Marketing of Fish from Peri-Urban Kolkata

Working Paper 6

December 2002

Marketing of fish from peri-urban

Kolkata

Little, D.C.1, Kundu, N.2, Mukherjee, M. 3 and Barman, B.K1. 2002. Marketing of fish in peri-urban Kolkata. St irling, UK: Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling [Working Paper]

1Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling 2Institute of Wetland Management and Ecological Design, Department of Environment, Government of West Bengal 3Department of Fisheries, Government of West Bengal

For further information please contact the project team leader:

Dr Stuart Bunting Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland Tel: +44 (0)1786 456573, Fax: +44 (0)1786 451462 or visit the project website at: http://www.dfid.stir.ac.uk/dfid/nrsp/kolkata.htm

Disclaimer: This publication is an output from a project funded by the UK Department for International Development (DFID) for the benefit of developing countries. The views expressed are not necessarily those of DFID.

2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Trading of fish in Kolkata

1. Livelihoods of poor people in Kolkata and the State of West Bengal are inextricably bound up with a cultural and dietary preference for fish. Consumption of fish, particularly freshwater fish, is known to be among the highest in the World. In social terms the catching and handling of fish in India dominated by lower caste people but consumption of fish is almost universal. 2. Previous studies indicated the importance of the East Kolkata Wetlands as a source of cultured fish but also the role of imported cultured fish and wild fish species in the markets and diets of Kolkata. The current study, which followed trading in the major wholesale markets located within the wetlands area through the year and developed an overview of retail markets indicates some interesting trends, but confirms the importance and role of fish from the bheries.

Overview of fish marketing in and around Kolkata

3. West Bengal remains the major source of fish seed and market for cultured freshwater fish in India. Fish seed production occurs at several concentrations (see Working Paper 7) but the major wholesale markets in Kolkata such as Howrah and Seladah are important points of transhipment to other parts of the State, neighbouring Bangladesh and the Gulf States. 4. Fish culture occurs throughout West Bengal but occurs as a major concentration in the bheries located within the East Kolkata Wetlands. There are major imports of large fish raised in commercial systems elsewhere in India, particularly from Andra Pradesh (AP), and their importance appears to be increasing. The Indian Major carps (IMC), catla and rohu, dominate sales and prices appear to have declined over the last 5 years in response to intense competition. 5. Cultured river and swamp catfish (Pangasius and Clarias species respectively) from AP appear to entered markets relatively recently although in small amounts. These tend to be exotic species, or hybridized with exotic species. 6. The evidence from the auction markets suggests that the production of sewage-raised fish in bheries also appears to be increasing. Small exotic tilapias and Indian major carps (<200g) dominate the trade but the exotic silver and common carps are also important and tend to be produced and sold at a larger individual size (300g+). 7. The activity of the auction markets within the wetlands, where live fish from the bheries are traded suggests that large quantities of the smallest fish are transported to outlying Districts of the State. Wild, indigenous species continue to be widely available in retail markets, but expensive. They are sold in the auction markets but are only significant during the cool season when ponds are drained and they can be caught easily.

Auction markets

8. Four of the major markets in the East Kolkata Wetlands were monitored throughout 2002, Bamanghata, Bantala, Chowbhaga and Chingrighata. The main trends indicated a gradual increase in the number of traders involved at each market over the last decades by a factor of up to 6. 9. Currently more than 200 auctioneers trade daily through the year although volumes of fish traded can vary by almost 100%. The number of trades made each day remains similar but the average amounts traded/sale varies. More fish is traded in the months May-October and least between November and April. 10. Overall it is estimated that in excess of 18,000 MT of fish are being traded through these 4 markets annually, mainly from the bheries. Fish yields in excess of 4,500 MT/ha (based on a figure of 4,000 ha) appear to be sustained. 11. Exotic species, especially tilapias have become increasingly important over the last few decades. Two main types of tilapia are identified by producers, intermediaries and consumers; the darker ‘tilapia’ (Oreochromis mossambicus) and the lighter ‘lylantica’ (Oreochromis

