SUSTAINABLE ENERGY ACTION

BIRMINGHAM PLAN

2005 -2020 Contents

1. Introduction 10 1. Introduction 10 1.1 A sustainable future for Birmingham 10 1.2 Covenant of Mayors: Sustainable Energy Action Plan 10 1.3 Birmingham’s Sustainable Energy Action Plan 12

2. Sustainable Energy Action Plan for Birmingham 14 2.1 The objectives of the Sustainable Energy Action Plan 14 2.2 Development of Birmingham’s SEAP 14

3. Birmingham’s starting point: the baseline inventory 16 3.1 Baseline Year 16 3.2 Development of the inventory 16 3.3 Birmingham’s Energy Consumption (2005) 18 3.4 Birmingham’s Carbon Emissions (2005) 20 3.5 Local electricity production in Birmingham (2005) 23 3.6 Local heat/cold production in Birmingham (2005) 23

4. Birmingham’s Sustainable Future: targets and the strategic framework for change 24 4.1 2005-2011 12% reduction 24 4.2 1990 – 2020 42% reduction 25 4.3 1990 -2026 60% reduction 25 4.4 Long-term vision 25 4.5 Organisational and financial aspects 27 4.5.1 Partnership and co-ordinated approach 27 4.5.2 Resourcing the plan 28 4.5.3 Involvement of stakeholders and citizens 28 4.5.4 Overall estimated budget 28 4.5.5 Sources of finance 30 4.5.6 Economic impact 31

1 5. Birmingham: Business As Usual 32 7.4.3 Energy from Waste - power only 63 5.1 Housing 32 7.5 Land Use Planning 65 5.2 Industry and commerce 34 7.5.1 Strategic urban planning 67 5.3 Transport 34 7.5.2 Transport / mobility planning 68 5.4 Business As Usual emissions and the SEAP 35 7.6 Public Procurement of Products and Services 69 6. Understanding the limits 36 7.7 Working with Birmingham’s’ citizens 6.1 Behaviour change 36 and stakeholders 71 6.2 Energy efficiency in buildings and equipment 36 7.7.1. Advisory services 71 6.3 Metering 38 7.7.2 Financial support and grants 71 6.4 District Energy 38 7.7.3 Awareness raising and local networking 71 6.5 Renewable Energy 39 7.7.4 Training and education 74 6.6 Transport 39 6.7 Limitations and the SEAP 39 8: National contribution (Green Grid) 76

7: Birmingham’s Sustainable Energy Action Plan: 9: Monitoring of the SEAP 78 achievements to date and proposed actions 40 9.1 Summary of requirements 78 7.1 Buildings, Equipment, Facilities & Industry 40 9.2 Reviewing the Context (Annual) 78 7.1.1 Birmingham City Council buildings and operations 40 9.3 Reviewing the Activities within the SEAP (Annual): 78 7.1.2 Commercial and industrial 9.4 Reviewing the strategy that underpins the buildings and operations 42 SEAP (Annual): 79 7.1.3 Residential buildings 44 9.5 Annual report on SEAP performance and 7.1.4 Street lighting 47 comments on progress + adjustments needed 79 7.2 Transport 50 9.6 Real-time monitoring 79 7.2.1 Birmingham City Council Fleet 50 9.7 Covenant of Mayors Requirements 80 7.2.2 Public, private and commercial transport 51 7.3 Local Electricity Production 56 9.8 Proposed timetable for reviews 80 7.3.1 Hydroelectric 56 10: Governance 82 7.3.2 Wind power 56 10.1 Need for strong governance 82 7.3.3 Solar Photovoltaic 57 10.2 City Council role for the SEAP 82 Local Electricity Production - Summary 59 7.4 Local district heating / cooling and 10.3 Scrutiny and democratic accountability 82 combined heat/power 59 10.4 Dynamic SEAP steering group 83 7.4.1 Combined Heat and Power schemes 59 10.5 Project teams 83 7.4.2 District Heating 63

2 3 Summary

Before joining the Covenant of plan includes actions aimed at right forward path. Many of Mayors programme in 2009, buildings, transport, district those consulted felt that Birmingham was already making energy and lifestyle changes. Birmingham needed to seize progress to develop a more the initiative and not to depend sustainable future. A secure and affordable supply of energy from Birmingham City Council and on national efforts to sustainable sources is vital to the the BeBirmingham Partnership decarbonise the grid electricity city’s future. And to achieve have already set ambitious supply, although this will also ambitious carbon reduction targets for the city: a 60% be important in achieving targets, a step change in reduction in the CO2 emitted future goals. The linked Issues implementing large scale energy per head of population by 2026 and Options paper provides programmes is now imperative. (on a 1990 baseline). A short the detail of the workshops and term action plan was published consultation process as well as The Covenant of Mayor’s in 2010. As part of developing the wider context which programme, an initiative that a longer term strategy and impacts on Birmingham’s involves more than 2,000 implementation plan, two strategic approach to energy. councils including Europe’s stakeholder events, held in Birmingham’s SEAP is based on major cities, requires that a October and November 2010 the hybrid scenario developed Sustainable Energy Action Plan, provided a rounded view on within Vantage Point and is the or SEAP, is submitted within what Birmingham second of these outputs from two years of joining the organisations, communities the development work in 2010. programme. The SEAP and residents want from future The SEAP points to a general includes a baseline of energy energy provision. To prepare direction rather than a consumption and the different scenarios to achieve prescriptive set of programmes associated carbon emissions. the ambitious carbon reduction and in this sense is not Europe’s ambition is to achieve target, a software tool Vantage Birmingham’s energy strategy – a 20% reduction in CO2 Point was used. Only one it provides a guide and some emissions and 20% of energy scenario – a hybrid approach – general boundaries for a consumed to come from achieved the necessary targets more detailed look at renewable sources by 2020 – and those consulted felt that a implementation. This will the ‘20/20/20’ commitment. mixed programme that be developed by Birmingham The second part of the SEAP included significant levels of City Council and partners includes the strategic direction energy from waste, renewables, during 2011. that is needed to achieve at energy efficiency measures and least these targets. The action behaviour change was the

4 5 For Birmingham’s SEAP energy consumption only baseline, 2005 was chosen as became available from that the baseline year. This is time. Birmingham’s overall because accurate localised data energy consumption is on carbon emissions and estimated as: The Covenant of Mayors ambitions relate to 1990 The SEAP submitted to the focuses on a horizon of 2020 because this is the year that Covenant of Mayors in Energy consumed whilst Birmingham’s 60% target formed the basis of the Kyoto November, 2010 included a Category Contribution (MWh in 2005) is directed at six years later. The Protocol which underpins all the wide range of actions to carbon reduction model used agreements in place within achieve this. In outline terms the Buildings, equipment, facilities and industry as the basis of the SEAP follows Europe for carbon reduction actions described are expected Birmingham’s 2026 timeline but and the UK’s carbon budgets. to achieve specific contributions SUBTOTAL 18,126,712 75% the targets are included in the Using a 2005 baseline is to the overall targets. SEAP to provide some necessitated by the availability Transport headroom. Actions are aimed of localised data. On this basis for completion by 2020 – if (2005 baseline) Birmingham SUBTOTAL 6,139,625 25% successful, the Covenant of long term ambition equates to Mayor’s targets will be far an estimated 42% reduction TOTAL 24,266,337 100% exceeded, if not Birmingham target, taking account of the has a further six years to achievements between address the challenges. Both 1990 and 2005. The equivalent carbon emissions are these:

Carbon emissions Category Contribution The aim is therefore to achieve by 2020, within the Birmingham area: (tCO2 in 2005) Reduction in CO2 emissions per year: 2,929,731 tCO2/yr Buildings, equipment, facilities and industry The target to achieve 20% of energy demand from sustainable sources is: SUBTOTAL 5,396,401 77% Estimated energy consumption in 2020: 24,266,337 – *10,449,693 = 13,816,644 MWh/yr Contribution from sustainable sources: 2,7633,288 MWh/yr Transport

SUBTOTAL 1,579,150 23% *this reduction in consumption relates to impact of CO2 saving measures in the plan’

TOTAL 6,975,551 100%

6 7 Category Estimated energy Expected renewable Estimated carbon The SEAP as submitted would of the first in the UK and needed so that those involved in saving (MWh /yr) energy generation reduction (tCO2 /yr) deliver just over 30% from continues to be extended. the SEAP can be held (MWh/yr) sustainable sources, which is Birmingham has strong accountable by those who the target proposed by the partnerships and ambitious represent the people of Buildings, equipment, facilities and industry UK for Europe. community groups that have Birmingham. The City Council established centres for advice has a strategic role to play in SUBTOTAL 2,875,125 433,598 667,640 The investment required to and demonstration projects. orchestrating the opportunities Transport deliver the SEAP is considerable. Birmingham Energy Savers is a and partners involved in delivery The consequence of not taking £100M programme aimed at and the recently formed Cabinet SUBTOTAL 2,234,438 0 556,621 action is similarly significant for retrofit of 14,000 existing homes Committee, Climate Change Birmingham’s economy. The with insulation measures and and Sustainability will provide Local Electricity Production Stern Review’s conclusion was ultimately will impact at least half scrutiny and challenge. A that 2% of Gross Domestic of city homes by 2020. The steering group that includes SUBTOTAL 46,400 46,400 9,300 Product (GDP) should be Tyseley energy from waste plant those who manage and operate invested to avoid a 20% fall in provides 26MW capacity of the energy networks and Local district heating / cooling and CHP global GDP. In Birmingham this locally generated electricity. supplies to Birmingham as well SUBTOTAL 3,862,030 3,862,030 408,600 equates to £390M per year. There are plans to bring the heat as representatives of the main The Vantage Point model for from Tyseley into the sectors – communities, Working with the citizens and stakeholders a hybrid scenario predicts a city centre and to create commercial and industrial capital investment programme the Tyseley Environmental organisations, transport SUBTOTAL 1,431,700 0 330,000 of up to £1,000M per year whilst Economy District that has a far agencies, strategic planners, previous estimates set the greater capacity to sustain waste and energy managers and Green Grid (decarbonised electricity supply) investment required at £500- Birmingham’s energy needs and universities providing novel 600M per year. Each action to contribute to the national solutions will be in place by SUBTOTAL 1,500,000 within the programme will picture. These early actions and Summer 2011. This group will eventually have a separate the city’s strong ambitions point provide a dynamic overview TOTAL 10,449,693 4,342,028 3,472,161 business case and towards an exciting future. of a great many and varied implementation plan but this programmes to deliver the SEAP evidence points to the scale of Making progress against the with the best outcome. change needed. Financing will SEAP needs not only substantial In so doing, Birmingham can not be from a mix of public and investment but the team effort only become more private sector funding and of hundreds of inspired, creative self-reliant with a local energy borrowing from global markets. and capable people. The scheme, backed by a greener The city already leads the way to Covenant of Mayor’s requires national supply, but also enjoy a sustainable future. The district regular reporting of progress economic growth founded on heating and cooling scheme and against the plan. A strong sustainable energy. local power generation was one governance arrangement is 8 9 1 Introduction

1.1 A sustainable future manufacturing heart to provide change festivals celebrates the for Birmingham sustainable solutions. The ‘city achievements by a diverse Birmingham has been of a thousand trades’ can range of individuals and groups described as the powerhouse of support energy efficiency who are concerned about the the Industrial Revolution and measures, renewable energy long term impacts of their use the workshop of the world. It is systems, district energy heat of fossil fuels. home to more than one million and power engines and people and to businesses with infrastructure, low carbon 1.2 Covenant of Mayors: an economic output of £18 vehicles with the parts and Sustainable Energy billion each year. The city faces services that deliver change but Action Plan the challenge of a new future – only if this is delivered from In January, 2009 Birmingham one that allows its citizens experiences of such within joined the 2,181 cities and and economy to thrive on the city itself. localities across Europe that are sustainable use of resources. also concerned about climate The Sustainable Energy Action Birmingham has much to be change by signing to the Plan is a step towards that proud of already. Ambitious EU Covenant of Mayors new future. carbon reduction targets (60% programme. This programme is reduction by 2026 on 1990 important as a route to learn Birmingham’s growth was based targets) have been set and a from other cities in Europe on man’s ingenuity to develop short term action plan and to showcase Birmingham’s new scientific and engineering published. The city is already achievements. Taking part solutions which changed the active in large scale retrofit in the Covenant of Mayors shape of everyday life. The city’s programmes for energy programme also allows the city ingenuity and ambition is again efficiency and small-scale to benefit from involvement in being called into play – changes renewables, in electric vehicle major EU research and funding that are profound, both pilot programme and has many programmes. technologically and socially. The city-centre buildings using Sustainable Energy Action Plan locally generated heat and The Covenant of Mayors includes programmes that can power; the city’s domestic encourages local government achieve significant reductions in waste is being used to generate to drive local reduction in carbon emissions and local electricity. Communities in carbon emissions and increase generation of heat, cooling and the city play their part; the in generation of sustainable power. Tackling such problems Summerfield Eco Neighbourhood energy and to achieve a 20% today provides the opportunity was an early example of large- change in both as a minimum for Birmingham’s technically scale roll out of solar electric by 2020.(1) creative mindset and its panels. Birmingham’s climate

10 9 1

The programme requires city To drive change, it is important transport. Whilst Birmingham is within the SEAP and linked with authorities to lodge a baseline to understand the starting point active in piloting low-carbon other activity for which the of energy use and carbon and the future direction. vehicles and the city’s thinking needs to be developed. emissions within two years of universities undertake globally Section 7 provides the rationale joining the programme and to Sections 3 looks at recognised research into behind the submitted SEAP demonstrate how the 20% Birmingham’s baseline carbon alternatives, such changes in spreadsheet. changes can be delivered in emissions and energy use transport will also impact on broad terms(1). The breakdown (which form part of the future carbon emissions and Within the issues and options of activity is submitted as a Covenant of Mayors demand for petrol and diesel. considered for Birmingham, Sustainable Energy Action Plan submission) whilst Section participants debated whether or (SEAP). Birmingham’s initial plan 4 explains the mid and long These ‘business as usual’ not national programmes are was submitted in November, term targets and the strategic impacts are briefly described sufficient to deliver the required 2010 and this now acts as framework for delivery. in Section 5 whilst Section 6 savings in carbon emissions and an outline guide for a more covers some of the limitations security of energy supply. For the detailed Energy Strategy for the There are over 400,000 homes on the options for driving SEAP, some contribution from city, which will be developed in Birmingham and the vast change – as simple as the national programmes has been during 2011/12. majority will still provide number of lofts and cavity assumed and this is discussed in accommodation for many walls that remain un-insulated Section 8. 1.3 Birmingham’s Sustainable decades to come. Around 1,200 to issues as complex as the Energy Action Plan homes will be replaced each availability of wood or waste Finally there are certain This report explains the thinking year and almost 50,000 new that can be used to generate requirements on Birmingham to behind the numbers that were homes are expected to be heat and power locally. monitor and report progress and submitted to the Covenant developed by 2020; new this alone requires a governance of Mayors. housing will be far more energy The SEAP provides a framework arrangement. The scope and efficient than the existing stock. to describe changes to scale of the activity that will be Section 2 explains further what The nature of business activity buildings, transport, local heat needed to deliver the change the SEAP includes (and what it in the city is changing with and power generation and which the SEAP reflects will also does not) and how it can be industrial buildings being behaviour and the impact on need a variety of partnering used to shape future redeveloped and replaced to carbon emissions and energy arrangements and overall insight programmes (and what it is provide more retail and office use. Several projects and into how individual projects are not intended to provide). space. Although local trends programmes have already delivered for the over-arching This section also describes suggest that more people in been identified in Birmingham, programme. Some of these the strategic framework for Birmingham may be travelling some already implemented since issues are examined in Section 9 the SEAP. less or using public transport, the baseline year and others (monitoring) and Section 10 the national trends point to a barely at the concept stage. (governance). significant increase in personal These have been wrapped up (1) In Birmingham’s case, to achieve the ambitious 2026 target of a 60% carbon reduction 12 (1990 baseline year), an interim target of 42% by 2020 has been declared (1990 baseline). 13 2 Sustainable Energy Action Plan

