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Temples As Economic Agents in Early Roman Egypt: the Case of Tebtunis and Soknopaiou Nesos

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Temples As Economic Agents in Early Roman Egypt: the Case of Tebtunis and Soknopaiou Nesos Temples as Economic Agents in Early Roman Egypt: The Case of Tebtunis and Soknopaiou Nesos A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Classics of the College of Arts and Sciences by Andrew James Connor M.A. University of Cincinnati, 2011 B.A. Ohio University, 2006 Committee Chair: Peter van Minnen, Ph.D. Committee Members: Arthur Verhoogt, Ph. D. Getzel Cohen, Ph. D. Holt Parker, Ph. D. ii iii Abstract Temples are at the heart of most attempts to understand Roman policy in Egypt after Octavian annexed the province in 30 BC. This dissertation examines the evidence for the temples as economic agents in the early Roman period. Through a close reading of a crucial text (P.Tebt. 2.302), I demonstrate that the current scholarly consensus, formed around the assumption that the Roman state aggressively targeted Egyptian religion through the confiscation of temple property, cannot be correct. A new examination, building on our understanding of the economic activities of the temples in the Pharaonic, Persian, and Ptolemaic periods, shows that the temples maintained sometimes substantial estates in the Roman period, and engaged in other economic activities, including agricultural industries and religious services (e.g., mummification). I take the temples of two Fayum villages, Tebtunis and Soknopaiou Nesos, as case studies. Through a careful study of these temples, I illustrate the role that their economic activities played in creating networks of overlapping religious, economic, social, and political interests. These networks allowed the temples to mediate between the Roman state and the people in these villages, especially after the development of a Roman administrative infrastructure to oversee the temples. The evidence for these temples shows in addition that their economic activities were often deliberately arranged. The temple of Soknopaios in Soknopaiou Nesos, for example, oversaw a network of smaller production centers and subsidiary religious structures elsewhere in the Fayum. Roman administration of Egyptian temples was less strict than that by the Ptolemies, and fits into recognizable patterns from elsewhere in the Roman Empire. The temple administrators, whose hierarchy is also described, focused on long-term, risk-averse activities, such as long-term leases and selling certain non-administrative priestly offices (and the associated shares of temple profits). In addition, the temples were directly supported by the iv Roman state through syntaxis payments. Despite the wide range of economic activities, temples could run into financial difficulties in the Roman period (as they did in earlier periods as well), and some of our clearest evidence for temples in trouble in the early Roman period probably relates to local disputes, such as one from Tebtunis that may stem from unpaid taxes on property. These conclusions have important implications for our understanding of Roman policy towards Egypt and religion in the eastern Mediterranean, and of social, religious, and economic history in the Roman Fayum. v For my parents vi Copyright 2014 Andrew James Connor vii Acknowledgements As the topic of this dissertation was first discussed in his office, it seems right to begin with Peter van Minnen. This dissertation would not have been possible without his support and advice. His open-door policy, good nature, and willingness to help students are an example to emulate. Arthur Verhoogt (University of Michigan) has been a careful reader and a perceptive editor, and it is a privilege to have him on my committee. I would also like to thank the entire Department of Classics at the University of Cincinnati, my home for the past eight years. My graduate education was particularly aided by Getzel Cohen, Holt Parker, Kathleen Lynch, and Harry Gotoff. I would also like to thank Laura Deller, Deema Maghathe, Natalie Long, Ken Gotorff, and Kelsie Murray. In addition, the Burnam Classics Library is an invaluable resource, and I am grateful for the assistance of Jacquie Riley, Michael Braunlin, Cade Stevens, and the late David Ball. This project has been made possible by the Louise Taft Semple Fellowship, the Cedric Boulter Memorial Fellowship, and the Bert Hodge Hill Fellowship at the ASCSA. In addition, Thomas Connor has provided technical assistance. I was lucky to complement my studies at a number of other universities and research centers during my work on this dissertation. My time at the University of Michigan was greatly aided by Brendan Haug, Graham Claytor, Michael Leese, and Amy Warhaft. At the Center for the Tebtunis Papyri (University of