3 niloticus). The latter now predominates although the former is considered superior by consumers and together they constitute 40 - 50% of the wetlands production. 12. Other introduced species mainly common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and silver carp (Hypothalmichthyes molitrix) make up approximately 5% each and remainder (40-50%) comprises small Indian Major carps - ‘pona’ (Labeo rohu and Cirrhinus mrigala). 13. Large numbers of people are employed during the hours of the auctions (typically 4-10 am, seasonally dependent). At least 4 people are employed for each auction trading house (writer and many casual labourers find employment for carrying water. Employees of the bheries tend to be paid a fixed rate to carry live fish to the market, usually Rs20 per load. Loads vary but are typically around 30 kg. 14. Others benefit through selling ground water from nearby and the numerous teahouse operators. Children, often working before school, earn token amounts for helping move fish in cash or kind. 15. Relationships between arotdars and sellers of fish are complex, usually involving advances of cash or fingerlings and resulting in variable commission rates at the time of purchase. 16. A complex system of financial settlement if used within the auction markets to ensure benefit streams from buyers (1%) and sellers (4-5%) of fish and to cover the retailers losses during retailing of small quantities of fish. The buyers of fish are of three major types- (1) poor retailers who then individually carry live fish, usually in aluminium patils on bicycles to retail markets in Kolkata or its vicinity. Alternatively (2) fish are transported by vehicle in oil drums to more distant markets by groups of traders who then ‘break’ the fish into smaller quantities before retailing. Another strategy (3), especially for very small fish and those that are already dead, is icing and transfer to other markets through West Bengal e.g. Ramaghata (80 km away). This trade appears to be increasing. 17. The small size of fish produced and traded and an increasing dependence on exotics reflects changes in the market and demand. Several traders mentioned the increasing importance of the tilapia for the poor, which together with small IMC remain readily saleable. Maintaining live fish in nets prior to transportation is one practice that appears to be increasing. 18. Interest in, and markets for, larger live fish also appear to be increasing but higher risks seem to make this a problematic option for bherie-based production even though the labour unions support it. Poaching of larger fish in particular and high labour costs were reported to make this an unfavourable option. The current system of auctioning large quantities of live fish is also much easier for smaller individual fish.

Retail markets

19. There are a large variety of markets in Kolkata and surroundings and fresh fish is a dominant product, purchased on a very frequent basis by most households. The diversity of fish products is immense in even small markets; usually fish retailers are located together is an identifiable section although in informal street markets, aquatic products are sold in small quantities alongside vegetable traders. Most fish tend to be sold whole, live or iced. Retailers may specialize in one specific type of aquatic product or sell a variety, the latter is more common in formal markets although some formal, more up-market markets have more extreme forms of specialization among aquatic product vendors. 20. The dominance of aquatic products on sale compared to other forms of high quality foods (e.g. meat) is extreme in the markets of Kolkata. The numbers of vendors selling aquatic foods of all types was higher than meat by a factor of 3-12 among a range of retail markets surveyed. Freshwater fish is also more dominant than seafood; stalls selling freshwater species outnumbered marine by a factor of over 2. Cultured fish are also sold by more stalls, and in greater quantities, than wild species which are more likely to be sold live and to command higher prices. 21. Common forms of specialization among retailers were those selling whole or steaked large IMC from AP, compared to those selling small live tilapias and carps from the wetlands. Apart from vendors specializing in seafood, many sold both seafood and large IMC. 22. The type of market-its location and customer base was important in characterizing the likely profile of vendors. Markets patronized by richer customers tended to be formal and permanent and to sell a great variety of products. A level of specialization characterized stalls vendors selling only a variety of live indigenous fish, or seafood, or IMC for example.

4 23. The quantities of fish sold per vendor and margin per kg tended to be higher for the large imported IMC than for small live tilapias, IMC and exotic carps from Kolkata wetlands. Larger live carps and tilapia however attracted high prices and margins, but availability was low. Gross incomes of people selling small carps and tilapias ranged from less than Rs200-500 per day. Marketing costs usually around 15-20% of gross income. 24. Scheduled caste or tribal people were most commonly involved in trading fish; depending on the market, women were often active traders. Vendors specializing in selling large iced IMC typically had a minimum of two people per stall, one of whom was involved in streaking and/or cleaning the fish. Vendors selling small live carps and tilapias and/or small wild fish tended to trade alone and have relatively smaller amounts of fish for sale. Cleaning of such fish is normally contracted by independents. Sitting among the traders, fish cleaners tend to be very poor and earn Rs1-3 per time depending on the size and difficulty of the fish to be cleaned.