for Birmingham to achieve the medium to long just one way of achieving investment that the city will term targets set for Birmingham Birmingham’s long term require for implementation. 2.1 The objectives of 2.2 Development of The tool, aimed specifically at and the UK. ambitions. There are inevitably These have also been used with the Sustainable Energy Birmingham’s SEAP carbon reduction, provides the other possible mixtures of the SEAP submission but Action Plan In Birmingham, the SEAP was opportunity to develop One such ‘hybrid’ approach was activity and focus that could require much greater The SEAP is developed to developed alongside a series scenarios that include action on developed. This included achieve similar outcomes. The refinement as Birmingham’s shape future, more detailed of studies and workshops that energy efficiency, renewables, programmes that are already scenario developed was used as Energy Strategy is developed plans and is a guide to areas involved various teams within district energy schemes and underway together with the basis for the SEAP which and specific partnering of priority. It demonstrates in the City Council and a great behaviour change and covers potential projects which the City was lodged with the Covenant arrangements established. broad terms how the targets many partners across the city, the domestic, commercial, Council is already working on or of Mayors programme in for carbon reduction and local within the public, private and industrial and transport sectors aware of. Further measures November 2010. Further details of the scenarios energy generation can be third sectors, who are also (up to 50 different measures). were included where it is clear and the hybrid approach, achieved. It is not prescriptive passionate about ensuring Both local and national that national programmes will The outputs from the Vantage together with Vantage Point and not intended to drive a sustainable future for interventions can be included. have impact in Birmingham as Point tool provide an outputs, are provided in the specific projects and Birmingham. The process of The scenarios can be analysed well as the proposed greening assessment of the expected accompanying Issues and programmes. It does however engagement and outcomes over a range of timeframes to of the national grid supplies. local generation of heat and Options paper. offer a guide to strategic are described in the ‘Issues allow activity to be modelled power from renewable sources thinking and highlights the and Options’ paper that sits for early or late intervention, This ‘hybrid scenario’ represents and the likely financial need for working in partnership alongside this report. ramping up or down over time and for political buy-in to as appropriate. some major changes. The strategic framework has been developing over recent Using the Vantage Point tool, There are three components of years: the Birmingham Climate a number of scenarios were the SEAP: Change Action Plan 2010 and created for stakeholders the Council’s 2015 Declaration to consider within the • A baseline inventory of provide the implementation development of the Issues and carbon emissions and energy guidance for achieving the Options paper. These included use (Section 3) 60% carbon reduction by 2026. a variety of emphasis – on This has been absorbed into behaviour change, on use of • The strategic framework for the SEAP. wood and waste or gas for change (Section 4) district energy, on reliance on To develop the baseline renewables and all were • A series of actions that inventory and analysis of compared to a’ ‘do nothing’ demonstrates delivery of contributions, the Vantage approach. It was clear that targets (Section 5) Point(2) tool has been used . actions across the whole range of interventions were needed (2) A software tool developed by Carbon Descent, with support from the Energy Saving Trust. 14 15 3 Birmingham’s starting point: the baseline inventory

3.1 Baseline Year area until 2005. Thereafter, the assessment does not take into All of Birmingham’s carbon data has been published account issues such as carbon reduction targets relate to a annually, with four sets of embedded in construction 1990 baseline. This is because figures now available for materials, emissions associated the Kyoto protocol, which the period 2005 to 2008.(3) with movement of goods (apart engaged over 190 nations in Consequently, the year from the fuel used for transport tackling global warming, set selected for Birmingham’s within the UK) or emissions specific targets for greenhouse baseline inventory has been relating to air travel. gas emissions using 1990 as the chosen as 2005. start point. Finally, the inventory looks at 3.2 Development of electricity and heat/cold The UK began to develop a the inventory produced in the local area from monitoring process, which The Covenant of Mayors renewable energy systems, from examined the energy use (gas, programme provides a specific energy from waste or other electricity and a range of other template for examining the district energy centres. Items fuels) in buildings (homes and baseline energy consumption included in the baseline businesses) together with petrol and the associated carbon inventory and action plans are and diesel (and some other emissions (note that the intended to relate to local fuels) used for transport. The emphasis is on carbon dioxide initiatives and not to include collection of this data on a emissions from use of fossil large generation facilities that national scale involved looking fuels rather than the full range might be part of the EU at a wide range of sources, of greenhouse gas emissions). Emissions Trading Scheme or ranging from the sales by form a major part of the UK’s energy companies of gas and As a starting point, the power supply. A limit of 20MW electricity through to counting inventory examines the use of per site is applied to filter out vehicles on roads to estimate energy in buildings and for these kinds of generation fuel usage. The national data transport, both fossil fuels and facility on the basis that they are was provided to report on the from sources of renewable likely to fall outside of local UK’s progress against the Kyoto energy. Using emission factors control. In Birmingham’s case, targets. that are appropriate for the UK(4), generating facilities such as the the resulting carbon emissions Energy from Waste plant at The data did not become can be calculated for Tyseley have a capacity for available for the Birmingham buildings and for transport. The electricity generation that is (4) UK Greenhouse Gas Inventory for 2005’ provided by DEFRA in the June, 2007 update (3) (available from: www.defra.gov.uk/business/reporting/pdf/conversion-factors.pdf 16 National Indicator 186: Per capita CO2 emissions in the local authority area’, available from: 17 http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/statistics/indicators/ni186/ni186.aspx 3

greater than this limit; it is ENERGY typical Birmingham home that Birmingham energy consumption included in Birmingham’s year which was 24 MWh. Municipal buildings baseline because it is under 3.3 Birmingham’s Energy Three quarters of the energy 2005 (by End Use) equipment/facilities, 2% municipal control. Consumption (2005) consumed was used in Tertiary (non municipal) buildings Birmingham’s total energy buildings and a quarter for equipment/facilities, 5% usage in 2005 is estimated as transport. The detailed analysis Private and commercial transport, 25% 24,266,337 MWh. Compare this is shown below: against the energy used in a

Energy consumed Municipal fleet, 0.03% Category Contribution Residential buildings, 37% (MWh in 2005) Buildings, equipment, facilities and industry

Council assets + operations 583,267 2%

Commercial sectors 1,180,298 5% Industry, 30% Domestic sector 9,074,663 37% Municipal public lighting, 0.2%

Street lighting 59,265 0.2%* In terms of fuel usage, half of the energy used was from mains gas supplies and a fifth from electricity: Industrial sector 7,229,219 30% Energy consumption Fuel used Contribution SUBTOTAL 18,126,712 75% (MWh in 2005) Transport Electricity 5,033,268 21%

Council fleet 6,397 0.03%* Mains Gas 119,638,980 49%

Private + commercial transport 6,133,228 25% Heating Oil 1,038,321 4%

SUBTOTAL 6,139,625 25% Coal 91,143 0.4%

TOTAL 24,266,337 100% Diesel (transport) 2,582,471 11%

Petrol (transport) 3,557,154 14% * Percentages of less than 1% are shown to two decimal places whilst thetotal figure is rounded to the nearest whole number TOTAL 24,266,337 100%

18 19 3

Birmingham energy consumption 2005 (by Fuel) Carbon emissions Petrol (transport), 14% Category Contribution (tCO2 in 2005) Electricity, 21% Buildings, equipment, facilities and industry

Council assets + operations 183,269 3% Diesel (transport), 11% Commercial sectors 558,783 8%

Domestic sector 2,434,870 35% Coal, 0.40% Heating Oil, 4% Street lighting 30,996 0.4%

Industrial sector 2,188,483 31%

SUBTOTAL 5,396,401 77% Transport

Mains Gas, 49% Council fleet 16,282 0.03%*

Private + commercial transport 1,577,467 23% CARBON EMISSIONS Birmingham’s total carbon comparison above for energy emissions in 2005 are estimated because different fuels are SUBTOTAL 1,579,150 23% 3.4 Birmingham’s Carbon as 6,975,551 tCO2e. Birmingham associated with different TOTAL 6,975,551 100% Emissions (2005) had a population of 1,028,700 emissions factors (electricity is Based on the energy people in 2005 and each person associated with nearly three consumption described, the was therefore associated with 6.8 times the emissions for mains carbon emissions are calculated tCO2 per person.(5) gas for each unit of energy by applying the emissions factors consumed mainly because of the When considered in terms of reducing carbon emissions, the consumption of electricity is a far higher relevant for 2005. The relative contributions from transmission losses and fuel mix priority based on the baseline data from 2005, contributing more than a third of the total emissions. In each sector vary slightly to the for generation). future years, when the emissions factor for grid supplied electricity is expected to fall significantly (using nuclear and renewable energy for generation) the picture could be very different.

(5) Note these figures differ slightly from those provided in the latest version of DECC’s National Indicator 186 data, which quotes Birmingham’s per capita emissions as 6,463,000 tCO2 and 6.44 tCO2 per person 20 21 3

Carbon emissions 3.5 Local electricity 3.6 Local heat/cold Town Hall, the International Fuel used Contribution (tCO2 in 2005) production in Birmingham production in Birmingham Convention Centre, Birmingham (2005) (2005) Rep theatre and the Hyatt Hotel. Electricity 2,632,399 38% In 2004, a large solar Birmingham’s district energy The scheme has since been Mains Gas 2,464,580 35% photovoltaic (PV) array was scheme was not commissioned extended though new CHP installed on the Alexander until 2007. The Birmingham (Combined Heat and Power) Heating Oil 267,887 4% Stadium. At the time, this system District Energy Company now energy centres to link with Aston Coal 31,535 0.5% was the largest solar PV scheme supplies public and commercial University and the Birmingham in the UK. The system is buildings in the central business Children’s hospital and the Diesel (transport) 679,190 10% estimated to generate 80 MWh district near Broad Street, serving Eastside development. of electricity each year, which the Council House and Petrol (transport) 899,960 13% reduces Birmingham’s carbon TOTAL 6,975,551 100% emissions by around 42 tCO2.

The Tyseley Energy from Waste plant has a peak capacity of 28 MWe of which 25MWe is exported’to the grid. The Birmingham Carbon Petrol (transport), 13% incinerator burns municipal Emissions 2005 domestic waste. The Tyseley (by Fuel) plant is operated by Veolia under contract to the City Council and Diesel (transport), 10% on this basis has been included Electricity, 38% in the SEAP. It is estimated that the plant delivers 140,000 MWh Coal, 0.50% each year of locally generated Heating Oil, 4% electricity which reduces emissions by around 73,220 t CO2.

Together these facilities generate 140,080 MWh of electricity each year, saving the equivalent of Mains Gas, 35% 73,262 tCO2.

22 23 4 Birmingham’s Sustainable Future:

targets and the strategic Year Targeted reduction Actual reduction Number of (t CO2e) achieved organisations framework for change (tCO2e) reporting 2008/9 100,000 103,039 18 Whilst Birmingham’s main focus is set on 2026 and achieving a 60% reduction in carbon emissions (on a per person basis), there are other interim milestones to achieve: 2009/10 120,000 120,745 27

2010/11 130,000 4.1 2005-2011 6.60 12% reduction 6.44 The information for 2010/11 will be published in June, 2011. Along with other local 6.40 authorities, Birmingham 6.28 established a local strategic 6.20 The signs are encouraging; Because the EU’s Covenant of the ‘hybrid scenario’ are aimed 6.13 partnership which agreed the 6.07 these figures already suggest Mayors programme looks to at delivering the 2026 target but priorities for the city. A Local 6.00 that Birmingham’s carbon 2020 it is this target that have been included within the Area Agreement (LAA) provided emissions have fallen by over applies to Birmingham’s SEAP which is concerned with clear targets for achievement 5.80 4% in the three years since the SEAP. achievements by 2020. This during a three year period until baseline year. provides a comfortable margin: the end of March, 2011. For 5.60 4.3 1990 -2026 60% reduction to ensure the SEAP target (42% Birmingham, carbon emissions 4.2 1990 – 2020 Birmingham’s main focus is for a reduction) is met in 2020 and to per person were required to 5.40 42% reduction 60% reduction in per capita allow a further six years to ensure reduce by 12% (using the Birmingham’s Climate Change carbon emissions by 2026 Birmingham’s main focus is 5.20 available data for 2005 as the 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Action Plan, which was published (1990 baseline). This is an achieved by 2026. baseline). Part of this target is to Year in 2010, confirmed an interim ambitious and accelerated target be achieved locally whilst target of a 42% reduction in compared to the UK’s framework 4.4 Long-term vision national programmes will also 2012. Indications are that the the target for that year. Currently emissions over the 1990 baseline but reflects the degree of Birmingham’s vision is moving on provide a local impact. economic recession has equated there is no local analysis (estimated at 32% on a 2005 importance given to climate a trajectory to tackle the causes to significant reductions for available for 2010. baseline). This target aligns with change and sustainable energy of climate change and to adapt Achievement of the target is 2009 in energy consumption the intended global target to in Birmingham. to changes that have already being assessed by using nationally, although emissions Meanwhile the City Council and address climate change and has taken place. The City Council is government data for the have risen again in 2010. the BeBirmingham Partnership also been adopted by several Because of the clear importance active not only in developing National Indicator 186. These Indications for gas and electricity has set specific targets for other ambitious local authorities of this target, this has been used plans for Birmingham’s resilience figures suggest the inprovement consumption continued carbon reduction and has as well as the Scottish to develop the Vantage Point but also in sharing experience shown in the graph top right. downward trend (a 7% drop) monitored progress each year to Parliament. scenario for Birmingham. The and supporting adaptation The figures for 2010 are unlikely which suggests that the identify whether the minimum activities and the associated planning with other cities within to be available until October, performance will remain below target has been achieved locally: carbon and energy savings for Europe.

