 2000 in Qersa and a year after (in 2001) in Babile. The commencement of the schemes was preceded by partnership agreements between CISP and OCSSCO in mid 1999. Since then, CISP has been assisting the company in building its operational capacities in terms office furniture and other logistics (transports). OCSSCO’s credit programmes focus on agricultural production activities (fattening, purchase of farm ox, seeds purchase, tractors rents, spate irrigation, and goat trades) and petty trade. The repayment rate was reported to be 100% for all years in the case of Babile and 98- 100% in the case of Qersa. The rural beneficiaries account to 93-95% and the remaining 5-7% are urban beneficiaries. The number of beneficiaries and amount of fund disbursed in the two weredas is shown in the following figure (Fig. 2 & 3).
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Fig 2. Beneficiaries of OCSSCO in Babile and Qersa Weredas, 2000-2004
1200 1094 1030 1000
Nubmer of Beneficiaries 800 685 Babile 600 511 Qersa 479
400 340 260 189 200
0 2000/2001 2001/2002 2002/2003 2003/2004 Year
Fig. 3. Loan Disbursement by OCSSCO in Babile and Qersa Weredas, 2000-2004
1200000
994300 1005600 1000000
800000 Cash Disbursed 657300 Babile 600000 517100 Qersa
379150 400000 304550
191900 200000 152850
0 2000/2001 2001/2002 2002/2003 2003/2004 Years
The Vocational Training Centres The initial plan was to rehabilitate the then existing 5 old VTCs, one at each wereda. However, taking into account the ramshackle state of the old VTCs, CISP decided to construct 3 new VTCs. The VTCs were constructed at Gursum, Babile and Qersa weredas. Due to lack of working capital and essential equipment, some of the VTC-graduates are not translating the skill
AMDATER CONSULTS 33 VolumeIIMainReport they gained into actions. Needless to mention, the local demand to absorb all the trainees’ engagement in their respective specialized skill is a standing bottle-neck to affect the initiative of the graduates. CISP, in collaboration with the Cooperative Promotion Office, have just finalized organizing these people into cooperatives2.
It was initially anticipated that the VTC trainees be provided with loan capital directly linking them with the OCSSCO. To overcome the low ceiling of loan and to enable the beneficiaries access minimum amount of loan for start-up of small businesses (woodwork, metal work, stitching, and weaving), and in line with the recommendations of the review held in July 2004, CISP is purchasing the most essential equipment for provision to the graduates organized in the legal cooperatives along with facilitating the linkage between the groups and OCSSCO for future credit delivery. By so doing, the project was expected to enable the trainees to create their own income source and improve their livelihood in sustainable manner, which is the underlining objective behind the two phases of IFSP interventions in general and that of the vocational skills trainings support component of the projects, in particular. For practical reasons, however, not all the trainees of the VTC were organized into cooperatives. Out of the total 160 graduates of the VTCs, 149 were reported to be members of one cooperative or another (93%). The graduates organized under cooperatives associations are looking forward receiving the promised materials from CISP.
2 In Gursum, legal certificate secured at the end of 2004
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b
Picture 6. VTC Training Underway at Qersa (a), and the VTC Graduates Producing Handcrafts of Local Demand at Woter of Qersa
Seeds Credit The seed programmes did not go beyond the primary beneficiaries. None of the seed credits were repaid due to various reasons. Two stores were constructed at Gursum and Fedis for storing seeds collected from beneficiaries until they are transferred to the associate beneficiaries in the revolving schemes. These stores are currently used to storage of equipment of the Office of Agriculture. The effort to establish private nurseries also did not move further. The beneficiaries found it was not profitable in view the demand in the localities and that they could not compete with the huge supply of the required seedlings with a highly subsided price by the government nurseries with the intention of promotion of the seedlings and encourage tree planting by the farmers.
Access Roads The rural access roads, 5.2 km in Gursum and 4.8 km in Babile, are still providing services. Regular maintenance works were reportedly done through EGS resources allocated at various times. The roads are currently active and short-haul trucks are coming to the areas to collected chat and transport it to the nearby towns. In Babile, right after the construction of the roads, Muschen fur Meschen has constructed a standard elementary school in Gambella kebele.
Goats Credit The repayment rate for goats credit provided during IFSP-I was far better than the previous programme. It ranges from 82% (Gorogutu) to 89% (Fedis). The remaining outstanding is either
35 VolumeIIMainReport due to death of the foundation-stock (3-4.5%) or that the beneficiaries left the area mainly for resettlement (6-6.5%). Hence, given all factors, the scheme was efficient in relative terms.
Irrigation Schemes Large part of the activities accomplished under the irrigation component was implemented towards the end of the programme due to delays as a consequence of restructuring of relevant government line department. When the programme went into its final action (procurement and instalment of generators and pump units), it was realized that the budget allocated for the purpose was far less than what was offered by suppliers. Revision of the budget and purchasing processes to long time and finalization of the activities was dragged to IFSP-II.
5.2. IFSP–II (2002-2005)
The rationale behind this programme was the need to finalize the pending previous activities and laying ground for sustainability. IFSP-II, as a consolidation phase to the IFSP-I, was in its final months of implementation when this evaluation was conducted. The programme has been reviewed in July 2004 and some of the planned activities during the project duration were cancelled to better utilize the budget for more pressing activities where impacts could be seen. The programme achievements thus far are: Capacity building for OCSSCO in Karamile and provision of regular loan services to 1,600 existing and new clients; Impact assessment of the micro-finance (MF) services delivery on households food security/income and poverty reduction; Project review meetings at zonal levels; Procurement and instalment of a standby pump and generator for Medda Telila Pump Irrigation Scheme; Support to strengthen Irrigation Water Users’ Association at Medda Telila Pump Irrigation Scheme; Support for OIDA through provision of design and study equipments; Farmers training on irrigation farm management practices; Provision of agricultural inputs for irrigation users;
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Improvement of Night Storage for Medda Telila scheme (on process); TOT for the VTCs; Provision of computers for zonal Education Office; Provision of technical training for DAs on goats management and forage development; Provision of forage seeds; Reviewing of the functioning of local goats credit and revolving fund for the vet-drugs; Support kids transfer of the goats delivered by IFSP-I; Refreshment training for paravets; Restructuring the existing water points management committees and the cost-recovery system at PA level (Water Board); Conduct water points management and operation and maintenance training to water points management committees and area mechanics; Training on WATSAN for water office experts; Production and promotion of 388 SANPLATS in 4 weredas (Babile, Fedis, Qersa and Gorogutu) Support the MIS of the water through the provision of data management equipment and training; Refreshment training on environmental health for 10 sanitarians working in CISP intervention weredas; Training for NPDPM policy and EGS planning and implementation, beneficiary targeting for DAs; Provision of computers and printers, and vehicles for DPPD and EWU; Establishment of meteorological stations and provision of meteorological equipment for wereda Agriculture Office; Training on shelf projects preparation in CISP intervention weredas ; Support to periodic food security assessment situation; PRA training for wereda stakeholders (LDs); and Supplies of 183 motorbikes to the intervention weredas.
3 9 motorbikes distributed, 9 purchased and ready for distribution when this assessment was conducted
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b
Picture 7. The Two Generators of Medda Telila Irrigation Scheme (a) and Irrigated Coffee Orchard at Erer of Gorogutu (b)
Programme Management and Extension The programme secured an extension of one-year due the considerable delay in commencement of the programme. As compared to the previous programmes, the overall implementation and management of IFSP-II was strong and smooth. The partnership with the government stakeholders and the beneficiary community was also cited as exemplary. During the study, it was found out that most of the accomplishments of the IFSP-II concentrated on the smoother handing over of the schemes developed during IFSP-I (and IFSP-II), establishing mechanisms for ensuring sustainability of functioning of the schemes.
Phasing Out Process The various trainings (including the refresher ones) provided to the stakeholders coupled with provisions of logistics to the respective line departments both at wereda and zone levels as well as provisions of inputs to the communities and training of the same were all geared to building the local capacity for further takeover of the activities and maintain their functionality after the phase out of the programmes. It was learned that the project has accomplished quasi-totality of its planned activities, utilized the corresponding budget. The only remaining activities are those which have already been offered for contractors (plastering of the irrigation water reservoir and that of CISP Office in Karamile), nearly 80% of which was completed when this assessment was made. With regard to vehicle procurement, after long negotiations, the zone has lately decided to cover the required duty for the purchase of one new vehicle. The process of purchase has just started the cost of which would have to be transferred to the supplier before the end of IFSP-II.
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Irrigation During this phase of the programme, apart from procurement and instalment of a standby pump and generator for Irrigation Scheme, other supports to strength the start-up of the schemes were provided. These included provision of training for farmers on irrigation management, provision and promotion of farm input, construction and furnishing of office for the Association, and printing of financial transaction vouchers.
Seeds Credit Due to the acute needs of the inputs, seeds were provided to large number of beneficiaries on individual based form of credit. This scheme was reported to be a complete failure in terms of its approach and intended objectives (revolving the seeds and establishment of the seed-stock within the community).
B. OTHER NGOS OPERATING IN THE ZONE
According to the information obtained from the ZDPPD, 10 international and local NGOs are operating in the Eastern Hararghe Zone with a total budget of 417,580,844 Birr for the period of 2002-2007. These NGOs include: CARE in Bedeno and Kurfachele; HCS in Qersa and Gorogutu; CISP in Gursum, Babile, Fedis, Qersa and Gorogutu; VOC/Ethiopia in Alemaya; SHDI in Alemaya; MFM in Babile; HUNDE NAGAYA in Metta and Kombolcha; PSI in Deder, Kombolcha, Alemaya, Metta, Kurfachele, and Gorogutu; OXFAM in Deder and Metta; and Save the Children in Golo Oda.
Most of these NGOs are implementing food security related development programmes, provision of potable water, family planning and HIV/AIDS interventions, child promotion, and post-
AMDATER CONSULTS 39 VolumeIIMainReport drought recovery activities. Theoretically, the NGOs are coordinated at zonal level through regular monitoring and experiences sharing activities as well as regular NGOs forums. However, due to the serious capacity limitation (especially in personnel) of the ZDPPD, the coordination meeting are not as frequent as expected. According to the zonal head of the DPPD, the NGOs meeting has been more emergency-oriented especially since the last one year. NGOs coordination meeting in Eastern Hararghe Zone used to be so frequent that it has been cited as model in the region. The Zonal DPPD understands and appreciates the importance of such forums, but it complains of serious shortage of staff to do so.
C. CAPACITY BUILDING
Trainings All programmes, including the relief EGS, enshrined in them one form of capacity building or another. A number of short-term training has been offered for relevant stakeholders, and selected community members to upgrade their technical know-how towards management of the asset created by the interventions. From all perspectives, quite significant efforts were made towards enhancing programme management capacities of the stakeholders for sustainability of the programme. The community, local government staff as well as CISP staff have benefited directly from the training and experience-sharing sessions (local and abroad) undertaken at different occasions.
Institutional Capacities From the institutional point of view, all infrastructures developed, including water supply facilities, warehouse facilities, education facilities (extension of rooms and staff residences of schools, and VTCs), agricultural facilities (seed stores) and supports given to enhance service delivery of MF (OCSSCO) are adding up to the capacity of the weredas in service provision. The institutional arrangements to enhance promotion of cooperatives, credit and saving arrangements for exploiting available income opportunities through the catalytic action of CISP was acknowledged to be very important.
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Logistics In terms of logistics, projects properties like vehicles, motorbikes, computers and accessories have been transferred to the respective sector offices at the termination of the respective projects. Furthermore, new equipment and supplies like vehicles, motorbikes, copier machines, duplication machines, surveying equipment for irrigation designing and data analysis, topo- mapping, computer with accessories, and farm tools/EGS tools were purchased and handed-over to the respective sector offices. In addition, procurement of geophysical (GIS) equipment was reported to be under process for provision to the water sector soon (Table 5).
Fuel, Lubricants and Cash Assistance Recently, the programme has supported fuel and oil for running of the boreholes for short durations in response to the request of the wereda. Whereas establishment of cost-recovery systems for such schemes have been reported time and again, on the contrary, provision of such support over-shadows sustainability of the schemes. It was also found out that CISP transferred cash to the weredas for supporting vehicle maintenance and running cost.
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Table 5. Materials Provided to Partner Offices for Capacity Enhancement, 1999-2005
Title Unit Qty Beneficiary Office Project Remark Double Cabin Toyota Pickup No 1 Zone Agriculture IFSP-I Used Single Cabin Toyota Pickup No 1 Zone Health IFSP-I Used Land Rover Station Wagon No 1 Zone Water IFSP-I Used Stationery Materials Lumpsum Zone Health IFSP-I Farm Tools, Utensils and Books Set Wereda Education IFSP-I 12 schools Nursery Materials Set Wereda Education IFSP-I 12 schools Health Education Materials Set Wereda Health IFSP-I VTC Equipment Set Wereda Education IFSP-I 3 VTC Spare Parts for Water Points Set Water Points IFSP-I Toolkits for pump attendants Set Zone Water IFSP-I Yahama Motorbikes No 2 Zone Agriculture IFSP-I Used Suzuki Motorbikes No 2 Zone Health IFSP-I Used Yahama Motorbikes No 3 Zone Water IFSP-I Used Suzuki Motorbikes No 5 Wereda RD EGS Used Desk top computer No 1 Zone Water IFSP-I Used DeskJet printer No 1 Zone Water IFSP-I Used Computers and accessories No 5 Wereda RD IFSP-II New Motor bikes No 184 Zone and wereda IFSP-II New Vehicles No 25 Zone IFSP-II New Photocopy machine No 3 Weredas RD IFSP-II New Duplicating Machines No 5 Wereda RD IFSP-II New Tools for VTC Graduates Set 116 Coop. Associations IFSP-II on process Stationery materials Set 5 Wereda RD IFSP-II Fuel for 9 boreholes for 2 months Barrels 18 Wereda water IFSP-II Motor oil for 8 Boreholes Gallons 16 Wereda water IFSP-II Maintenance of vehicles No 8 Wereda RD, ZDPPD IFSP-II New
D. METHODOLOGIES AND APPROACHES/PARTICIPATION OF STAKEHOLDERS
In design of the programmes, participation of zonal line departments was more apparent than that at weredas levels. In fact, when most of these programmes were designed, the wereda sector offices were even more constrained than they are today in all yardsticks of capacity and structures. Hence, zonal level structures were more powerful than wereda, and hence, partnership
4 Nine motorbikes have been distributed while the remaining 9 were ready for distribution when this assessment was conducted 5 The purchase of 1 vehicle is under process when this evaluation was conducted 6 Purchased and stored at CISP/Addis when this evaluation was conducted, to be transported soon
AMDATER CONSULTS 42 VolumeIIMainReport at zonal level was stronger than that at wereda levels. As it happened to be, CISP interventions were reported to be more participatory than that of any other NGOs operating in the zone.
