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WISCONSIN WIRES' GAMMA GUN EQUIPMENT SAFETY TRAINING
COURSE OF INSTRUCTION
JANUARY 1987
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Sn8t?!!ge7osoa' 48-24750--01 PDR CONTROL NO. 8 2, {} .13
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WISCONSIN WIRES' GAMMA GUN EQUIPMENT SAFETY TRAINING
The Wisconsin Wires' Gamma Gun Gauge Ecp pment Safety Training consists of.four pnrts:
1) Radiation Safety Training 2) Gamma Gauging Drainage Profile (NDC Model 104P) Applications 3) Transportation And Storage Of Drainage Profiler 4) Written Qualification Testing
The training course requires an eight hour training block. This course is composed of the above areas and requires a minimum of 90% on the written exam for Operator Certification of the Drainage Profiler. It is recommended that students take notes. The exam is open book and any notes that you take may be used. Each individual will also be required to attend annual refresher training. To aid in the instruction of this course material an instructional VCR tape is available for both initial and refresher training.
WISCONSIN WIRES' GAMMA GUN EQUIPMENT SAFETY TRAINING TOPIC AREAS OF INSTRUCTION
Part I - Radiation Safety Training
A. What i s Radiation? B. Units of Radioactivity and Intensity C. Importance of Plant Safety D. Types of Exposure E. Biological Hazards and Effects F. Allowable Exposure Limits G. How to Limit Exposure
Part II - The NDC Model 104P Drainage Profiler
A. General or Specific License? B. Proper Handling of Equipment -Radioactivity Probe -Electronics C. Emergency Procedures D. Wipe Test and Shutter Test
Part III - Transportation & Storage
Part IV - Written Qualification Testing
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What Is Radiation?
Commonly recognized types of radiation Heat is radiation we can feel. Light is radiaiton we can see. Ultraviolet and x-rays are radiation we neither see nor feel. '4one of these four can be heard or smelled. All of these four types of radiation are like light because they do not continue after the source is turned off or removed. Heat and light are non-ionizing radiation. Although they may, in certain circumstances, be detrimental to the human body, they do not produce the types of tissue damage that ionizing radiation has the potential to produce.
What does the term " ionizing radiation" mean?
Ionizing radiation is radiation that comes from radioactive materials, x-ray machines, cosmic rays and other high-energy sources. It is radiation, usually of high energy, capable of ionizing air, either directly or indirectly. Ionizing radiation cannot be seen by the eye. The main types are:
Alpha - Heavy partic]es (helium nucleii). Although the Model 104P source produces alpha particles, they can, in general be neglected for all practical purposes since none have enough energy to leave the source holder. However, if source damage is suspected, alpha radiation is the primary danger and the appropriate actions, as will be discussed later, should be taken.
Beta - Lighter particles (electrons or positions). These particles are higher in energy and can travel up to a few feet. Beta radiation is used in industrial gauging via transmission through the material.
Gamma - Waves similar to light but too short to be seen by the
human eye. They can penetrate considerable distances. j The NDC Mode] 104P probe emits gamma radiation and J measures backscattered radiation. Gamma rays are x-rays originating in the nuclei of atoms.
Cosmic - High energy radiation from outside the earth's ! atmosphere.
Bremsstrahlung - X-rays usually produced by bombarding a metallic target wi th high-speed electrons. In radiobiology, these are simply called x-rays. ) |
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The natural background radiation on earth ~is attributable to three main sources: (1) cosmic radiation, (2) terrestial radiation, and (3) internal radiation occurring naturally within the body tissue. Cosmic radiation is high energy radiation originating in outer space. Itc effects are largest at high elevations because earth's atmosphere filters out cosmic rays to some extent. It produces secondary radiation, consisting notably of gamma rays and neutrons. The neutrons are much more harmful than the lower energy gamma radiation emitted from the NDC probe, as we shall see later.
