Vai Tro Truc Tiep Cua Cac Brahman an Do Doi Voi Qua Trinh Hinh Thanh Cac Quoc Gia Co Dai Dau Tien • 6 Khu Vuc Dong Nam A

VAI TRO TRUC TIEP CUA CAC BRAHMAN AN DO DOI VOI QUA TRINH HINH THANH CAC QUOC GIA CO DAI DAU TIEN • 6 KHU VUC DONG NAM A

NGO VAN DOANH*

e vai trd ciia An Do doi vdi sfl ra vao nam 1926, da thanh lap ra Hdi Dai An Vddi cac qud'c gia Hindu giao cd dai Do. Cac thanh vien cua Hdi, ma mgt trong ddu tien d Ddng Nam A, da dflde nhieu nhflng nha khoa hgc tieu bieu la ngfldi nha khoa hgc ban den tfl cudi the ky XIX. cua Hgi, dng Majumdar. R.C. da sd dung Thoat dau, khi mdi tha'y mflc do anh thuat ngfl "thudc dia cd dai cua An Do" de hfldng to ldn cfla nen van hda Phan ngfl lam tieu de cho nhieu cdng trinh nghien ddi vdi tdn giao, nghe thuiit va kien trflc d cflu ciia minh ve Ddng Nam A. Tham chf, Dong Nam A, cac nha nghien cflu cd xu cd ngfldi, nhfl Bagchi. P.C. da viet rdng hfldng cho rdng nhflng di tfch va da'u tfch "Lich sif An Do thflc dan hda Ddng Dfldng nay la nhflng ket qua van ddng banh va ban dao Ma Lai la mgt chfldng ve vang trfldng ciia An Do ve phfa Dong. Vdi thdi trong lich sti An Do". The nhflng, nhflng gian, khdng chi cac hgc gia phfldng Tay, tai lieu ve sti di cfl cua nhflng ngfldi An lai cac hgc gia An Do cung hi cud'n vao xu khdng ung hd cho xu hfldng tren. hfldng nay. Theo mdt sd' hgc gia ciia xu De'n nam 1947, trong cong trinh "Cac hfldng nay, nhfl Mookerji. R., Bosch. nha nflde An Do hda" ndi tieng cua minh, F.D.K..., thi cac ham ddi khdng Id ciia nha khoa hgc Phap G.Coedes cho rang, sfl nhflng ngfldi An Dd phieu lflu vfldt bien truyen ba nen van hda An Do den Ddng de'n vflng Vien An va Inddnexia, thanh Nam A la ket qua ciia viec An Do tang lap ra cac vfldng qud'c, thiet lap cac thudc cfldng budn ban vdi Dong Nam A vao dau dia, phat trien nen thfldng mai cua mau cdng nguyen. G.Coedes khdng ung hg ly qud'c va sau dd mang cac nghe si tai nang thuyet ve sfl di cfl d at cua nhflng ngfldi tfl Bengal, Kalinga va Gujarat de'n de xay chay trdn khdi An Do, nhflng lai cho rang dflng nhflng cdng trinh vd song. Rdi thi. cac khu dinh cfl thfldng mai cua ngfldi An

* PGS.TS Ngo Van Doanh, Vien Nghien cflu Dong Nam A 16 Nghien cim Dong Nam A 5/2009 da xuat hien tai cac cang d Ddng Nam A. ciia nhflng ngfldi Brahman. Tuy chi tap Va, theo G,Coedes, tai cac cang nay, nhieu trung nghien cflu vao vflng Inddnexia, phan tif cd van hda cao hdn, cac thay tu, nhflng, quan diem cua Van Leur cung phfl va gidi trf thflc, nhflng ngfldi co kha nang hdp vdi cac nha nflde "Hindu hda" dau tien truyen ba nen van hda An Do da tdi dflde khac cua Ddng Nam A'^*- Ddng Nam A mdt each thuan lgi. Theo chflng toi, ta't nhien, vao budi ddu G.Coedes cho rang, muc dich chfnh de'n cua thdi ky lich sif cua khu vUc Ddng Nam Ddng Nam A ciia ngfldi An Do la vang. A, nhflng mdi quan he gifla An Do va cac Sang thap nien 50 cua the'ky XX, da cd vflng khac nhau cua Ddng Nam A dien ra nha khoa hgc, ma tieu bieu la Van Leur, ra't phflc tap va quan he mat thiet vdi khdng ddng tinh vdi quan diem cua G. nhau. The nhflng, qua nghien cflu cac tai Coedes. De bac bd quan diem cho rdng, lieu hien dflde biet, chflng tdi nhan tha'y, thfldng mai va cac thfldng gia la nhflng nhflng ngfldi An Do thudc cac dang cap nhan td' phd bien van hda, Van Leur ndi tren (cac Brahman va cac Kshatrya) rdng phan ldn cac thfldng nhan la thugc khdng chi cd vai trd dau tien va ra't quan nhflng nhdm xa hdi ha lflu va cac thuy thfl trgng doi vdi viec "Hindu hda" cac nha thfldng la nhflng ngfldi nd le. Va, theo dng, nflde cd dai dau tien d Ddng Nam A, ma, nhflng ngfldi nay khdng the la nhflng trdng mdt sd' trfldng help, cdn la nhflng ngfldi quan ly hgc thuat nghi thflc hanh ngfldi sang lap ra cac vfldng trieu Hindu le, thu phong ma Iflc thdn dieu, truyen ba hflng manh tai ca hai khu vfle Itic dia va hgc thuat, kien thflc va sfl hieu biet thanh