Whilst all informants agree to their extensive involvements in the programme implementation, monitoring and planning of the recent development and emergency programmes, there seems understanding at the wereda levels that zonal level offices are more of competitive than complementing in terms of capacity supports to the weredas, and they perceive that they are more close to CISP than the weredas. In due course, the levels of partnership after the devolvement of government power to the wereda level was getting stronger with the weredas. This required repeated orientations over the mechanisms of involvement of the respective line departments.
CISP has deployed one expert (Wereda Coordinator) at each intervention wereda, stationed in the Rural Development premise, for follow-up of implementation of the activities and representing the CISP in any relevant forums at wereda level. For this purpose, it constructed small office in Fedis, Qersa and Gorogutu7 while it secured a room from the Rural Development in Gursum and Babile.
1. Community-Based Water Supply Schemes
The programmes were appraised following feasibility studies and needs assessments. Participation of the community in the programme was more or less passive; they contribute what they were requested for if it is within their capacity. The communities were consulted at project appraisal levels on gathering information and needs identification. The power of the community in decision and contribution of the community to the development of the schemes was less visible. What seems lacking was a strong body which takes the lead in organizing the community for water development activities. The perception of the community of the health education was weak.
7 The office at Gorogutu was under construction when this assessment was conducted
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The water supply programmes came into existence in response to the influx of refugees and returnees. As the result, they bear more or less an emergency nature and the people are not used to participations in its real sense. Of course, there was no rural water supply sector to be responsible for the schemes at that time. It was then worked with the urban water supply, which was represented by one person at wereda level. Under such situations, therefore, the office at wereda level was not in a position to expedite the required monitoring and supervision of the development activities. Even after establishment of rural water sector at wereda level, in such weredas as Gursum, the involvement of sector offices especially of the wereda Water Office is minimal as it was poorly staffed.
2. Promotion of Food Security and Economic Development
As in the cases of water supply programmes, feasibility study preceded the appraisal of the project. Line Departments (though not strong) were involved in identification of the priority needs and activities that bring quick benefits to the beneficiaries. The beneficiaries played more of a consultative type of participation.
Identification of beneficiaries for credit schemes were made by the kebele administrations with facilitation of the development agents. Beneficiaries who satisfy the preset criteria are screened at kebele level. As targeting mechanism was not strong enough, the kebele leaders and the kebele council reportedly do pre-screening which was followed by endorsement by the general meeting. Some biasness was reported in screening beneficiaries. As the system required collateral team-up of the beneficiaries, however, there was little room for occurrences of biasness.
3. EGS
Since EGS guidelines and NPDPM have been cascaded to the weredas through various means (mainly through CISP training), planning of annual relief requirement of any specific wereda is estimated based on the annual early warming indicators and crop/food security assessment. The EGS activities to be implemented against receipt of relief food is theoretically extracted from shelf-projects, which are rarely available. In most of the cases, annual work plans of the Offices
AMDATER CONSULTS 44 VolumeIIMainReport of Agriculture and Natural Resources Development are considered for EGS. In other cases, EGS activities are promptly identified when the relief resources are secured.
The general assumptions are that the government line departments are handling the implementation of the EGS activities and that CISP provides facilitation and backstopping. However, due to the scales of operations and limited frontline capacity, CISP had to fill the gaps by employing EGS facilitators from the beginning of each intervention to its end.
The involvement of the community in the EGS implementation and relief distribution seems more of consultative type rather than voicing in decisions-makings. This assessment found out the beneficiary-communities are instructed to work on pre-decided types of EGS activities by the kebele leaders.
Most of the time, supervision of the implementation of EGS activities were conducted regularly for the period of the relief food allocation as reports on EGS accomplishment remained a primary requirement to release the relief food for the beneficiaries. Once the intervention is over, follow-up and maintenance is theoretically the responsibility of the kebele administration (and the community) and the respective line departments. Practically, however, maintenance of the schemes comes into picture when other EGS resource is made available through the following cycle of relief intervention.
4. IFSPs
Though seemingly better than the earlier stages of the programmes of CISP in the area, administrative procedures of approval and signing of the programmes were by essence bureaucratic. Planning exercises were usually weak most probably due to the lack of the required expertise both in CISP and the line departments, especially at the earlier stages of the IFSPs.
Since recently, the participation of sector offices in the implementation of the respective components of the IFSPs and their knowledge of the entire process has become more apparent. This was due to the intensive push from the CISP, high frequency of monitoring and supervision
AMDATER CONSULTS 45 VolumeIIMainReport involving the sector offices, and various training exercises on project management and participatory approaches, both in-country and abroad.
However, the informants mentioned that they could practice only few of what they gained from the trainings, as they have no power on certain issues. The repeated restructuring of offices and turnover of the staff (transfer of one expert from an office of relevance to training into other irrelevant offices and positions to the training attended) also left the training unsuccessful in the eyes of some trainees.
The involvement of OIDA in the entire project cycle (project design, feasibility studies, monitoring and supervision of the whole construction process of the schemes), in development of bylaws and handing over to the community is judged to be the best in the actual sense of participation. The placement of the water reservoir/night storage and the standard of the structure are witnesses for the efforts put into it and the amount of expertise involved in the development of the scheme.
E. GENDER ASPECTS OF THE PROGRAMMES
In the intervention weredas, women are responsible for all kinds of household chores and backbreaking works (childcare, livestock management, cooking for the whole family, marketing of agricultural products etc.). Women (and children) are exclusively responsible for fetching of water. And yet, the best of households meals is reserved for male gender while they are busy only on seasonal agricultural operations. Furthermore, the power of decision on household properties is literally meant for male gender. Under such a situation, economically empowering female gender, though requires long way to go, is found to be commendable.
During implementation of the CISP programmes in Eastern Hararghe, efforts were made to mainstream activities to address women’s problems. Goat Credit services were exclusively meant for housewives and/or women heads of the households (both primary and associate groups). Oxen and other inputs credit encompasses both gender groups but the proportion of
AMDATER CONSULTS 46 VolumeIIMainReport women was very low (12% for oxen, 5-8% for other inputs). Of course, one of the criteria for targeting of beneficiaries for inputs was possession of farmland. This obviously limited the number of women to get benefit from the scheme as they are landless, in most cases. As reported by beneficiary women, the resources provided to them in any form are the only resources a woman can claim to takeaway with her in case the marriage breaks.
Moreover, about 13% of OCSSCO beneficiaries in Qersa and 14% in Babile were female borrowers. Development of water points obviously reduced the workloads for women and girls as they bear this responsibility in the family ‘division of labour’. Women constitute 15-25% of the water management committee of the water schemes.
F. GENERAL BENEFITS OF THE PROGRAMMES (IMPACTS)
Following the completion of the respective programmes (completed ones), final evaluation/impacts assessments have been conducted either by employing external consultant or through the traditional end-of-programme assessments executed by the team drawn from sector offices. All reports state of one type of benefit/impact or another that the beneficiaries gained as compared to non-beneficiaries of their status at the beginning of the programmes. However, some of the impacts seem short-lived and this evaluation mission could not verify the impacts across all beneficiaries as stated thereto. The sustaining impacts/benefits of which are still evident under the respective programmes are presented below.
1. Community Based Water Supply
From discussions with beneficiary communities, year-round potable water supply has had a phenomenal impact on every facet of life. For women, the developed water points have reduced the time spent straggling up and down slopes carrying water from between 2-4 hours per trip to between 20-30 minutes. With the time saved, women have been able to pay greater attention to the feeding and welfare of their families, to provide more assistance with family food production, and to generate supplementary income as a result of small production activities. With more time
AMDATER CONSULTS 47 VolumeIIMainReport available, parents are sending their children to school, including their girl children. The time saved collecting water has also a direct impact on farming activities of a family.
According to Zonal Water Bureau, the overall zonal access to clean water was raised by 3% due to the CISP water points. It was also reported that the overall access to water of the intervention weredas is far better than that of other weredas of the zone. Availability of clean water has also meant substantial health benefits for every person in the community, particularly for women and children. According to the zonal Health Office, having a clean water source has drastically reduced water related diseases such as dysentery (see Appendix 5 of Annex A). Having water close to the home has, in most cases, meant that women are collecting more water. This in turn means that women are able to attend personal hygiene and maintain a sanitary domestic environment.
The most tangible impacts of the wells are the reduction in the amount of time that women spend carrying water. Before wells were constructed women from every communities of the intervention weredas/kebele reported walking between two to three hours; sometimes also having to wait in line at the source for a trickle of contaminated water.
Before wells were constructed women usually collected water once a day or once every other day. Water sources were usually unprotected springs or rivers, used by both animals and humans. Some women described digging in the stream and waiting for hours for water to trickle into the hole (chirosh). However, after the development of the water points they can collect more amount of water whenever they needed it. This represents an increase in consumption from approximately on average of 20 litres per households per day, to more than 30 litres per day.
Regarding water supply in urban of Fugnan Bira (Gursum) and Babile town, the programmes upgraded existing pipeline, extended the existing system, developed additional distribution points. Potable water supply system of the towns during the dry season (December to March) was inadequate. To fill this gap CISP rehabilitated the Gallery at Gende Qalib of Gursum. This rehabilitation is supported with the installation of submersible pump, provision of generator, construction of generator house, rehabilitation of reservoir, and capacity building activities. The
AMDATER CONSULTS 48 VolumeIIMainReport rehabilitated gallery to supply more water to the previous spring supply system is not functional when this evaluation was conducted due to the drawdown of the groundwater table. The programme also expanded and improved water supply of Babile and scheme is functioning.
2. Promotion of Food Security and Economic Development for Babile
The final evaluation qualitatively reported of measurable impacts of the programmes to the beneficiaries in increasing crop production using the inputs and being able to feed their families, and being able to create their assets. Obviously, the goat credit encouraged control over resources by women, improved milk provision for the children and increased food security. Women beneficiaries of the dairy goat have been able to create and increase their income through sales of goats from the first kids at prices of 60-80 Birr on average. They have also been able to provide children from milk production, which also contributes to health and nutrition of the children. It was true that the beneficiaries were able to protect their assets from depletion and disposal due to the availability of the credit services. It was also true that, for some beneficiaries, these benefits were reported to have been eroded by the recurrent drought that occurred following the implementation of the programmes and unprecedented outbreak of diseases (Case Study 2).
Case Study 2. Goat and Oxen Credit, Babile Wro Fatuma, resident of Abdiboch kebele of Babile Ibrahim, is head of household. She has received 2 female goats against down payment of 20 Birr and 1 ox against down payment of 100 Birr. She has transferred 2 kids at the second kidding of the goats. At times, her goats reproduced and reach 10 in number. She slaughtered four goats and used for family consumption at various times, and sold one at 150 Birr. Five of the goats died of the disease outbreak and she transferred 1 as a gift.
She fattened the ox that she has received on credit and sold it at 1500 Birr. She used the income for covering the wedding cost of her son when he got married. She didn’t pay any single coin for the credit as she has never been asked by anyone to pay. She blames the government for not following up and failure for facilitating the credit repayment. She also reported that none of the oxen recipient in her group has paid the promised credit.
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During project lifetime, each beneficiary has received two foundation-stocks (local female goats) and have produced 200-300 ml of milk/day for about 3 months (earlier periods of lactation) from one mother goat and could feed their children. In addition, some beneficiaries could own 12 goats at one point, which were sold over time to meet the financial needs of the beneficiary household, especially of the women. The average income of the beneficiaries from sales of the goats was 30 Birr/month. For the successful beneficiaries the annual income from the goats was 500-600 Birr.
The programmes invested two goats of average price of 110 Birr each (220 Birr total). According to the available information only 53% of the goats were transferred to associate beneficiaries. The beneficiary informants could own 5-10 heads of goat at one time since the start of the programme to-date from the progeny of the foundation stocks, almost all informants possess at least 2 goats at present. The goats were sold at times of temporary critical needs of the households, transferred to others to satisfy social kinship of the society and/or to brides/bridegrooms on occasions of their marriage, and used for family consumption (meat and milk).
Case Study 3. Goat Credit, Gursum Wro Fozia Seid (22) is resident of Awbarre kebele of Gursum. She is uneducated, married and mother of 3 (the last baby is 2 months old). The main income for the household is sale of chat produced on their 0.25ha plot, intercropped with food crops (maize and sorghum) and sales of goats.
The total annual income of Fozia was 300-400 Birr before she has become beneficiary of the goat credit and 1000-1400 Birr at present. She has taken the first 2 mother-stocks in 2000. Between 2000 and 2004, the goat stock has reached 9. She has sold 7 of them at a total of 950 Birr.
She is currently moved to a small town where they constructed a CIS-roofed house, and engaged in petty-trading (kiosk). At present, she owns two descendant-goats of the credit. The milk of the goats (about 300 ml/day) is used for feeding of the children and used as ingredient for preparation of ‘hojja’.
She has transferred 6 months old female kids to her associate beneficiary during the second year of receipt of the animals. She reported of absence of proper follow-up from the government and that the group hasn’t held any meeting since long. As a result, the status of the initial group members and the associate beneficiaries is not known.
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3. EGS
Apparently, various institutions have been engaged in development and rehabilitation/relief interventions in the zone either before and/or during and/or after implementation of the relief interventions in question. The presence of various programmes in parallel, aiming at enhancing food security, requires understanding of the synergic effects/impacts that the programmes provide to the same beneficiaries.
The primary aim of the programmes was to save lives of the drought-stricken communities. Hence, addressing the short-term food shortage has been more prominent than the other objectives of the relief/EGS interventions. Given the nature and process of implementations (short period of implementation, short-lived impacts, etc), EGS achievements are not as prominent as it has been spoken of and reported under various impact assessment reports. Preservation of productive assets is most of the time unmet due to pervading delays in arrival and distribution of the relief food quite after the problem has severely affected the household possessions.