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The long-term vision for • Use resources efficiency, Birmingham’s Climate Change The priority areas for moving influencing behaviour to the domestic retrofit programme, Birmingham is to become a including use of energy in Action Plan sets out the initial forward against these targets specific technical knowledge expected to impact a half of city Sustainable Global City and in buildings and for transport and path to developing Birmingham’s are to: required to deliver district homes over the next 5-10 years. the coming decades to pass in generating local supplies economy for job creation, growth energy. Some programmes may The city council has also through a period of transition from combined heat and in energy related businesses and • Improve the energy efficiency be entirely managed and established an Energy Services from a carbon-based economy to power and district heating and stimulation of new investment for of Birmingham’s homes and financed by the city council whilst Company, Birmingham District one that plays a leading role in cooling low carbon technologies and buildings others will be private sector Energy Company – BDEC, with the UK’s goal to emit just a fifth • Meet local needs as far as services. • Reduce the city’s reliance on initiatives. Communities have a Cofeley District Energy (part of of carbon emissions by 2050 possible from local production unsustainable energy by role to play and there will be GDF Suez Energy) for compared to the Kyoto baseline – food, material, energy, Specific targets have been set to generating more electricity, opportunities for social management and expansion of year of 1990. To do this, services, etc deliver carbon reductions in the heat and cooling locally enterprise to flourish. Indeed a the district heating and cooling Birmingham intends to: • Raise high awareness of and various sectors that contribute to • Reduce the city’s impact on mix of financing and delivery network in the city centre. • Minimise, reduce, reuse and compliance with Birmingham’s carbon footprint: non-renewable resources by models and a constantly recycle all waste environmental and social improved management changing pattern of engagement The city council remains at the • Generate energy from low- responsibilities – industry, • Taking action to impact between partners will be heart of the strategic carbon sources and methods commerce and citizens Birmingham’s mobility needs important to address the issues intervention required and to through low carbon transport of the day and to ensure that the orchestrate the changing mix of Homes and Buildings: • Prepare for the effects of right people are in place to players and expertise that are CO2 emissions from domestic sector (tonnes CO2 per person per year) climate change deliver the right solutions that needed today and for the future • Engage with citizens and will accelerate Birmingham to best serve the people who 1990 2005 2007 2011 2026 businesses in terms of towards achieving the city’s live, work, study and holiday in awareness campaigns ambitions. Birmingham. Elected members 2.34 tCO2 2.21 tCO2 2.15 tCO2 1.91 tCO2 0.94 tCO2 are involved in a cross-party 4.5 Organisational and Birmingham has already Climate Change Cabinet CO2 emissions from non-domestic sector (tonnes CO2 per person per year) financial aspects demonstrated strong Committee which scrutinises partnerships. BeBirmingham has progress made against the 1990 2005 2007 2011 2026 4.5.1 Partnership and been the strategic partnership activities highlighted in the SEAP. co-ordinated approach that has included people and 3.28 tCO2 3.02 tCO2 2.84 tCO2 2.42 tCO2 1.13 tCO2 The scale of action required is organisations from all sectors. Further governance immense and each project that To deliver specific aspects of arrangements, involving key Transport: contributes to the delivery of the SEAP, programme boards players in the energy sector, Birmingham’s sustainable future and operating teams are will be established to take CO2 emissions from domestic sector (tonnes CO2 per person per year) will require differing sets of skills commissioned as required. For Birmingham’s SEAP and shape 1990 2005 2007 2011 2026 and experience. No single example, the Birmingham Energy it into a more detailed Energy approach will be suitable for the Savers programme has been Strategy for delivery over the 1.25 tCO2 1.57 tCO2 1.54 tCO2 0.89 tCO2 0.66 tCO2 wide range of tasks, from highly developed with a number of next decade. social interventions for partners to create a large scale 26 27 4

4.5.2 Resourcing the plan Birmingham’s future. economy and the projection, The city council’s Sustainability published in 2006 and later Capital expenditure, by measure and Climate Change team 4.5.3 Involvement of revised in 2008 to take account of includes the equivalent of six full stakeholders and citizens worsening levels of carbon time staff, a small team dedicated Birmingham’s existing dioxide in the atmosphere, CHP biomass CHP large gas to driving forward with Climate Change Action Plan was suggested that an investment of CHP buildings gas Heat from power station implementing the SEAP. Unlike reviewed by a wide variety at least 2% of gross domestic Power only biomass Green grid other major cities across Europe of partners within the product per annum was required. Wind large Wind medium with larger dedicated groups, BeBirmingham’s Environmental Failure to invest could potentially Wind (Domestic) Solar PV (Domestic) Birmingham’s team is not alone in Partnership group. The group cost the global economy a 20% Solar thermal (Domestic) Biomass boilers (Domestic) taking action but is supported by included leaders of community reduction in gross domestic Air source heat pump (Domestic) Ground source heat pump (Domestic) staff and members from around groups and third sector product. On this basis, Solar PV (Non-Domestic) Biomass boilers (Non-Domestic) the council and by partners organisations and the business Birmingham needs to invest Air source heat pump (Non-Domestic) across the city. Birmingham’s community within the city. over £390M each year. Ground source heat pump (Non-Domestic) Cavity wall insulation (Domestic) Climate Change Action Plan, for Solid wall insulation (Domestic) Loft insulation (Domestic) example, identified responsibility The new energy strategy and the Using the Vantage Point model Tank insulation (Domestic) Draught proofing (Domestic) across a wide range of service hybrid scenario upon which the for the hybrid scenario, the Double glazing (Domestic) Energy efficient lighting (Domestic) areas – including directors of SEAP is based have been widely estimated annual expenditure is Energy efficient appliances (Domestic) Boiler replacement (Domestic) Housing, Development, discussed with stakeholders. far higher. The estimated capital Fuel switch (Domestic) Heating controls (Domestic)

Environment and Culture within Engagement events took place in investment is £1,000M per year to £ millions per year Community heating meters (Domestic) Smart meters Electric (Domestic) the council as well as support October (50 stakeholders 2015, £1,550M per year from 2015 Smart meters Gas (Domestic) Energy assessment (Domestic) from strategic partners. attended) and in November 2010 to 2026 and £2,000M per year Fuel reduction by behavioural change and technology mix (Domestic) Electricity reduction by behavioural change and technology mix (Domestic) (more than 100 people were from 2026 to 2050. However, in Double glazing (Non-Domestic) Energy efficient lighting (Non-Domestic) It is testament to the importance involved); both events stimulated the model, at least half of this Energy efficient appliances (Non-Domestic) placed on taking action on significant interest. Further expenditure is focussed on a Smart meters Electric (Non-Domestic) Smart meters Gas (Non-Domestic) climate change that future details of the outcomes are single measure – generating Fuel reduction by behavioural change and technology mix (Non-Domestic) Electricity reduction by behavioural change and technology mix (Non-Domestic) programmes are cross-cutting provided in the accompanying power from low carbon materials Energy efficient street lighting Road transport fuel reduction by behavioural change and embedded within Issues and Options paper. (biomass or waste). The business Road transport efficiency improvements Replace road transport fuels with biofuels development plans for case for specific programmes and Replace road transport fuels with electricity Birmingham. Far from providing 4.5.4 Overall estimated technologies to deliver this 2005-2015 2016-2026 2027-2050 ‘bolt-on’ solutions, delivered budget element of the SEAP will be independently of the everyday Achieving change on the scale much more precise than this decisions made about the city’s required needs significant levels generic model can provide and Output from Vantage Point model showing capital investment required by measure (in £M). Note: the largest future, the SEAP will be part of of investment. The Stern Review it is unlikely that the final level contributor to the capex required comes from the measure 'power only biomass', used as a proxy for power from cohesive decision making that looked at the likely impacts of of investment required will be low-carbon source materials which could include biomass and waste materials cements sustainability into climate change on the UK’s this high.

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Other broad estimates made by Deal. The latter, of which a local component of the SEAP is funding programmes, ELENA, These are examples of projects new ones. By delivering the the city council, based on version (Birmingham Energy dependent on the nature of the JESSICA and Intelligent Energy that are already under way and programmes outlined in the experience of similar large scale Savers) is already being specific initiative. For example, as well as other appropriate demonstrate that there is no SEAP, there is a clear expectation projects, have suggested that developed, will provide upfront the Birmingham District Energy European investment ‘one size fits all’ approach to a that the local economy will £400-500M per year would need capital for energy efficiency Company has been created as a opportunities. Investment in the complex programme covering benefit and jobs will be created. to be invested to ensure the 60% improvements, with repayments collaboration with Cofeley district energy scheme is already the scope and scale of the SEAP The initial Birmingham Energy carbon reduction target is being less than the savings in District Energy (formerly supporting the extension of heat, ambitions. Savers programme for example achieved by 2026. energy bills – so an overall net Utilicom); investment in the power and cooling supplies has the potential to create an These various estimates point gain. This is a good model for energy centre and heat network across the centre of the City. 4.5.6 Economic impact estimated 260 jobs(6) and to towards one clear picture – that the other measures required – was funded by Utilicom with Private funding together with a Whilst the investment cost for deliver an estimated £16M Birmingham’s future requires that investment costs are offset initial programme support by the mix of grant funds have provided changing the way that energy is gross value added to the major capital investment. This by savings in the cost of carbon, city council to establish anchor the £9M capital investment. used and delivered in local economy. For other will come from the private and energy and fuel. loads. Birmingham requires significant programmes, the long term public sectors working together For the Birmingham Energy investment, there are clear net effect of a secure and as well as investment by 4.5.5 Sources of finance A dialogue has begun with the Savers programme, a large consequences of doing nothing. price-stable energy supply individuals through schemes The exact mechanism and European Investment Bank with retrofit insulation and which makes best use of such as the proposed Green sources of funding for each respect to large European microgeneration project Development in some parts of the latest technologies for affecting at least half of the city is being affected by the monitoring and managing supply Birmingham’s homes, has limits on the supply from the and demand will be far greater received an initial £1.2M of grant existing power infrastructure. than the immediate impact. funding from the Working The city council and partners are At this stage there is no estimate Neighbourhood Fund whilst the already looking at utilising the of the economic benefit of second phase is underwritten by latest technologies and thinking implementing the SEAP but as the city council using nearly to enable a smart grid to provide the business case for each of the £14M of prudential borrowings. innovative solutions to these measures is developed, the The third phase (with an kinds of problems. details will emerge. It is however estimated investment value of clear that the benefit will be of £100M, impacting 14,000 homes) In other respects, the city cannot major importance to the future may be funded by a mix of harness the opportunities for generations that live and work public and private sector economic growth within the in Birmingham. investment. This will provide a ‘green’ sector without becoming recycling fund for future phases both an exemplar for large-scale that will impact up to 200,000 implementation of existing homes in the coming years. solutions and an innovator of

(6) Using the Energy Saving Trust’s Economic Impact Tool, based on 10,000 homes (Birmingham Energy Savers Phase 3 proposed programme) and assuming solar PV, loft, cavity and solid wall insulation. 30 31 5 Birmingham: Business As Usual

Birmingham’s Core Strategy 2026 provides the framework for sustainable growth in Birmingham.

The Core Strategy identifies the 5.1 Housing Taking account of these changes opportunity for over 50,000 new In the 1960s, there was a – the anticipated demolition and homes and the creation of deliberate policy of demolition overall growth in housing 100,000 new jobs through and replacement of poor quality together with the improvements developments that are planned housing by mainly high rise in new housing designs to meet across the city. These new apartments. Currently, this is not tougher regulations – the overall developments have impact on the strategy being adopted for impact on Birmingham’s carbon the energy and transport fuel Birmingham. Each year a small footprint is positive. It is used and on the carbon proportion of the housing stock estimated that: emissions for Birmingham over will become unsuitable and the coming decades. Effectively require demolition. A demolition By 2020: the resulting changes in homes, rate of 1,200 houses, just 0.2% of The additional new homes will businesses and in transport the total housing stock, will be contribute an extra 16 ktonnes of create a baseline that shifts year replaced by new homes per year. carbon emissions each year on year – some changes create Overall, the Core Strategy puts whilst demolitions would reduce a positive benefit such as the forward proposals for a net emissions by 96 ktonnes per year. displacement of older, inefficient addition of 50,600 homes This is a net reduction of 80 buildings by low-carbon or by 2026. ktonnes from the 2005 baseline. carbon negative (the situation where there is an overall annual As the national programme for Replacement of old homes with export of energy) homes whilst new housing, the Code for carbon neutral housing from other changes will serve to Sustainable Homes, enshrined in 2020 to 2050 is expected to increase the problem. building regulations, takes effect, have a net improvement in the energy use in new homes will carbon emissions of 246 These have been taken into fall gradually until by 2016, there ktonnes each year. account within the developed will be no overall carbon Vantage Point hybrid scenario emissions from new builds. This and in the SEAP(7). will inevitably require greater use of renewable energy systems within the home or uptake of locally supplied heat and power.

(7) All of the detailed assumptions behind the figures for ‘Business As Usual’ carbon emissions are provided in an associated report ‘Birmingham Energy Strategy Carbon Descent scenarios – Maximum Potential calculations and assumptions’. This document was provided at the stakeholder workshop in October, 2010. 32 33 5

5.2 Industry and commerce in new non-domestic buildings is performance for commercial and Transport emissions for the already being made and the By 2020: The Core Strategy 2026 identifies similar to that for housing, industrial buildings suggests a Birmingham area already show a main city centre New Street The assumed increase in vehicle the opportunity for development although the requirements and net saving of 166 ktonnes CO2 downward trend, with attributed Station is being modernised. related emissions (relating to of two new industrial and timescales for carbon neutrality per year by 2020. CO2 emissions falling by nearly The station is currently serving minor and major roads) is commercial sites and three have yet to be defined. The best 2% in the period 2005-2007. 140,000 people each day, more expected to create an additional district growth points for retail available indications suggest that This impact is expected to Similarly, the city council has than double the capacity of the 176 ktonnes of CO2 emissions and office development. Whilst by 2019, new non-domestic provide a net 540 ktonnes CO2 measured a 1% fall in vehicle original 1960s design. The new per year by 2020. some poor quality industrial sites buildings will create carbon saving per year (on the 2005 kilometres in 2007 compared station is expected to be open If trends in vehicle use were to will be released for change of emissions that have a 54% baseline) by 2050. to 2005. to the public from 2012, with continue as predicted by the use development, other sites will reduction over the 2006 building completion in 2015. The new Department for Transport, this be protected and developed regulation requirements. New 5.3 Transport The Core Strategy identifies facility is being built with would result in an increase of 769 further (200 hectares). City centre buildings will achieve this by a Modelling changes in transport that Birmingham will see a sustainability in mind; ktonnes of CO2 per year by 2050. and outlying retail and office combination of improved energy are even more difficult. Past data re-opening of passenger services construction materials and sectors will be expanded and efficiency through fabric and for the UK indicate a growing use and new stations in the suburbs, equipment will be brought onto 5.4 Business As Usual linked to a network of smaller equipment improvements and by of private transport with a year support for rapid transport site by train, with an anticipated emissions and the SEAP district centres. using renewable sources of heat, on year growth in the number of systems from the east of the city saving of 10,000 lorry journeys. These three areas of change in power and cooling as well as use vehicles. The national prediction to the centre, development of The SEAP includes a scheme for carbon emissions for the city In the recent past, Birmingham’s of district energy supplies. for the West Midlands region, a strategic cycle network and a new combined heat and power have been included in the commercial and industrial space from the Department of improved park and ride facilities. project located within the New Vantage Point models and in the has seen a net reduction per By 2020: Transport, is for a 6% rise in Primary routes will be protected. Street site. development of the hybrid year, driven mainly by the loss of The assumptions made for vehicle kilometres by 2015 and a scenario, described in the linked factories and warehousing in the demolitions, new development 22% increase by 2025. This is on Changes to the rail network will Despite indications that carbon Issues and Options paper. 1990s, replaced by offices and and improvements in a baseline year of 2003. be of major significance for emissions from Birmingham’s retail. If the trends over the past Birmingham’s future. A high road network may be reducing Section 7 provides more detail of ten years are used as a basis for speed rail link from London will and certainly plans are in place the SEAP and these activities. the future, then it is expected see journey times between the to improve public transport, the that 83,800 m2 of commercial and cities nearly halved (46 minutes national picture of increasing industrial floor space will be compared to 84 minutes vehicles and journeys has been replaced with new buildings (less currently). A new international rail used as a basis for the models. than 0.7%) and there will be a net terminus will be created in In developing the hybrid model, reduction of 3,600 m2 each year. Birmingham. Development is the assumptions for vehicle The impact of changes in the unlikely to start until 2017. growth result in a negative past decade may not be a good Meanwhile, improvements are impact on the city’s footprint. indicator of those in the coming decade but these are the best assumptions currently available. The rationale for improvements 34 35 6 Understanding the limits

The plans for a more sustainable future must be based in reality. In planning ahead, the potential for improvements and the availability of sustainable energy resources are factored into the assumptions and models. Whilst the SEAP is ambitious it must also be achievable.