Consumers

25. People generally prefer to purchase and consume a variety of species and sized fish, freshwater, marine, captured and cultured fish are all available in every market, although the range of produce available does vary between markets. Customers in Kolkata markets tended to consume fish on a daily basis, whereas meat of all types is much less frequently consumed; fish were eaten on more than 5 occasions a week compared to less than once for all meat. The mean amount of fish bought was around 0.89 kg per customer. Better -off consumers tended to consume fish more frequently than poorer people, although even the poorest group consumed fish more than 4 times per week on average. 26. Approximately 50% of people interviewed had a negative opinion on the use of wastewater to raise fish, the remainder having a positive perspective or no opinion. Consumers purchased between 400g to over 2 kg of fish on each occasion. Based on the amounts bought on each occasion and the stated frequency of consumption and household size, per capita consumption of aquatic products exceeds 60 kg annually. 27. The timing of the survey may have influenced the relative abundance and importance of wastewater reared fish compared to other sources as supplies were relatively low at this time. The substitution of other sources for wastewater fish seems clear and only a longitudinal survey would determine if imported IMC varied significantly through the year. Recall of the vendors suggests that markets for large IMC continue to expand and not prone to large variation in this respect.

5 Trading of fish in Kolkata dominate sales and prices appear to have declined over the last 5 years in response to Livelihoods of poor people in Kolkata and the intense competition. State of West Bengal are inextricably bound up Cultured river and swamp catfish (Pangasius with a cultural and dietary preference for fish. and Clarias species respectively) from AP Consumption of fish, particularly freshwater appear to entered markets relatively recently fish, is known to be among the highest in the although in small amounts. These tend to be World. In social terms the catching and exotic species, or hybridized with exotic handling of fish in India dominated by lower species. caste people but consumption of fish is almost The evidence from the auction markets universal. Kolkata has been known as a ‘fish suggests that the production of sewage-raised deficit’ area (Saha, 1970) since the end of the fish in bheries also appears to be increasing. 18th century and highly dependent on outside Small exotic tilapias and Indian major carps sources of fish. This shortage has intensified (<200g) dominate the trade but the exotic since Partition and the loss of rich fishery silver and common carps are also important resources to the East to the new State, and tend to be produced and sold at a larger Bangladesh and dereliction of formerly individual size (300g+). Tilapias appear to productive fis heries. have steadily grown in importance since their Previous studies indicated the importance of introduction and promotion by the State the East Kolkata Wetlands as a source of Government in the early 1960’s. Despite cultured fish but also the role of imported Department of Fisheries attempts to control or cultured fish and wild fish species in the eradicate them on account of their perceived markets and diets of Kolkata (Morrice et al. negative impacts on established IMC, they 1998). The current study, which followed now account for around 50% of production and trading in the major wholesale markets located the trends suggested by all parts of the within the wetlands area through the year and production and marketing chain suggest this developed an overview of retail markets will continue to increase. The small IMC and indicates some interesting trends, but confirms tilapias appear compatible within the bheri the importance and role of fish from the production system and to meet different bheries. Saha (1970) estimated the amount of market needs to the larger, iced IMC imported fish reaching Kolkata markets from the into the State. A high level of consumer wetlands as being around 5 MT daily and the knowledge regarding fish purchase, activity to employ nearly 5,000 fishers. In spite preparation and consumption is clear. For of losses of wetland since this time, this study example darker fish, more clearly suggests that a ten-fold increase in production ‘mossambicus’ in appearance, are sold has occurred. Many key informants point to a separately and more expensively than the decline in the bheries but timeline analysis of lighter, often slightly larger ‘lylantica’ the auction markets, through which the (‘niloticus’). Moreover consumers majority of the wetlands fish are traded The activity of the auction markets within the suggests that tremendous growth has occurred. wetlands, where live fish from the bheries are traded suggests that large quantities of the Overview of fish marketing in and around smallest fish are transported to outlying Kolkata Districts of the State. Wild, indigenous species continue to be widely available in retail West Bengal remains the major source of fish markets, but expensive. They are sold in the seed and market for cultured freshwater fish in auction markets but are only significant during India. Fish seed production occurs at several the cool season when ponds are drained and concentrations (see Working Paper 7) but the they can be caught easily. major wholesale markets in Kolkata such as