The positive impacts of the interventions at community level mainly relates to improved access to social services like access roads, schools, water supplies, etc. developed through the relief EGS. In some places, constructions and developments of access rural roads opened up the areas to motor transport and eased travel to market places. As the result, wereda administration and Rural Development have visited these kebeles for mobilization of the community for resettlement and planning of development works in the respective kebeles. Due to the rural access road so developed, it was reported that the frequency of visit by the extension workers has increased.
Another important benefit of the relief/EGS interventions in the intervention weredas is the change in dietary patterns. The major staple food commodity in Hararghe is sorghum while the food aid commodity is largely wheat. Anecdotal references inform that the introduction of wheat
AMDATER CONSULTS 51 VolumeIIMainReport into the area dates back to years of abundant relief supplies. Currently, wheat has become one of the small-cereals farming system and well marketed in the areas.
The SWC activities like hillside terraces and afforestation (enclosure) in Biqa kebele of Gorogutu, and stone-bunds in Balina kebele of Qersa, check-dams in Medda Oda kebele of Qersa, EGS ponds in Balina kebele of Qersa are among the few examples featuring EGS achievements in rehabilitating the environment in its actual sense.
The long-term impact of SWC structures developed through the relief resource (depends on proper maintenance), in rehabilitation of the productive capacity of the most eroded lands is also expected to be significant. Though in-depth study is required to evaluate the prospects of the accomplished activities (and lessons from the past similar works), there are some indication of benefits of some of these structures. The provision of the EGS working tools (to be used communally) is also reported to have improved the working capacity of the kebeles as the beneficiaries were using their own tools for implementation of EGS activities in the absence of such communal tools.
The CISP/EU EGS programmes, especially EGS-I, had significant cash components for institutional capacity building and logistic supports. In addition to the direct relief resources distribution to the immediate needy people, the programmes incorporated tools support and construction of Relief Food Outlets (RFOs) and training on different agendas of relevance. The role played by CISP in getting the NDPDM principles across the institutions and the community, its eventual application by the stakeholders was appreciated. The construction of the 4 RFOs of total capacities of 1,200-1,600 MT curbed the serious limitation of warehouses in the weredas and continues to be an asset to the weredas that is viewed as improved preparedness at wereda levels.
On the other hand, outputs of the EGS exhibit large technical shortcomings related to minimum level of community participation in the identification of activities, inadequate technical inputs, limited supervision, and lack of maintenance and management works after completion of a specific intervention. This demonstrates the limited capacity of the concerned line departments at
AMDATER CONSULTS 52 VolumeIIMainReport wereda levels especially at the earlier years of the interventions. Above all, ever-since EGS has been considered as a means for linking relief food assistance to long-term development activities, it has theoretically been attached to the offices of agriculture that has never had legal mandate for the purpose.
Some officials complain that the repeated drought and concomitant relief food distribution has resulted in development of food aid dependency by rural community. This refers to tendency of expectation and demanding continuous support, and less interest or refusal of working on their own land or for the communal possessions. The questions should be “do food recipients refuse working with the expectation to receive assistance while they have other alternatives? Is the relief food aid something to count on for the recipients to feed their family for a year?” In the case of CISP intervention weredas, though food aid constitutes certain proportion of the household income, it accounts for very small portion of annual requirement of the household. During this assessment, attention was paid into the issue, and informant receiving relief food is generally considered as undesirable unless forced by certain circumstances beyond their control.
4. IFSPs
In discussing the impacts of the IFSPs with women informants, local goats provision come at forefront. The beneficiaries could milk (on average) 200-400 ml/day for 2-3 months of lactation period of the goats. The milk is reportedly used for feeding children and as an ingredient for preparation of ‘hojja’, a popular hot-drink while chewing chat. Most of the scheme beneficiaries could own 8-18 goats from the two start-up female-goats at certain point in time, after transferring the kids to the second beneficiaries. For the successful beneficiaries, the annual income from the goats ranges from 8200 to 1000 Birr (Table 6), and of course, all informants of this scheme consider themselves of graduating from poor wealth category to middle-wealth category.
8 The income differs from one beneficiary to another as some beneficiaries started with one goat due to death of another one.
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Improved social values in terms of slaughtering goats at holidays, transfer of animals to newly married bride/bridegroom, gift to close relatives were unnoticeable but salient benefits of the goats’ credits to the beneficiaries. All informants also speak of spreading the manures of the goats over their farmyard for home gardening (organic fertilizing).
Case Study 4. Goat Credit, Qersa Wro Qarshi (30), resident of Soddu kebele of Qersa, received goats in 2000. Her total goat herd reached 18 from which she has transferred 2 to the associate beneficiaries, she slaughtered 3, sold 5 at a total value of 390 Birr, and 3 died. Currently she possesses 6 goats.
Wro Qarshi reported that she was seriously sick and admitted to hospital and she covered all medical expenses from sale of her goats. She mentioned that she could have died if these goats were not at home. She slaughtered 3 goats while she was recovering from the effect of the sickness. She regrets that the 3 goats died when she was away from home for seeking medical treatment; due to lack of proper management and follow-up of the herd.
As mentioned elsewhere in this reports, women have no or less control over household resources and it is the man/husband who is exclusively having a voice on household properties. When divorcing, the commonest traditional rule is that the wife has to go out leaving the properties behind. One of the apparent benefits of the goats credit schemes for the women was that in cases of divorce, which is quite common in rural community, the beneficiary women are entitled to trek their whole goats with them, and hence, empowering them. Cases where this situation reasoned rejoining of the husband and wife was reported in Fedis.
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Table 6. Utilization and Current Status of Goats Received by Sample Beneficiaries, 1998-2001
Cases/ Year of Goats Max. No Goats Total Goats Goats Goats Beneficiaries Wereda Receipt Transfer Attained Sold Price Died Slaughtered at Hand Fatuma Abrahim Babile 1998 2 10 1 150 5 4 0 Safia Mussa Babile 1998 2 6 1 100 3 0 0 Alima Hussen Babile 1998 2 20 12 660 2 0 3 Junda Mohamed Babile 1998 0 11 7 500 2 0 4 Fozia Seid Gursum 2000 2 9 7 950 0 0 2 Fatuma Mumed Gursum 2000 1 8 2 350 1 0 5 Asha Ibro Gursum 2000 2 8 4 980 0 2 Lafesa Musa Gursum 2000 2 7 3 200 0 3 Amina Ali Fedis 2000 2 10 5 350 0 0 3 Shame Ali Fedis 2000 2 10 4 350 0 0 3 Imebet Tsegaye Gorogutu 2000 2 6 3 240 1 0 09 Asha Bila Qersa 2000 2 10 3 260 2 0 3 Qarshi Yuya Qersa 2000 2 18 5 390 3 2 6 Kadija Junda Fedis 2001 2 12 7 680 2 0 5 Saddo Sule Gursum 2001 2 10 5 800 0 5 Indiya Adem Gorogutu 2001 2 13 5 1090 3 0 2 Asha Ibrahim Gorogutu 2001 2 12 3 600 3 0 5 Fatuma Umar Gorogutu 2001 2 10 2 220 3 0 3 Nasire Ibrahim Qersa 2001 2 15 4 360 1 3 6 Zahara Mohamed Qersa 2001 2 12 1 220 3 1 5 Mean 10.9 4.2 472.5 1.8 0.6 3.3
With the same token, the trained beneficiaries in various off-farm income generation activities have managed to earn additional incomes either working on their own small business (woodwork, metal work, weaving, sewing) or on (daily) contracts with others who have established workshops (metal work, woodwork). In most of the cases, the graduates go out for works to fill critical financial needs (gaps) of the household, earning annual income ranging from 300 to 1000 Birr, depending on the type of their engagements.
9 She converted the stock to sheep and has 4 sheep at hand now
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Case Study 5. VTC Graduate, Gursum Ato Abdi Umer Alisho (29) is resident of Awbarre kebele of Gursum. He is married and father of 4. He owns 0.5ha of land where he produces sorghum, maize and chat. He earns 500 Birr per annum from sale of chat. He produces maximum of 2 quintals of sorghum and maize in good production years which is mainly meant for home consumption.
Ato Abdi attended vocational training on woodwork in 2002. Since he graduated, he has been working on his own and/or in association with others. He produces buffets, fits windows and doors, and fixes CIS roofing. He charges about 200 Birr for buffet, 150 for doors, 60 for windows and 5 Birr per piece of iron sheet for his labour and skill. He managed to secure simple start-up working equipments by earning income this way. He is earning 700-1000 Birr annually since he has attended the training. He mentioned that this is significant income as compared to what he used to earn before attending the training. However, he feels that he is not working to his inspiration due to lack of some essential equipment for splitting, levelling, sawing, etc.
He mentioned that out of the 6 trainees of the vocational training in the kebele, only 2 of them have currently translated what they have gained from the training. Others went back to their usual engagement (farming) due to lack of working equipment/capital. He also reported that the graduates are organized into cooperatives and secured certificate very recently but still expecting equipment promised from the CISP.
The beneficiaries of OCSSCO are earning significant income using the credit services. The rural beneficiaries used the loan fund they receive from the scheme for purchases of farm oxen, fattening, fertilizers and seeds, and petty trading. In so doing, they reported of improving farm productivity and households income (Case Study 6 and 7). Moreover, the existence of OCSSCO in such areas where there is no bank services helped the beneficiaries to save money with it.
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Case Study 6. OCSSCO, Babile Ato Zaife Abrahim Abdulahi (30) is resident of Abdibuch, father of 1, owns 0.25ha of land. He produces mainly chat on this plot of land from which he earns 350- 800 Birr.
Ato Zaife was first registered and received cash credit of 800 Birr. He is engaged in petty trading and repaid the credit in 10 months time. Then he received another 800 Birr for the second time soon after paying the first, expanded his kiosk and repaid the credit in 10 months time. He finally received 2000 Birr in March 2005.
He mentioned that all members of the team completed payments and that there are no arrears. As the result of the business he is engaged in through the credit scheme, he talks of real improvement in his livelihood. He has constructed CIS roofed house from the income he gained from the business. He also mentioned all members of the group are doing well.
He complained of high tax imposition. He mentioned that this year he was told to pay 680 Birr (34% of the latest amount of cash he has received). He has appealed for reconsideration and the situation is pending decision.
Case Study 7. OCSSCO, Qersa Ato Beker Abdulahi is resident of Balina kebele of Qersa. He first received 1000 Birr in 2002. He purchased potato seed-tubers (150 Birr), onion seeds (200 Birr), fertilizers (350 Birr), and donkey (300 Birr). He produced the vegetables using fertilizers and harvested good yield. He sold potato at 800 Birr and onion at 1500 Birr.
He repaid the initial amounts and took the second round credit of 1500 Birr. He purchased potato seeds with 320 Birr, onion seeds with 200 Birr and fertilizer with 350 Birr. Again he harvested good yield and sold the vegetables even at better prices. He sold potato at 2000 Birr, and onion at 800 Birr. He repaid the second round credit in time and received another 1500 Birr in May 2005. As the result of the credit service he is able to own one cow, one heifer, and one donkey within 2 years (Picture on cover page). He also saved 300 Birr with the OCSSCO at interest rate of 4.5%.
The Medda Telila (Gorogutu) irrigation scheme is already considered as a model work for the zone. It has enable beneficiaries of the surrounding to produce at least twice a year. In conjunction with the development of the scheme, promotion of cash-crops (potato, onion, carrot, beet root, sugarcane) was undertaken, and the irrigation beneficiaries have started producing diversity of crops which enabled them earn from 4,000 Birr to 7,000 Birr from sale of harvest of
AMDATER CONSULTS 57 VolumeIIMainReport the irrigated crops. These beneficiaries also reported of improving the feeding style and quantity of feeding as the result of availability of the leftover from the market quality products (Case Study 8).
The total numbers of beneficiary from the scheme are 140 households having an average of 0.25ha, the total command area being 35ha. Out of the total beneficiaries, 99 households were organized into Irrigation Users’ Cooperatives and secured certificate of recognition in 2004. The benefits accessed as the result of being promoted to such legal status also deserves acknowledgement.
I sum, the beneficiaries of the Irrigation earned a total of 213,000 Birr; 96,000 Birr from sales of the first round harvest of irrigated vegetables 117,000 Birr from sales of irrigated chat and coffee. Before the development of the schemes, the same beneficiaries were reported to earn 13,000 Birr from sale of chat and coffee. Vegetables were introduced and promoted parallel with the development of the scheme.
Case Study 8. Medda Telila Irrigation Scheme, Gorogutu Ato Abdurazak Mohammed is beneficiary of Medda Telila Irrigation scheme. He produces coffee, chat, potato and sugarcane using irrigation and sorghum and maize during raining season. Before he became beneficiary of the scheme, he used to harvest 1 quintal of coffee and used to sell at maximum of 300 Birr per year for coffee, 60 Birr from chat, and 1500 Birr from sugarcane. After becoming scheme beneficiary, he sells coffee at 2000 Birr, chat at 670 Birr, potato at 3000 Birr, and sugarcane at 3000 Birr
The irrigation frequency varies from crop to crop; 3 times over the growing period (dry season) for coffee, 2 times for chat, and 5-7 times for vegetables. Ato Abdurazak is member of the Irrigation Water Users’ Association. Members of the Association are charged 40 Birr/hour and non-members are charged 45 Birr/hour of using the irrigation water. In total, he irrigated his field for 13 hours over the last irrigation season and paid 520 Birr for service charge of the scheme while he earned a gross income of 8,670 Birr only from the irrigated field.
Beneficiaries of the various training reported that they have translated the knowledge they gained from the training and were able to better plan activities, monitor and report the fieldworks to a better standard than they used to do. For instance, following the trainings on Project Planning
AMDATER CONSULTS 58 VolumeIIMainReport and Project Cycle Management (PCM), the weredas were able to prepare shelf-projects for three years (2005-2007) for EGS implementation. This was considered to be a breakthrough for the weredas as they have never had such type of comprehensive planning. This also enabled the weredas to provide readily prepared programmes for the ongoing Safety Net programmes under implementation in the respective weredas.