hai dao cua Ddng Nam A. Dd la nhflng van mang tfnh duy ly va quan lieu. Ta't ca vfldng trieu Kaundinya I va II va Trflc nhflng cdng viec tren, theo Van Leur, la Chien Dan d Phfl Nam va vfldng trieu nhflng cong viec cua cac Brahman. Khdng Saka d quan dao Inddnexia. Dfldi day, phu nhan vai trd cua thfldng mai, nhflng, chflng tdi se di sau tim hieu ve nhflng Van Leur mud'n nha'n manh de'n vai trd ngfldi An Do sang lap ra nhflng vfldng quan trgng va quyet dinh cua cac trieu Hindu cung nhu sU tdn tai va phat Brahman trong viec truyen ba va phd bien trien ciia cac vfldng trieu dd d mdt sd' qud'c van hda. De chflng minh cho luan diem gia cd dai Dong Nam A. cita minh. Van Leur ndi tdi qua trinh Brahman hda mien Nam An Do, ndi buon I. KAUNDINYA VA SU RA DOI CUA ban chii yeu ciia An Do vdi Indonexia vao NHA NUCIC PHU NAM ddu cdng nguyen. Theo dng, cac qud'c Trong phan viet nay, tren cd sd nghien vUdng d Indonexia da bat chfldc cac vua cflu lich sii Phfl Nam, chflng tdi mud'n Nam An Do mdi cac thay tu Brahman tdi phan tich vai trd cua nhflng ngfldi trieu dinh ciia minh. Vdi viec bac bd mgt Brahman ddi vdi sti hinh thanh nha nflde each xua't sdc ly thuyet thiic dan hda ctia Phfl Nam ndi chung, cung nhfl vfldng An Do, Van Leur da nha'n manh vai trd trieu Hindu dû tien cua nha nflde cd dai Ngo Vdn Doanh - Vai irc) true tiep cita cdc Bharman An Do... 17 ldn dau tien nay cua Ddng Nam A. Sd di minh va cfldi hoac nfl hoang, hoac con gai chflng tdi la'y Phfl Nam lam ddi tfldng cua vua Naga (chfl "naga" d day cd y nghia nghien cflu chfnh vi ma'y ly do sau; 1) la bieu tflcing cho vflng da't). NgUdi vd Trfldc het, Phfl Nam khdng chi la mgt tfldng lai Ay cua vi Brahman thudng cd trong nhflng qudc gia cd dai ra ddi sdm ten la Soma ("soma" la: 1 Ten mgt chai nha't d Ddng Nam A ma cdn la qud'c gia co rfldu ma cac vi Brahman ciia dao Hindu dai dau tien trong khu vUc cd ca mgt qua thudng sit dung trong cac le hien te, 2. trinh tdn tai va phat tnen lau dai nhal. Ten nfl than mat trang cua Hindu giao). manh nha't va cd anh hfldng ldn nha't Sau khi cfldi, vi Brahman da cflng vd lap trong khu vfle trong sudi nifa dau thien ra vfldng trieu dau tien cua vfldng qud'c. nien ky thfl nha't sau cdng nguyen; 2) So Cac nha nghien cflu da lflu y tdi va nhan vdi cac qud'c gia cd dai khac cflng thdi, thi tha'y rdng, chfl "Naga" la mgt tfl cd ngudn ve Phfl Nam, cac tai lieu hien dflgc biet la gd'c tien Arya ciia An Do (tfldng flng vdi cd nhieu nha't, ddy du nhal, dang tin cay chfl "srpa" ctia tie'ng Sanscrit). Thuat ngfl nha't, phong phfl nha't va he tho'ng nha't; nay la mgt sfl phan anh ve sfl tdn tai ciia 3) Qua nhflng gi dflde biel, cd the tha'y, nhflng tin ngfldng ban dia tdn kinh ran, qua trinh hinh thanh, tdn tai va phat nflde va da't - nhflng net tin ngfldng chung trien ciia Phfl Nam cd nhflng quan he cd mat ca d An Do va Ddng Nam A. Cac mang tinh cdi ngudn, trflc tiep va lien tuc nha nghien cflu cdn nhan thay cai gd'c An vdi An Do. Do (cd the tfl the ky I - II sau CN) cua Dieu ky la la, Phfl Nam, cflng nhfl mgt nhflng truyen thuyet ve Kaudinya d Ddng so cac qud'c gia cd ddu tien cda khu vfle Nam A. Vf du, trong van hgc Tamil, cd Ddng Nam A luc dia, deu cong nhan sfl ra nôt bai thd ctia thdi ky nay cung ke ve ddi ciia minh cd hen quan de'n mgt ngfldi ^gt cau chuyen tfldng tfl. Bai thd ke rdng. Brahman ten la Kaudinya. Mac dau cd vi vua ddu tien cua vfldng tneu Palava tri khac nhau ddi chflt trong chi tidt, cac ^^ ^ Kanchi (Nam An Do) la con trai ctia truyen thuyet deu cho biet, ngfldi ûa Chola va cdng chfla Naga. Ngoai ra. Brahman Kaudinya, sau khi da nhan ^^^fl nhieu nha khoa hgc da nhan tha'y, dfldc tfl thdn Brahma mdt vu khf thdn (cd Kaudinya la cai ten cda mdt ddng tgc the la cai cung hoac cai lao), da di viln du Brahman noi tie'ng d Bdc An Do va nhieu vd phfldng ddng. Cdn ndi xuat phat cda '^han vat lich sfl da mang