California, Berkeley), Todd Hickey gave me access to all the papyri I needed to inspect, and ensured that my time working there was both productive and pleasant. I have been fortunate to spend a number of months as a visiting student at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, and cannot fully express my gratitude to the faculty and students there. Special thanks are due to Willy Clarysse and Mark Depauw. Sofie Remijsen, now at the Universität Mannheim, has always shown a great interest in the progress of my dissertation. viii The year I spent as the Bert Hodge Hill fellow at the American School of Classical Studies at Athens was idyllic, and I am grateful for that opportunity. I would like to thank all the faculty and staff, especially Jack Davis (then director), Margie Miles, Glenn Peers, Joe Day, Leslie Day, and Guy Sanders. My development as a student of ancient history began with a number of smart, generous individuals before I came to Cincinnati, and I would not have gotten this far without their support. In particular, I would like to thank Paula Tucci (Dover High School), Allan Hood (University of Edinburgh), and Jaclyn Maxwell, Lynne Lancaster, Tom Carpenter, Ann Fidler, and the late Philip Bebb, all at Ohio University. I am fortunate enough to be surrounded by friends who are both patient and supportive, among whom Morgan Beucler, Noah Blundo, Elizabeth Goussetis, Sharada Shreve-Price, George Jesse, Hélène Deval, Sean Carter, and Amanda Hogan deserve special mention. My time at the University of Cincinnati has been made vastly more enjoyable and productive by my fellow graduate students here, especially Sarah Lima, Lynne Kvapil, Jed Thorn, Patrick Beasom, Natalie Abell, Dana Clark, Bill Weir, Taylor Coughlan, Austin Chapman, Emilia Oddo, Kyle Helms, Mitch Brown, Mohammed Bhatti, and Aaron Wolpert. Pride of place must go to Heather Graybehl and my family. Heather has been a companion throughout nearly all of this dissertation, and has helped to make the struggles lighter and the joys richer. My family has been a constant source of encouragement, support, and none of this would have been possible without them. ix Table of Contents Abstract ii Acknowledgements vi Table of Contents viii Chapter One: Introduction 1 What Were Egyptian Temples? 7 Outline of this Dissertation 10 Chapter Two: Two Case Studies: Tebtunis and Soknopaiou Nesos 19 The Fayum (with a map) 20 Tebtunis (with a map) 24 The Population of Tebtunis 25 Excavations at Tebtunis 29 The Temple(s) of Tebtunis 33 Soknopaiou Nesos (with a map) 39 The Population of Soknopaiou Nesos 44 Excavations at Soknopaiou Nesos 48 The Temple of Soknopaiou Nesos 51 Conclusions 53 Chapter Three: P.Tebt. 2.302: From Augustan Confiscations to Local Property Disputes 55 Introduction 55 Text and Commentary 57 The Parties 66 The Complaint 67 Chronology 74 Supporting Documents 77 Request for Redress 80 Rhetorical Communication 81 Priestly Rhetoric and the Genre of Petitions 82 The Rhetoric of Evidence: The Development of a Scholarly Consensus 88 A Different Interpretation 93 x Conclusions 101 Chapter Four: The Temples under the Pharaohs and the Ptolemies 103 Introduction 103 Egyptian Temples under the Pharaohs 104 Egyptian Temples in the Old and Middle Kingdoms 105 Egyptian Temples in the New Kingdom 108 The “Redistributive Economy” and Its Critics 116 Temple Endowments in Decline 119 The Third Intermediate Period and Foreign Occupation 127 Egyptian Temples under the Ptolemies 134 Priests as Private Citizens and Ptolemaic Officials 137 The Syntaxis of the Priests 141 Temple Administration in the Ptolemaic Period 148 Egyptian Temples in the Landscape of the Ptolemaic Period 156 Memphis: Temples in the Former Capital 156 Religious Development in the Ptolemaic Fayum 160 Temple Lands: The View from Kerkeosiris 163 Conclusions 169 Chapter Five: Temple Land in the Late Ptolemaic and Early Roman Periods 173 Introduction 173 Changes in Policy Regarding Land from the Ptolemaic to the Roman Periods 175 Royal Land 175 Between Public and Private: The Idios Logos and Land Confiscation 180 Private Land 182 Temple Land 188 Directly-Administered Temple Land 192 Roman Oversight of Temple Land 209 Two Case Studies: Temple Land in Tebtunis and Soknopaiou Nesos in the Early Roman Period 211 Temple Land in Tebtunis in the Early Roman Period 211 Temple Land in Soknopaiou Nesos in the Early Roman Period 224 Conclusions 229 Chapter Six: Temple Income not from Temple Land 235 xi Introduction 235 Temple Businesses elsewhere in the Roman World 238 Temple Businesses in Egypt Prior to the Roman Period 239 Temple Monopolies 243 Processing Agricultural Produce: From Raw Materials to Finished Goods 244 Oil Presses 244 Mills 251 Bakeries 251 Breweries and Beer-Shops 253 Granaries 256 Balm Manufacture 258 Weaving and Washing 259 Papyrus Manufacture 263 Livestock
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