The Vantage Point tool allows hard limits were imposed. Hard Lofts with little or no insulation, carbon reduction models to be limits are those that are simply un-insulated cavity walls, the developed by looking at nearly impossible to exceed whilst soft opportunity for improved glazing 50 different measures. These limits provide boundaries that or cutting draughts – these relate to: allow for the ambitious, tough aspects and more have been but realistic levels of examined. Nearly half the homes • Behaviour change intervention. These have rarely in Birmingham could benefit • Energy efficiency in buildings been exceeded in the from loft top ups. In fact only and equipment development of the SEAP unless 15% of existing homes have • Metering some specific programmes in levels of insulation that meet • District energy (heat and Birmingham deliberately seek to current building standards. power) push the boundaries. • Renewable energy systems Available data provide the hard (micro to large scale; all the 6.1 Behaviour change limits to the need for energy main technologies) Reducing energy use by changes efficiency improvement in • Transport in lifestyle and behaviour are homes (less is available for the achieved by general awareness commercial and industrial For each measure, the tool raising, training, campaigning sectors). In reality some lofts allows the user to adjust the and providing feedback. Some and cavity walls may never be levels of implementation and the programmes in the UK report insulated because of practical rate of adoption, for example: impacts of up to 30% savings in problems – access for example. the number of homes that energy use although between The Building Research require insulation or the installed 5-10% is more typical. For the Establishment has suggested capacity for heat and power (in hybrid model which underpins that half of the UK’s homes built MW) which can be generated in the SEAP, a hard limit of 80% was with solid walls may never be district energy centres. The used and a soft limit of 30%. suitable for insulation due to a upper limit for each of these variety of real-life issues. The aspects defines the degree to 6.2 Energy efficiency in soft limits for each measure which any of the measures can buildings and equipment take these practical issues into contribute to the end goals. To For housing, a variety of data account. guide decisions on the broad sources begin to build a picture strategy for the SEAP, soft and of the capacity for improvement.

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6.3 Metering potentially energy-hungry in some new developments. guided by European policy and Under national programmes, processes. Birmingham could The national targets for take-up national implementation but can every home is expected to have benefit from this approach and of these sustainable energy be enacted locally by initiatives smart metering of mains gas and for the SEAP, the opportunity to technologies have been scaled such as congestion charging or electricity installed by 2020 use materials that would down to realistic levels for limiting access through low starting in 2013. The roll-out will otherwise go to landfill has not Birmingham by considering carbon zones. Estimates for include small and medium sized been restricted. the gas consumption for the cross-fleet average consumption businesses with an energy non-domestic sector in the city would suggest that by 2020, demand similar to domestic 6.5 Renewable Energy (a limit of 9MW). emissions per vehicle will have consumers. Birmingham has an extremely fallen by 14% through efficiency limited potential for hydropower A comprehensive study of improvements. 6.4 District Energy and few sites that could support capacity for district energy and Switching from fossil fuels to low Limitations on the potential for significant investment in wind renewables for the West carbon alternatives is limited by district energy schemes clearly turbines. Midlands region has recently the current fuel consumption and depend on the fuel used. Energy been completed. The outcome that predicted for 2020. centres running on mains gas are Generating heat and power from of this study provides a much Assumptions have been made limited by the overall supply solar panels provides a good more detailed assessment of about the number of vehicles capacity to the city. Those using opportunity within the city the renewable resource and that will use Birmingham’s roads, biomass or biogas are limited by although this is generally limited can be used for future their average consumption and availability of resources within to roof space that is pitched, updates of the SEAP annual mileage. This provides an the local area (generally defined un-shaded and faces south. upper limit to the number of litres as within 40 kilometres or 25 6.6 Transport of fuel being used that could be miles). Deriving energy from Use of biomass and heat pumps Measures for reducing transport replaced by alternatives. waste is also bounded by the is typically linked to housing, emissions in the hybrid scenario waste arising from within the city which is off mains gas supplies include behaviour change, 6.7 Limitations and the SEAP and this will potentially reduce as and would otherwise burn oil or efficiency improvements and These limits define the potential more is recycled and reused. coal. There are barely 4,000 fuel switching (biofuels and for intervention. They have been Waste is becoming an important homes in Birmingham in this electricity). used to shape the model that commodity and could potentially situation. Commercial and underpins the SEAP; hard limits have a market value rather than a industrial properties may benefit The hard limit for behaviour have not been exceeded. In disposal cost. Developments from using reversible chillers, with change is set at 80% because a reality the SEAP is based on across the UK are beginning to ground loop or open loop fifth of all journeys are considered programmes and projects that establish material processing supplies, drawing water from the essential and will never be have largely been identified – sites which provide a source of underlying sandstone aquifer. diverted to public transport, either locally or nationally – and a low-carbon and sustainable fuel, Heat exchangers placed in walking or cycling. far greater degree of realism has linked to business parks with Birmingham’s network of canals been adopted in defining the already provide low-cost cooling Efficiency improvements are measures included. 38 39 7 Birmingham’s Sustainable

that for Manchester (0.25 tCO2 more energy-efficient buildings, centre buildings are part of Energy Action Plan: per person) although higher than flexible working patterns, Birmingham’s heritage and are Sheffield (0.15 tCO2 per person). increased use of smarter of particular public and Achievements and Actions technology for operations and architectural interest. Improving Birmingham City Council for accessing services. energy efficiency is therefore a announced an aim to reduce The city council is also real challenge. The council has 7.1 Buildings, reported CO2 emissions of These emissions put Birmingham energy use by 25% before 2015 investigating ideas such as the overcome some of these Equipment, Facilities 177,357 ktonnes CO2 as defined at the top of the list of local (and for half of the energy Clinton Initiative which offers a problems by providing an anchor & Industry by the National Indicator 185(8). authorities, aside from the consumed to be from novel solution for energy-saving load on the Broad Street district The vast majority of the Greater London Authorities sustainable sources) in the activities –guaranteed energy supply network. This not 7.1.1 Birmingham City emissions arose from use of and the larger county councils. Birmingham Declaration energy/cost reduction and only reduces the council’s carbon Council buildings and buildings of which nearly 60% approved by the City Council in payback, thereby de-risking the emissions and energy bills but operations came from the use of electricity. When considered against the December 2009. This reduction is capital investment and also helped to secure the The city council owns and These emissions account for number of people served, the being managed via the ‘Working strengthening the business case. Birmingham District Energy operates a wide range of around 3% of Birmingham’s total Council emitted 0.17 tCO2 per for the Future’ Business Scheme and private sector facilities including the council carbon footprint. person. This level is well below Transformation Programme. This The city council spends around investment. offices, schools, care homes, includes improvements in £30m each year on energy. museums, libraries, markets and facilities, shared working spaces, Many of the council’s city crematoria. The city council is one of Europe’s largest because it serves a large urban population as a single entity. Compare this to London (with Action 7.1.1: Birmingham City Council – own estate and operations nearly 8 times the population of Total carbon emissions Birmingham), which has 33 for all UK councils Reduce carbon emissions from Birmingham City Council’s own estate and operations by 25% over the period 2009 to 2015 under the Birmingham Declaration. This will be achieved through the Business distinct local authorities together Transformation Programme ‘Working for the Future’ covering flexible working, property management, with the Greater London monitoring and management of energy use, cross-portfolio working and central building administration. Authority. Birmingham City Council CO2 Estimated energy saving: 145,820 MWh per year The council monitors energy emissions compared Expected renewable energy generation: 291,630 MWh per year used in its buildings, in vehicles to the total and to Estimated carbon reduction: 45,820 tonnes CO2 per year used for council business and in other councils’ services delivered by contractors on behalf of the council(8) . For 2008/9, Birmingham City Council

(8) This energy use and associated carbon emissions were reported under the now defunct national indicator 185, for which the 40 outcomes are published on the DECC website. 41 7

7.1.2 Commercial and has been factored into the scoped within the design phase. lead to energy savings. It may industrial buildings and Action Plan on the basis that also allow variable tariffs and operations(9) there is potential for Birmingham has more navigable load control which will also improvements in a third of canals than Venice and these ensure more efficient local Replacing old buildings Birmingham’s existing also provide an opportunity for supplies, leading indirectly to with new commercial and industrial low-carbon heating and cooling. further savings. Birmingham is The impact of replacing old spaces by 2020 (1,000,000 m2). The Mailbox development in already a test-bed for smart stock with new commercial and Birmingham already uses a canal metering with 49 households in industrial developments will Heat pumps based cooling system for a the Edgbaston Summerfield and provide reductions in carbon Across the UK, plans to achieve complex of shops, offices South Lozells supporting the emissions (as discussed in the carbon budgets over the restaurants and apartments. Family Housing Associations in Section 5). Retrofit solutions will next decade allow for a national Birmingham’s strategic creating an eco-village within the also have impact. Use of energy target for heat pump thermal master-planning, published as city. Electricity usage is being (mains supplied gas and capacity (ground and air source) a Core Strategy, supports the monitored via an ‘online electricity) in the commercial and of 540 MW. Looking at an use of appropriate renewable dashboard’ which displays industrial sector has already allocation of that target for and district energy solutions in information to the householder. fallen by 22% over the four years Birmingham on the basis of new development but there is The trials during the summer from 2005 to 2009. This current demand for gas in the similar potential to reduce of 2010 showed an 8% potentially reflects the change in city provides a target of 8MW energy costs and carbon improvement in the average focus for Birmingham’s economy capacity. emissions by using heat pumps daily consumption. from manufacturing to a service within improvement of base but it will also include Ground source heat pumps have Birmingham’s existing buildings. efforts by local businesses to already been used to heat and become more sustainable. cool Birmingham buildings. Smart metering Haybridge High School, for A further national target and Energy efficient lighting example, installed a 70kW policy is to provide smart Improvement in lighting system in 2007, extracting heat metering to domestic consumers technologies has already from twelve boreholes. Parts of by 2020. Around 30% of Action 7.1.2: Birmingham’s commercial and industrial sector buildings and operations provided replacements of the city sit on a sandstone domestic consumers are likely to traditional strip lighting with low aquifer which could potentially be small and medium businesses Action (i): Replacement of demolished commercial and industrial space with more efficient buildings energy alternatives. LED lighting provide water for heating and and should benefit from the Action (ii): Replacement of inefficient lighting in non-domestic buildings Action (iii): Retrofit of ground and air source heat pumps for heating and cooling is also providing good options cooling using heat pumps. Use programme, which will begin roll in non-domestic buildings for retail, offices, factories and of the aquifer to heat and cool out from 2015. Smart metering Action (iv): Installation of smart metering in small and medium sized businesses warehouses. Continued the new library building, due for will provide feedback to replacement of existing lighting completion in 2013, is being consumers which in itself can Estimated energy saving: 678,945 MWh per year Expected renewable energy generation: 77,712 MWh per year (9) Includes public sector buildings other than Birmingham City Council assets and operations Estimated carbon reduction: 202,150 tonnes CO2 per year 42 43 7

7.1.3 Residential buildings identify the appropriate role of Company Obligation or ECO Deal will help to support this and insulation. Nearly a third of UK increasingly stringent standards Loft and cavity wall insulation local authorities in the national scheme). Given some of the the energy company ECO homes lack sufficient draught for sustainable energy. Use of air The Household Energy programme. Birmingham has practical difficulties and the need funding will also help to alleviate proofing measures. Information and ground source heat pumps Management Strategy, published been one of the UK’s Pay As You to develop the local supply chain fuel poverty and is likely to gathered by the Energy Saving may become more common. The in March, 2010, set out the plans Save pilots (in 2010/11), trialling for solid wall insulation, a target include boiler replacement Trust suggests that the vast vast majority of Birmingham’s to tackle carbon emissions and the concept of making of insulating 20,000 homes by where appropriate. Around three majority of Birmingham’s homes housing stock is connected to energy consumption in homes. repayments on borrowings used 2026 is included in the SEAP. quarters of Birmingham homes already have insulated water the mains gas supply and heat The UK’s carbon budgets are set for home improvements that are use a boiler with radiators with tanks. We anticipate that heating pumps currently provide a to deliver a 29% saving by 2020. less than the money saved on Energy efficient lighting, around 6% already having controls will be upgraded along marginal saving in carbon A particular aim is to insulate all energy bills – the so called boilers and appliances condensing boilers. The SEAP with boiler replacements. emissions over use of a gas loft and cavity wall properties ‘golden rule’. As energy labelling (with clear assumes that boilers in half of boiler. This situation will change by 2015. A to G ratings) continues to Birmingham’s homes will be Providing detailed energy when the grid supply of To reach saturation, 52,000 cavity transform the market for lighting replaced with energy efficient assessments with a tailored plan electricity is decarbonised. The Birmingham Energy Savers is walls and 95,000 lofts in and appliances, inefficient designs by 2020. of action can help householders a programme that the city Birmingham homes will require designs are unlikely to be tackle these easier measures. Around 4,000 of Birmingham’s council is establishing to ensure insulation or top-ups by 2020. By available after 2015. Even today, Smart metering The Birmingham Energy Savers homes are off the mains gas that local residents can access comparison, over 28,000 cavity research suggests that nearly The national programme of roll programme (and the national supply. The SEAP includes a funding and a high quality, trust walls and 14,000 lofts have been three quarters of shoppers look out for smart metering is likely to Green Deal) is likely to provide modest uptake of heat pumps worthy, local service. This will insulated under various energy for an energy efficiency logo and affect every Birmingham home this detailed support in at least (500 ground source systems support energy efficiency company funded schemes over a similar proportion will buy the for electricity and the majority in 14,000 homes in the city by 2015 and 600 air source heat pumps) improvements and domestic- the past eight years (with a most energy efficient models terms of gas metering by 2020. A and the SEAP assumes that a by 2020. scale renewables that are significant ramp-up over the past available(11). By 2020, the SEAP phased roll out is likely from 2013 further 2,000 homes will receive appropriate for each home as four years)(10). assumes that in half of but Birmingham hopes to build an energy assessment by 2020 – well as boosting Birmingham’s Birmingham’s homes these kinds on existing pilots to encourage a modest target. Insulation of Replacing old buildings economy. By 2015, Birmingham Solid wall insulation of attitudes to low energy bulbs early adoption in the city. three quarters of Birmingham’s with new Energy Savers, a £100M scheme The Birmingham Energy Savers and appliances will apply and remaining water tanks, improved In the slum clearance of the will impact on at least 14,000 and the national version, Green highly energy efficient models Installation of minor energy heating controls along with 1960s, up to 4,000 homes were homes (and ultimately half of the Deal, is expected to include will be in use. efficiency measures replacement boilers in half of the being replaced each year and city’s homes) and help to achieve measures for ‘hard to treat’ There remains scope within city’s homes and additional during the more recent city the UK’s national targets. homes with solid walls. The Boilers typically have a ten year Birmingham to improve the draught strip in a quarter are also centre redevelopment around significant cost of installing solid lifetime so during the next housing stock with relatively included in the SEAP. 3,500 new homes were being Birmingham is a leader in the wall insulation will receive decade it is reasonable to minor, low cost measures. These created. Birmingham no longer development of a local ‘Green support from additional funding assume that most of the older, include addition of draught strip, Ground and air source heat follows a deliberate policy of Deal’ programme and is working from the energy supply inefficient boilers will be use of heating controls pumps in housing large-scale demolitions. Over the with the UK Government to companies (under the Energy replaced. The national Green (thermostatic radiator valves, Birmingham future housing past eight years (2001-2009) timers and thermostats) and tank developments will be built to demolition of housing has (10) Energy Saving Trust estimates based on EEC and CERT installations from 2002-2010 44 (11) Energy Saving Trust research: 71% look for the Energy Saving Recommended logo when buying appliances; 72% bought the 45 appliance with the logo. 7

averaged out at 1,200 homes per wood-fuelled boilers. This fuelled designs is also less likely 7.1.4 Street lighting year and this has been used as incentive is expected to trigger than in more rural areas. There is Birmingham has around 95,000 the basis for the SEAP. Housing a more rapid uptake of both more scope for centralised heat street lights. Almost half of these that is demolished will be systems and a consequent drop supply within apartment blocks (41,000 units) are due to be replaced with buildings that in system costs as the market from wood-fuelled combined replaced over the next five years adopt increasingly higher levels expands. heat and power units, such as by state of the art LED lights of the Code for Sustainable Manton House and Reynolds under a private financing homes, which in the UK will see The potential for solar thermal House in Newtown. These 13 initiative with Amey. Further carbon neutral housing by 2016. and biomass boilers is thought to storey residential buildings improvements will be made over be relatively low in Birmingham. received funding from the UK’s the 25 year contract period. The city’s rows of terraced Low Carbon Infrastructure fund Solar thermal panels and housing often use combination for connection to a biomass Birmingham’s street lights biomass boilers gas boilers with electric showers heating supply, replacing electric currently cause emissions of a The UK’s Renewable Heat with no hot water storage; solar panel heaters. little more than 175,000 tonnes Incentive is expected to be thermal panels tend not to be of carbon dioxide – equivalent to launched by 2012, providing a used with these kinds of systems. For the SEAP, a target of 16,000 the carbon emitted by 33,000 long term additional payment for With most of Birmingham on domestic solar thermal systems Birmingham homes. each unit of heat energy mains gas, the scope for and 1,000 biomass boilers by generated by solar panels or replacing boilers with wood- 2020 has been included.