hg Kaudmya ngfldi Brahman thi hoac la tfl An Do, hoac ^^^y. Do vay, rat cd thd, mgt sd vi la tfl ban ddo Malay. Vao lflc vfla den Brahman cua ddng hg Kaudinya da ddn Indochina (vflng Ddng Nam A luc dia), vi vflng Dong Dfldng vao nhflng thdi gian Brahman da phai dung dau vdi thu hnh ^bac nhau . dia phfldng va da chie'n thdng bdng vfl khi Cac bd sif sach cd cua Trung Quo'c co thdn. Sau day, vi Brahman sif dung vfl nhflng ghi chep rat chi tiet ve ngudn gd'c khf than de danh da'u dd thi tUdng lai cua tfl vi Brahman ngfldi An Do cua nha nflde 18 Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 5/2009

Phfl Nam va vfldng trieu Hindu giad dau vfldng trieu ddu tien (vfldng trieu Hen tien d nha nflde nay. Vi du, khi chep ve Dien hay Kaundinia) cai tri Phfl Nam nflde Phfl Nam, sach "Nam Te thfl" (Q.58) trong sudi hdn 150 nam. Thoat dau, cd doan "Nflde Phfl Nam thugc nam phfa vUdng qud'c chi gdm nhflng "a'p" (theo each tay bien ldn d phfa nam quan Nhat Nam, ggi ciia ngfldi Trung Qud'c) hay "thanh" dien tfch rdng hdn 3.000 dam, nflde Ay cd (theo each ggi cua ngfldi An Do) nam dgc met con sdng ldn chay theo hfldng tay ra theo song Me Cdng. Cac tai lieu Trung bien. Trfldc day, nflde nay cd vi nfl vfldng Qud'c cho biet, Hdn Dien chia nUdc lam 7 ten la Lieu Diep. Lai cd mdt ngfldi nflde a'p cho cac con cai tri. Phdn da't cdn lai, Khfch ten la Hdn Dien, mgt dem ndm md nhfl cac nha nghien cflu gia dinh, chac la tha'y than cho mgt cai cung, va bao anh ta thudc quyen cai tri cua chfnh nha vua'^\ la cfldi thuyen ra bien. Sang ra, Hon Dien Dfl Iflcing thdng tin tfl cac truyen tdi mieu thd than, qua nhien nhat dflde thuyet la khdng nhieu, nhflng hanh trang cai cung d dfldi gd'c cay. Anh ta ben cfldi cua nhan vat Kaundinya trong cac truyen thuyen di xud'ng phia nflde Phfl Nam. thuyet tren lai cd y nghia quan trgng ddi Lieu Diep tha'y cd thuyen tdi, dem quan vdi viec tim hieu ve nhflng anh hfldng cua dinh ta'n cdng. Hon Dien tfl xa gifldng An Do ddi vdi sU hinh thanh cac qud'c gia cung ban trflng thuyen, mui ten xuyen cd dai Hindu giao dau tien 0 Ddng Nam qua mdt man thuyen, trflng vao ngfldi d A. Trudc het, de hieu rd dUdc va'n de nay, trong. Lieu Diep sd hai, xin hang. Hdn can phai biet den vai trd ctia cac vi Dien ben cUdi nang lam vd. Hdn Dien ghet Brahman d ngay tai An Do. Theo cac nha tuc nUdc nay d tran, nen bao nang la'y vai nghien cflu, de tha'y ro vai trd cua Agastya va Kaundinya, can phai chfl y tdi qua'n. Hdn Dien cai trj luon nUdc Ay. Cha ba diem sau: truyen con ndi mai. Den khi Ban Huong, vua nUde dd chet, ngUdi trong nUdc lap 1. Cai giao khdng phai la quan diem vien dai tudng la Pham Su Man len dfldc phat trien trong sfl sflng bai d An Do ngdi"''^\ Theo cac nha nghien cflu Pelliot va, hdn the nfla, khdng phai la nhflng muc va Finot cau chuyen Hdn Dien- Lieu Diep tieu nham tdi ctia cac Brahman. NhU vay, la di ban ban dia cua truyen thuyet An Do cd the tha'y miic tieu ctia cac vi Brahman ve vi Brahman Kaundinya va Nagi Soma, tdi vflng quan dao va vflng Itic dia Ddng con gai cua Soma, vua cua cac Naga'"*'. Nam A la hoan toan khac so vdi ciia cac vi Aymonier cdn bd sung them, cd the chinh Brahman tai An Do. Kaundinya da dat cho vd minh cai ten 2. Trong sudi lich sti An Do, cac mang tinh than theai Soma. Cflng L. Brahman, nhfl dflcic biet, cdn la cac nh^ Finot cho rdng viec Hdn Dien chiem cfl cam quyen, cac chie'n binh. Do v^y, khdng da't dai cua Lieu Diep dien ra vao nifa sau the la khdng cd chuyen, nhflng vi ctia the'ky I sau CN. Hai ngfldi cd con trai Brahman dflng ddu nhflng vflng cfl tru kfi' vi ngai v^ng, va, nhfl vay la da ra ddi nhd. Ngo Vdn Doanh - Vai trd true tiep ciia cdc Bharman An Do. 19