Terrestial radiation sources are those naturally occurring radioactive nuclides found in the earth's outer crust.
The internal sources of radiation in human body tissue are principally due to small quantities of potassium-40, an unstable isotope of normal body potassium which is an emitter of beta and gamma rays, and carbon-14.
Table: Radiation Dosages of the Human Body Due to Natural Background Radiation Dosage , Source of Dose (mrem /yr) ! ______.______Potassium in the body 19 Carbon in the body 1.5 Radium (bones only, uniform distrib.) 6.7 Radium (bones only, non-uniform distrib.) 67
Cosmic rays at sea level 33 -37 Cosmic rays at 5,000 ft. 40 -60 Cosmic rays at 10,000 ft. 80-120 Cosmic rays at 15,000 ft. 160-240 Cosmic rays at 20,000 ft. 300-450 As will be shown in the "How to Limit Exposure" section, the weekly dosage from the gamma gauge used for paper machine audits will be less than 28 mrem, or 1.5 rem / year.
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'How is gamma radiation used for gauging?
One of the ways a photon of gamma or X-ray radiation can interact with an atom is scattering. In this process a photon of. gamma radiation from the NDC probe collides with an atomic electron. The photon loses some of its energy and is deflected from its original path. NDC's gauges measure radiation that has been backscattered. The energy of backscattered photons is lower than that of the incident photons and so the receiver is able to discriminate and register only the backscattered photons. For example, the 60 kev photons from Am-241 are reduced to about 50 kev in interactions which cause 180-degree change in direction of propagation. The number of backscattered photons is directly proportional to the density and the thickness of the material causing the backscatter.
Certain materials, called scintillator, will emit a flash of light when radiation impinges on them. .This light hits the photomultiplier tube, which is really a light amplifier, in the NDC gauging probe. The light causes a voltage pulse for each photon that hits the crystal. This pulse rate is then directly proportional to the basis weight (thickness times density) of the gauged material. The Model 104P uses a NaI (sodium iodide) crystal. Please note that the gauging probe functions both as the emitter and receiver. Although the radioactive source is rugged, the photomultislier tube is fragile.
What is radiation contamination?
Contamination involves actual contact between you and a radioactive substance. It can be more serious than simply being exposed to radiation.
The radioactive source in the NDC gamma probe is housed in a j helium arc welded stainless steel capsule. The capsule has been tested for resistance to impact, puncture, vibration, pressure and temperature and thermal shock--for details, refer to the Safety section of your manual. If the probe is ever damaged, it is still highly unlikely that any damage will occur to the source. However, in case of actual of suspected damage, an emergency procedure is contained in your manual. Rope off the area immediately. Proper handling is a matter involving common sense, cleanliness and good housekeeping.
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1 Units of Radiation ' You should familiarize yourself with the three basic units of radiation: the Roentgen, the rem and the curie.
Exposure of Dosage In radiology a " dose" of ionizing radiation is a quantity of energy delivered to a unit area. It is expressed in units of energy / mass.
The unit of radiation exposure is the Roentgen (R). It is defined as 83 ergs /g. 1000 milliroentgen (mR) = 1R.
Dose Equivalent
In regards to dose delivered to people, the rem is the unit used. It is derived from the Roentgen and relates to the energy deposi ted in living ti ssue. It stands for Roentgen equivalent man and is a function of the type of radiation (actually its radiobiological effectiveness or RBE) and the particular type of tissue. 1000 millirem (mrem) = 1 rem.
Dose Rate
Dose rate is the time rate at which energy is delivered. When the dose is administered intermi ttently one may speak of an average dose rate. Dose rates are expressed in R/ year, mrem / hour, etc.
Radiological Activity
The unit of source strength (radioactivity) is the currie (Ci). One curie equals 37 billion disintegrations per second. This is approximately the radioactivity of I gram of radium, a naturally occurring radiation source.