Howrah and Seladah are important points of Mean size of trade transhipment to other parts of the State, neighbouring Bangladesh and the Gulf States. 30 Fish culture occurs throughout West Bengal 20 but occurs as a major concentration in the 10 bheries located within the East Kolkata 0 Fish sold (kg/saler) Wetlands. There are major imports of large J F M A M J J A S O N D fish raised in commercial systems elsewhere in Month India, particularly from Andra Pradesh (AP)., and their importance appears to be increasing. The Indian Major carps (IMC), catla and rohu,

6 Size of fish sold correlates with the main production cycle. Stocking occurs year-round from nursery 200 ponds, usually operated by the same bheri 150 operator and fish are then ‘thinned’ out and 100 sold throughout the year. The smaller size of 50

Size of fish (g) fish later in the year could be explained by 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D mid-season stocking of nursed fingerlings. Month Hatchlings are available for much of the year but are cheapest in the mid-season (April- September). Auction markets

Price of fish sold Four of the major markets in the East Kolkata Wetlands were monitored throughout 2002, 40 Bamanghata (Baman), Bantala (Ban), 30 Chowbhaga (Chow) and Chingrighata (Ching). 20 The main trends indicated a gradual increase in 10 0 Price of fish (Rs/kg) the number of traders involved at each market J F M A M J J A S O N D over the last decades by a factor of up to 6. Month Bamanghata is the largest market in terms of both the numbers of traders and the average size of trade. Bamanghata is located more Overall it is estimated that in excess of 18,000 centrally within the wetlands and fish from this MT of fish are being traded through these 4 market also is sold on through Chowbhaga and markets annually, mainly from the bheries. Bantala auction markets as well as directly to a Fish yields in excess of 4,500 MT/ha (based on range of retail markets (See Appendices) a figure of 4,000 ha) appear to be sustained.

Species Increasing numbers of wholesalers

80 Exotic species, especially tilapias have become 60 Ban increasingly important over the last few 40 Bam decades Two main types of tilapia are

traders 20

numbers of 0 Ching identified by producers, intermediaries and 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Chow consumers; the darker ‘tilapia’ (Oreochromis time mossambicus) and the lighter ‘lylantica’ (Oreochromis niloticus). The latter now

Total fish sold predominates although the former is considered superior by consumers and together

21 they constitute 40 - 50% of the wetlands 20 production. Most arotdars were of the opinion 19 18 that the level of tilapia produced and traded 17 has been increasing partly because it is cheaper

Fish sold (kg/saler) 16 Ban Baman Ching Chow to produce and is high demand, especially Fish Arat from poor consumers. . Key informants in all four markets confirmed that tilapias began to appear in the early 1960’s, Nile tilapia in the Currently more than 200 auctioneers trade mid-1980s and common carp and silver carp in daily through the year although volumes of the mid-1970s. Clearly some fish traded at fish traded can vary by almost 100%. The these auction markets is derived from number of trades made each day remains aquaculture and rice-fis h fisheries outside of similar but the average amounts traded/sale the wetland area proper. Small wild species varies. More fish is traded in the months May- were quite common in the markets during October and least between November and December and this was related to the rice April. At least 4 people are employed for each production cycle and a tendency to drain auction trading house (auctioneer, writer, bheries and catch residual fish at this time of sweeper and accountant) and many casual year. labourers find employment carrying water.

Both the mean size of trade and the average size of fish sold increases during the season demonstrating a seasonality of supply that

7 Amount of fish species sold Size of fish species sold

25 300 20 15 200 10

(kg/seller) 5 100 Amount of fish 0 Size of fish (g) 0 Nilotica Pona Others Nilotica Pona Others Fish species Fish species