3. vao dau ky nguyen Thien chfla, cac ggn trong mdt so' ft sfl kien ma sfl sach ddng cap Hindu dfldc cirng cd nghiem ngat Trung Qud'c da ghi lai dUde (va da dUdc hdn la ve sau nay va sU tinh khiet ve Paul Pelliot tap hdp lai trong cdng trinh huyet thd'ng la kha quan trgng doi vdi cac "Phfl Nam"''''. Trong khi dd thi khong mdt Brahman. Rdi thi, dfl rdng, cac nflde ngoai quo'c gia cd nao d An Do co nhflng ghi chep luon dfldc coi la khong trong sach va ve nhflng ndi va nhflng quo'c gia ma ngfldi nhflng cudc vien du cua nhflng tin dd dao An den d hay da chiem dugc d cac nflde Hindu ra ben ngoai An Do ludn khong ngoai. Sif sach Trung Quo'c con chep la dfldc fla thfch. The nhflng, nhflng sii heu ngfldi Phfl Nam cd cac bd sach sif va lai cho biet, cd nhieu ngUdi Brahman da nhflng van ban lflu trong cac tang thfl, the la'y vd, lap gia dinh va dinh cfl tai cac trieu nhflng, cho de'n nay, chflng ta van chfla dinh d Ddng Nam A. Thai do phong biet gi va chfla cd tai lieu gi ve kho sach khoang nhfl vay cua cac thu Hnb Dong nay cfla Phfl Nam. Do vay, tai lieu duy Nam A trong viec mdi ggi cac vi Brahman nha't de chflng ta biet ve nflde Phfl Nam An Do la khdng cd d tai An Do (tai que thdi ky nay van la nhflng ghi chep cua sif hfldng minh, nhflng ngfldi Brahman sach Trung Qud'c. khdng the dat dtide dja vi nhfl hg cd dfldc Tuy chi tri vi trong gan hai the ky, d Ddng Nam A). Va, nhfl lich sii sau nay nhflng, chac chan la, ba vi vua cua ddng cho thay, sfl ket hdp gifla cac Brahman An hg ngfldi Brahman Kaundinya khdng chi Do vdi cac ddng tdc thu linh ban dia da da tao lap ve cd ban nhflng nen tang cho lam nay sinh ra cac quan niem ve "vfldng mdt the che qud'c gia theo kieu An Do ma quyen thdn thanh" hay "than vua" d cac con truyen ba nhflng anh hfldng cfla van qud'c gia cd dai tai khu vfle Ddng Nam A"''. hda An Do mgt each sau rong vao ddi sd'ng Vdi Kaundinya, lich sif hinh thanh ciia cua than dan d nflde Phfl Nam. Chac chan nha nflde cd dai Phfl Xam da chflng td vai la, trong viec hinh thanh nha nflde Phfl trd to ldn nhfl the nao cua mdt vi Nam, vai trd cua vi Brahman, ma cu the d Brahman tfl ben ngoai de'n. Kaundinya day la Kaundinya la rai ldn, neu khdng (Hdn Dien) khong chi trd thanh vua ma ndi la quyet dinh. cdn la ngfldi sang lap ra vfldng trieu dau II. THIEN TRUC CHIEN DAN VA VAI tien (vfldng trieu Kaundinya I ). Vfldng TRO CUA CAc ONG HOANG SHAKA trieu cua Kaundinya tdn tai dfldc hdn 150 6 CAC QUOC GLA CO DAI DONG nam va trai qua ba ddi vua; Hdn Dien NAM A (Kaudinya, nifa sau the ky I), Hdn Ban Hud'ng (sinh nam 127, ma't nam 217, thg Sau Kaundinya va vfldng trieu cua 90 tudi) va Hdn Ban Ban (217- 220). The dng, vfldng trieu he Pham chi len cam nhflng, ra't tiec la sfl hieu biet cua chung quyen dfldc hdn 100 nam va qua 5 ddi vua: ta ve gdn hai tram nSm tri vi cua Pham Sfl Man (217-220), Pham Kim Sinh Kaundinya va con chau cua dng lai chi gdi (bi giet nam 225), Pham Chien (225-245), 20 Nghien cim Dong Nam A 5/2009

Pham Trfldng (hi giet nam 245) va Pham ky tri vi cua Pham Chien thtic la quan Tam (? - ?). The rdi, de'n khoang nam 357, trgng. Chinh ke tiem ngdi nay la ngudi do mdt hoan canh lich sif nao do ma chflng dau tien da dat nhflng quan he chfnh thflc ta chfla biet ro, Phfl Nam da sup dd dUdi va trflc tie'p vdi cac hoang tif An Do. Mgt sfl thd'ng tri cua mdt ngfldi ngoai qud'c. Va van ban the ky V ke kai rang, mdt ngfldi Ian nay cflng lai la mdt ngfldi An Do. Theo Chia-hsiang-li nao da'y, vd'n ngfldi go'c xfl cac tai lieu Trung Qud'c (Lfldng thfl, Tan Tan-yang, nflde nay dfldng nhfl nam ve thfl), vad thang dau tien cua nam 357 tflc phfa tay An Do, da tdi An Do, va rdi tfl da'y "nam Thang Binh ddi Muc De, vua nflde tdi Phfl Nam. Chfnh dng ta da day cho Ay (Phfl Nam) la Thien True Thien Dan nha vua Pham Chien biet ve nhflng dieu dang bieu tien con voi da thuan hda"'^'. ky dieu ma da't nflde nay cd the cho du Cac nha khoa hgc da khdng dinh Thien khach biet, the nhUng, hanh trinh de'n Trflc Chien Dan cd nghia la ngfldi An Do nUdc nay thi lau dai, ca di lan ve phai mai ten la Chien Dan (Chandan). Nha nghien tdi ba, tham chf bdn nam. Khdng biet vua cflu S. Levi viet; "Thien True Chien Dan Pham Chien cd hi xieu Idng bdi nhflng hoac Trflc Chien Dan la mgt nhan vat vua dieu ma Chia-hsiang-li ndi hay khdng? chfla gd'c An Do; danh hieu Chien Dan NhUng, ft nha't, chflng ta cung biet, qua hinh nhfl da gan lien vdi cflng mdt ngudn mhflng ngudn tai lieu chac chan, ring, gd'c cua trieu vua Kanishka. Sfl lien he dd nha vua da cif mdt trong nhflng ngfldi hg khdng cd gi la ba't ngd. Mdt the ky trfldc, hang ciia minh cd ten la Seu-wdu dan mdt Trflc Chien Dan, vao thdi ky nha Ngd sfl bg tdi An Do. Ngfldi nay len tau ra khdi (220- 264), gifla nhflng nam 240 va 245, tfl Tdu-chu-li, cd the la Takkdla, dieu nay theo nhflng tfnh toan cua ong Pelliot, nha chflng td anh hfldng cua Phfl Nam Iflc do vua Phfl Nam da cif mdt ngfldi trong da Ian toa tdi tan vflng An Do Dfldng. Sfl hoang tgc di sfl sang An Do gap vi hoang bd cap ben d cifa sdng Hang va ngflde ddng tif Meou-louen (Murunda) tri vi vflng sdng sdng di de'n kinh dd cua vi hoang tii, ma Hdng, va nha vua Murunda da tang lai nhfl Sylvain Levi da xac dinh, thudc nha vua Phfl Nam bd'n con ngfla ctia ngfldi vfldng trieu Murunda. Nha vua An Do cho Ydu-tche (Nhuc Chi). The rdi, vao nam nhflng ngfldi khach nflde ngoai di tham 357, toan bd mien Bac An Do da quy phuc thfl da't nflde minh. Sau da'y, vua cho hg ve dfldi vfldng trieu Gupta. Rat cd the, met nUdc cflng tang pham gifi vua Phfl Nam la chi nhanh cua ddng hg Kushana, bi day bd'n con ngtia thudc gid'ng Indo - Scythe Ifli khdi nhflng bd sdng Hdng, da tim den (An - Nhuc Chi), va cif mdt ngUdi An ten tao dting cd nghiep d.ben kia vinh la Tchen-sung di theo. Khi Su-wu trd ve Bengale, tren "Manh da't Vang" dd''^\ Mdi den Phfl Nam, tfnh ra da bd'n nam ke tfl quan he tnic tiep vdi An Do nay, theo lflc dng xua't hanh ra di"'^'. P.Pelhot, da dfldc bat ddu tfl thdi Pham Tiec rang, cho den nay, qua nhflng sti Chien. Ve sfl kien nay, P.Pelliet viet: "thdi lieu it di dUdc biet, theo cac nha nghien N.g6 Vdn Doanh - Vai nd true tiep ciia cdc Bharman An Do... 21 cflu, trieu vua Chien Dan ngfldi An Do Hd da cd mat va cd nhieu boat ddng tai hay Indo-scythe (An Do - Nhuc Chi) xuat Giao Chau thdi Sf Nhiep, nhfl Ky Vfle hien nhfl kieu mgt man chen vao trong (Jivaka), Khau Da La (Kcudra), Cfldng ljch sif Phfl Nam. Nam 357 la men dai Lfldng Lflu Chi (Kalyanaruci), Ma Ha Ky duy nha't ma chung ta dfldc biet ve trieu Vfle (Marajivaka) (gidi ve phfl phep, da vua Chien Dan nay. Tfl thdi diem dd, cho den Phfl Nam, qua Giao Chau rdi sang tdi cudi the ky IV hay dau the ky V, khong Quang Chau). Cdn ban than Si Nhiep, thi, tha'y mdt tai lieu nao ndi ve Phfl Nam. "khi ong ra vao cd vai chuc ngfldi Ho di sat The nhflng, vdi vua Chien Dan, lan dau ben xe, thdp hfldng"'^^^ tien trong lich sif, quan he gifla Phfl Nam Cflng vao thdi gian nay, lich sif vflng va An Do dfldc day xa den tan vflng ciia Ddng Nam A hai dao (dao Java hay dao vfldng trieu Kushana d tit tan phfa tay Sumatra) cflng dfldc gan vdi nhflng beat bdc An Do. dgng cua cac dng hoang ngfldi An - Nhuc Chac ban, cd nhieu ly do khien cho Chi. Tai vflng qudn dao Inddnexia va ban nhflng ngfldi An Do - Nhuc Chi tfl vflng dao Malaixia, cdn lflu truyen nhflng Trung A da de'n va, tham chf, da lam vua truyen thuyet ve hoang tif thudc dang ca'p nflde Phfl Nam trong mdt thdi gian ngan. Ksatrya ten la Aji Saka. Theo ldi ke cua Khdng hieu, Chien Dan cd phai la mgt cac truyen thuyet nay, thi Aji Saka la vien Brahman khdng, the nhflng, vao thdi ky quan thfldng thfl cua hoang tif Prabhu nay (the ky II- III), cac vi Brahman va cac Jaya Bhaya ddng Shaka tai Gujarat (Tay cao tang ngfldi An Dg Nhuc Chi da cd mat An Do). Chang hoang tif Aji Saka da chi va cd nhieu vai trd quan trgng d khu vfle huy nhflng ddi vien chinh ddu tien den Ddng Nam A. Dieu ly thfl la, trong nghe vflng Indonexia. Trong