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The Importance of Plant Safety
The radiation safety program can be incorporated into your plant's existing occupational' safety program or run separately. There are two major reasons for creating a radiation safety program for the gamma gauge: (1) Safety of personnel in the event of an accident or emergency; and (2) the maintenance of good records for accountability to regulatory agencies and to minimize the impact of liability claims associated with a hazardous material.
Is radioactivity dangerous?
It need not be. Danger from radiation depends on the degree of exposure. How dangerous is fire or exposure to the sun? How dangerous is electricity? It depends upon your exposure. We use fire and electricity, but we have learned to use them safely. Radioactivity is an equally useful and safe tool when handled properly. The chances of your receiving an overexposure to radiation from the NDC-gamma gauge are slight.
i The Radiation Safety Officer
Radiation safety should be the concern of each person working with radiation. A Radiation Safety Officer (RSO) will have been appointed by your company if your will be transporting the gauge. The RSO is responsible for:
1. Technical assistance in planning and execution of work insof ar as radiation safety is concerned. 2. Appraisal of safe operation of the radition source.
3. Notification of personnel working around the source of any special hazards. 4. Reporting of radiation hazards or unsafe practices to the proper authorities. '
5. Seeking advice from qualified experts when necessary. 6. Keeping records of wipe test results.
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7. Keeping informed of the status and location of the gauge. 8. Periodically providing radiation safety training. 9. Other items as deemed appropriate by management. Athough there is an RSO, every person working with the gauge must be responsible for radiation safety.
Types of Exposure Every living cell can be damaged or killed by radiation if the dose delivered to it is large enough. The NDC gamma gauge emits a very low level of radiation, and the concern is more with long-term ef fects than with ef fects of individual doses.
1. Acute Expost3re : A single, accidental exposure to a high dose of radiation during a short period of time, which produces biological effects within a few hours, days or weeks of the exposure. Thi s high-level exposure produces the catastrophic effects we associate with Hiroshima, Chernobyl and other " disasters". This category does not apply to the NDC gamma gauging system barring gross negligence. The entire purpose of this paper, then, is to provide you with information about the possible hazards of radiation and how to store, ship and use the gauge safely. 2. Chronic (continuous) Exposure:
Long term, low-level exposure where the results of the exposure may appear later, and may not even be apparent for many years. This type of radiation exposure is generally safer than a single large dosage--that is why radiation therapy for cancer treatment is a series of exposures. The allowable exposure limits discussed below are far higher than the radiation dosages you will be exposed to while using the gamma gauge for paper machine audits. Radiation exposure from nuclear gauging typically falls into the very low level or zero exposure category. -_ _ _ _ - ______
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Biological Hazards and Effects
Radiation is known to produce two types of injury:
Observable effects
The larger the dose, the sooner damage to the body can be medicaly | detected. The main concerns here are changes to skin and the possible eventual occurrence of cancer, including leukemia. For any observable effect, it has been estimated that more than 200 rem in a short time is necessary. This would be the equivalent of 2000 chest x-rays in a few days. To render a person sterile, the sex organs alone would have to receive a single exposure of 400 to 800 rem; more if not all given at one time. Between 300 to 500 rem given at once to the whole body would probably be f atal . The LD is toxicological shorthand for the dose which is lethal to 50% ok0the gourp exposed.)
Genetic effects
Genetic effects from radiation are those effects which may show up as abnormalities in the descendants of the original recipient of the dose.
Are gamma rays more dangerous than X-rays?
No. the radiobiological effectiveness (RBE) of some of the various types of radiation are shown on the next page:
Type of Radiation RBE ______, Beta 1 Gamma 1 X-ray 1 Neutrons 2-11 Protons 10 Alpha 20
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In summary, gamma radiation is equivalent to medical X-rays.
Are some tissues more sensitive to damage?