Action 7.1.3: Birmingham’s residential buildings Action 7.1.4: Birmingham’s street lighting Action (i): Loft and cavity wall insulation fitted to all remaining homes Action : Replacement of existing street lights with energy efficient units (expect to replace at least Action (ii): Large-scale solid wall insulation programme 30% by 2015 and 50% by 2026) Action (iii): Replacement of lighting, appliances and boilers with energy efficient models Action (iv): Installation of smart metering for domestic consumers Estimated energy saving: 10,800 MWh per year Action (v): Large scale installation of minor energy efficiency (draught-proofing, tank insulation Expected renewable energy generation: 0 MWh per year and heat controls) in domestic properties Estimated carbon reduction: 2,200 tonnes CO2 per year Action (vi): Retrofit of ground and air source heat pumps in domestic properties Action (vii): Replacement of demolished domestic buildings with more efficient housing Action (viii) Installation of solar thermal panels and biomass boilers in domestic properties Estimated energy saving: 2,039,560 MWh per year Expected renewable energy generation: 64,256 MWh per year Estimated carbon reduction: 417,470 tonnes CO2 per year

46 47 7

Buildings, Equipment & Industries Summary

Buildings, Equipment / Facilities and Industries

Estimated energy Expected renewable Estimated Carbon saving (MWh/yr) energy generation Reduction (tCO2 (MWh/yr) per year)

Birmingham City Council buildings and 145,820 291,630 45,820 operations

Industrial, commercial and other public 678.945 77,712 202,150 sector buildings and operations

Residential buildings 2,039,560 64,256 417,470

Street lighting 10,800 0 2,200

TOTAL 2,875,125 433,598 667,640

48 49 7

7.2 Transport Intelligent Transport Strategy and the City Parking Policy. Car 7.2.1 Birmingham City sharing and car clubs will be Council Fleet encouraged. 42% of journeys In 2008/9, the City Council made in the city are less than declared annual emissions from 2km in distance yet a third of all fleet transport of just over 2,000 journeys are made by car. tonnes CO2 (equivalent to Birmingham’s Big City Plan carbon emissions from 370 identifies as a priority the homes). Birmingham has extension of existing excellent public transport pedestrianised areas, with a connections to the rest of the network of linked public spaces. UK and over 6 million kilometres New public squares will be (nearly 4 million miles) were created around the city centre travelled by national rail on providing better access to under council business. 1.5 million utilised spaces. kilometres (almost 900,000 miles) were travelled by plane to Cycleways have been created represent Birmingham not only for reasons of climate internationally. change but also to allow access 7.2.2 Public, private and hydrogen refuelling points and to some beautiful parts of The City Council has set itself commercial transport leading experts in hydrogen fuels Birmingham, away from the a target to reduce carbon Almost a quarter of Birmingham’s cells at Birmingham University. hustle and bustle of city life. The emissions overall by 25% emissions arise from transport. 16 km (10 mile) route along the between 1990 to 2015. By then The city has been always been at Shifting from private vehicles River Rea to its source in the the intention is for all fleet the heart of the UK’s auto to walking, cycling or public Waseley Hills and the 10 km (6 vehicles to be running on industry and Birmingham’s transport mile) route from the city centre electricity or LPG. universities are actively The SEAP includes a 15% through Ward End Park are two researching fuel options to reduction in carbon emissions such routes. Nine urban explorer Action 7.2.1: Birmingham City Council’s Fleet replace petrol and diesel. relating to a shift in behaviour, routes have been created, Professor Julia King, Vice encouraging people to walk, suitable for leisure cycling with Action : Reduction of City Council’s carbon emissions by 25% by the end of 2015 Chancellor of Aston University, cycle and use public transport in families, visiting attractions along led a review into the preference to their cars. the way. The ‘PushBikes’ initiative Estimated energy saving: 1,600 MWh per year decarbonisation of the UK’s road encourages cycling within Expected renewable energy generation: 0 MWh per year transport in 2007 and continues Birmingham has a number of Birmingham and the wider urban Estimated carbon reduction: 421 tonnes CO2 per year to influence national and local strategic interventions, outlined area. Giving cyclists priority at strategy. The city also hosts in the Local Transport Plan, road junctions is also being 50 51 7

considered within Birmingham’s and students via the internet and such as priority parking for highly has been active alongside other the Midlands. Birmingham will subsidy. A recent study(12) suggests ‘Vision for Movement’ which mobile phones. Students have efficient vehicles. councils in the Midlands to pilot have charging points at various that 1.8% of those surveyed would addresses transport in the city access to free wi-fi whilst on electric cars and to develop the key locations, including definitely buy an electric vehicle in centre. the buses. Campaigns to encourage charging infrastructure needed. Birmingham University, Broadway the next few years, rising to 3% if appropriate selection of fuel eighteen new charging points Plaza, the Arcadian, Brindley issues around the limitations of Birmingham’s intelligent Rail use in the area will also see a efficient vehicles and smarter have been installed across the city Place, the Bullring and use are addressed. transport proposals will provide complete transformation with the driving will also help in achieving and 110 vehicles are being trialled Longbridge Technology Park. far greater knowledge to support high speed link to London and the targets set. to assess driver behaviour and to E.ON is supporting both initiatives 68% were concerned about the users of public transport. Better improved connections between learn of any issues and barriers to using fast-charging technology. availability of charging points. The information about the availability the city centre and Birmingham Replacing road transport wide scale uptake. The initial pilot programmes in Birmingham of bus routes and real time International Airport through a fuels with bio-fuels research suggests an average National Express West Midlands will seek to address these issues. updates on arrivals will help to rapid transport system known as Total consumption by cars and journey of 37 km (23 miles) with and transport authority Centro Another recent survey(13) revealed encourage use of Birmingham’s the ‘Birmingham Sprint’. As well vans owned by city residents is vehicles stationary for 97% of the received £1.3M of national Green that the number of people buses. Real time information will as improvements to the main estimated at around 310 million day. The electric vehicles have Bus Funds to purchase 20 new interested in buying an electric or be available at rail stations, New Street Station, litres of fuel each year. been used in the extreme weather diesel hybrid buses. These hybrid vehicle had risen from 9% public buildings and at major enhancements of the Metro City Birmingham has no specific conditions of late 2010, with vehicles are expected to enter to 53% in just 6 months. employment sites across the city. Centre system are included in policy to encourage fuel temperatures as low as minus service in early 2011 and will use a The SEAP includes an increasingly Smart ticketing is also planned the draft Local Transport Plan. switching to bio-fuels although a 10oC. Birmingham has once again third less fuel compared to a challenging ambition to focus on which will ease transitions across number of biofuel suppliers (bulk been successful in a consortium conventional bus. replacement of fossil fuels with different modes of transport. Encouraging fuel efficient suppliers and retailers) are bid for further infrastructure electricity. The proposal includes There were 320 million bus vehicles springing up across the city. funding from the ‘Plugged in National incentives to encourage replacement of 62 million litres of journeys undertaken in the city European regulation and Places’ programme which will see purchase of electric vehicles fossil fuel by 2026 (20% of total last year; the City Council works national policy is expected to The SEAP includes a switch to 500 charging points added across launch in 2011 with a £5,000 consumption in cars and vans). in partnership with organisations drive reduction in carbon bio-fuels to replace up to 15 across the city and wider region emissions through vehicle million litres of fossil fuel by 2020 to ensure that this figure efficiency improvements of 10% (5% of current usage). Action 7.2.2: Birmingham’s Public, private + commercial transport increases significantly over the by 2015 and 20% by 2026. Action (i) : Encourage a modal shift from use of private transport to low carbon alternatives next decade. Birmingham’s Replacing road transport Action (ii): Encourage use of more fuel efficient vehicles Green Bus Company is focussing Birmingham will play a part in fuels with electricity Action (iii): Replace road transport fuels with biofuels on the school run and is already ensuring traffic congestion is Birmingham is very active in Action (iv): Replace road transport fuels with electricity providing 32 services to reduced and major routes flow encouraging a switch to electric Estimated energy saving: 2,232,840 MWh per year Birmingham schools (and to two freely. Investment in intelligent (or hybrid electric) vehicles. Expected renewable energy generation: 0 MWh per year of Birmingham’s premier football systems is intended to maintain Estimated carbon reduction: 556,200 tCO2 per year clubs), supported by transport traffic flow along major routes. The City Council, as lead partner provider, Centro. Information to However, there is no local policy in the programme CABLED (12) track the bus location and arrival to introduce penalties such as (Coventry and Birmingham Low GfK Automotive survey of 5,053 people interviewed in November 2010, available at: http://www.gfknop.com/pressinfo/releases/ singlearticles/007223/index.en.html times are streamed to parents congestion charging or bonuses Emission vehicle Demonstrators), (13) Glass Guide survey of 397 motorists in December, 2010, available at: http://www.glassguide.co.uk/News/GlassGuideNews/?News=1295 52 53 7

Transport Summary

Transport

Estimated energy Expected renewable Estimated Carbon saving (MWh/yr) energy generation Reduction (tCO2 per (MWh/yr) year)

Birmingham City 1,600 0 421 Council fleet

Public, private and 2,232,838 0 556,200 commercial transport

TOTAL 2,234,438 0 556,621

54 55 7

7.3 Local Electricity 7.3.2 Wind power south-west of the city, on higher 7.3.3 Solar Photovoltaic Production Birmingham’s central location ground could perhaps be The UK’ s Feed In Tariff (FITs) means that the city sees relatively suitable for large or medium initiative has created a wave of 7.3.1 Hydroelectric low wind speeds and especially wind turbines and up to 6MW of investment in small generating Generating power from the flow so due to the effect of a largely each have been included. equipment, with the greatest of water requires either a fast urban profile. There are some impact in terms of domestic solar flowing water course with a high potential sites in Birmingham No small or micro wind (under PV. An additional 10,000 systems volume of water or a river with a that are suited to large (over 500 50kW) turbines have been have been installed nationally in significant change in levels. kW) and medium sized (50 to 500 included although there may be the first six months of the FITs Birmingham has neither and no kW) wind turbines. A recent some sites that are suitable (tall scheme and the cost of systems hydro schemes have been study on renewable energy buildings such as the Aston has tumbled by around 25%. In included in the SEAP. In the capacity in the West Midlands University installation provide Birmingham, the Birmingham future, some suitable sites may suggested that Birmingham has some potential) Energy Savers scheme is emerge and could contribute to suitable sites for over 50MW of expected to include an offer of Birmingham sustainable energy generating capacity. For the solar PV on a ‘rent a roof scheme’ targets. SEAP, some sites to the and has the potential to deliver an expected 2,500 systems from 2012 to 2015. The SEAP assumes commercial properties also This new venture alone is that 8,000 Birmingham homes provide an opportunity for solar expected to create 60 new jobs Action 7.3.2: Wind power in Birmingham will have retrofit PV systems PV. For example, the German by the end of 2012. The SEAP installed by 2020. based company, the juwi group, includes an ambition for 10 MW Action : Install 6MW of large and 6MW of medium wind turbine capacity has recently established an office by 2020 on non-domestic Estimated energy saving: 21,000 MWh per year Following the highly successful nearby with plans for a 60MW buildings in Birmingham. Expected renewable energy generation: 21,000 MWh per year Alexander Stadium installation, solar PV generating capacity. Estimated carbon reduction: 4,200 tCO2 per year

Action 7.3.3: Solar PV in Birmingham Action : Install 10MW of non-domestic solar PV and systems on 8,000 homes Estimated energy saving: 25,400 MWh per year Expected renewable energy generation: 25,400 MWh per year Estimated carbon reduction: 5,100 tCO2 per year

56 57 7

Local Electricity Production - Summary 7.4 Local district heating / cooling and combined Local Electricity Production heat/power Estimated energy Expected renewable Estimated Carbon saving (MWh/yr) energy generation Reduction (tCO2 per 7.4.1 Combined Heat (MWh/yr) year) and Power schemes

Tyseley Environmental Hydro power 0 0 0 Economy District Birmingham has plans to develop the area neighbouring Wind power 21,000 21,000 4,200 the existing Tyseley energy from waste plant to become an area Solar PV 25,400 25,400 5,100 of focus for environmental and energy recovery businesses. TOTAL 46,400 46,400 9,300 (Tyseley Environmental Economy District) Sources of investment are currently being identified to Note: generation from combined heat and power and energy from waste facilities is included in the fund links between Tyseley and section that follows. the city centre to provide heat and a much-needed additional power supply. The capacity of the site for generation is thought to be around 50MWe. Many opportunities exist on the Tyseley site, with interest in CHP, power only generation or injection to the mains gas supply SEAP includes the opportunity to Company or BDEC, opened from biogas. The city council is generate to full capacity from the to provide heat and power in looking to encourage Tyseley site by 2020. the Broad Street area from 1st development of enterprises in October, 2007. The BDEC project this area of Birmingham by Extension of city centre was recognised as a UK leading offering the infrastructure to energy centres venture when Utilicom received transport heat and power and to The city’s first energy centre, the Queen’s Award for identify suitable consumers and established with Cofeley Sustainable Development anchor loads. Whilst the (formerly Utilicom) as the in 2008. technology options may vary, the Birmingham District Energy 58 59 7