G. EFFECTIVENESS OF THE PROGRAMMES
In general terms, most of the project activities were effective in addressing the intended results and reinforcing the programme objectives. Such achievements as increase in income through credit services, improved access to clean water, solving occasional food gaps through relief food, increase in agricultural production and productivity, improved access of some remote rural kebeles for motor transport due to the rural roads, and improved implementation capacities of the stakeholders who have received various inputs and trainings under the capacity building initiatives are phenomenal attainment of the objectives.
Such factors as strategy of project which gave due attention for the participation of all stakeholders, smooth working relationship and collaboration, decentralized planning, linkage with pertinent structures, building of the community capacity, etc have enhanced the effectiveness of the project and the efficiency with which it has been executed. Redefining the activities and the budget in response to the external factors and prevailing needs of the target community and that of the government sector offices featured the general flexibility of the programmes that led to programme achievements.
The perception of the stakeholders on the efficiency and effectiveness of the CISP implemented programmes was quite unanimous. All ranked it first as compared to other NGOs (unnamed) operating in the zone. The most profound cases in the of CISP programmes were reported to be transparency of office, frequency of monitoring and trainings, close working relationship, and empowerment of the respective line departments in their respective sectors in the programmes.
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1. Community Based Water Supply
In general, in all of the weredas, it was witnessed that the project had implemented activities in conformity with the interest and priorities of the targeted communities and with plans and priorities of the counterpart government offices. This was possible due to the fact that planning and implementation of the project was reportedly accomplished with adequate involvement of stakeholders. Without saying, the target groups have benefited from the project outputs. In some areas, mismatching of the water requirement and the number of users was observed as the result of lack of other water points in the surrounding as well as increase in the number of people year after year.
2. Promotion of Food Security and Economic Development for Babile
The programme was effective in disbursement of the inputs (physical) to the needy beneficiaries of the time. The inputs were reported to be largely used for the intended purpose. In view of the beneficiaries, goats provision has been somehow effective in addressing parts of the problems of the beneficiary-women. As it was the first of its kind in the area, it served as a learning process for the subsequent programmes.
However, it was mentioned time and again that monitoring and follow-up of the provisions was so weak that the informants complained of the ‘government’ for denying due attention and facilitation of the repayment of the inputs provided to the beneficiaries. Above all, there was no formal mechanism strong enough for inputs provision on loan basis and most of the development actors were doing on their own ways, with weak vertical and horizontal linkages. As a consequence, the effectiveness and efficiency of this generation of the programmes was affected to a certain extent.
3. EGS
The earlier generations of EGS programmes were considered highly effective both in terms of meeting the temporary food needs of the beneficiaries and development of sustainable assets
AMDATER CONSULTS 60 VolumeIIMainReport like the (RFO). These structures curbed the serious shortage of the warehouse in the four weredas and are usually occupied with grains for the relief and/or for other development purposes (Safety Net, for instance). The interventions were also viewed as effective in light of meeting the primary objectives set out in the programme planning (filling the temporary food gap while at the same time engaging the beneficiaries in local development work).
At times, short delays in mobilization of resources to the final destination were encountered resulting in extension of distribution periods beyond the initially planned periods. This also brought about unnecessary negotiation with the DPPC and the line departments to temporarily settle down the tension due to the people affected by the food crisis.
4. IFSPs
The overall implementation efficiency and effectiveness of the projects were strong in terms of organization and management. There was strong horizontal and vertical linkage with regard to working relationship, and facilitation of the projects. The role of CISP is generally provision of technical support/backstopping and facilitation of different stakeholders and through the existing government structures so as to make it more cost-effective which is viewed as important procedure for sustainability of the achievements after withdrawal of CISP. However, the timeliness was highly influenced by the bureaucratic legacy in the area, and the very frequent turnover of officials.
H. SUSTAINABILITY OF THE ACHIEVEMENTS
In any development programme, the achievements are considered efficient and cost-effective if only they last long and mechanisms are in place for their sustainability and trickle-down effects. In spite of the aspiration and efforts that exist at all levels of rural development protagonists, the issue of sustainability always remains a challenge to development achievements and requires careful handling. The major challenge is creating sense of ownership of the development initiatives so as to see it working for reasonably long duration of time. Timing of workable entry
AMDATER CONSULTS 61 VolumeIIMainReport as well as phasing out strategies, and the strategy itself matters to ensure smooth handing-over of achievements and long-term functionality of any scheme.
For the programmes under discussion, CISP has followed the approach of working with the existing government structures starting from problem identification, prioritizing, technical supervision and direct implementation with the communities. The communities are expected to provide one form of contribution (labour) or another (cash), but largely labour. Even then, keeping the functionality of the systems for reasonable time remained a core issue across all programmes for which huge efforts were made.
Whilst some schemes are still functioning even after more than 8 years of their development, some others were short-lived for both technical and management limitations. All the programmes were designed and implemented under the framework of national sectoral policies and donors area of focus. This could have served as a fertile ground for sustaining at least large part of the achievements. On the contrary, the roles and responsibilities of the stakeholders after taking-over the activities at completion were not discharged to the expected level, as well as frequency of drought occurrences is viewed as the limiting factor for sustainability of certain achievements.
1. Community Based Water Supply
Protection of schemes, keeping the premises free of contaminations, proper water management committees and water users charge are systems in place at almost all of the visited schemes. The beneficiaries are aware of the need to keep the well environment free of contamination-by keeping animals away from the well enclosure, prohibiting the cleaning of clothes, water pots on the well apron, and restricting the grazing and watering of animals in areas adjacent to the water point. In most of the cases the water points are well protected with fencing. The number of water schemes protected by fencing and guards ranges from 50-100% (50% in Gusum, 67% in Babile, 100% in Fedis and 100% in Qersa). In other cases, the fencing is more of nominal, and animals could simply reach pumping poles to cause any damage to the pumps. Children are generally assumed as one of the factors for pump deterioration and breakage. Children who have not come of age perceive pumps as playing things and when they continually and carelessly stroke the
AMDATER CONSULTS 62 VolumeIIMainReport handle they contribute to the destruction of the apparatus. In general, 35 (75%) of the visited 53 hand pumps (shallow wells and hand-dug wells) and 4 (80%) of the visited 5 boreholes are currently functioning. (Table 7).
Table 7. Summary of Functional and Non-functional Water Points Developed and/or Rehabilitated in the Intervention Weredas No Wereda Water Point Sampled Percent Type Number Functional Non-functional 1 Gursum HDW/SW 22 59.1 40.9 Boreholes 1 0 100 2 Babile HDW/SW 16 43.75 56.25 Boreholes 2 100 0 3 Fedis HDW/SW 2 100 0 Boreholes 2 50 50 4 Kersa HDW/SW 13 100 0 Boreholes Na Total HDW/SW 53 75.71 24.29 Boreholes 5 80.00 20.00
b
a
Picture . Children of ages 5-12 years are fetching water at Kitto kebele of Babile (a) and unprotected scheme at Qore of Gursum (b)
In general, the absence of follow-up and timely maintenance by concerned bodies either from governmental or any individuals attributed as a factor for breakage of the unfucntional structures.
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Most schemes have started charging water fees to cover wages of guards and costs of spare parts. Monthly fees for water charge for domestic use ranges from 0.50 Birr to 1.50 Birr/month/household. The water charge at the boreholes is 0.25 Birr for a 20 litre. With water points where there is guarding arrangements, water collection time is fixed mainly in the mornings and afternoons. Some schemes have even fixed duration of water collection (about four-hours) both in the morning and afternoon. The monthly salary of the guards ranges from 50 Birr to 150 Birr. At some water points, the payment is in kind which is 3-4 quintals of sorghum per annum (Case Study 9, 10, and 11).
Case Study 9. WUC, Yadeta Lencha (Qersa) The water users association is strong and they are performing as per their initial trainings in collecting water fees from the beneficiaries at a rate of 1 Birr/month/household, and from non-beneficiaries (those people coming from distant place due to water shortage) the water fee is 0.10 Birr for 20 litre. The beneficiaries of this water point are also paying a monthly salary ranging from 50 Birr (during rainy season) to 100 Birr (during dry season) per month.
Case Study 10. Water Point, Derer Arba (Babile) Water committees are active during the dry season only when water is scarce. Beneficiaries in this area are using water from the hand-pump scheme only for drinking purpose due to less discharge rate of the well. For other home use, they fetch water from the nearby pond developed by CARE and CISP EGS programme. These communities are paying water fee for the water from the pond for guarding as well. The guard is protecting the water from any sources of contamination such as cattle, improper fetching etc and it is fenced as well. During the dry season, the beneficiaries properly de-silt the pond.
The payment ranges from 5 to 10 Birr/yea/ household. The total beneficiaries are around 100. The payment is also effected in kind mainly 20-25 kg of sorghum per households in good year of rainfall (harvest).
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Case Study 11. Melka Borehole, Fedis The WUC and WUF at Melka borehole are far better. The beneficiaries of the borehole have deposited around 6000 Birr at commercial bank of Ethiopia, Harar. Water fee is also charged for livestock (1 Birr/head/month) exempting donkeys. The communities have trained area mechanics and generator guard for which they pay 100 Birr/month during dry season. During rainy season (due to reduction in the income), the guard of the generator has to work as mechanic too against additional remuneration of 50 Birr per month.
In view of the total initial investment cost for each of the water points, with a minimum assumptions, almost all of the water points in Babile and Gursum have recovered the cost through collection of water users’ fee. In areas where management of the water points is strong, theoretically, significant amount of money should have been saved, covering running costs (Table 8 and 9).
Table 8 Water Point Development Cost
Developed Initial Investment Design Potable Water Type cost(Birr) Period Hand Dug Well 24,000 10 Year Shallow Well 75,000 11 Year Borehole 332000 15 Year Digging 230,000 50m3 Tanker 69,000 One Water Point 12,000 Cattle Trough 21,000 Source: East Hararghe Water Resources Development Bureau
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Table 9. Estimation of Cost Recovery Analysis of Hand-Dug Wells
Average Total Volume Developed Water Water Total Number of of Water Water Fee to Design10 Total Revenue Potable Water Tariff Abstraction/ Household Abstracted per be Collected Per Period Until Woreda Type 1m3 (Birr) Household Using the Scheme Year (litre) Year Years Design Period Gursum Hand Dug Well 1.25 58 417 8827890 11034.86 10 110348.63 Babile Hand Dug Well 1.25 80 339 9898800 12373.50 10 123735.00 Fedis Hand Dug Well 1.25 40 363 5299800 6624.75 10 66247.50 Kersa Hand Dug Well 1.25 33 128 1541760 1927.20 10 19272.00 Average 52.75 311.75 6392062.5 7990.08 10 79900.78 Assumption 1.25 20 250 1825000 2281.25 10 22812.50 Babile * 1.25 20 250 1825000 2281.25 4.8 10,950 Babile* un-functional water point
Regarding the SANPLAT, it was observed that those beneficiaries who received SANPLAT during IFSP-I reported of filling of the latrines and re-building with and/or without SANPLAT especially at highland weredas (Gorogutu, and Kersa). In lowland weredas (Gursum and Babile), SANPLAT was abandoned ascribed to termite damage to the wooden support. The role played by health extension agent in creating awareness and eventual promotion of the SANPLATs to the beneficiaries in the highland weredas was more apparent than it was in the lowland weredas. In general, however, it requires more work to popularize and ensure widespread uses of the structures by the community.
2. Promotion of Food Security and Economic Development for Babile
The goats credit to women were more or less sustainable in a sense that the beneficiaries who managed to maintain their stock could reproduce them, used the goats to cover critical financial needs of the family. Some beneficiaries have at least two descendants (goats) from the 1998 provisions. The total proportion of beneficiaries of this kind was not known as no follow-up was made to track the beneficiaries’ status. But this was an indication for the potential of the venture provided that appropriate capacities and mechanisms were put in place for stern follow-up. Some other beneficiaries lost their foundation stock to the disease outbreak immediately following the receipt of the goats.
10 Design period refers to the estimated duration of service under normal conditions
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3. EGS
The primary objective in EGS is provision of food resources to the vulnerable household through engaging them in some form of development works. As it has been reported in previous sections of this report, conditions required food delivery to the weredas more than what the real development works accommodate. As a result, significant man-days have been utilized for the same activities in the names of maintenance. Other activities are just short-lived by their very nature. Due to the recent move by the regional government on conservation of natural resources and reclamation of degraded lands, the sustainability of certain activities on soil and water conservation are quite evident. Obviously, a number of social service infrastructures (schools, staff residence, clinics, springs, ponds etc.) were developed or maintained through EGS resources, no question about their sustained uses until their natural lifetime.
Off all the EGS achievements, the four RFOs constructed at the four weredas are having more profound services in view of the shortage of warehouses in the respective weredas and in light of the size of food/grain resources coming to the weredas every year. Currently, the RFOs are under very good condition and used for storing the grain for the ongoing Safety Net programmes as well as relief food resources.
4. IFSPs
In the IFSPs, institutional arrangements were stronger than the previous programmes. Sector policies were more scrutinized over time and the devolvement of decision-making power to the wereda gave opportunities for local structures for sector focused capacity building initiatives of the programmes. The trainings offered at various occasions have created relatively better awareness on the project management both by the government personnel and the beneficiary community. Involvement of the community (consultation) in programmes identification and implementation, consideration of local contexts in provision of inputs were potential factors for sustainability of the achievements. And yet, the study found out that there are certain gaps in
AMDATER CONSULTS 67 VolumeIIMainReport information flows from the programmes to the beneficiaries and inadequate supervision of the provisions including goat credits and inputs (seeds).
The decisions and efforts to promote the saving and credit groups, established here and there, into legal cooperatives (and the achievements thus far) are steps that ensure access of the members to formal financial institutions for sustained business that can bring measurable impacts on the households food security. To that end, irrigation beneficiaries, VTC graduates and some members of the goat credits groups were organized into cooperative associations, bylaws developed and the schemes handed over to the beneficiaries.
The support provided to the OCCSCO has created access of the rural people to credit services enabling them engage in minute businesses of their interests. The existence of the MF scheme in the area enhanced saving tradition of the beneficiaries.