Young, rapidly dividing cells are most sensitive to damage. This means that care should be taken using the gamma gauge near children, pregnant womesn, and, to a lesser extent, healing skin. * , When the entire body is exposed to penetrating radiation, all parts are irradiated; some are particularly susceptible, such as the eyes, gonads and blood-forming organs (e.g., the spleen). Exposure limits to portions of the body of single organs of the body should therefore be limited as explained below.
Allowable Exposure Limits
How are exposure limits determined?
Years of experience with radiation and thousands of experiments i with animals have made it possible to judge how much radiation we can tolerate without harm. This tolerance level is considerably higher than the exposure limits which are permitted by NRC guidelines.
Concept of ALARA: As Low As Reasonably Achievable
All persons should make every reasonable effort to maintain radiation exposures as low as is reasonably achievable. In this sense, the operating limits discussed here are primarily for administrative use. Some theories are that radiation below a I certain threshold level has no effect; others disagree. At the i present time no radiation dose, other than zero, is accepted as havng no biological effect.
Standard Operating Limits
The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) proposes the following limits on maximum permissible doses.
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l Table: Maximum Permissible Dose Equivalent for. Whole-Body Irradiation ! Annual Dose Weekly Dose Daily Dose Category (rem) (mrem) (mrem) ______..______occupational 5 100 50. Non-occupational 0.5 10 5 These figures do not include doses received from medical procedures and from natural background radiation. Extensive research indicates that exposure of this amount can be given to you every week. of your life without producing. any detectable change whatsoever. Small exposures over an extended time perios are . safer than larger doses in a short time span.
Additional restrictions apply to accumulated whole body dose, which may not exceed 5 rems- x (N-18), where N equals- the individual's age. For example, a 40-year-old man is permitted to have an accumulated exposure of 5 rems x 22 = 110 rems. If he received 150 rems in an accident years ago, he- should not be permitted to use the gamma gauge until he is 48 years old.
The NCR further restricts the irradiation of minors and pregnant 1 women. An individual under 18 years of age cannot be exposed to greater than 10% of the limits for adults. In addition, personnel monitoring devices are required. During the entire 9-month gestation period, the maximum permissable /!ose equivalent to the fetus from occupational exposure of the expectant mother should not exceed limits established for a non-occupational worker. Personnel monitoring devices are recommended. NDC strongly recommends that your company not allow minors or pregnant women to use the NDC gamma gauge, j | ! . Are exposure 1imits lower for certain parts of the body? I
The standard operating limits above are based on whole body | radi a ti on . Certain parts of the body do not replace damaged i tissue as readily or are more severely ef fected by radiation.
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' Table: Maximum Permissible Annual Dose Equivalent f or Partial Body Irradiation j Workers General Public Organ (rem) (r em) ------Whole body 5 0.5 Head and trunk 5 0.5 Lens of eyes 5 0.5 Gonads 5 0.5 Red bone marrow 5 0.5 -Skin 30 3 Thyroid 30 3 Bone 30 3 Hands, feet 75 7.5 Forearms, ankles 75 7.5 Other organs 15 1.5
Row to Limit Exposure Exposure to radiation can be limited in three ways: time, distance and' shielding.
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SHIELDING . TIME - DISTANCE
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Time The simplest way to limit your exposure is to stay in the vicinity as short a time as possible. If a time limit has been set on your job, observe it. During a typical paper machine audit, the gamma gauge operator may be requim d to stand as' close as-12 inches directly in front.of the probe face (where the radiation beam is strongest; at an angle the exposure would be less) with the shutter open. The dose rate at this position is 3.5 mrem / hour. During a typical week it is highly unlikely that the operator would be this close to the source for.more than eight hours, considering set-up time and so forth. Therefore, total weekly dosage will be less than 3.5 mrem / hour x 8 hours / week = 28 mrem / week, less than one-third the standard weekly operating limit.