Fish species sold in arat Employment benefits

60 Large numbers of people are employed during 40 the hours of the auctions (typically 4-10 am, seasonally dependent). Employees of the 20 bheries tend to be paid a fixed rate to carry live 0 fish to the market, usually Rs20 per load. Number of seller (%) Ban Bam Ching Chow Nilotica Loads vary but are typically around 30 kg. Fish Arat Pona Others benefit through selling ground water Others from nearby and the numerous teahouse operators. Children, often working before Other introduced species mainly common carp school, earn token amounts for helping move (Cyprinus carpio) and silver carp fish in cash or kind. (Hypothalmichthys molitrix) make up Relationships between arotdars and sellers of approximately 5% each and remainder (40- fish are complex, usually involving advances 50%) comprises small Indian Major carps – of cash or fingerlings and resulting in variable ‘pona’ (Labeo rohu and Cirrhinus mrigala). commission rates at the time of purchase. Some markets have associations of arotdars, Generally between 15and 20 kg of all species membership being based on a small daily rate is sold per trade, which is the quantity of live (Rs5 per day). Formal meetings are held in the fish that can be carried in a single patil association’s own meeting house. Some markets trading fish from bheries is relatively recent, Chingrighata originally started as a Price of fish species sold market selling wild shrimps in the vicinity. 40 30 A complex system of financial settlement if 20 used within the auction markets to ensure 10 benefit streams from buyers (1%) and sellers 0 Price of fish (Rs/kg) Nilotica Pona Others (4-5%) of fish and to cover the retailer’s losses Fish species during retailing of small quantities of fish. Linkages between arotdars and bheries exist whereby traders secure supplies of fish through The larger mean size of other fish reflects the advances of cash and/or seed to bheri lower stocking densities used for common and operators. Most prefer cash as there are no silver carps compared to tilapias an IMC. issues over the quality and survival of seed. These species also wholesale for slightly The level of advance influences the amount of higher prices but the relatively small premium commission levied when the fish are suggests that the significantly larger size does purchased. not outweigh the perceived advantages of small tilapia and IMC. These are easier to maintain alive and to sell in retail markets Comissions paid by sellers and buyers compared to the larger exotic carps. 30

Amount (Rs/sb) 0 Ban Bam Ching Chow buyer Whloe sale Fish Market seller

8 The buyers of fish are of three major types- (1) more extreme forms of specialization among poor retailers who then individually carry live aquatic product vendors. fish, usually in aluminium patils on bicycles to retail markets in Kolkata or its vicinity. The dominance of aquatic products on sale Alternatively (2) fish are transported by compared to other forms of high quality foods vehicle in oil drums to more distant markets by (e.g. meat) is extreme in the markets of groups of traders who then ‘break’ the fish into Kolkata. The numbers of vendors selling smaller quantities before retailing. Another aquatic foods of all types was higher than meat strategy (3), especially for very small fish and by a factor of 3-12 among a range of retail those that are already dead, is icing and markets (n=11) surveyed. Freshwater fish is transfer to other markets through West Bengal also more dominant than seafood; stalls selling e.g. Ramaghata (80 km away). This trade freshwater species outnumbered marine by a appears to be increasing. factor of over 2. Cultured fish are also sold by more stalls, and in greater quantities, than wild The small size of fish produced and traded and species which are more likely to be sold live an increasing dependence on exotics reflects and to command higher prices. The most changes in the market and demand. Several important category of fish sold was dead and traders mentioned the increasing importance of iced freshwater cultured species the tilapia for the poor, which together with small IMC remain readily saleable. Maintaining live fish in nets prior to Importance of fish in Kolkata markets transportation is one practice that appears to be 200 increasing. 150 100 50 meat all 0 eggs Cash for fish and cash received by seller and buyer tt veg pc ult gh Number of vendors bgm sura gbg kdp tengra all fish bengchem 800 Name of market 600 400 200 (Rs/person)

Amount of cash 0 Ban Bam Ching Chow Markets included bgm=Beleaghata; pc=Park seller Whole sale Market tvfish Circus; ult=Ultadanga; garia=Gariahat; buyer mb=Much bazar; gh Ghosh bagan; tt=Taltola;

bengchem=Begal Chemical market; Interest in, and markets for, larger live fish sura=Phulbagan sura, tengra=Tengra; also appear to be increasing but higher risks kdh=Khidderpur seem to make this a problematic option for bheri-based production even though the labour Common forms of specialization among unions support it. Poaching of larger fish in retailers were those selling whole or steaked particular and high labour costs were reported large IMC from AP, compared to those selling to make this an unfavourable option. The small live tilapias and carps from the wetlands. current system of auctioning large quantities of Apart from vendors specializing in seafood, live fish is also much easier for smaller many sold both seafood and large IMC. individual fish.