chuyen vien chinh thuat cua ngfldi Khdme sau nay, da xual dau tien, chang hoang tif da tim tha'y mgt hien nhflng md tip ciia nghe thuat Scythe, hdn dao chfla ai biel (Java hoac Sumatra) nhfl cai ao choang ngdn cua thdn Surya, trong tay cac Raksas, nhflng con quy an cai mfl mien ba canh hinh tru cua than thit ngfldi trong thdn thoai Hindu giao. Visnu... Rdi thi, cac bia ky Khdme thdi ky Theo cac nha nghien cflu, nhfl bieu tfldng Angcd cd nhdc den mdt hinh anh huyen bf Naga d Ddng Dfldng, cac Raksas d day cd ciia Saka Sakabrahmana, "dao si the la hinh anh cua nhflng be lac san ddu Brahman ngfldi Scythe". Cflng theo cac va an thit ngfldi thdi xa xfla (ma tan tich nha khoa hgc, lieu ten ggi ngfldi Khdme la van cdn d mgt so' dan tgc hien nay) cua Kambuja cd lien quan gi vdi nhflng ngfldi vflng Ddng Nam A hai dao. The nhflng, vi Kambuja d Iran'"". Cac vi Brahman va khong du manh de chinh phuc cac cac nha sfl ngfldi An Do - Nhuc Chi, hay Raksas, hoang tif Aji Saka budc phai quay ngfldi Hd, trong nhflng the'ky II - III, cung budm cho thuyen ve Gujarat de ciing cd'va da cd mat d Giao Chau (Bdc Viet Nam). Vi tang vien. Va, vdi sfl giflp dd cua nhflng hd du, sti sach hay ndi tdi cac cao tang ngfldi trci mdi, hoang tif Aji Saka da thanh cdng 22 Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 5/2009 trong viec thiet lap mdt ndi dinh cfl lau Chien Dan (Chandana), vua Kieu Tran dai tren hdn dao'^^^ Ra't cd the nhflng Nhfl (^Kaundinya) vd'n la ngfldi Brahman truyen thuyet nay cua Java va Sumatra ft d Thien Trflc (a'n Do), dfldc ldi than bad: nhieu cho chflng ta tha'y dfldc tam quan "nha ngfldi phai de'n cai tri Phfl Nam". trgng va nhflng boat ddng ciia nhflng dng Kieu Tran Nhfl trong ldng rat mflng, ben hoang ngfldi An- Nhuc Chi do Thien Trflc di tdi nflde Ban Ban d phfa nam. Dan Chien Dan dflng dau d Phfl Nam. The chflng Phfl Nam nghe dfldc tin rat mflng, nhflng, neu nhfl Aji Saka d ngoai hai dao ca nflde vui ve ddn rfldc Kieu Tran Nhfl ve chi thiet lap dfldc mdt ndi dinh cfl lau dai, lam vua. Kieu Tran Nhfl thay ddi phap dg thi Thien True Chien Dan khong chi tim trong nflde, theo nhfl quy che cua nflde dfldc ndi dinh cfl ma cdn trd thanh vua cua Thien Truc"'^'. Khdng cdn nghi ngd gi, mdt vfldng qud'c hflng manh. theo cac nha nghien cflu, Kaundinya d Tuy chi xua't hien trong mgt thdi gian day (tflc Kieu Tran Nhfl) chfnh la met vi ngan, the nhflng, nhfl cac nha khoa hgc da Brahman thdng tue da tflng sd'ng tai danh gia, sfl cd mat ciia nhflng ngfldi An thudc qud'c Ban Ban (Pan-Pan) cita Phfl Do - Nhuc Chi d Phfl Nam va Ddng Nam Nam va da cd tieng tam Iflng lay tdi tan A da la khflc dao dau cho mgt lan sdng thfl thu phii ciia nflde Phfl Nam. Chac chan la, hai dfla cac vi Brahman An Do tdi Phfl con dfldng dan vi Brahman nay tdi ngai Nam va Ddng Nam A. Va, cflng khdng vang da cd cd sd. Hoac ong, hoac la mdt phai ngau nhien, ma, trong nghe thuat trong nhflng ngfldi ke vi ong da gdn ket cua mdt sd' qud'c gia cd Dong Nam A, nhfl dng vdi trieu dai Kaundinya thfl nha't; bdi Phfl Nam, Champa, Chan Lap..., cd vi, chfnh cac vi vua sau nay cua Chan Lap nhflng anh hfldng nha't dinh cua nghe va Kambuja cung nhU cac vua cua Phfl thuat Kushana. Rdi thi, nhfl cac sif lieu da Nam deu nhan la hau due, thdng qua ndi, van tfl cua ngfldi Hd (ngfldi An - Nhtic ddng Kaundinya thfl hai nay, cita vi Chi) da dflcic phd bien d cac qud'c gia Ddng Brahman Kaundinya va Soma Nagi thugc Nam A vao nhflng the ky IV-V. vfldng trieu Mat trang (tflc Hdn Dien va Lieu Diep). III. KAUNDINYA (KIEU TRAN NHU) Nhfl vi Brahman tien bdi, Kieu Tran VA VUONG TRIEU KAUNDINYA II Nhfl khdng chi da lam vua ma cdn de lai CUA PHU NAM Phfl Nam cho nhflng hau due ctia minh. That la dac biet ddi vdi Phfl Nam, vao Cung cac tai lieu Trung Qud'c cho biet kha ddu the ky V hoac mudn hdn mgt chflt, chi tiet ve cac vua ke tie'p sau Kieu Trdn mdt Idn nfla lai xua't hien trong trieu dinh Nhfl. Vi dii, "Lfldng thfl" viet; "Sau khi mgt vi vua la ngfldi Brahman An Do tfl Kieu Tran Nhfl (Kaundinya) chet, vua nflde Ban Ban den. Sif sach Trung Qud'c tiep thee ten la Tri Le Da Bat Ma (Sri (Lfldng thfl, Q.54) chep; "...Met trong Indravarman) cd dang bieu ed'ng phUdng nhflng ngfldi ke vi cita nha vua Trflc vat vao ddi Td'ng Van De (423- 453). Nam Ngd Vdn Doanh - Vai tro infc tie'p ciia cdc Bharman An Do... 23