Distance A second method of limiting exposure is distance. The radiation dose decreases with distance Proportional to the inverse square 2 law. Radiation dosage = k'1/d Please refer to the shutter-open radiation profile on the next ! page. . Note that as you approach closer than 300 mm (12 inches), the radiation dosage increases rapidly. It also decreases rapidly as you get further away from the probe. An operator could stand i
at a distance of 18 inches directly in front of the probe for an , entire 40-hour work week, and still receive less than 100 mrem per ! week. At 12 inches, the limit is approximatley 28 hours per week. ' At 6 inches, the limit is approximately 9 hours per week. 1 At very few times (if ever!) during a paper machine audit should the gamma gauge operator have to be closer than 12 inches directly 1 in front of the probe face. If for any reason you need to l approach any closer than 12", do so at an angle where the radiation exposure is less. If you ever must look directly at the probe face (to check for damage, etc.), we recommend that you use a mirror rather than look directly. j
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3 _ * RADIATION PROFILE - SHUTTER OPEN < NDC MODEL 100 SERIES PROBE _ - Custom.r: Drowtog No.: S036 E SYSTEMS 5 (: 3$ ..,... .: 3< g go
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Also note on the radiation profile that the dosage decreases as the angle of incidence approaches the horizontal.
Shielding Interreaction of photons with matter reduces the energy of the photons as well as the intensity (the number of photons). Certain heavy metals, such as lead and tungsten, make good shields because they have a high density and mass absorption coefficient. Light metals, such as aluminum, and organic materials, such as wood and animal tissue, are not good shields and the radiation can b penetrate much further. Water is also a poor shield.
There are various types of radiation shields available: concrete and other shields are constructed around reactor installations, ; lead covers are draped over your body during dental X-rays, chemical compounds provide shielding to certain patients receiving radiation for curative or diagonstic purposes. Shielding is impractical, though, during use of the gamma gauge on the paper machine.
During storage and shipment, the shutter on the probe should be closed. It is made of cast steel with a tungsten insert to absorb the radiation and block it when the gauge is not actively in use, j
Please refer to the shutter-closed radiation profile on the next | page. With the shutter closed, the dosage rate directly on the I surface of the probe is less than one mrem / hour. With the shutter closed there is no danger storing the probe in a secured area.
General or Specific License?
The General License
The NDC Model Series 100 has been approved for sale under General License No. GL1933-70. As a generally licensed device, no specific training is required in order to possess or operate the gauge. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), or the regulatory commission in your state (if you are located in an Agreement State), requirements are minimal. They are outlined at the back of your manual. - _ - - ______- _ - - - _ . - . ------_ - - -- . - - . . ------
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-15- { I l The Specific License ( The General Licensee is not legally allowed to ship a radioactive device, except by transfer to a person holding a specific license to receive such a device. If you desire to ship the gauge between plant - sites within a city, between cities or between states, a Specific License is required.
The Specific Licensee knows how to use, store, and transport the radiation gauge safely and legally, how to deal with emergency situations, keeps up to date on new regulations, and is knowledgeable about the effects, hazards, and legal issues pertaining to the radiation device. '
NDC Systems can assist you with your application for a Specific- License, but cannot apply for you. Some guidelines for filling out the application and setting up a radiation safety program are available upon request.
Proper Handling of Equipment
Proper handling of the NDC Model Series 100 is described in detail in your manual and the addendum, if any. Factory representatives are available if any assistance is required.
The NDC Systems general phone number is (818) 358-1871. The NDC Service Department also maintLins a 24-hour message service at (818) 357-9636. Calls will usually be returned within 24 hours.