Retail markets Aquatic food retail trading in Kolkata markets

There are a large variety of markets in Kolkata seafood and surroundings and fresh fish is a dominant wild-live product, purchased on a very frequent basis by wild-dead most households. The diversity of fish cultured-live products is immense in even small markets; cultured-dead usually fish retailers are located together is an identifiable section although in informal street Proportion of vendors selling aquatic food markets, aquatic products are sold in small trading in seafood or freshwater fish by quantities alongside vegetable traders. Most category (n=635) fish tend to be sold whole, live or iced. Retailers may specialize in one specific type of The type of market-its location and customer aquatic product or sell a variety, the latter is base was important in characterizing the likely more common in formal markets although profile of vendors. Markets patronized by some formal, more up-market markets have richer customers tended to be formal and

9 permanent and to sell a great variety of Consumers products. A level of specialization characterized stalls vendors selling only a People generally prefer to purchase and variety of live indigenous fish, or seafood, or consume a variety of species and sized fish, IMC for example. freshwater, marine, captured and cultured fish are all available in every market, although the The quantities of fish sold per vendor and range of produce available does vary between margin per kg tended to be higher for the large markets. Customers in Kolkata markets tended imported IMC than for small live tilapias, IMC to consume fish on a daily basis, whereas meat and exotic carps from Kolkata wetlands. of all types is much less frequently consumed; Larger live carps and tilapia however attracted fish were eaten on more than 5 occasions a high prices and margins, but availability was week compared to less than once for all meat. low. Gross incomes of people selling small The mean amount of fish bought was around carps and tilapias ranged from less than Rs200- 0.89kg per customer. Better -off consumers 500 per day. Marketing costs usually around tended to consume fish more frequently than 15-20% of gross income. poorer people, although even the poorest group consumed fish more than 4 times per week on average. Fish sold by Retailers

25 Consumption frequency 20 (occasions per week, median 15 10 values) (kg/ret) 5 0 Wellbeing

Amount of fish sold Meat Fish bgm ult tt pc bmb garia kdh group Retail Markets Better-off 1.5 6.5 Medium 1.0 5.5 Poor 0 5.5 Scheduled caste or tribal people were most commonly involved in trading fish; depending Approximately 50% of people interviewed had on the market, women were often active a negative opinion on the use of wastewater to traders. Vendors specializing in selling large raise fish, the remainder having a positive iced IMC typically had a minimum of two perspective or no opinion. Consumers people per stall, one of whom was involved in purchased between 400g to over 2 kg of fish steaking and/or cleaning the fish. Vendors on each occasion. Based on the amounts selling small live carps and tilapias and/or bought on each occasion and the stated small wild fish tended to trade alone and have frequency of consumption and household size, relatively smaller amounts of fish for sale. per capita consumption of aquatic products Cleaning of such fish is normally contracted by exceeds 60 kg annually. independents. Sitting among the traders, fish The importance of cultured freshwater fish in cleaners tend to be very poor and earn Rp 1-3 the markets of Kolkata, particularly among per time depending on the size and difficulty poorer consumers of the fish to be cleaned. Most vendors lived within 20 minutes The timing of the survey may have influenced travelling time of the market in which they the relative abundance and importance of sold fish, travelling by bicycle, taxi or bus. wastewater reared fish compared to other Marketing costs were typically less than sources as supplies were relatively low at this Rp200/day mainly for transportation, ice and time. The substitution of other sources for market fees. wastewater fish seems clear and only a longitudinal survey would determine if

Buying and Selling price imported IMC varied significantly through the year. Recall of the vendors suggests that 200 markets for large IMC continue to expand and 150 not prone to large variation in this respect. 100 50 0

Price of fish (Rs/kg) bgm ult tt pc mb gh kdh bp Retail market sp

10 References

Saha, K.C. 1970. Fisheries of West Bengal. 121pp

Morrice, C., Choudhury, N.I. and Little, D.C. 1998. Fish markets in Calcutta. Aquaculture Asia 3(2), 12-14.

11 Appendices

(1) Bamanghata auction market and linkages with retail markets

(2) Bantala auction market and linkages with retail markets

(3) Choubagha auction market and linkages with retail markets

(4) Chingrighata auction market and linkages with retail markets

(5) Bamanghata auction market and linkages with bheries

(6) Bantala auction market and linkages with bheries

(7) Choubhaga auction market and linkages with bheries

18 CHINGRIGHATA

GOLTALA KULBERIA MADHUMITA

INFLOW

CHANDIPUR

NOTE :: THE DIFFERENT COLOURS USED ARE ONLY FOR PRESENTATION PURPSE AND DOESN’T IMPLY ANY SPECIAL MEANING

(8) Chingrighata auction market and linkages with bheries