Street, through to 2015 a further Additionally, several apartment sustainable transport of non energy centre is being planned, blocks around the city will be recyclable waste streams with additional capacity of refurbished with replaced is feasible. 10.6MWe. Eventually it is heating systems, such as Manton expected that all the energy House and Reynolds House. The city council and partners centres will be linked together All of these projects provide are looking at opportunities and whilst they all initially use opportunity to develop school or to increase the availability of mains gas as a fuel supply, a community based district heating biomass and waste supplies to switch to biomass or injected or CHP. meet a capacity demand of up biogas are possibilities being to 50MWe power generated. explored. An outline concept is to develop Birmingham published the Total potential for up to 4MWe of gas Waste Strategy in 2010 which The SEAP includes an ambition fired district heating, making use includes a target that only half of for up to 20MWe generation of schools as energy centres, Birmingham’s waste should go to capacity from CHP energy switching to biomass CHP as the landfill by 2015 and that waste to centres in the city centre and technology and supply chain landfill should be eliminated by elsewhere in Birmingham. improve. 2026. This strategy recognises the need to link waste with Community CHP satellites This generating capacity for the energy for Birmingham’s Birmingham is home to a SEAP is included in the 20MWe sustainable future, including growing number of young mentioned above. plans for anaerobic digestion people. Births increased by 21% of food waste and increased from 2001 to 2008 and these Development of the biomass capacity using energy The scheme provides heating, CO2 per annum. The new library The nearby Birmingham young people are just entering and waste supply chains. from waste. cooling and power to the nearby building will also connect to the Children’s Hospital is also the education system. Currently in Birmingham, International Conference Centre scheme, which in total already providing a further 1.5 MWe Birmingham’s schools are already biomass supplies equivalent to The ideas explored in and Indoor Arena as well as saves more than 12,000 tonnes supplying the city council up to full capacity. 17 new 2.6MW in woody materials consultation on the strategy council buildings in the city of CO2 in Birmingham. building at Lancaster Circus and schools in Birmingham are being collected by the city council are suggest that 160,000 centre, to the Repertory theatre, the new student accommodation built to high standards of energy available for use in CHP. Interest tonnes/annum anaerobic Paradise Circus offices and the Across the city, the CHP facility at currently under construction. efficiency and with some in a range of technologies and digestion plant could generate Hyatt Regency Hotel. The supply Aston University was expanded renewable energy planned, due processes is being expressed by energy revenues in the region of lines continue to expand; two in 2009/10 to provide a further These three energy centres to complete by 2013 under the companies interested in plans for £4.4 million/annum and an tower blocks which provide 124 3MW generation to supply the already provide a combined UK’s Building Schools for the the Tyseley Environmental additional 175,000 tonnes of units at Cambridge + Crescent university needs as well as capacity for generating 6.6 MWe, Future programme. Many Economy District concept. Energy from Waste capacity will also be linked to take planned new buildings in the installed since the baseline year primary schools will also be The site is well serviced by heating from the energy centre neighbouring Eastside of 2005. In the redevelopment of improved and refurbished. road, rail and canal links and in 2011, saving nearly 350 tonnes development. Birmingham’s main station, New 60 61 7

around £11.4 million/annum community centres, there is range of energy fuels from 7.4.2 District Heating supplies of biomass. This is heating would be converted at a input to the local economy. further opportunity to install gas sewage, algae, waste and energy Initially it is proposed to create expected to provide up to 2.6 later stage to biomass CHP when The Strategy identifies the or biomass fired CHP in specific crops grown on marginal land in community district heating MWth of district heat supplies the technology matures. opportunity to generate nearly buildings – on public and private a trial facility that will see a centres based in the new schools which would be expanded to 24 GWh of electricity from food sector sites. A scheme to deliver further 1 MW generated on the to absorb the existing available 5MWth by 2020. The district waste in the 20 miles around 14 MWe on the eastern outskirts Aston campus. Tyseley and an additional 71 of the city has already been GWh of electricity and 280 GWh identified. An allowance in the Whilst not directly included in Action 7.4.2: District heating from biomass in Birmingham of heat energy, from the 175,000 SEAP for an additional 30MWe the SEAP in contributing to the tonnes of waste per year through capacity of CHP to serve specific district CHP potential for Action : Develop community district heat centres whilst increasing the biomass supply chain the incinerator and CHP facility sites and buildings has Birmingham to 2020, it is (additional to the 525,000 tonne been made. important to Birmingham to Estimated energy saving: 25,000 MWh per year capacity). support the opportunities from Expected renewable energy generation: 25,000 MWh per year Support and development emerging technologies for Estimated carbon reduction: 7,400 tCO2 per year Building specific CHP of full-scale versions of alternative fuels. on key sites lab-based technologies Apart from the existing and for alternative fuels proposed energy centres in the Aston University’s leading city centre and those at a European Bio-Energy Research concept phase for satellite Institute is to explore the use of a 7.4.3 Energy from waste technologies. Interest has only at a concept phase but a Waste - power only already been shown in a process number of smaller developments Development of the area around to generate up to 300MWe from may also provide this capacity Tyseley provides the opportunity waste streams by 2026 (100MWe using different supplies and Action 7.4.1: Combined Heat and Power in Birmingham to create new streams of waste by 2015) with export of power technologies. Action (i) : Develop additional opportunities to generate from non-recyclable waste streams to 50MWe processing and energy from only to the grid. This is currently Action (ii): Extend existing city centre heat/cooling networks with additional energy centres to 20MWe Action (iii): Develop additional community CHP centres around the city as satellites Action (iv): Continue to develop the biomass and waste supply chains, from 2.6 MWe to 50MWe Action 7.4.3: Energy from waste stream – power only equivalent supplies Action (v): Commission buildings specific CHP on key public and private sector sites, to 30 MWe Action : Explore power only from a number of non-recyclable waste streams Action (vi): Support and develop full-scale versions of lab-based technologies for alternative fuels Estimated energy saving: 1,821,300 MWh per year Estimated energy saving: 2,015,730 MWh per year Expected renewable energy generation: 1,821,300 MWh per year Expected renewable energy generation: 2,015,730 MWh per year Estimated carbon reduction: 109,900 tCO2 per year Estimated carbon reduction: 291,300 tCO2 per year

62 63 7

Local District Heating / Cooling + CHP Summary 7.5 Land Use Planning The Core Strategy includes The city council is currently This section focuses on actions specific ambitions for the various preparing a supplementary Local District Heating / Cooling + CHP that underpin some of the major areas of Birmingham, including planning document ‘Places for Estimated energy Expected renewable Estimated Carbon programmes mentioned earlier, the creation of an environmental the Future’ which will provide saving (MWh/yr) energy generation Reduction (tCO2 per notably the district energy and focus for Tyseley’s industrial area guidance on achieving (MWh/yr) year) energy from waste schemes. The and specific sustainable urban Birmingham’s reduced carbon planning process has massive neighbourhoods as well as footprint. Larger developments Combined Heat potential to support such policies that underpin the are required to adopt CHP or to 2,015,730 2,015,730 291,300 and Power ambitions through policies improvements in public use district energy supplies and relating to land use as well as transport. being ready for ‘smart grids’ is District Heating 25,000 25,000 7,400 conditions applied to new also encouraged. The council Energy from Waste development which encourages 1,821,300 1,821,300 109,900 (power only) use of local energy supplies.

TOTAL 3,862,030 3,862,030 408,600 7.5.1 Strategic urban planning Birmingham Core Strategy City council strategic planners have drafted a core strategy that looks at the possibilities for Birmingham over the next 15 years to 2026. The strategy aims to deliver 50,600 homes and a further 100,000 new jobs.

The Core Strategy aims to include achieving Birmingham’s 60% carbon reduction target for 2026 and the sustainable management of the City’s waste. It specifically includes aims for new development that meets high standards for sustainable design and construction and maximises the use of CHP.

64 (14) Birmingham Core Strategy 2026, available from: http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/corestrategy 65 7

will actively encourage waste for carbon reduction and of carbon impact. should take the lead on matters processing of waste for recycling energy generation plays in of strategic energy management or energy generation on Birmingham’s sustainable future. Birmingham Energy Strategy and requested considerable appropriate sites such as Tyseley. It is possible that more than half During 2010, the BeBirmingham clarity in taking future action the municipal solid waste and partnership and the city (locations of potential generating Birmingham Waste Strategy commercial / industrial waste is council undertook a study sites, capacities, infrastructure, A comprehensive waste strategy going to landfill. When levels of Birmingham’s carbon patterns of supply and demand, was published by the city council of hazardous waste and the emissions and baseline energy anchor loads). in 2006, which highlighted the possible recycling of consumption as well as a approach for the next two commercial/industrial waste comprehensive review of the This consultation and the hybrid decades to achieve greater levels (over which the city council has available evidence on sources scenario led to the submission of of recycling (17% by 2010; 40% limited control) are taken into of zero and low-carbon fuels. Birmingham’s Sustainable Energy by 2026). The strategy was account this figure drops to Action Plan to the Covenant launched after extensive around a third. As part of this exercise the of Mayors in November, 2010. consultation on how these levels Vantage Point models and hybrid The SEAP presents a general of recycling and composting Consultation on the Total Waste scenario were created and used direction and will be refined in a could be achieved and included Strategy highlighted the wish to to consult with stakeholders. Two more detailed action plan, along two break points when review send 100% of Birmingham’s workshops were held in October with key partners in a specific would be undertaken. The first waste through a waste recovery and November, 2010 and taskforce, and will provide the of these was scheduled for process. This should include the stakeholders were invited to link between energy generation 2011/12 and a new study was opportunity to recover energy comment on which direction and the total waste strategy. commissioned resulting in a final from anaerobic digestion of food Birmingham’s future energy report in January, 2011. Since waste, to use available heat from strategy might take. This process launch of the original strategy, incineration processes within is further described in the the BeBirmingham has set far district schemes as well as using associated Issues and more ambitious targets – to other outputs from waste Option paper. Action 7.5.1: Strategic urban planning achieve waste to landfill targets treatment and recycling as Action (i) : Consult and publish Birmingham’s Core Strategy (incorporating policies on energy and of 50% by 2015 and a zero waste low-carbon energy sources In the second of the two carbon emissions) (15) policy by 2026. for Birmingham. A second stakeholder engagement events Action (ii): Consult on and publish the Total Waste Strategy (which identifies waste streams and use consultation identified the deriving energy from waste was for power/heat generation) Birmingham’s ‘Total Waste option to divert food waste clearly an important area for Action (iii): Continue to consult on and development Birmingham’s Energy Strategy through a task Strategy’ recognises the and to increase capacity for focus and a range of force chaired by the city council to incorporate identified opportunities in the Total important role that careful energy from waste as well as technologies were discussed. Waste Strategy management of waste and use increased levels of recycling as As for the Total Waste Strategy, of the residual non-recyclable the most appropriate in terms partners felt that the city council These underpin estimated energy savings, expected renewable energy generation and estimated carbon reduction in all sectors.

(15) Total Waste Strategy, published Jan ’11; available from: 66 http://www.bebirmingham.org.uk/documents/Birmingham_Total_Waste_Strategy_Final_Report_24.11.10.pdf 67 7

7.5.2 Transport / mobility Birmingham’s ‘Big City Plan’, The Intelligent Transport Strategy 7.6 Public Procurement of planning published in September 2010, was published in December, 2010 Products and Services Local Transport Plans (LTP3) are includes details of connectivity and looks at transport in the The BeBirmingham partners being reviewed across the UK. and walk-ability for the city widest sense (traffic flow, road signed a compact agreement(17) The future mobility needs and centre. For each of the key areas safety, information, public for sustainable procurement in transport plans for Birmingham of development (the City Core, transport, freight efficiency and March, 2008. The compact are not considered in isolation Eastside, Digbeth, Southside and improving the environmental reflected all aspects of and include neighbouring areas Highgate, Westside and impacts). This will impact on sustainability, using the collective of Sandwell, Dudley, Walsall, Ladywood, the Jewellery Quarter transport carbon emissions by pressure on the supply chain to Wolverhampton, Solihull and and the Gunsmith’s Quarter), seeking to improve traffic flow improve social, economic and Coventry. These plans were movement and flow of people, and reduced need for private environmental aspects for published in draft format(16) and public transport and vehicles transport. Better provision of Birmingham. In terms of energy, available for consultation until the between the sectors and to information and ticketing using the compact included the end of January, 2011. The LTP3 neighbouring areas are included smarter technologies and following requirements: plans include a strategy that lasts and described. Sustainable travel improved infrastructure mean until 2026 with a series of rolling and transport are important to that public transport becomes a Signatories will: implementation plans. Birmingham City Centre plans. more realistic option for Birmingham’s commuters. • Ensure that they minimise overall purchases of energy Action 7.5.2: Transport / mobility planning and maximise renewable sources of energy as a Action : Develop Birmingham’s Intelligent Transport System Strategy (and implement percentage of their total improvements from the LTP3 and Big City Plans) energy consumption These underpin estimated energy savings and carbon reduction from transport. • Keep their energy purchases under regular review and make ongoing reductions wherever Action 7.5.3: Standards for refurbishment and new development practicable in order to comply Action : Policies for refurbishment and new development are incorporated into the Core as a minimum with targets set Strategy and national policy through building regulations by national government • Take steps to ensure that their purchases of goods and Action 7.5.4: Big City Plan services: Action : Strategic planning for future development in Birmingham City Centre has been • Minimise embedded energy published and will be implemented and especially embedded greenhouse gas emissions (16) The draft Local Transport Plan (LTP3) is available on the consultation website http://www.westmidlandsltp.gov.uk/formalconsultation (17) 68 The ‘Birmingham Sustainable Procurement’ compact is available from: 69 http://www.bebirmingham.org.uk/uploads/Compact%20Doc%20Complete.pdf 7

• Minimise overall energy use • Incentivise and encourage performance for small, medium 7.7 Working with 7.7.2 Financial support efficiency measures aimed and maximise the proportion suppliers and sub-contractors and large organisations Birmingham’s’ citizens and and grants specifically at easing fuel poverty of renewable energy in their to commit to and progress (depending on number of stakeholders A number of national incentives in some of the most deprived applications towards the agreed target employees). Energy efficiency is are helping to improve energy areas of the city. This was • Ensure that purchases of set by Be Birmingham included as part of the 7.7.1. Advisory services efficiency measures and provided on a ‘whole house’ goods and services from and to ensure that their assessment which is included The BeBirmingham Partnership encourage renewable energy for basis through the national suppliers and sub-contractors sub-contractors and supply where appropriate within the operates a householder residents and businesses in the Community Energy Saving are specified in line with chains in turn do likewise tendering process. awareness raising website, uing city. These include the Feed In Programme (CESP) by signatories’ commitment to • Where practicable and a pledging scheme originally Tariff scheme introduced in April, British Gas. cutting greenhouse gas appropriate, identify and The city council is also developed by the University of 2010 which is stimulating emissions, which will be set implement effective ways of investigating a whole life cost East Anglia (CRed). 340 people demand for solar PV in The Birmingham Energy out in the Birmingham Climate off-setting carbon emissions and carbon approach to have made pledges and saved Birmingham. Efficiency Partnership helps Change Strategy embedded in or arising from procurement, trialling use of the an estimated 54 tonnes CO2. specific areas of the city to make • Encourage suppliers and their purchases Forum for the Future Sustainable Birmingham is involved in a use of the Warm Zone funded sub-contractors with over 250 Procurement Toolkit on two The Energy Saving Trust national Pay As You Save pilot programme to provide Decent full-time equivalent employees The city council published a major decisions. This toolkit has operates a national helpline and programme which is being Homes retrofit measures. This to commit to achieving, as a guidance document ‘Going for been pioneered by Fife Council website with regional advice conducted by the UK scheme provides no or low cost minimum, targets set by Green’ in 2006 for businesses and if successful will form part of centres. The West Midlands government to test response loft and cavity insulation to those national government for and organisations seeking to the council’s procurement advice centre recorded savings to the future Green Deal in greatest need. reductions in greenhouse gas work with the council.(18) This decision making process. The of over 605,000 tonnes CO2 programme. This provides an emissions produced in the guidance provided information toolkit applies a carbon cost for across the region in 2009/10 with accredited home assessment 7.7.3 Awareness raising course of their own operations about aspects of environmental all aspects of the lifecycle for 62,300 tonnes CO2 savings in followed by provision of up-front and local networking products and services.(19) Birmingham. In 2010/11 savings capital to fund energy efficiency In 2008 and 2010 Birmingham of over 31,000 tonnes CO2 have improvements. The repayments held a Climate Change Festival. already been recorded for must always be less than the Birmingham will be planning for Action 7.6.1: Energy efficiency requirements/standards measures installed (the final, year predicted savings in energy bills a 3rd Climate Change Festival Action 7.6.2: Renewable energy requirements / standards end figure is likely to be far with a net overall benefit to the in 2012. higher) as a result of advice householder or tenant. The pilot Action : Develop policies and tools to include lifecycle carbon emissions in procurement decisions given. The Energy Saving Trust programme is aimed at around These underpin estimated energy savings, renewable energy provision and carbon reduction from provides advice on energy 100 homes and is linked to all sectors. efficiency measures (insulation, repayments through a boilers, appliances), transport credit union. This experience has measures (vehicle choice and been useful in developing the (18) ‘Going for Green’, published by Birmingham City Council in 2006, available from: smarter driving), water usage as Birmingham Energy Savers. http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/cs/Satellite?c=Page&childpagename=Corporate-Procurement- Services%2FPageLayout&cid=1223092714832&pagename=BCC%2FCommon%2FWrapper%2FWrapper well as microgeneration of In 2009, Birmingham homes renewable energy. received funding for energy (19) ‘Sustainable Procurement Toolkit Guidance’ from Forum for the Future, published in 2007/8 is available here: http://www.forumforthefuture.org/files/SP_Tool_Guidance.pdf 70 71 7