I. CONSISTENCE WITH GOVERNMENT AND DONOR’S POLICIES AND FOCUSES
In the policy discourse, the need to move away from repeated emergency food aid distributions and to find ways of tackling the long-term causes of food insecurity in the country has been widely acknowledged. Recently, the country has formulated food security, and sustainable rural development and poverty reduction strategies wherein agricultural development is viewed as an engine for industrial development and economic growth, were heralded as guiding documents for related interventions. These strategies articulate development and diversification of agriculture, mainly, development of irrigation to reduce dependency on rain-fed agriculture, livestock development, agro-forestry and natural resources development, resettlement of farmers from unproductive to more productive areas, and development of marketing systems. Development of basic social services including health services, education and training, road development, and private sectors development are also set forth in the rural development strategies.
Under the auspices of the federal policies and strategies framework, the Oromia National Regional State (ONRS) has enacted regional strategies and directives to assist the course of
AMDATER CONSULTS 68 VolumeIIMainReport implementation of the development programmes geared to poverty reduction and food self- sufficiency.
It was found out that the programmes have generally contributed to the overall development as well as reduction of food insecurity and poverty in the five weredas. In general, the programmes were found to be relevant and appropriate as the undertakings were in line with the existing government policies, focusing on drought-prone areas, enhancing food security, building the resource base of the community and partner government institutions. The programmes were also consistent with the areas of focuses of the EC, Operation in Support of Food Security (Title II, Article 5 of Council Regulation No. 1292/96).
J. SWOT ANALYSIS FOR THE SCHEMES
During the course of gathering information for this study, government informants were given opportunity to list any strength, weakness, opportunity, and threats that they identified during course of implementation of the programmes.
1. Strengths Participatory approaches and involvement of relevant stakeholders in the planning and implementation of the programmes; Needs assessment studies before appraisal of the programmes and need-based intervention; Promotion of locally acceptable technologies; Existence of water management committee established right at the beginning of services of the schemes (WUC, Water Board, saving and credit groups and groups liability for credits – oxen, goats); Consideration of environmental health, and hygiene in the programmes; Consideration of gender in the programmes (provision of goat credit for women beneficiaries, cash credit of OCSSCO); Requirement for down payment for accessing the livestock credit (20 Birr for goats and 100 Birr for oxen from each beneficiary);
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Flexibility of the programmes in response to emerging needs; Introduction and promotion of different cash crops (vegetable types, and their adoption by many households (crop diversification)); and Transparency in financial allocations especially for the recent programmes (each government sector office is aware of the amount and expenditure status of the funds allocated to the respective sectors).
2. Weaknesses
At some water points, in spite of the existence of the WUC, there is no collection of WUF on regular basis; Weak follow-up of the schemes from the sector offices due to limitation in capacity (shortage of staff, quick turnover of staff, poor logistics) especially after handing over of the schemes; Most of the established water points lacks cattle-trough where the need is observed from the beneficiaries preparing hand dug structure at the drain collection point and watering their livestock with big open Jeri Cans; Weak in compilation of information on achievements in respect of each phase of the programmes at wereda as well as zonal levels; and Slow purchasing process of the required equipment for VTC graduate by CISP;. The ongoing programmes utilized one station wagon Land Rover purchased during IFSP-I and another rented vehicle (two in some cases) for implementation of its activities. With simple calculation, the amount of fund that goes into renting of the vehicle could have nearly covered purchase of one new vehicle.
3. Opportunities
Proximity of the weredas to urban centres and ready market for agricultural products; Relatively development-oriented community, and the entrepreneurial character/experience of the community; Well developed culture of the community in the use of irrigation for growing cash crops; Opportunity of promoting the small credit groups to the legal cooperative levels;
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Existence of conducive sectoral policies; Long experience of CISP in the areas and good working relations with stakeholders; Willingness of the communities and their kebele administration leaders to participate in development activities especially on those projects aimed to solve their prioritized problems like potable water supply; and Ease of rearing of goats and experience of the rural women in doing the business.
4. Threats
Absence of qualified personnel at wereda water desk and limited assistance for the beneficiaries and limited compilations of information; Tendency of grabbing resource provided to the sector office to run the sector activities by some officials (motorbike of VTC, vehicle of water sector) – competitive rather than complementary nature of wereda offices on resources provided by CISP for capacity building; Increasing number of schemes users (population explosion) and its pressure on attaining food security as intended; Repeated restructuring of the governments and disengagement of stability among staff of the sector offices: OIDA annexed into Agriculture, Water Sector moved out of Rural Development and placed under Wereda Administration; Wereda water desks are under the wereda council on administrative structure whereas technically reporting to zonal water and mines bureau; Lack of consistency in credit provision across all NGOs: some NGOs provision of interest free inputs, others free handout of the relief resources; and Recurrence of droughts it potential effect on the functionality of schemes.
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K. LESSONS LEARNT (MISSING LINKS)
During the course of implementation of CISP/EU programmes in Eastern Hararghe Zone over the last 10 years, a number of learning points were identified. The major ones are presented below.
1. In spites various feasibility studies and rapid need assessments conducted during appraisal of the programmes, baseline information of food security at household level, to serve as a benchmark for assessment of comparative benefits/disbenefits of the programmes, is inadequate. Filing and bookkeeping of the beneficiaries were also found to be weak. During this assessment, especially at Babile and Gursum, files of old beneficiaries were tressed, but with great difficulties due to misplacements of the documents during reshuffling of offices. Cognizant of this shortfall, CISP has initiated detailed study to establish such information on the livelihood for the newly approved project.
2. On water points protection, the involvement of kebele administration in association with the WUC has a positive contribution on its sustainability and safeguarding even on collection of water fees. Restructuring the existing village level Water Point Management Committee (WPMCs) of each sites to Water Board at KA level through election of committee members from each WPMCs is taken up for effective water schemes management. The establishment Water Board at KA level will help the communities integration on mutual benefits/activities as well as shares of responsibilities and accountabilities of managing common resources.
3. In its true sense, dairy goat implies improved breed of high milk producing types like Anglo- Nubian breeds. The goats provided to the women beneficiaries of the programmes were all local breeds of low milk production. Some beneficiaries have fresh memories of the improved breed promotion through the FARM Africa programmes in Gursum and regret of the interruption of the buck stations and the need to reinitiate such buck stations to have improved milk yield of the local breeds. For practical reasons (management problems), buck station is deferred until appropriate system exists. In his research finding, Workneh (2000) of
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FARM Africa found out that establishment of buck station at farm levels is not economical and not cost-effective for the farmers.
4. At the initial phases of food security programmes, saving and credit groups were organized through the Cooperative Promotion Section of Office of Agriculture, which was later on detached and promoted to independent office level. The Office of Agriculture continued organizing saving and credit groups as it was cosignatory of the programmes. The Cooperative Promotion Office has been working to promote the saving and credit groups into Multi-Purpose Cooperatives and/or Union so as to enable them access credit on their own and further engage in profitable business. The saving and credit groups established by the Office of Agriculture, after the Cooperative Promotion Section was detached, were more or less neglected by the Cooperative Promotion Office with a pretext that the previous beneficiary files are not handed over to them. Anyways, getting the beneficiaries of saving and credit groups (oxen, goat, seed and fertilizer beneficiaries) organized into such legal entity is a standing lesson for development through such schemes.
5. Inputs provision on revolving fund basis is effective only under the existence of formal groups like cooperatives associations and/or saving and credit groups of group-liability. Even then, when large number of beneficiaries residing in various kebeles/localities distant from one another is involved, it overstretched the already limited monitoring and supervision capacity and revolving of the fund becomes complicated.
6. Lack of detailed feasibility studies preceding some of the programmes like Promotion of Food Security, IFSP I, as well as lack of ex-post evaluation by independent consultants for the same programmes and some EGS programmes are missing links between one phase of intervention to another. The time interval between submittal of proposals and donor’s approvals, quick staff turn-over and frequent restructuring were reported as stumbling-block for fast take off and tracking of the programmes. These situation further necessitated frequent reviews and re-planning of some major activities and high frequencies of request for extension of projects duration more than the initially envisaged period of implementation.
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7. All in one, implementation and follow-up of the development schemes of any kind by the relevant co-signing line department was not as enthusiastic as it is spoken of at the signing of the projects. In most of the cases, follow-up of such programmes dramatically drops in intensity following the completion and handing over of the schemes. This also necessitated re-defining of the responsibilities and continuous capacity building works for all relevant sector offices. It is dubious that such shortcomings are solved only with inputs of an NGO whose existence in the areas is time-framed and budget-limited.
L. EXTERNAL FACTORS
The potential threats mentioned under Section J.4 above have somehow exerted their influences on the smooth implementation of the programmes, and may remain to do so. The major external factors that affected the programme or interplayed to do so, identified during this study, are presented below.
1. The occurrence of the latest food crisis across the country in general and in these weredas in particular coincided with implementation stage of the respective programmes, and had its own negative impact on the pace of the program implementation. Structural deficit and recurrence of droughts in the intervention weredas remained a challenge for timely accomplishment of all programmes.
2. CISP and LDs informants perceived of expectation of free handouts of relief resources at the earlier stages, as most of the beneficiaries were returnees from Somalia and Djibouti who were used to receiving free handouts for long period, having a profound bearing on the effectiveness of the inputs planned in the form of credit/revolving systems. One has to acknowledge that inconsistence of working procedures among different NGOs remained a persistent constraint across implementation of all programmes including the recent ones. Free provision of farm inputs by the UNHCR to the returnee and oxen by other NGOs in adjacent weredas has negatively affected the repayment of the credits. Furthermore, lack of regular quarterly/biannual monitoring and coordination meeting by the ZDPPD and relevant
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desks limited share of experiences of the NGOs and other development organizations operating in the zone.
3. Due to more priorities and attentions for other activities that are implemented through the government, follow-up and backstopping from the wereda stakeholders, was inadequate. During implementation of the earlier programmes, limited understanding of the line departments’ staff on procedures and regulation of establishment of credit and saving groups was encountered and took sometimes to create common understanding.
4. In spite of detailed studies by experienced personnel on groundwater availability, unexpected geological and geophysical formations at some sites where boreholes were drilled yielded poor water discharged, and hence, costed the programmes in terms of finance, time, and energy.
5. Preparedness, planning and implementation of sound EGS activities, in its true meaning, that can contribute to future development of the localities satisfying watershed management principles for environmental protection was lacking. On top of that, the low level of interest of the community to participate on the EGS activities (the community could not identify immediate benefits of some EGS activities) somehow affected the quality and sustainability of some structures developed through EGS.
6. Technical constraints in the initial design of irrigation schemes including timely implementation of the structures, lack of clear strategy on the sustainability and phasing out of goat credit schemes and veterinary drug revolving fund, lack of strategy to addressing the required working capital/equipments for skills training graduates were also identified bottlenecks.
7. Absence of government body as such to takeover the livestock credit schemes and run after CISP pulls off (finalized); the cooperatives promotion office was not fully established at wereda level then. Seemingly for the same reason, the fund collected from the beneficiaries
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as a down payment11 has been kept in a bank without providing any service to the beneficiaries for long years.
8. Though attempts were made to make the project planned activities more realistic, all partner agencies were ambitious to see their specific activities to appear in the project. This was followed by lengthy negotiation process and delays in the Implementation Agreement after approval of the project by the donor. Consequently, the project was subject to frequent revisions and amendments.
9. Absence of any formal mechanism or experience in the rural areas for recovering the revolving fund inputs (seeds, initial oxen credit, initial goats credits, fertilizers) resulted in poor repayment rates of the inputs provided through credit schemes.
11 BIRR 2000 from 100 goat beneficiaries and 16700 from 167 oxen beneficiaries
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III. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
From the discussion made with all stakeholders at various levels and observations made at field level, the following conclusions and recommendations were drawn.
A. CONCLUSIONS
1. The water schemes have enabled thousands of households to have access to clean and safe water. This was materialized due to community participation through the established water committees, and building their capacities on effective water management. The level of benefit obtained by the beneficiaries were more than satisfactory. The per capita water consumption was found to be far better after the interventions. The water service charges that were enacted by functional scheme are good indicators of their sustainability.
2. The infrastructure of the protected water sources were found to have some technical shortcomings; they lack cattle-trough, drainage line is short and the washing basins are not functional due to their improper design (to high for women and children to use them).
3. During implementation of water supply programmes, rural water department was not available at wereda level. The urban water supply office was a proxy-partner in receiving assistances and the required materials at handing-over of the schemes. After the phase out of the programmes, the office was not in a position to (and not officially mandated to) provide the required backstopping for the developed schemes.
4. Faecal-borne diseases are the major disease in rural areas. Reducing the incidence of such diseases depends on three factors - water, sanitation and hygiene education. Of the three factors, sanitation is most commonly neglected, but without it, water and hygiene education have little or no impact at all. Seemingly with that understanding, CISP made efforts to bring WATSAN into action in the intervention weredas. The intervention on promotion of pit latrine especially at Gursum, Babile and Fedis weredas was not satisfactory due to the
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nature of the surrounding where termite problem was significant. In highland weredas (Gorogutu and Qersa), it is being gradually getting adopted but with very slow pace.
5. For the earlier interventions, working with the returnee populations who are used to receiving free handouts from different institutions was reported to be a serious challenge. The pressure from the natural situations in such structurally food insecure weredas has also affected active participation of the beneficiaries in the project cycle and failure to repay credits.
6. For some beneficiaries, the provision of livestock (oxen and goat) seems to have good impacts, which have lasting effects to-date. For others, the impact was too short-lived. Cases in point are that some oxen credit beneficiaries fattened the oxen and sold for covering some social rituals like wedding instead of replacing the stock and going for further efforts to graduate from poverty. Surprisingly, the old beneficiaries do not know the members of their groups, as they have never met ever since they have received the credit, let alone having the information on the present status of the scheme. Though attempts were made, adequate linkage/capacity of the credit groups to the relevant department (absence of such departments at the earlier stage of the programmes, especially of credits services) was minimal. Hence, professional and institutional supports expected from the stakeholders were reported to be inadequate. This was also a cause for high number of arrears of the goat credit in the earlier credit schemes. Some informant beneficiaries reported that they have never been requested to transfer the kids to the second (associate) beneficiaries though they have agreed to do so at the receipt of the credit, and they do not remember of having any bylaw.