Vinh Minh ddi Te (483- 492), vua nUdc Ay IV. CAC THAY BRAHMAN TRONG la Dd Ta Bat Ma (Jayavarman) cung cd cAC QUOC GIA CO DAI DONG NAM A sai sfl cdng hien. Nam Thien Giam thfl hai Khdng phai chi khi trd thanh vi vua lap (503), Bat Ma cd sai sfl ed'ng tfldng Phat qud'c hay trd thanh nhflng ngUdi sang lap bang san hd va hien phfldng vat"'^'. ra cac trieu dai nhfl trfldng hdp cua vfldng Jayavarman, "Phfl Nam dai vfldng" mai quo'c Phfl Nam, cac ngfldi Brahman An Do vao nam 514 va con la Lflu Da Bat Ma len mdi cd mdt vai trd va vi trf quan trgng ddi ngdi. Ve viec nay "Lfldng Thfl" chep; vdi sfl ra ddi cua cac nha nflde co dai d "...Ddi Tfly, nam thfl 10, 13 (?), vua Bat Ddng Nam A. Cd le, vi nhflng ly do dac Ma cua hg cd nhieu lan sai sfl vao tien biet nao da'y ma, chf d Phfl Nam, cac ngUdi co'ng phfldng vat. Nam Ay, Bat Ma chet. Ba La Mdn (Brahman) An Do mdi trd Cdn thfl la Lflu Da Bat Ma giet con dfch, thanh cac vi vua quan 'trgng cua vfldng tfl lap lam vua(7). quo'c. Trong khi dd, d cac qud'c gia co dai Ngoai nhflng tai lieu Trung Qud'c, cho khac, dfl ra't dfldc tdn kfnh va cd nhflng den nay, chflng ta cd trong tay hai bia ky vai trd ra't quan trgng, cac vi Brahman An ciia thdi ky Jayavarman: bia ky ciia hoang Do van ludn chi la nhflng ngfldi boat dgng hau thfl nha't ten la Kulaprabhavati (tim tdn giao hay lam nhflng cd' va'n dac biet ma thdi. Cd the tha'y cac vj vua cua cac tha'y d phia nam tinh Takeo, Campuchia) nha nflde cd dai dau tien d Ddng Nam A va mdt bia ky cua mdt trong nhflng ngfldi can thiet cac Brahman cua An Do nhfl the con trai cua vua ten la Gunavarman (bia nao de giflp da't nflde minh cai dao qua ky khde tren cdt mdt ngdi den d Thap viec hg mdi cac Brahman An Do den nflde Mfldi). Ca hai bia ky deu dfldc viet bang minh. Cac tai lieu lich sif {(cac ghi chep chfl Sanskrit va deu cd nien dai nifa sau cua nhflng ngfldi Trung Quo'c ten la Kang the ky V. Diia tren cac tfl lieu khac nhau, Tai va Zhu Ying (Khang Thai va Chu cac nha khoa hgc gia dinh rdng, cd the Ung)} cho biet; "ngfldi dan nflde Touen- ngfldi me ciia Gunavarman chinh la ba siun (Dien Tdn, mdt qud'c gia cd tren ban hoang hau Kulaprabhavati, vd cua nha dao Ma Lai) thuc hanh nhflng giao ly ciia vua Jayavarman. Va, theo "Ludng Thu", cac Brahman va ga con gai ciia minh cho thi chinh ngfldi nay (Gunavarman) da bi hg. Ket qua la nhieu ngfldi Brahman da ngUdi con ca Luu Da Bat Ma khdng ve nflde hg nfla. Nhflng ngfldi (Rudravarman), con cua mgt ngfldi thie'p, Brahman nay khdng phai lam gi ngoai am sat va chiem ngdi. Va, nhfl sfl sach da viec nghien ngam kmh sach, tam rifa ghi chep, Rudravarman la vi vua cudi bang nflde hfldng nflde hoa va dem ngay cflng cua Phfl Nam. Vi vua cudi cflng nay khdng ngflng nghi td rd ta'm long mg cua Phfl Nam da cti nhieu doan sfl bd khac dao...""''*. Cac bia ky bdng chfl Sanskrit nhau sang Trung Qud'c vao cac nam gifla cudi the ky IV - dau the ky V cua vUdng nhflng nam 517 va 539"'". quo'c Kutei (phfa ddng dao Borneo) cd ndi 24 Nghien cim Dong Nam A 5/2009