Emergency Procedures
In case of damage or suspected damage to the source the following procedure is designed to prevent the possible spread of radioactive material . It should preferably be carried out by one person. Conduct this procedure in as limited a physical area as possible. Because of its physical location, and its construction (helium are welded stainless steel), it is highly unlikely that any damage will occur to the source. However, in case of actual or suspected damage, the following procedure should be followed: , , y un::, 33 , ' , .( , ; 'y- , (yr[ , :'fa+ , , _. s ,., + ';.r. o ...if3 7 4 * ya * ' . < r ,
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, - 1 L | 1.' Iffpossible, rope off : the area .indolved' until such time as proper ~ authorities have arrived to investigate. [r' ' ' L 2 '. Notify - the nearest. State Department'of.Publich Health of- the' nearest ~ NRC ' . of fi ce. . This information. will have been " . supplied by NDC Systems'when'you purchased the' gauge-or.is available from your Radiation Safety Officer.
" 3. All personnel involved should thoroughly wash their hands.. h h' '~4.. Call: NDC Systems: collect during normal west coast working hours at-(818) 358-1871.. '5. Call ,( 818) 357-9634 on weekends or after normal working hours and. leave a message.
. '6. - A similar procedure is:also contained in your instruction . manual..
WIPE TEST & SHUTTER TEST
All . sealed sources are tested for. leakage of radioact.ive Inaterial before initial use, and thereafter must be tested at intervals not exceeding:six months.
The leak test is usually performed by wiping the entire accessible surface of the sealed source,. in this case the NDC probe, with a cotton swab.. Records of leak test .results must be kept on.. file by the Radiation Safety Officer in charge of the gauge (s), and are subject to .inspectien.
NDC ' Systems provides a wipe test service as ' described in your in'struction manual. Shutter must be checked also at six-month intervals for proper oprration by a' person specifically licensed to do so.
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References
1. Zschoche, D. A., Radiation Update, Critical Care Update r Nov. 1979. 2. Kiedron, P., Notes on Nuclear Radiation Safety, March 1985.
3. Libby, W. F., Dosages from Natural Radioactivity and Cosmic Rays, Science, July 1955.
4. U. S. Dept. of Commerce / National Bureau of Standards, Handbook 59: Permissible Dose from External Sources of Ionizing Radiation, Sept. 1954.
5. U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, Nuclear Terms, April 1984.
6. Burnett, W. D., Radiation Protection, 1982. 7. NDC Systems Training Manual, August 1986, Monrovia, California.
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RADIATION SAFETY. QUIZ
This quiz is required for the Certification of Training. Any notes or reference source may be used. .No grade will be given.
Note: If you do not answer at least 80% .of these questions correctly, we suggest that you review the training notes and redo the quiz before taking responsibility for the portable use of the NDC Model 104P Drainage. Profiler.
(T or F) 1. Visible light is a type of radiation.
(T or F) 2. Heat is a type of ionizing radiation.
(T or F) 3. Ionizing radiation is high energy radiation.
4. List two types of radiation used for industrial gauging.
a. b.
(T or F) 5. Cosmic radiation, originating in outer space, is generally not as harmful as radiation emitted from the NDC probe. i 6. What type of radiation does the NDC Model 104P emit?
a. Alpha radiation b. Beta radiation c. Gamma radiation d. X-rays e. Other 7. Radiation naturally occurring in the human body is due to small quantities of . 8. Living at sea level, one would receive a background radiation level of mrem / year frcm cosmic rays.
(T or F) 9. Radi a ti on-wi se , living in Los Angeles is moce hazardous than living in Denver.
10. The NDC gauging probe emits gamma radiation. Where is the receiver? |
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11. The energy of the emitted gamma photons is approximately thousand electron volts . (kev). [For comparison, the energy of dental X-rays can be as high as 150 kev. Beta gauge emissions are approximately 1200 kev. The lower the energy, the safer the radiation.]
(T or F) 12. A scintillation crystal is not used in the gamm gauge because a photomultiplier tube is used instead.
(T or F) 13. The radioactive source in the gamma gauge is fragile.
(T or F) 14. Radiation contamination and radiation exposure are the same thing.
(T or F) 15. In order to receive radiation contamination you must actually contact a radioactive substance.