The same scapegoat was mentioned for the failure of repayment of oxen and seeds credits. Repayment of goats was comparatively good as all beneficiaries were women, and that women are proved in many occasions to be more responsive to credits than their gender counterparts. The women perceive goats as simple to handle, easy to accommodate and goat credit is one of the most reliable and favourite types of credit for rural women as they
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are traditionally accustomed to rearing and managing them. The repayment is also simple. But the main problem with the goats is that disease outbreak mostly exterminates the mother goats (foundation-stock).
7. Effective implementation of EGS depends on a number of conditions such as availability of resources, effective targeting, planning and management capacities, technical expertise, and performance of all parties involved in the process. However, the EGS activities focused on short-term productive assets support under the mandate of the DPPC while the extent to which development objective relates to mandates of line departments12 at the lower levels was unclear. Line departments were not legally mandated to follow-up EGS projects and tend to view EGS as an additional burden. EGS planning is made through a ‘contingency plan’ which itself does not call for detailed plans to be drawn-up and the general quality of EGS implementation remains poor in most cases.
8. In response to the repeated shocks, available resources have been distributed through EGS and GR. Chronic and transitory food insecurity have interrelated effects on households’ livelihoods that further increase vulnerability to stress and shocks. EGS addresses one side of the problem – providing relief food (access to food), and attempting to address the short- term food shortage and implementation of schemes. IFSP addresses another side – enhancing food security through development-oriented activities. However, the missing link could be the rehabilitation (emergency) of household livelihoods affected by shocks in order to strengthen them which basically beyond the scope of supports of one NGO of another. There is a strong hope that the newly launched Safety Net programme will address part of this problem.
9. By essence, EGS activities are aimed at reducing vulnerability to food insecurity (in the long-run) in areas where they are implemented through SWC, reforestation, development of rural social infrastructures and environmental sanitations (long-term effects) against provision of relief food resources to fill the temporary food gap (short-term objectives).
12 Either Office of Agriculture or Natural Resources Development Office are responsible for most part of EGS activities
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Another short-term objective is to prevent depressed conversion of household assets13. However, sustainability of assets created/outputs, contribution to disaster resilience of the areas and environmental rehabilitation, and capabilities of schemes management bodies at all levels remained a concern. Since recently, the regional government has placed relatively good attention on prevention of further degradation of the natural resources and/or reclamation of the degraded land. This is a commendable move and some hilly areas in the Eastern Hararghe Zone are seen well protected and enclosed.
10. The decentralization process and restructuring of sector offices repeatedly has resulted in serious information gaps and confused accountabilities as in the case of water sector and OIDA. The water sector has been moved out of the Rural Development pool and currently placed under Administration. Similarly, the OIDA which was established very recently, has been annexed to the Rural Development. Coupled with the already dwindling capacities, the instability of the offices under a specific sector has its own bearing on transfer of information, and future sustainability of such activities.
11. The idea of establishing the revolving seeds system was brought into action in the absence of established mechanism or seed strategy (policy). The untimely distribution of seeds and delayed planting (about a month later than the normal planting) and coincidence of the programme with the 1999/2000 famine-year affected the payment of the seeds. According to Qersa informants, the community in the area is used to provisions of seeds in the name of credits/revolving fund which has never been recovered. The required follow-up and concern from the concerned government body was also reported to be weak. The Rural Development Office complained of lack of capacity and logistics (sacks insecticides, seed storage facilities) for failure in collection of seeds, which seems scapegoat. This situation and lessons from other similar actions and pilot programmes served as a learning point to focus on supporting promotion of groups, established here and there, into legal cooperatives before granting such inputs.
13 The beneficiaries complain that relief resources are usually too little and too late to avoid asset selling.
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Seed schemes in the preceding food security programme in Babile had better chance of repayment as even the limited attempts have yield certain repayments. Furthermore, when handling distributions of inputs to large number of beneficiaries like both FSED and IFSP, it attains emergency-feature. The large number of beneficiaries also complicated the repayment situations, overstretching the already limited local capacity. For these and other reasons, experience shows that, large-scale seed interventions have never come up as success stories.
In general, the issue of establishment of seed revolving scheme of the programmes under discussion can be safely said of unsuccessful. The seed stores constructed at Gursum and Fedis for seed revolving per se are currently used for storing other tools of the office of agriculture. In the absence of proper networking and strong linkage (extension systems, seed systems, traders and farmers), and of course, in the absence of any guideline and legal framework/mechanism, the provision of seeds, oxen and goat credits was the gap for failure of the schemes.
12. The efforts to establish private nurseries also remained in vain. According to the information obtained from CISP and sector offices, none of the beneficiaries could promote the scheme and all quitted it after the first year. The idea was to enable the selected beneficiaries produce seedlings of local demand (trees, vegetables and fruit), as one means of generating income. According to the then beneficiaries, local prices are too low to justify the business: most farmers get tree seedlings for free and/or for nominal charges from the nearby government nurseries as well as through development NGOs for the campaign of environmental rehabilitation (tree planting). If there were strong feasibility study, this scheme wouldn’t have been attempted from the beginning.
13. The performance of goat credit under IFSP-I was somehow better than the previous programmes. The beneficiaries are expected to settle a down payment of 10 Birr/head of goat they receive (mandatory). In principle the beneficiaries are also expected to save a defined amount of cash (5-10 Birr) to be able to use it whenever needed in the form of credit withdrawal. The associate groups are also required to pay the required initial
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instalment. In the weredas where bank service or OCSSCO is available (Gursum, Babile and Qersa), the beneficiaries selected three co-signatories and the fund is deposited in the bank. In other weredas like Fedis and Gorogutu, the initial instalment fund and the savings of the groups (intermittently saved) are in the hands of the groups’ chairpersons and/or DAs, and/or treasurers of the groups. The savings as well as the down payments of the credit and saving groups is highly liable for embezzlement as there is no any kind of auditing and follow-up of the utility and availability of the cash at present. The Cooperative Promotion Offices of the respective weredas are attempting to promote these groups to the legitimate cooperative level.
14. The issue of supply of vet-drugs needs to be resolved as the supply is not consistent either by the government formal channels or through the local dealers. Attempts made by CISP to install lasting solution through revolving fund systems are not working to the expected levels.
15. All the weredas suffered from serious shortfall of regular budget for the respective desks from the central treasury. The support of CISP, both in maintenance of transports facilities and provision of new ones, and office supplies like computers, copiers and duplication machines enabled them respond to requests coming to the weredas from the higher hierarchy. Largely, informants (beneficiaries and other stakeholders from the sector offices) showed enthusiastic impressions of the achievement of the CISP interventions. Informants from sector offices especially appreciated the commitment and transparency of CISP programmes (IFSPs and EGS).
B. RECOMMENDATIONS
1. The rehabilitated and newly developed water points are currently serving beyond the standard number of beneficiaries. Therefore, additional potable water supply system either by the government or NGO or private sector, should be developed to lessen the over draining of the existing water points.
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2. Mostly, the failed water points are hand dug wells due to draw down of the groundwater table. Thus, future development of water points has to be on shallow-wells and boreholes in stead of hand-dug wells for long term service of the scheme.
3. Future trainings/activities should focus on follow-up of trained community members and increasing the number of women participants accompanied with study tour (experience sharing visits) on successful sites to ensure effective adoption of new approaches.
4. During the field survey at Gursum wereda where rehabilitated water points failed, it was observed that individuals excavated their own hand-dug wells and are also selling 20 litre of water with 0.25 Birr while the two schemes developed by government and CISP within 100 metre radius have failed. This triggers to think of searching into possibilities privatization of water supply schemes. Cases of private Birkas in Somali Region may be assessed for experiences and modalities of establishment
a b
Picture 8. Private Hand-Dug Well (a) at Muyadin Kebele of Gursum (a) and Unfucntional Shallow-well Developed by CISP in 1996 (b), Unfucntional since 2003
5. Most of the credit provisions focus on the area of agricultural production (fattening, agricultural inputs). While this is encouraged in such areas where agricultural production and productivities are the main concern, the credit provision should be tailored to diversify the income sources of the clients in order to avoid risks and that clients could be
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able to compensate the lose in one activity by the other and finally be able to repay and to reduce the rate of arrears. Potential areas of development includes small-scale irrigation, cattle-fattening, beekeeping, small-scale dairy, poultry, and petty trading.
6. In spite of reports of distribution of SANPLATS to various kebeles in the intervention weredas, the evaluation team could witness only few of these on the ground. The people are not well aware of these inputs and their future distribution should take into account the local circumstances and demand. Huge awareness raising should be done along with demonstrations on wider scales.
7. Most of the schools where School-Based Nutrition has been promoted, serious shortage of water supply was reported. Hence, such intervention should be integrated with water point development or irrigation scheme establishment due to the observed water shortage for its sustainability.
8. The pressure posed by the recurring drought and concomitant breakdown of household’s livelihoods on one hand and increasing population on the meagre resources on the other remains a concern for sustainability of the programmes. Real effort is required in raising awareness of the rural community on family planning and availing the required inputs. CISP may have to look into options in that line.
9. One of the difficulties encountered during this evaluation process was that most of the beneficiaries could not recall the time they received. Indicative of fast disengagement of government staff, similarly, almost all informants from the government stakeholders were new assignees. Coupled with the misfiling and dislocation of documents during the hasty decentralization, it was quite difficult to find appropriate references pertinent to the earlier programmes. There is a high time for all stakeholders to handle such files carefully and revive them for further references.
10. In accordance to the commitments it entered with the OCSSCO to improve its implementation capability at the intervention weredas, CISP has provided equipments
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like motor bike and computers. It was learned that the computers have been withheld at OCSSCO Head Office. This has been raised and recommendations forwarded at all monitoring missions over the last couple of years. CISP needs to initiate discussion with the OCSSCO officials on the immediate transfer of the equipment provided to the office (or its equivalent) to improve the capacity of the Branch Offices as they are running serious shortage of essential facilities like computers and motorbikes.
11. It has been mentioned in the terminal reports of the respective phases of the water related projects that CISP has put in place database management systems (MIS) for the water sector. The Zone has also confirmed the provision of computers and training for relevant staff for establishment of MIS. However, the situation is not evident as such, be it at the zonal or wereda levels. The study team has to wait for days to obtain some basic/essential information from the zone, mainly due to lack of organized information. There is a need to strengthen the database at least at zonal level.
12. The wereda sector offices have displeasure on CISP’s stronger partnership to zone and the resultant proxy-role of the zone in taking resources and facilities of capacity building (strengthening the capacity of the line departments of the respective intervention weredas for effective and sustainable management of programmes outputs). It was witnessed that resources have fallen at disposal of institutions of less relevance to the specific sector office ( and in some cases in the hands of wrong people) and sometimes sent to non- intervention weredas. This seems contradicting to the rationale of provision of capacity supports, and hence, requires action sooner than later.
13. As mentioned hereof, large-scale seed interventions usually bear a form of emergency as the rural community are recipient of emergency resources year-in and year-out. The experience of other institutions working in the area or in the vicinity also doesn’t show any examples of success, except that the recent HCS Seed Fare (Seed Voucher) was reported to be successful14. Whatever the case may be, unless and otherwise strong
14 According to HCS, the repayment rate of the seed voucher is satisfactory (60-80% when it is paid in kind and 100 when it is paid in cash.
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linkage between extension system established, beneficiary-friendly credit systems and locally compatible seeds production and supply is put in place, never again on seed credit. FAO is currently conducting community-based seed production system whereby introduction and promotion of valuable crops is undertaken to infuse functional seed system in the community. Three years have already elapsed since the programme was launched, and some experience should be gained at this stage to be shared with other institutions involved in seed venture.
14. Most of the saving and credit groups for goats credit are anxious to be organized in any form of association whereby they can have access to services which they feel are lacking as the result of absence of such organizations. This opportunity must not be missed and the Cooperatives Promotion Desks of the respective wereda should move fast in bringing these sections of the community into formal associations. This also eases facilitation of retrieving the cash amounts collected from the goat credit beneficiaries, which are reported to be in the hands of individuals (group members, DAs).
15. SWC achievements in EGS are more positively impacting on the environment mainly where development of physical structures are integrated with area enclosures and planting of seedlings. The achievements of EGS activities using the EU resources in highlands and mountain terrains of Gorogutu wereda should be replicated to other areas.
16. There has been linkages and overlaps between EGS and other development programmes in various aspects (objective, areas and population targeted, planning and implementation approaches, types of projects implemented) which call for co-ordination between the programmes and institutions involved. Hence, this is high time for restoring zonal level coordination meeting so as to avoid duplication of efforts, identify learning points and share experiences among like-minded institutions.
17. Experience shows that project funds transferred to government accounts are liable to embezzlement as they are hardly audited through the formal government systems. CISP needs to verify that the cash transferred to the weredas for spare-parts and maintenance
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would be used for the intended purposes. The assignment could be offered to the external auditor who will take the assignment for the final auditing of IFSP before the final payment is released.
18. The Gorogutu (Medda Telila) Irrigation Scheme construction and placement of the night storage structures provided a credible model for potential multiplication by OIDA for similar actions in areas where the natural terrains limited sizes of command areas. And hence, strict follow-up and correction for any defaults should be taken into account to obtain the maximum benefit the scheme can provided and sustain its functionality. Moreover, there is a strong need for establishing strong link between the Medda Telila Irrigation Users’ Association and Farmers’ Union in Alemaya and/or other horticultural seeds supplying agencies in the surrounding not to constrain the scheme beneficiaries with seeds of horticultural crops.
In parallel, construction of strong retention wall as well as treatments of the catchments of the Night Reservoir should continue on regular basis to safeguard from obstruction of the outlets and any damages to the entire structures by heavy flood. Simple backstopping to the Association may suffice here.
19. As it was seen during this study, the OCSSCO beneficiaries are doing well in any of the business they have chosen to engage in. There seems a need for expansion of OCSSCO or any other financial institution into other weredas (Gursum, Fedis) so as to enable rural community engage in productive investments.