Street Champions are trained The Ecocentre is aiming to: and behaviour are estimated to volunteers who help to look after • Become a known example of have achieved a 35% saving in their neighbourhoods within good practice in the city energy use. Summerfield won Birmingham. As part of their • Be a trusted independent the Eurocities Award in 2009 training, the team of champions ‘sustainable living’ advice for its work on energy and learn about environmental service sustainability. surveying and auditing to help • Help build a sustainable with energy issues in local community ‘Balsall Heath is Our Planet’ is homes. • Secure future funding another community group that (2 further years) involves representatives from a The city is home to a number of number of faith groups in very active communities groups; Summerfield is Birmingham’s first sustainability. The group eco-neighbourhood. The project, maintains an action plan for Sustainable Moseley (Susmo). valued at €2.8M (£2.3M), was the energy savings provides tailored In 2009, the community group largest renewable energy project advice to householders in Balsall were successful in the British Gas of its kind in the UK. Nearly 330 Heath and is looking to establish Green Streets competition that homes benefited from solar energy plans for five community provided energy measures and panels in a joint project between buildings in the area. The Balsall renewable energy systems for the city council and the Family Heath Housing Co-op plans to the allotment site, three Housing Association. Five refit a Victorian terraced house community buildings and Victorian semi-detached houses as a demonstrator to help 20 homes. were improved with a variety of landlords with energy saving energy saving measures to serve measures. Balsall Heath is home Last year’s event included a solar “The Birmingham Climate have organised will lead to a The Northfield Eco Centre, an as demonstrators and were later to Birmingham’s most energy powered green circus and Change Festival is a fun, good turnout inspire people idea put into practice by the offered as much-needed family efficient home – the Zero Carbon roadshow, ethical and fairtrade entertaining and informative way to do their bit.” Central England Quakers, was homes. The development House. It has no external heating market, a solar powered stage for people to learn about what is opened in 2009 to provide provided early trials of solar PV, with solar panels provided hot with music, pledge points, being done to make Birmingham Cllr Paul Tilsley, Deputy Leader, support and advice on a range heat pumps, insulation from water and electricity. The original recycling area, biodiversity zone green for those that live, work Birmingham City Council of issues that relate to living natural materials and low energy 1840s buildings has been and range of information and and visit the city.” sustainably. The building appliances. Over 500 school converted and extended by activities for all the family. As part A week long series of events are includes demonstrators for a children were involved in architect John Christopher to of awareness raising the event “Everyone has a role to play organised on a climate change wide range of energy saving creating an eco-website and create an award winning four included a bra bank, inviting when it comes to cutting carbon theme around the city, involving measures. It provides a focus radio station plus an energy bedroom home. Birmingham’s residents to recycle emissions and making the universities, businesses and and venue for workshops and saving DVD. The direct impacts unwanted garments. The bra Birmingham green. I hope the community groups. activities for the local community. and the influence on lifestyle bank proved very popular!20 wide variety of activities that we

(20) The garments are sold at very low cost to traders in developing countries and provide an income for breast cancer charities 72 73 7

• For the business sector, fitting efficiency boiler plant At Birmingham University, the Bengal. The research will identify barriers in construction to themes. The city council has Birmingham holds an annual and heat recovery equipment Institute for Energy Research and a variety of alternative fuels from sustainable solutions whilst the worked with Harpur Adams, a green awards ceremony which with regular energy Policy contributes to national waste and biomass and is aimed Centre for Low Carbon Research rural agricultural college, to celebrates the people and monitoring. and global research on energy at alleviating fuel poverty as well is investigating design and identify sources of biomass. organisations that are making related matters, such as the as supporting Birmingham’s retrofit for sustainable products Birmingham University held a difference for climate 7.7.4 Training and education storage of hydrogen in new carbon reduction targets. and buildings. energy challenge clubs to look change. In 2010 a new green The city council actively supports materials, fuel cells and biogas Birmingham City University is at smart energy systems and award scheme was provided schools in terms of energy saving as well as policy and social also investigating cultivation of The Birmingham Science City bio-fuels. The Hydrogen Energy for restaurants that seek to and with curriculum activities. issues, such as the Russian algae for energy use and initiative pulls together the best programme has investigated reduce energy use, create less More than 30 Birmingham economy and trade or energy bioenergy for urban farming. brains from across the city and generation and storage waste, support staff and the schools took part in ‘Green Day’ poverty in Eastern Europe. The The university’s Centre for neighbouring areas to find of hydrogen for transport local community and to last year as their contribution to university leads on global Environment and Society solutions to a range of issues. and buildings. procure goods and services the Climate Change Festival. research into Fuel Cells with one research is looking at the ‘Low Carbon’ is one of four key in a sustainable way. The of England’s first hydrogen Eastside Café won the Birmingham colleges are refuelling facilities. The university procurement award for developing courses to support is part of the West Midlands sourcing 90% of supplies installers of renewable energy consortium within the UK’s Action 7.7: Working with the Citizens and Stakeholders locally whilst the Warehouse systems gain the necessary support for the European Café won the waste award for accreditation. The Birmingham Climate-Knowledge and Action : Combining the impacts of advice, financial programmes, awareness raising, networking, training and education, the aim is to reduce energy demand through behaviour change releasing waste cooking oil for Metropolitan College provides Innovation Centre (Climate KIC). by 8% in demand for electricity and gas for both domestic and non-domestic sectors transport biofuels. The Moor courses in renewable energy and (2005 baseline with 2020 target) Hall Hotel won the energy in energy efficiency assessment As well as Vice Chancellor Julia saving category and were at the city centre’s Matthew King’s advisory role on the UK’s Estimated energy saving: 1,431,700 MWh per year judged overall winners for Bolton campus. approach to low carbon vehicles, Expected renewable energy generation: 0 MWh per year Aston University is highly active Estimated carbon reduction: 330,000 tCO2 per year in researching alternative fuels. The university is home to the European Bioenergy Research Institute and was recently awarded €3.6M (£3M) to establish decentralised energy systems on the Birmingham based campus and in conjunction with the Institute of Indian Technology at West

74 75 8 National contribution (Green Grid)

The UK government has set a national target to achieve 15% of energy from renewable sources by 2020. Further carbon savings over a longer period can be expected by increasing supply from nuclear power stations and from carbon capture allowing use of coal.

The current grid supply for electricity is taken as 0.523 kg CO2 per kWh. By 2020 it is assumed that this will fall to 0.184 kg CO2 per kWh. Potential mix in fuel sources for the national electricity supplies to 2050 (DECC presentation 2010) Within the Vantage Point model, part of the consultation for and in excess of the Covenant the impact of national measures Birmingham’s energy strategy, of Mayors requirements for the to decarbonise the Grid supply is there was some concern SEAP which is a 20% reduction taken account of by effectively expressed that national plans in CO2 and a 20% contribution reducing the 2005 baseline would not be enacted within from renewable energy by 2020. within the model. This the timeframe proposed. contribution features within the Consequently, the proposed The picture will be reviewed hybrid model and within the reductions in energy and carbon regularly and if necessary local SEAP to indicate the impact of emissions based on local activity activity will be adjusted this measure. are set to go beyond the original accordingly. targets for Birmingham (60% per At the stakeholder events as capita CO2 reduction by 2026)

Action 8: Green Grid (decarbonisation of the UK grid supply) Estimated energy saving: 0 MWh per year Expected renewable energy generation: 7,383,720 MWh per year Estimated carbon reduction: 1,500,000 tCO2 per year Note: the national contribution of energy from renewable sources has not been included in the target for Birmingham’s SEAP.

76 77 9 Monitoring the SEAP 1

9.1 Summary of requirements 9.2 Reviewing the Context Review of: Local data (annual basis): 9.5 Annual report on SEAP Dialogue is needed with the Performance against the SEAP (Annual) performance and comments distribution network operators should be monitored on an • What has been achieved? • Activities completed as part on progress + adjustments to gather data on energy annual basis, using post-dated Given the current national, (with numbers as appropriate) of the SEAP + estimate of needed consumption on a city-wide basis national data and local data, sub-regional and city context for • Estimate of CO2 savings energy/CO2 savings (gas, electricity, water), with finer collected in-year. The SEAP energy and climate change, are achieved • Activities completed by key An annual report should be granularity if this is available. should be reviewed in terms of the activities being pursued and • Estimate of energy savings partners in past year + provided that aligns with the Ideally this should be real time – the context, current policies and the targets set the right ones? achieved estimate of energy/CO2 needs of the Covenant of Mayors similar to the display for DECC opportunities each year but with • Estimate of energy generated savings (see below). It should incorporate (http://www.decc.gov.uk/ and a light-touch basis unless The SEAP should be adjusted to locally the quantitative and qualitative http://www.carbonculture.net/or progress is very slow or the take account of any changes in • Estimate of energy from 9.4 Reviewing the strategy information described and be gs/decc/whitehall-place/ ) context changes radically. policy and strategy that affect renewable/low carbon sources that underpins the SEAP communicated widely to and the Scilly Isles Birmingham and in terms of the • Estimate of jobs created (Annual): reinforce the desired changes in experiment (http:// In line with national carbon economic impact and current or saved energy use within Birmingham. www.e-day.org.uk/home.aspx ). budgets, the basis of the SEAP opportunities for funding and • Lessons learned – successes The SEAP is currently based on a should be re-assessed, reviewing innovation. and failures scenario created in the Vantage 9.6 Real-time monitoring the underlying basis in terms of • Activities that are moving Point tool. For the short term, business-as-usual emissions and If necessary the fundamentals of slowly – analysis of barriers this underlying basis can be Best practice is to communicate the maximum potential for the strategy, the objectives and adjusted relatively easily within achievement (or progress) in change. The SEAP should be the targets may need to be Key Performance Indicators: this tool. In the longer term, activities on an ongoing basis. It rebuilt every five years to ensure adjusted. other tools may become is recommended that a website that the long term aims are Official data (24 month lag) for: available and new models can be created so record monthly achieved and that Birmingham Review of: • Per capita CO2 emissions be developed and adjusted. achievements. The large scale maximises the economic value of • Impact of contextual changes • Total CO2 emissions (total and programme included in the SEAP taking early action on sustainable on activities – are they still by end-use) • Review of underlying Vantage can have short regular news energy. appropriate? • Total energy consumption Point scenario in light of new feeds. Individuals, communities, • Targets and timescales (total and by end use) local + national policies businesses, public + private The Covenant of Mayor • Electricity consumption – total • Review of progress and sector can be encouraged to programme requires reporting 9.3 Reviewing the Activities and average per consumer adjustment of activity (using upload data (on energy, water on the SEAP every two years within the SEAP (Annual): (domestic + non-domestic) Vantage Point) to achieve long and waste) and to record although reporting on an annual • Gas consumption – total and term targets activities that relate to basis is encouraged. The annual review should average per consumer sustainable energy. assess progress for each item (domestic + non-domestic) This section sets out what needs in the SEAP. to be monitored, when and by whom.

78 79 9

9.7 Covenant of Mayors Requirements Timetable for review of the SEAP The Covenant of Mayors requires submission of a Monitoring Emissions Inventory (MEI), an Implementation Report and an Action Report. These provide the following information: 2011 Review of progress against Climate coincides with national carbon budget Change Action Plan + SEAP review Monitoring Emissions CO2 emissions reporting, on similar lines to the original baseline submission Implementation + Action Report 2 years from SEAP submission Inventory: Due at least four years from the submission of the SEAP 2012 required for Covenant of Mayors (due 30-Nov-12) Monitoring Emissions Inventory, 4 years from SEAP submission Implementation Report: Quantified information on measures implemented, their impacts on 2014 Implementation + Action Reports for (due 30-Nov-14) energy consumption and CO2 emissions, and an analysis of the SEAP Covenant of Mayors implementation process, including corrective and preventive measures when this is required. Implementation + Action Report 6 years from SEAP submission required for Covenant of Mayors (due 30-Nov-16) 2016 Due every two years from the submission of the SEAP Review of underlying model and strategy for SEAP coincides with national carbon budget review Action Report: Qualitative information about the implementation of the SEAP. It includes an analysis of the situation and qualitative, corrective and preventive measures. Monitoring Emissions Inventory, 8 years from SEAP submission 2018 Implementation + Action Reports for (due 30-Nov-18) Covenant of Mayors 2020 Monitoring Emissions Inventory, 10 years from SEAP submission Implementation + Action Reports for (due 30-Nov-20) Specific templates will be 9.8 Proposed timetable for • Annual – review and report on Covenant of Mayors - provided for each of these reviews SEAP (context, content + Final report for the span of the Covenant of Mayors programme aspects. Highlights will appear • Real-time energy demand strategic approach) on the Covenant of Mayors monitoring (own estate, 2021 Review of progress against Climate coincides with national carbon website under the Birmingham city-wide if possible) • Specific reports (linked to Change Action Plan + SEAP budget review City profile. annual reporting): 2026 Review of progress against Climate coincides with national carbon budget • Ongoing/monthly Change Action Plan + SEAP review The Covenant of Mayors is to updates – CO2/energy saving provide guidance on what activity completed (web-based Final report for the 60% target period set in aspects should be reviewed. report, with opportunity for Climate Change Action Plan Until this guidance is complete individuals, partners, etc to suggestions for monitoring update) are provided.

80 81 10 Governance

10.1 Need for strong in programme management, various programmes, a wide • Chairman of Co-ordinating Birmingham City Council The steering group will change governance procurement, marketing and range of partners must be Overview and Scrutiny strategic support (Head of as the SEAP is implemented to Birmingham has been highly financial and legal support. recruited to progress each action Committee (Observer) Climate Change + Sustainability; bring the necessary and active in building a sustainable Birmingham City Council sits at to make progress. • Leader of Principal Opposition Head of Strategic Planning; appropriate skills needed at any future for the city. The energy the heart of these past schemes Group (or nominee) (Observer) Head of Waste Services) given time. The team will be from waste facility and plans to and holds the reigns for the 10.3 Scrutiny and democratic • Chairman of Be Birmingham supported by the city council’s create a much larger energy master-plan for Birmingham’s accountability Environmental Partnership Birmingham City Council legal, financial, marketing, development at Tyseley, the future. Council officers and Birmingham City Council’s Executive Board (Observer) technical support (Urban Design) regeneration services and district energy scheme which elected members can be held Cabinet Committee for Climate • Foundation Director of Forum Energy companies specific partners as required to continues to grow across the accountable for the success or Change and Sustainability must for the Future (Observer) (min. 2 organisations from British deliver the SEAP. city, the UK-leading scheme failure of the SEAP. As such the ultimately be the body to Gas, E.ON, Scottish Power, EDF, Birmingham Energy Savers which city council is in a position to scrutinise progress on the SEAP This group was formed in the Scottish + Southern) 10.5 Project teams will address retrofit energy negotiate and secure relatively and hold to account those who summer, 2010. Each action within the SEAP efficiency measures, the high low cost sources of investment have responsibility to deliver it. Energy infrastructure will require its own project quality research into low-carbon from the Public Works Loan The current committee is led by 10.4 Dynamic SEAP Central Networks, National Grid governance structure, with a fuels for transport – these all Board and the European the Council’s deputy leader and steering group project board and operations point to a positive future. 2010 Investment Bank. These public includes six elected members, To deliver programmes that Communications + digital team. The project teams will witnessed a transition within sector investments can be supported by observers and range from highly technical control report into the steering group the UK – from strategy to important to underpin schemes, critical friends. The current energy decentralised energy 1 representative Digital for overall progress management implementation, with schemes such as the Birmingham Energy membership includes: schemes to social interaction Birmingham for the SEAP. such as the Feed In Tariff and Savers programme. with communities will require proposed Renewable Heat • Deputy Leader of the Council specific partners for each Commercial + industrial Incentive stimulating markets However, the city council can not (as Chairman) scheme. It is clear that the sector for renewable energy. The green work in isolation; it does not • Cabinet Member for Children energy infrastructure is key to 2 representatives economy is now the most possess all the necessary skills Young People and Families progress. A small but dynamic important economic sector for and expertise and investments • Cabinet Member for Housing steering group is needed that Universities growth in the UK and especially on the scale required by the • Cabinet Member for Local includes the energy companies 2 representatives for Birmingham. A step change SEAP have to be supported by Services and Community and managers of the gas and in effort and investment is the private sector. Whilst the Safety electric infrastructure (for Communities now required. stakeholders involved in both the • Cabinet Member for Birmingham these are Central 2 representatives Total Waste Strategy and Energy Transportation Environment Networks for the electricity 10.2 City Council role for Strategy workshops wished to and Regeneration distribution network and Transport the SEAP see the city council at the helm, • Cabinet Member for Leisure, National Grid for the gas Centro + City Council’s strategic To manage this ambition and risk setting the direction and pulling Sport and Culture network). The steering group planner needs highly professional skills – together the threads of the would include:

82 83 Appendix A Submitted SEAP

A. Final energy consumption

FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION [MWh]

Category Fossil fuels Renewable energies Electricity Heat/cold Other fossil Other Solar Natural gas Liquid gas Heating Oil Diesel Gasoline Lignite Coal Plant oil Biofuel Geothermal Total fuels biomass thermal

BUILDINGS, EQUIPMENT/FACILITIES AND INDUSTRIES:

Municipal buildings, equipment/facilities 196108 0 368895 0 18264 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 583267 Tertiary (non municipal) buildings, 995715 0 184583 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1180298 equipment/ facilities Residential buildings 1777420 0 7264900 0 28185 0 0 0 4158 0 0 0 0 0 0 9074663

Municipal public lighting 59265 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 59265 Industries (excluding industries involved in the EU 2004760 0 4145602 0 991872 0 0 0 86985 0 0 0 0 0 0 7229219 Emission trading scheme - ETS) Subtotal buildings, equipments/ 5033268 0 11963980 0 1038321 0 0 0 91143 0 0 0 0 0 0 18126712 facilities and industries TRANSPORT:

Municipal fleet 0 0 0 0 0 6397 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6397

Public transport 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Private and commercial transport 0 0 0 0 0 2576074 3557154 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6133228

Subtotal transport 0 0 0 0 0 2582471 3557154 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6139625

Total 5033268 0 11963980 0 1038321 2582471 3557154 0 91143 0 0 0 0 0 0 24266337

Municipal purchases of certified green electricity (if 0 any) [MWh]:

CO2 emission factor for certified green electricity n/a purchases (for LCA approach):

84 85 B. CO2 or CO2 equivalent emissions

CO2 emissions [t]/ CO2 equivalent emissions [t]

Category Fossil fuels Renewable energies Electricity Heat/cold Other fossil Other Solar Natural gas Liquid gas Heating Oil Diesel Gasoline Lignite Coal Bio fuel Plant Oil Geothermal Total fuels biomass thermal BUILDINGS, EQUIPMENT/FACILITIES AND INDUSTRIES:

Municipal buildings, equipment/facilities 102564 0 75992 0 4712 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 183269

Tertiary (non municipal) buildings, 520759 0 38024 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 558783 equipement/facilities

Residential buildings 929591 0 1496569 0 7272 0 0 0 1439 0 0 0 0 0 0 2434870

Municipal public lighting 30996 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30996

Industries (excluding industries involved in the EU 1048489 0 853994 0 255903 0 0 0 30097 0 0 0 0 0 0 2188483 Emission trading scheme - ETS) Subtotal buildings, equipments/facilities 2632399 0 2464580 0 267887 0 0 0 31535 0 0 0 0 0 0 5396401 and industries

TRANSPORT:

Municipal fleet 0 0 0 0 0 1682 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1682

Public transport 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Private and commercial transport 0 0 0 0 0 677507 899960 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1577467

Subtotal transport 0 0 0 0 0 679190 899960 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1579150

OTHER:

Waste management

Waste water management 0

Please specify here your other emissions

Total 2632399 0 2464580 0 267887 679190 899960 0 31535 0 0 0 0 0 0 6975551

Corresponding CO2-emission factors in [t/MWh] 0.523 0.206 0.258 0.263 0.253 0.346

CO2 emission factor for electricity not 0.523 produced locally [t/MWh]

86 87 C. Local electricity production and corresponding CO2 emissions

Energy carrier input [MWh] Correspon- ding CO2- Locally emission Locally generated electricity generated CO2 / CO2-eq Fossil fuels factors for (excluding ETS plants , and all plants/units > 20 MW) electricity emissions [t] Other Other electricity [MWh] Steam Waste Plant oil other biomass renewable production in Natural gas Liquid gas Heating oil Lignite Coal [t/MWh]

Wind power 0 0 0

Hydroelectric power 0 0 0

Photovoltaic 80 42 0.523

Combined Heat and Power 140000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 73220 0.523

Other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 140080 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 73262

D. Local heat/cold production (district heating/cooling, CHPs…) and corresponding CO2 emissions

Energy carrier input [MWh] Correspon- ding CO2- Locally CO2 / emission generated Locally generated heat/cold Fossil fuels CO2-eq factors for heat/cold Other Other emissions [t] heat/cold [MWh] Waste Plant oil other biomass renewable production in Natural gas Liquid gas Heating oil Lignite Coal [t/MWh]

Combined Heat and Power 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000

District Heating plant(s) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000

Other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

88 89 Expected Local renew- Estimated Expected Expected Energy saving CO2 renewable able energy SECTORS Implementa- Implementa- costs energy CO2 target reduction KEY actions/measures Responsible department, person or company energy production & fields of tion [start tion [end saving per reduction per sector target per field of action (in case of involvement of 3rd parties) production target per action time] time] per action/ measure per measure [MWh] per sector [t] per measure sector [MWh] measure [MWh/a] [t/a] in 2020 in 2020 [MWh/a] in 2020 BUILDINGS, EQUIPMENT / FACILITIES & INDUSTRIES: 2875125 433598 667640 Birmingham Declaration published December 2009. Commits Birmingham City Council to reduce emissions Municipal by 25% before 2015. The Business Transformation buildings, Programme 'Working for the Future' I addressing: 1) Birmingham City Council 2009 2020 145820 291630 45820 equipment/ flexible working, 2) single property management function, 3) facilities first-class property management systems, 4) cross -portfolio working and 5) central building administration Action 1: Replacement of demolished commercial and Birmingham City Council + developers 2005 2020 555445 17712 166000 industrial space with more energy efficient buildings. Tertiary Action 2: Replacement of inefficienct lighting in Birmingham public + private sector organisaitons 2005 2020 29000000 16000 0 5250 (non municipal) non-domestic buildings and businesses buildings, Action 3: Retrofit of ground and air source heat pumps Birmingham public + private sector organisations equipment/ 2005 2020 16000000 60000 60000 15700 facilities for heating/cooling and businesses Action 4: Installation of smart metering for gas District Network Operators 2012 2020 47500 0 15200 and electricity Action 1: Install loft and cavity wall insulation in UK Government, Birmingham City Council, 2005 2020 52000000 308000 0 67000 all remaining homes energy companies + installers Action 2: Large scale solid wall insulation programme Birmingham City Council via a Special Purpose Vehicle 2012 2020 42000000 240000 0 48000 and procured operating company Action 3: Replace lighting and appliances with National policy; Birmingham City Council 2005 2020 376000000 817600 0 164400 energy efficienct models (local campaigns); supply chain National policy; Ofgem; distribution network providers; Action 4: Install smart metering for domestic consumers 2012 2015 144000000 143600 0 13400 Birmingham City Council (local campaigns + support) Residential buildings Action 5: Install minor energy efficiency measures in National policy; Birmingham City Council 2005 2020 37000000 124300 0 35200 domestic properties (local programmes); supply chain; energy supply companies Action 6: Retrofit ground and air source heat pumps National policy; Birmingham City Council 2005 2020 6000000 21000 21000 2200 in domestic properties (local programmes); supply chain; energy supply companies Action 7: Replacement of demolished domestic National policy; Birmingham City Council (scale of local 1990 2020 341900 96 79000 buildings with more efficient buildings implementation); developers Action 8: Install solar thermal panels and biomass UK Government, Birmingham City Council, energy 2005 2020 60000000 43160 43160 8270 boilers in domestic properties companies + supply chain Replacement of existing street lights with energy Municipal efficient units (e.g. LEDs). Expect to replace at least 30% Amey 2010 2015 20000000 10800 0 2200 public lighting by 2015 (30,000 units) and 50% by 2026 (50,000 units). Industries (excluding industries involved in the EU Emission trading scheme - ETS) & Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) 90 91 Expected Local renew- Estimated Expected Expected Energy saving CO2 renewable able energy SECTORS Implementa- Implementa- costs energy CO2 target reduction KEY actions/measures Responsible department, person or company energy production & fields of tion [start tion [end saving per reduction per sector target per field of action (in case of involvement of 3rd parties) production target per action time] time] per action/ measure per measure [MWh] per sector [t] per measure sector [MWh] measure [MWh/a] [t/a] in 2020 in 2020 [MWh/a] in 2020 TRANSPORT: 2234438 0 556621

Municipal fleet Action: Reduce overall council emissions by 25% by 2015 Birmingham City Council 2005 2020 1600 0 421

Public transport Included in Actions for private and commercial transport Private and commercial Action1: Encourage modal shift from use of private Birmingham City Council and partners 2005 2020 723650 0 180260 transport transport to low carbon alternatives (Centro leading on Transport Plan) National policy; Vehicle manufacturers; Birmingham City Action 2: Encourage use of more fuel efficient vehicles 2005 2020 953830 0 237600 Council and partners Birmingham City Council; national policy; vehicle Action 3: Replace road transport fuels with biofuels 2005 2020 75870 0 18900 manufacturers and dealers; universities Birmingham City Council; national policy; vehicle Action 4: Replace road transport fuels with electricity 2005 2020 479490 0 119440 manufacturers and dealers; universities LOCAL ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION: 46400 46400 9300

Hydroelectric power Not applicable Not applicable 2010 2020 Action: Install large and medium scale wind turbines Birmingham City Council; private sector investors Wind power 2010 2020 21000000 21000 21000 4200 on appropriate sites + energy generators Action: Install solar PV on appropriate domestic and non- Birmingham City Council; national policy; private Photovoltaic 2005 2020 67000000 25400 25400 5100 domestic buildings (to 8,000 homes and 10MWp respectively) investors; supply chain; energy companies Combined Heat and Power See below See below 2010 2010

LOCAL DISTRICT HEATING / COOLING, CHPs: 3862030 3862030 408600 Action 1: Develop addiitonal opportunities to generate Birmingham City Council, private sector partners 2010 2010 energy from non-recyclable (energy, waste); Birmingham's universities Action 2: Extend existing city-centre heat/cooling Birmingham City Council, private sector partners 2010 2010 network with additonal (energy, waste); Birmingham's universities Action 3: Develop additional community CHP centres Birmingham City Council, private sector partners 2010 2010 around as satellites around the city (energy, waste); Birmingham's universities Combined Heat and Power 2015730 2015730 291300 Action 4: Continue to develop the biomass and waste supply Birmingham City Council, private sector partners (energy, 2010 2010 chain, from 2.6 MWe to 50MWe waste); Birmingham's universities Action 5: Commission building specific CHP on key Birmingham City Council, private sector partners 2010 2010 public sector sites, to 30 MWe (energy, waste); Birmingham's universities Action 6: Support and develop full-scale versions of Birmingham City Council, private sector partners 2010 2010 lab-based technologies for alternative fuels (energy, waste); Birmingham's universities Action: Develop community district heat centres whilst Birmingham City Council; private sector energy partners; District heating plant 2010 2010 25000 25000 7400 increasing the biomass supply chain biomass supply chain Action: Explore power only generation from a variety Birmingham City Council; private sector energy and Energy from Waste (power only) 2010 2010 1300000 1821300 1821300 109900 of non-recyclable waste streams waste partners 92 93 Expected Local renew- Estimated Expected Expected Energy saving CO2 renewable able energy SECTORS Implementa- Implementa- costs energy CO2 target reduction KEY actions/measures Responsible department, person or company energy production & fields of tion [start tion [end saving per reduction per sector target per field of action (in case of involvement of 3rd parties) production target per action time] time] per action/ measure per measure [MWh] per sector [t] per measure sector [MWh] measure [MWh/a] [t/a] in 2020 in 2020 [MWh/a] in 2020 LAND USE PLANNING: 0 0 0 Action1 : Consult on and publish Birmingham's Core Strategy (which incoporates policies on energy Birmingham City Council 2010 2020 demand and CO2 emissions) Action 2: Consult on and publish Waste Strategy Strategic urban planning (which identifies waste streams and use for Birmingham City Council 2010 2020 power/heat generation) Action 2: Consult on and publish Waste Strategy (which identifies waste streams and use for power/ Birmingham City Council 2010 2020 heat generation) Action: Develop Birmingham's Intelligent Transport Transport / mobility planning Birmingham City Council + partners 2010 2020 Systems Strategy Standards for refurbishment and Included in core strategy and within national policy 2010 2020 new development Strategic planning for future development (Big City Plan) Big City Plan Birmingham City Council + partners 2010 2010 has been published and will be implemented PUBLIC PROCUREMENT OF PRODUCTS AND SERVICES: 0 0 0 Energy efficiency Action: Develop policies and tools to include lifecycle Birmingham City Council Procurement 2010 2020 requirements/standards carbon emissions in procurement decisions Renewable energy 2010 2010 requirements/standards

WORKING WITH THE CITIZENS AND STAKEHOLDERS: 1431700 0 330000

Advisory services Energy advice is provided nationally. National policy 1990 2020

Birmingham Energy Savers programme will provide a local Pay As You Save programme, initially providing up to 10,000 homes (2012 - 2015) with a 12K Euro loan for Birmingham City Council + procured special purpose Financial support and grants retrofit household improvements - developed with public 2012 2020 vehicle + operating company private sector partnership and 100M Euro local fund. Measures have been included above - in section on residential buildings

94 95 Expected Local renew- Estimated Expected Expected Energy saving CO2 renewable able energy SECTORS Implementa- Implementa- costs energy CO2 target reduction KEY actions/measures Responsible department, person or company energy production & fields of tion [start tion [end saving per reduction per sector target per field of action (in case of involvement of 3rd parties) production target per action time] time] per action/ measure per measure [MWh] per sector [t] per measure sector [MWh] measure [MWh/a] [t/a] in 2020 in 2020 [MWh/a] in 2020 WORKING WITH THE CITIZENS AND STAKEHOLDERS:: 1431700 0 330000

Birmingham has a pledging website for householders; Street Champions are community wardens, trained in environmental issues (including surveying and auditing); a climate change festival is held every year in Awareness raising and local Birmingham; several community groups have been Birmingham City Council + partners 1990 2020 networking established in the city to reduce energy demand and carbon emissions. A Green Restaurant award is provided to encourage energy reduction in the catering setcor; local Green Business awards are presented each year. These activities will continue.

Local colleges provide training and education for installing renewable energy systems under the national micro-generation certification scheme (MCS). Birmingham’s universities are highly active in research and innovation on energy saving and sustainable energy, Birmingham colleges, universities + local Training and education 1990 2020 with a particular focus on low carbon transport. enterprise partnerships Birmingham universities and the city council are involved in the Climate-Knowledge and Innovation Community programme. This activity will continue. Impacts included above.

The above engagement with citizens and stakeholders is aimed at achieving: Impact of all above interventions 8% reduction in domestic demand for gas and electricity Birmingham City Council + partners 2005 2020 1431700 0 330000 8% reduction in commercial + industrial demand for gas and electricity

OTHER SECTOR(S) - Please specify: 1500000

UK government has a target of providing 30% of electricity from renewable energy by 2020. This will National policy; energy generators; private sector in- Green Grid significantly reduce the carbon factor of grid-supplied 2010 2020 0 7383720 1500000 vestors electricty. Emissions factors released by UK government (September, 2010) have been included in this scenario.

Total 10449693 4342028 3472161

96 97