(T or F) 16. The NDC gamma probe contaminates the operator every time the gauge is used. 17. The radioactive source in the NDC probe has been tested for resistance to: (Circle all that apply). '
a. pressure b. temperature c. vibration d. thermal shock e. impact f. puncture g. none of the above
(T or F) 18. Never attempt to repair a damaged probe yourself.
19. The unit radiation exposure is the .
20. The rem is the special unit of does equivalent. It stands for
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(T or F) 21. The rem is the special unit of dose equivalent that applies to human tissue. 9 0
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(T or F) 22. Radium is a naturally occuring radiation source.
23. The unit of source ctrcagth is the .
'24. The radioactive source used in the NDC gamma probe is Am-241. What is the radioactivity of this source?
(T or F) 25. 500 mrem = 0.5 rem.
26. The two major reasons for creating a radiation safety program are:
a.
b.
_ (T or F) 27. Danger from radiation depends upon the degree of exposure.
(T or F) 28. The possibility of receiving an overexposure to radiation from the NDC gamma gauge are slight. 29. List three responsibilities of the Radiation Safety Officer,
a.
b.
c.
(T of F) 30. Every living cell can be damaged and kl.11ed by radiation if the dose is 3arge enough.
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(T or F) 31. The concern with the NDC gamma gauge is more of chronic exposure than acute exposure.
(T or F) 32. A single dosage of 100 mrem is safer than four doses of 25 mrem.
(T or F) 33. Genetic changes can be produced with doses that are too small to cause an observable effect. 34. To render a person sterile, the sex organs alone would have to receive a single exposure of:
.
(T or F) 35. Gamma rays are more dangerous than medical X-rays.
, 36. .To see any observable effect of radiation, it has I been estimated that the equivalent of chest X-rays in a short time is necessary.
(T or F) 37. All human tissue is equally sensitive to radiation damage.
(T or F) 38. The standard operating limits for radiation are based on how much radiation we can tolerate without ! harm. | | 39. At the present time, the dosage that is accepted as having absolutely no biological effect is .
40. As a user of the gamma gauge for paper machine audits, your maximum permissible annual dose equivalent for whole-body radiation is rem, not to be received in amounts greater than , mrem / week. | 41. Your friend who does not work with radiation is permitted:
a. The same amount b. A greater dosage c. A lesser dosage
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(T or F) 42. The stated permissible dosages include radiation doses received from medical procedures.
43. If you are 18 years old, your maximum accumulated whole body dose is:
a. 5 rem
, b. 110 rem ! c. 100 rem d. 100 mrem / week e. 50 rem
(T or F) 44. Children are much less sensitive to radiation than adults.
(T or F) 45. Certain parts of the body are more sensitive to radiation.
46. Exposure to radiation can be limited in three ways:
a.
b.
c.
(T or F) 47. The radiation from the NDC probe is isotropic, that is, whether you approach it straight on or from the side does not matter; you will receive the same dose either way.
(T or F) 48. Aluminum foil is a good shield against radiation.
49. With the shutter closed, the dosage rate half an
inch from the probe is .
50. Radiation intensity follows the inverse square law. This means that as you approach the radition source, the radiation intensity increases tremendously. At the following distances from the gamma probe, how long could you remain directly in front of the probe face and sti]] receive less than the weekly permissible dosage:
a. 18 inches: hours
b. 12 inches: hours
c. 6 inches: hours
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51. The inverse square law for radiation can be 3 written: radiation = constant x 1/(distance x 2 distance), where distance is in centimeters. If f the radiation from some source is 4 rem at 1 cm, J what is the radiation level at 2 cm?
a. 16 rem , b. 8 rem c. A rem d. 2 rem ; e. I rem | 52. What i s the dosage from the source described in #51 at a distance of 10 cm? State your answer in mrem:
.
(T or F) 53. The shutter should be closed whenever the gauge is not actively in use.
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(T or F) 54. When you are travelling and need to store the gauge ; overnight, it is best to store it in the locked ' trunk of your car.