20. CISP being operating in the area for more than a decade, the experiences it gained and partnerships established at various levels during the course of implementation of relief and development programmes is an added value of the NGO to access funding windows of major donors. For the years to come, CISP may have to remain a prominent partner of the EC in providing quality relief and development services, as well as provision of experiences and skills upgrading (capacity building) for local administration for improved achievements in the area. And so, CISP needs to put together the experiences
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gained thus far, producing working document so as to enable ease of reference for any interested institutions or individuals.
AMDATER CONSULTS 87 IV. ANNEXES
88 A. MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION
Appendix 1. Water Point Sustainability Analysis (Developed and Rehabilitated), Gursum Wereda S.No Water Point Total % Of % Of none Average year % Of Water % Of WP Distance of Amount of Water Remark Type Number of Functional Functional of service of Fee having Water Fetching Use (Litre) WP none functional Collection fence, lock (Hours) Sampled WP & Guard fee Before After Before After 1 HDW/ SW 22 59.1 40.9 6.7 20 50 2.40 0.8 30 50 2 Bore Holes 1 0 100 0 NA NA NA NA Fugnan Birra town water Supply Extension 3 Total 23 59.1 6.7 20 50 WP = Water Point HDW = Hand Dug Well SW = Shallow Wells NA = Not Applicable Appendix 2. Water Point Sustainability Analysis (Developed and Rehabilitated), Babile Wereda S.No Water Point Total % Of % Of none Average year % Of Water % Of WP having Distance of Water Amount of Water Remark Type Number of Functional Functional of service of Fee fence, lock & Fetching (Hours) Use (Litre) WP none functional Collection Guard fee Before After Before After Sampled WP 1 HDW/ SW 16 43.75 56.25 4.8 67 67 2.56 0.6 26.67 80 2 Bore Holes 2 100 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Babile Town Water Supply 3 Total 18 56.25 4.8 67 67 WP = Water Point HDW = Hand Dug Well SW = Shallow Wells NA= Not Applicable 89 Appendix 3 Water Point Sustainability Analysis (Developed and Rehabilitated), Fedis Woreda S.No Water Point Total % Of % Of Average % Of Water % Of WP Distance of Amount of Remark Type Number Functional none year of Fee having fence, Water Fetching Water Use of WP Functional service of Collection lock & (Hours) (Litre) Sampled none Guard fee Before After Before After functional WP 1 HDW/SW 2 100 0 NA 100 100 3 0.5 20 40 2 Boreholes 2 50 50 NA 100 100 2 0.5 20 40 The un- functional bore hole is due to water quality 3 4 75 75 NA 100 100 2.5 0.5 20 40 Total WP = Water Point HDW = Hand Dug Well SW = Shallow Wells NA= Not Applicable
Appendix 4. Water Point Sustainability Analysis (Developed and Rehabilitated), Kersa Woreda S.No Water Point Total % Of % Of none % Of Water % Of WP having Distance of Water Amount of Water Use Remark Type Number of Functional Functional Fee Collection fence, lock & Guard Fetching (Hours) (Liter) WP fee Before After Before After Sampled 1 HDW/ SW 13 100 0 100 100 2.58 0.7 20 33 2 Bore Holes NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 3 Total WP = Water Point HDW = Hand Dug Well SW = Shallow Wells NA= Not Applicable
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Appendix 5. Ten-top Diseases of the Zone, 1995-2004 1986 (1994/95) 1987 (1995/96) 1988(1996/97) 1991(1998/99) TB all forms All form of pneumonia All forms of Helmenthasis Gastro-enteritis and colitis All forms of Helmenthasis All form of Malaria All forms of Dysentery Broncho pnemonia All form of pneumonia All form of Tuberculosis All form of Tuberculosis Tuberculosis of respiratory system All forms of Dysentery Cholera All form of Malaria Bacillary Dysentery Other diseases of Circulatory Acute Upper Respiratory Infection Abortion Acute Upper Respiratory Infection system Gastritis & Douodenites All other accidental cause All form of Tuberculosis Gastrites & Douodenites Eye Diseases of all forms All other Diseases of genito-urinary system Gastrites & Douodenites Other unspecified Malaria Intestinal obstruction with out All form of Malaria Meningitis due to pneumonia All types of Anemia Hernias Infection of skin and subcutanious tissue Acute Upper Respiratory Infection Infection of skin and subcutaneous tissue Acute Nephritis Homicide, and injury purposely inflated by Accidental causes other person All forms of eye diseases Other states of malnutrition
1992 (1999/2000) 1993(2000/01) 1994(2001/02) 1995(2002/03) Tuberculosis of respiratory system Broncho pneumonia Helementhiasis All form of Malaria Broncho pneumonia Acute Upper Respiratory Infection All form of Malaria Helementhiasis Bacillary Dysentery All other Diseases of the skin Primary, typical & unspecified pneumonia Broncho pneumonia Acute Upper Respiratory Gastro-enteritis and colitis Tuberculosis of respiratory system All other Diseases of genito-urinary system Infection Muscular rheumatism and rheumatism Ulcer of leg unspecified Acute Upper Respiratory Infection All other Diseases of the skin Primary, typical & unspecified Hepatitis Falciparum malaria Bronchitis, chronic & Unqualified pneumonia Homocide, and injury purposely Other states of malnutrition Amoebiasis All other Diseases of the skin inflated by other person Intestinal obstruction with out Homicide, and injury purposely inflated by All other Diseases of genito- Hernias other person Gastrites & Douodenites urinary system Homicide, and injury purposely inflated by Inflammatory diseases of the eye Tetanus Gastrites & Douodenites other person (except tracoma) Other unspecified Malaria All other Diseases of genito-urinary system Amoebiasis Lobar pneumonia
1996 (2003/04) All form of Malaria Lower Respiratory Infection Intestinal Parasite
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Acute Upper Respiratory Infection Gastritis & Douodenites Homocide, and injury purposely inflated by other person Amoebiasis All other Diseases of the skin Muscular rheumatism and rheumatism unspecified Inflammatory diseases of the eye (except trachoma)
AMDATER CONSULTS 92 B. MAPS OF THE INTERVENTION WEREDAS
Gorogutu Qersa
Kersa Gor o G uto
700 000 750 000 800 000 850 000 900 000 950 000 Gu rs um Bab ile
F ed is
1 0
0 # Erer 5
0 # Gota
0 0
0 0 0
5 # Kersa
0 0
1 Gursum # # Location Map Kobo Harer
W ater #
1 0
0 # Bok u 0
0 CISP Project Weredas
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0 1 Leg end
Babile # To wn
Ro ads
9
0 5 0
0 Rive r
0 0
0 0
5 0
9 W ereda Bo un dary
Bab ile Fe dis Goro G uto
Gursum
9 0
0 Fedis Kersa
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0 9
N
8
0 5
0 0
0 0
0 0
5 0 8
700 000 750 000 800 000 850 000 900 000 950 000
93 LIST OF MAIN DOCUMENTS CONSULTED
1. Anonymous. 1998. Health and Sanitation Impact Evaluation of CISP Community Based Water Supply Projects in Gursum and Babile Weredas. 2. Alemu Assana, 1995. Hierarchically of Recommended Work Order Procedures (Timeline) of First Phase Project Assistance to Gursum Wereda 3. CISP. 1995. Rural Water Supply Project for Gursum Wereda (Project Document) 4. CISP. 1996. Community Based Water Supply for an Enhanced Health Status in Gursum and Babile Weredas (Project Document). 5. CISP. 1998. Integrated Food Security Programme in Eastern Hararghe Zone 6. CISP. 1999. Terminal Report on Promotion of Food Security and Economic Development in Babile Wereda 7. CISP. 1999. Terminal Report on Community Based Water Supply for Enhanced Health Status in Gursum and Babile Weredas. 8. CISP. 2000. Relief Aid through EGS in Eastern Hararghe (Project Document) 9. CISP. 2000. Final Report on Emergency Food Distribution Through Employment Generation Interventions in Eastern Hararghe Zone (Contract 98/584) 10. CISP. 2000. Zonal Workshop on SANPLAT Latrine Promotion (Proceeding) 11. CISP. 2000. Training Proceeding on School Based Nutrition 12. CISP. 2000. Assessment and Feasibility Study on CISP Water Activities in Eastern Hararghe Zone – Ethiopia 13. CISP. 2000. Terminal Evaluation Report on The Promotion of Economic Development and Food Security in Babile Wereda 14. CISP. 2001. Integrated Food Security Programme in Eastern Hararghe Zone (IFSP-II) 15. CISP. 2001. Experience-Sharing Workshop Proceeding on the Findings of Seed Credit Research 16. CISP. 2001. Seed Revolving Schemes Study in Five CISP Project Weredas of Eastern Hararghe 17. CISP. 2002. Terminal Report on the Intervention of CISP Relief Operations in Babile, Gursum, and Qersa weredas of East Hararghe Zone 18. CISP. 2002. Terminal Report on IFSP in Eastern Hararghe 19. CISP. 2002. Proceedings of the Participatory Review Planning Workshop on IFSP II Project Document 20. CISP. 2004. Implementation and Impact Assessment Report on Relief Food Distribution in Alemaya Wereda of East Hararghe Zone 21. CISP. 2004. Reinforcing Rural Livelihood through an Integrated Food Security Approach in Fedis and Gorogutu Weredas of Eastern Hararghe Zone of ONRS. 22. Fanta Feyissa. 2004. Proceeding of the Workshop on How to Break Food Aid Dependency, Held Eastern and Western Hararghe 23. FAO. 2002. Seed Security Project: Strengthening Seed Supply System at the Local Level in Eastern Hararghe Zone of Oromia, Ethiopia 24. FARM AFRICA. 2001. Terminal Evaluation Report of Eastern Hararghe Goat Project 25. Haile Hagos and Geletu (Consultants), 1997. Technical Report on Gursum Rural Water Supply Construction (Phase I)
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26. Haile Hagos and Abduletif Ahmed, 1997. Community-Based Water Supply for Enhanced Health Status in Gursum and Babile Wereda: Gursum Water Supply Feasibility Study (Phase II) 27. Mohammed Mussa and Associates. 1999. Evaluation and Assessment of Credit and Saving Schemes in Babile Weredas of East Hararghe. 28. Shawel Constant International. 1997. Social Rehabilitation Programme for Ethiopia: Report on Evaluation of Completed Reports. 29. Siseraw Dinku.2001. Impact Assessment Report, EU/CISP Relief Interventions in Eastern Hararghe of Oromia during 2000. 30. Solomon G/Tsadiq. 2004. Mid-Term Evaluation of IFSP II in Eastern Hararghe Zone of Oromia Regional State. 31. Teriessa Jalleta. 2003. Impact Assessment Report on EU/CISP 2002 Relief Interventions in Gursum, Qersa, Meta and Gorogutu Weredas of Eastern Hararghe Zone of Oromia National Regional State 32. Zonal and Wereda Education, Agriculture, ZPPD, Health, Trade, Industry and Tourism and CISP, 1998. Baseline Survey of Babile, Gursum, Gorogutu, Qersa and Fedis Weredas.