55. If the gamma gauge is ever stolen or lost, three i contacts shoul d be made as soon as possible. Who I must be notified? I
, a.
b.
C.
(T or F) 56. A specific license, requiring training in radiation safety, is needed in order to ship the gamma gauge legally.
57. The gamma gauge should be shipped by common carrier. An example of a common carrier is
.
(T of F) 58. The gamma gauge must be stored in a secure area, such as a locked cabinet.
(T or F) 59. All representatives of your company taking the gauge on field trips must have radiation safety training. - _ _ - ______- ______- _ _ _--
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60. A test for leakage of . radioactive material must be performed on the gamma gauge at intervals not exceeding:
a. 2 weeks b. I month c. 3 months d. 6 months
., e. I year f. 5 years
The answers to the above questions are all contained within the literature provided by NDC Systems. If you have any questions
regarding any of the answers, please ask. .
The . NDC Systems general phone number is (818) 357-1871. The switchboard is open during normal west coast business hours.
The NDC Service Department is available at (818) 358-1871.
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QUALIFICATION OF RADIATION SAFETY INSTRUCTOR
I. Thomas B. Durkin, Jr. | S.S.N. 156522667 Wisconsin Wires, Inc. 6480 W. College Ave. Appleton, WI 54913-8005
Experience |
Captain - United-States Army Clearance: Cosmic Top Secret Atomal.
Position
Nuclear & Chemical Safety Officer (November 1979 - April 1982) 83rd US Army Field Artillery Detachment APO, NY 09547 Training Attended the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Nuclear. & Chemcial Employment / Safety Course, Oberammergau, Federal Republic of Germany. June 1980-
Instruction
120 hours of classroom instruction.
Course Contents The North Atlantic Treaty Organization conducted a 3 week policy and procedures course for all Nuclear & Chemical Safety Officers. This course covered accident and incident reporting, emergency procedures, population control, and radiation safety for both fission and fusion devices, types | of exposure, biological hazards and effects, and exposure limits. Responsibilities
Responsible for the coordination plan and execution of the unit Nuclear & Chemica] instruction and safety training.
Position
Deputy Nuclear & Chemica) Accident Control Officer (April 1982-March 1983) { 557th US Army Field Artillery Group I APO, NY 09331 (April 1982 - March 1983) j | Training j i l Attend the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Nuclear & Chemical Accident i
, .and Inci dent Control Course, Oberammergau, Federal Republic of Germany. (June 3982)
Instruction j j 40 hours of classroom instruction. !
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Responsjbi1ities
Responsible for the coordination and execution of subsector 3 Echo Nuclear & Chemical Accident Control, Federal Republic of Germany. Position
^ Nuclear Surety Officer (March 1983 - November 1984) 30th US Field Artillery Detachment APO, NY 09331 Training
Attend the 59th Ordinance Brigade Surety Program Course. (July 1983) Instruction
80 hours of classroom instruction. Course Contents
The course covered the Personnel Reliability Program, Radiation Safety, US Government Policy & Procedures For Accident & Incident Control, Emergency Procedures, Shipping & Storage. Responsibilities
Nuclear Surety Officer responsible for the screening and placement of individuals in the Personnel Reliability Program (PRP). This program consisted of placing both officer and enlisted personnel in controlled, secret, top secret positions, in the United States Army Europe Nuclear Surety Program.
Position
Product Manager Wi sconsi n Wi res , Inc.
Training Completed the Service Manufacturer's (NDC Systems) training program on January 7, 1987.
Instruction Completed an eight hour block of instruction on the NDC Drainage Profiler, Course Content Definition of Radiation, Radi oac t i vi ty and Intensity, Pl ant Safety, Types of Exposure, Biological Hazards and Effects, NDC Drainage Profiler, Emergency Procedures, Handling & Storage, Wipe Test & Shutter Test.
CONTROLND. 8 2 9 4 0
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