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C. LIST OF PERSONS CONSULTED
N Name Place/Office Position 1. Ato Dereje Adaba OIDA, Eastern Region Head 2. Ato Ahmed Seid ZDPPD A/Head, EW Expert 3. Ato Million Kebede ZDPPD 4. Ato Mohammed Ahmed Zonal Water Bureau Head 5. Ato Getahun Eshete Zonal Water Burea Community Expert 6. Ato Zeyni Argaw Gursum Admin Deputy Administrator 7. Ato Mohammed Seid Gursum Rural Development Head 8. Ato Abera Mekuria Gursum NRD Head 9. Ato Ayele Bedhane Gursum Agriculture Head 10. Ato Towfiq Ali Gursum Capacity Building VTC Head 11. Wrt Aisha Hassen Gursum Rural Water Community Promoter 12. Ato Dereje Mengistu Gursum Urban Water Head 13. Ato Ali Abdulahi Zonal Health Office Head 14. Ato Alemayehu Zonal Health Office IEC/Extension Package Expert 15. Ato Alemayehu Tesema Babile Water Sector Head 16. Ato Demisew Mekonen Babile Coop Promotion Head 17. Ato Dhinsa Niguse Babile OCSSCO Office Cashier 18. Ato Yusuf Ebrahim Babile Health Office Head 19. Ato Assefa Urola Babile Education Office Education Coordinator 20. Ato Taye Babile Health Office Sanitarian 21. Ato Mesfin Oli Fedis/Rural Development Expert/Training Beneficiary 22. Ato Ketema Birhanu Fedis/Education Office Head 23. Ato Dereje Alemayehu Fedis/Water Office Representative of Head 24. Ato Abayineh Mamo Fedis/Health Office Environmental Health Technicians 25. Ato Mesfine Oli Fedis/Rural Development Irrigation expert/DPPC Head before 26. German Legesse Fedis/Rural Development Community Participation Expert 27. Ato Yirgalem Asmare Fedis/Health Office HIV/AIDS Desk Head 28. Ato Abdella Alito Fedis/ Health Office Head 29. Ato Tesfaye Tessema Fedis/Coop. Promotion Expert 30. Wrt Masresha Tefera Fedis/Rural Development Home Agent 31. Ato Garoo Jamal Gorogutu/Coop. Promotion A/Head 32. Ato Feleke Eshete Gorogutu/Rural Land Adm. Expert 33. Ato Adisu Delelegn Gorogutu/OIDA Wereda Coordinator 34. Ato Alwan Abdule Gorogutu/Education Office Head 35. W/ro Meseret Shiferaw Gorogutu/Administration Representative of Women Desk 36. Teacher Tariku Ayana Gorogutu/Medhisa School Principal 37. Ato Alem Taye Gorogutu/Health Office IEC Expert 38. Ato Mekkonene Kifle Qersa/Education Head 39. Ato Wondu Girma Qersa/Water Office Community Participation Technician 40. Ato Haymanot Mengistu Qersa/Health Office Epidemiology expert 41. Ato Alemu Negera Qersa/Coop. Promotion Head 42. Ato Solomon Getachew Qersa/Coop. Promotion Organizer 43. Ato Jemal Dawe Qersa/OCSSCO Branch Manager 44. Ato Ashebir Menkir Qersa/Agriculture Vet Assistant 45. Ato Yadeta Gutema Qersa/VTC Coordinator 46. Ato Zemede Abebe HCS/DD Programme Coordinator 47. Ato Gezahign Taye HCS/DD Seed Project Coordinator 48. Dr Usman FAO/Harar Seed Security Project Coordinator 49. Ato Sala Jemalo Gursum/Awbarre Private Water Seller 50. Ato Ibrahim Nure Gursum/Bekeka Water Supply/Sanplat Beneficiary
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51. Ato Jemal Aliyi Gursum/Bekeka Water Supply/Sanplat Beneficiary 52. Wro Asha Ebrahim Gursum/Bekeka Water Supply/Sanplat Beneficiary 53. Wro Zeiny Ahme Gursum/Bekeka Water Supply/Sanplat Beneficiary 54. Ato Mohammed Abdella Gursum/Awbarre VTC Beneficiary 55. Ato Abdi Umer Gursum/Awbarre VTC Beneficiary 56. Wro Kaddo Sule Gursum/Dayferes Goat Credit Beneficiary 57. Wro Fatuma Wodajo Gursum/Garawodajo Goat Credit Beneficiary 58. Wro Asha Ibro Gursum/Garawodajo Goat Credit Beneficiary 59. Wro Lafise Musa Gursum/Garawodajo Goat Credit Beneficiary 60. Wro Fozia SEid Gursum/Awbarre Goat Credit Beneficiary 61. Ato Jibril Yusuf Gursum/Harobate Water Supply Beneficiary 62. Ato Mitike Workiye Girsum/Qore Water Supply Beneficiary 63. Wro Fetiya Mummed Gursum/Harobate Water Supply Beneficiary 64. Ato Heydaros Ali Gursum/Qore Water Supply Beneficiary 65. Ato Ahmed Yusuf Gursum/Elalemy Water Supply Beneficiary 66. Ato Ibro Hassen Gursum/Awbarre Water Supply Beneficiary 67. Wro Fetuma Adem Gursum/Awbarre Water Supply Beneficiary 68. Ato Ali Nuer Ibrahim Gursum/Bekeka Water Supply Beneficiary 69. Wro Safia Ahmed Gursum/Haro Bale Water Supply Beneficiary 70. Ato Abdella Ahmed Babile/Bishan Babile Water Supply Beneficiary 71. Ato Zaife Abrahim Babile/Abdiboch OCSSCO Beneficiary 72. Ato Weli Metene Babile/Ausherif Water Supply Beneficiary 73. Ato Adem Ali Babile/Derer Arba Water Supply Beneficiary 74. Wro Alfia Ibro Babile/Abdiboch Goat Credit Beneficiary 75. Wro Saro Yuya Babile/Abdiboch Goat Credit Beneficiary 76. Wro Kaddo Ali Babile/Abdiboch Goat Credit Beneficiary 77. Wro Alima Adem Babile/Abdiboch Goat Credit Beneficiary 78. Wro Fatuma Abrahim Babile/Abdiboch Goat Credit Beneficiary 79. Wro Safia Mussa Babile/Abdiboch Goat Credit Beneficiary 80. Wro Rahma Usman Babile/Abdiboch Goat Credit Beneficiary 81. Wro Fatuma Abrahim Babile/Abdiboch Oxen, Seed, and Fertilizers Beneficiary 82. Wro Safia Mussa Babile/Abdiboch Oxen, Seed, and Fertilizers Beneficiary 83. Wro Alima Hussen Babile/Bishan Babile Goat Credit Beneficiary 84. Wro Shukuria Beker Babile/Gambella OCSSCO Beneficiary 85. Wro Shemshi Mussa Babile/Gambella OCSSCO Beneficiary 86. Wro Fatuma Usman Babile/Towfiq Goat Credit Beneficiary 87. Ato Junda Mohammed Babile/Towfiq Goat Credit Beneficiary 88. Wro Alima Shabbo Babile/Towfiq Goat Credit Beneficiary 89. Ato Abdule Hassen Babile/Towfiq Oxen, Seed, and Fertilizers Beneficiary 90. Ato Usman Mume Babile/Bishan Babile Oxen, Seed, and Fertilizers Beneficiary 91. Ato Amida Yuyo Babile/Abdibuch Goat Credit Beneficiary 92. Wro Sardo Mummed Babile/Ifa Goat Credit Beneficiary 93. Ato Shani Ahmed Babile/Babile VTC Beneficiary 94. Ato Hassen Abdule Babile/Abdibuch Water Supply Beneficiary 95. Ato Abdi Hassine Babile/ Bishan Babile Water Supply Beneficiary 96. Ato Ahmed Beker Fedis/Melka Water Supply Beneficiary 97. Ato Shamea Yuya Fedis/Eddo Basso Sanplat Beneficiary 98. Ato Mohamed Kufee Fedis/Eddo Basso Sanplat Beneficiary 99. Ato Mohamed Ebrahim Fedis/Eddo Basso Sanplat Beneficiary 100. Ato Mohamed Ahmed Fedis/Eddo Basso Sanplat Beneficiary 101. Ato Mohamed Ebro Fedis/Eddo Basso Sanplat Beneficiary 102. Ato Abdella Esu Adem Fedis/Eddo Basso Water Supply Beneficiary 103. Wro Razia Ibrahim Fedis/Eddo Basso Water Supply Beneficiary
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104. Wro Nefisa Adem Fedis/Eddo Basso Water Supply Beneficiary 105. Wro Kemiya Ibrahim Fedis/Eddo Basso Water Supply Beneficiary 106. Wro Hamzia Abdurahman Fedis/Eddo Basso Water Supply Beneficiary 107. Wro Kadija Junda Fedis/Qarre Goat Credit Beneficiary 108. Wro Amina Ali Fedis/Badhato Goat Credit Beneficiary 109. Wro Shame Ali Fedis/Tuta Kannissa Goat Credit Beneficiary 110. Wro Asha Mume Fedis/Tuta Kannissa Goat Credit Beneficiary 111. Wro Kemero Ibro Fedis/TutalKannissa Goat Credit Beneficiary 112. Ato Yematawork Abebe Gorogutu/Erer, School Teacher School Based Nutrition 113. Wro Alem Ayalew Gorogutu/Erer, School Teacher School Based Nutrition 114. Stu. Kebire Adem Gorogutu/Erer, School Student School Based Nutrition 115. Ato Aliyu Mumed Gorogutu/Medhisa Woltaha Sanplat Beneficiary 116. Ato Abdurahaman Yusuf Gorogutu/Medhisa Woltaha Sanplat Beneficiary 117. Ato Yaya Usman Gorogutu/Medhisa Woltaha Sanplat Beneficiary 118. Ato Kebire Abdulahi Gorogutu/Meda Talila Irrigation Beneficiary 119. Ato Ahmed Abdella Gorogutu/Meda Talila Irrigation Beneficiary/Chairman 120. Ato Shamme Aliyi Gorogutu/Meda Talila Irrigation Beneficiary 121. Ato Abdurazak Mohammed Gorogutu/Meda Talila Irrigation Beneficiary 122. Wro Indiyya Adem Gorogutu/Meda Talila Goat Credit Beneficiary 123. Wro Asha Ibrahim Gorogutu/Meda Talila Goat Credit Beneficiary 124. Wro Ajara Ibro Gorogutu/Meda Talila Goat Credit Beneficiary 125. Wro Fatuma Umer Gorogutu/Meda Talila Goat Credit Beneficiary 126. Wro Fatuma Shani Gorogutu/Meda Talila Goat Credit Beneficiary 127. Wro Momina Usman Gorogutu/Meda Talila Goat Credit Beneficiary 128. Wro Amatula Aliyi Gorogutu/Meda Talila Goat Credit Beneficiary 129. Wro Zeini Yusuf Gorogutu/Meda Talila Goat Credit Beneficiary 130. Wro Atiya Musa Gorogutu/Meda Talila Goat Credit Beneficiary 131. Wro Amatula Gorogutu/Meda Talila Goat Credit Beneficiary 132. Wro Imebet Tsegaye Gorogutu/Gorogutu Goat Credit Beneficiary 133. Wro Fatuma Hassen Gorogutu/Gorogutu Goat Credit Beneficiary 134. Ato Zewdu Asefa Gorogutu/Biqa KA Chairman (SWC + School) 135. Wro Asha Bila Qersa/Soddo Goat Credit Beneficiary 136. Wro Qarshi Yuya Qersa/Soddo Goat Credit Beneficiary 137. Wro Kimia Yuya Qersa/Soddo Goat Credit Beneficiary 138. Wro Nasire Ibrahim Qersa/Dhengego Goat Credit Beneficiary 139. Wro Zahara Mohammed Qersa/Dhengego Goat Credit Beneficiary 140. Ato Tibebu Yilma Qersa/Qersa Town VTC Beneficiary 141. Ato Abdella Jibril Qersa/Water EGS Beneficiary 142. Ato Abdella Sufian Qersa/Balina OCSSCO Beneficiary 143. Ato Mussa Gareo Qersa/Balina OCSSCO Beneficiary 144. Ato Beker Abdulahi Qersa/Balina OCSSCO Beneficiary 145. Ato Shafi Musa Qersa/Adele Keykey OCSSCO Beneficiary 146. Ato Mustafa Hafis Qersa/Water Private Nursery Beneficiary 147. Ato Lemma Debele Qersa/Water VTC Beneficiary 148. Ato Fekadu Guta Qersa/Water VTC Beneficiary 149. Ato Mohammed Yusuf Qersa/Yabeta Lencha Water Supply Beneficiary 150. Ato Kebula Ahmed Qersa/Yabeta Lencha Water Supply Beneficiary 151. Ato Mohammed Adem Qersa/Yabeta Lencha Water Supply Beneficiary 152. Ato Muktar Yusuf Qersa/Yabeta Lencha Water Supply Beneficiary 153. Ato Aliy Adem Qersa/Yabeta Lencha Water Supply Beneficiary 154. Ato Mussa Amroshe Qersa/Yabeta Lencha Water Supply Beneficiary 155. Ato Tajir Muktar Qersa/Galimirga Water Supply Beneficiary 156. Ato Aliyi Mume Qersa/Galimirga Water Supply Beneficiary
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157. Ato Ahmed Yuya Qersa/Galimirga Water Supply Beneficiary 158. Wro Raziya Alisho Qersa/Galimirga Water Supply Beneficiary 159. Wro Cheliya Ibrahim Qersa/Galimirga Water Supply Beneficiary 160. Wro Ayrefa Ahmed Qersa/Soddo Water Supply Beneficiary 161. Wro Sufia Amede Qersa/Soddo Water Supply Beneficiary 162. Wro Qershi Yuyo Qersa/Soddo Water Supply Beneficiary 163. Ato Towfiq Abdi Qersa/Soddo Water Supply Beneficiary 164. Ato Ahmed Aliyi Qersa/Gola Wachu Sanplat Beneficiary 165. Ato Mohammed Mussa Qersa/Gola Wachu Sanplat Beneficiary 166. Wro Nuria Adem Qersa/Gola Wachu Sanplat Beneficiary 167. Ato Mohammed Abdella Qersa/Gola Wachu Sanplat Beneficiary 168. Ato Teha Abdella Qersa/Gola Wachu Sanplat Beneficiary 169. Ato Abdurazak Mohammed Qersa/Soddo Water Supply Beneficiary 170. Mr. Paolo Dieci CISP/Addis Ababa Country Representative 171. Ato Tesfaye Beyene CISP/Addis Ababa Programme Officer 172. Ato Berhanu Worku CISP/Harar Programme Coordinator 173. Ato Kedir Mohammed CISP/Gursum Wereda Coordinator 174. Ato Ayele Abebe CISP/Babile Wereda Coordinator 175. Ato Yosef Terefe CISP/Gorogutu Wereda Coordinator 176. Ato Theodros Hailu CISP/Qersa Wereda Coordinator 177. Ato Wubshet CISP/Fedis Wereda Coordinator
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D. PHOTO GALLERY FOR SAMPLE SCHEMES
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Key for the Pictures
No. Description 1. Water Supply Developed By CISP at Fugnan Birra, Currently Unfunctional 2. Hand-Pump Water Scheme at Bishan Babile Also Used For Drip Irrigation 3. Same 4. Motor House Of the Babile Town Water Supply 5. Melka Water Supply Scheme (Borehole) at Melka Kebele of Fedis, Collection Chamber 6. Melka Water Supply Scheme (Borehole) at Melka Kebele of Fedis, Distribution Points 7. Melka Water Supply Scheme (Borehole) at Melka Kebele of Fedis, Cattle-Trough 8. Water Tank Installed by CISP/WFP During Rehabilitation of Derer Arba Borehole at Babile, Initially Developed by CISP/EU 9. Water Harvesting Pond Nearby the Water Scheme at Derer Arba 10. Old Hand-Pump Replaced at Qersa Wereda 11. VTC at Babile 12. Seed Store at Fedis 13. RFO at Fedis 14. Failed Slab at Dhengego Kebele of Qersa 15. Sanplats in Use at Eddo Basso Kebele of Fedis (Open) 16. Sanplats in Use at Eddo Basso Kebele of Fedis (Partially Covered) 17. Sanplats in Use at Eddo Basso Kebele of Fedis (All Sides Covered) 18. Meteorological Station (Fedis) Established by CISP 19. School Extension at Biqa Kebele of Gorogutu 20. Hillside Terrace at Biqa Kebele of Gorogutu 21. Enclosure at Biqa Kebele of Gorogutu 22. Checkdam at Medda Oda Kebele af Qersa 23. Pump House and the Dam at Medda Telila Irrigation Scheme of Gorogutu 24. Night Storage of Medda Telila Irrigation Scheme Under Construction 25. Irrigation Green Corn at Medda Telila af Gorogutu 26. Irrigation Coffee Stand Medda Telila of Gorogutu 27. School-Based Nutrition, Vegetable Production at Medda Telila of Gorogutu School 28. Office Constructed by CISP at for Medda Telila Irrigation Users’ Association 29. Former VTC Graduate on Duty (Weaving) at Woter Town Of Qersa 30. Trainee at Qersa VTC 31. Products (Partly) of Trainees at Qersa VTC 32. Former VTC Graduate on Duty (Woodwork) 33. OCSSCO Beneficiary at Balina Kebele of Qersa (Fattening) 34. OCSSCO Beneficiary at Balina Kebele of Qersa (Vegetable Production)
AMDATER CONSULTS 106