tdi viec vi vua ten la Mulavarman da dang ggi la Resi, nghia la mdt nha tu khd hanh, cflng da't dai, gia sue, vang va cac dd quy mdt ngfldi dfldc coi la ban hflu hay hda cho cac vi Brahman sd'ng trong thanh that than cua than Siva dfldi dang mdt thdy tu cd ten la Vaprakesvara. Cac bia ky nay (Siva Mahaguru). Cac Resi cdn dfldc coi cho biet, Mulavarman la chau cua vi thu nhfl la ngfldi trung gian gifla the gidi ciia linh cd ten la Kundunga va la con ciia con ngfldi va the gidi cua cac thdn. Hg Asvavarman, ngfldi dfldc coi la da sang dfldc ton kinh nhfl nhflng con ngfldi c6 lap ra vfldng trieu Hindu ban dia. Theo nhflng quyen nang sieu nhien va nhfl cac bia ky, Mulavarman la vi vua dau tien nhflng ngfldi chi dan hay nhflng ngfldi cua ddng tdc mang vfldng hieu la Raja thay (guru) cua cac vi vua (Raja) tfldng (thuat ngfl An Do chi vua, hay qud'c lai. Vai trd ciia Agastya la vai trd cita met vfldng). Dieu ly thfl nfla ma cac bia ky vi Brahman, mdt cd' van cua cac vi vua. tren che biet la chfnh Mulavarman da dfla Hinh tfldng cua cac Agastya thfldng la nhieu ngfldi Brahman ddng Siva ngfldi mang mgt cai nganh, cam mgt chiec dinh ngoai qud'c den vfldng qud'c cua minh va ba va, trong cac den thd, thfldng dflcic dat ban cho hg da't dai va "cac kho bau". d ben phai tflcing Siva. Cdn treng cac thdn Khdng chi d Kutei va Dien Tdn, tai cac thoai va truyen thuyet, Agastya dflcic md vfldng qud'c cd dai khac d Ddng Nam A ta la mdt vi Brahman da cai giao cho vi nhfl Xfch Thd, theo cac tai lieu Trung thit linh dia phfldng va ca gia tdc cita thu Qud'c, trong trieu ludn cd vai tram vi linh theo dao Hindu. Ngoai ra, boat ddng Brahman. Vf du, Tfly Thfl cd chep; "Xfch cua Agastya cflng gid'ng vdi cua Kaudinya Thd d vflng bien Nam Hai. Da't d dd mau vao lflc khdi dflng cua cac vfldng trieu dd nen ggi la Xfch Thd. Vua nflde a'y cd hg Hindu giad ddu tien'^^'. la Cfl Dam.... Vua d thanh Tang Chi, thanh Cd ba ldp cifa, moi ciia deu ve hinh Bd Tat va Tien bay.... Nha vua ngdi tren sap cao, cd bd'n ngfldi con gai dflng hau hai Nhfl vay la, trong sudi 5 the ky, nha ben, linh hd ve hdn tram ngfldi... Vai tram nflde Phfl Nam da la cfldng qud'c thd'ng tri ngfldi Ba La Mdn xep thanh hai hang mgt vflng ldn d ban dao Ddng Dfldng. Sau quay mat vao nhau..."'^'. khi sup dd, Phfl Nam van cdn de lai nhflng Va, ngfldi Brahman vi dai nha't cua anh hfldng vd cflng to Idn ddi vdi lich sif va khu vfle Ddng Nam A hai dao thdi ky hinh van hda ciia ca khu vfle Ddng Nam A. Va, thanh cac nha nflde cd dai la ngfldi nhfl da trinh bay va phan tfch d tren, Brahman cd ten la Agastya. Nhan vat ngfldi sang lap ra nha nflde Phfl Nam Agastya la mdt ngfldi ra't dfldc tdn kinh d cung nhfl vfldng trieu dau tien (vUdng Nam An Do, ndi ma ong dflcic coi la cd vai trieu Kaundinya I) cila vfldng qud'c Phfl trd quan trgng trong viec truyen ba va Nam la mgt ngfldi Brahman An Do. Rdi cung cd'dao Hindu cho ca vflng. Ong dflcic thi, ngfldi lap ra vfldng trieu Kaundinya II Ngi) Vdn Doanh - Vai Ird true liep ciia cdc Bharman An Do. 25 cua Phfl Nam cflng la mgt ngfldi Brahman cU lau dai ngay ben canh hoang cung./. An Do. Tuy chi cai tri da't nUdc trong hai trieu dai, nhUng cac vi Brahman cd ten la Kaundinya (I va II) cflng cac con chau da tri vi Phfl Nam trong mgt thdi gian dai CHU THICH khoang hdn 350 nam. Cdn neu tinh ca vua Trflc Thien Dan nfla, thi ngfldi An Do va 1. Co the tham khao ve cac ly thuyet An Do boa trong; D.G.E. Hall, L/c/i sd Dong Nam con chau hg da lam vua Phfl Nam khoang A, (ban dich tie'ng Viet), Nxb. Chinh tri 400 nam, nghia la 4/5 thdi gian tdn tai cua qudc gia, Ha Ngi, 1997, tr 31-49. nha nflde Phfl Nam (cac vua ngfldi ban xfl, 2. G.Coedes, Les etats Hindouises d'Indochine tflc cac vua hg Pham chi tri vi Phfl Nam and d'Indonesie, Paris, 1989, tr.65. dfldc khoang tren dfldi 100 nam). Hdn the 3. Dan theo: a. Pelliot, Paul, Quelques textes nfla, phan ldn nhflng thanh tflu quan chinois concernant Vlndochine hindouisee. trgng nha't ma nha nflde Phfl Nam dat Et.A. 2; 243-263. b. Hgi Khoa hgc Lich sU Viet Nam, Vdn hoa Oc Eo vd vUOng qudc dfldc ve mgi mat, dac biet la trong linh vfle Phil Nam. Nxb. The gidi, 2008, tr. 267- 290.. chinh tri, xa hdi va van hda, deu thugc ve 4. Finot, L. Sur quelques traditions indochi- cac trieu dai do cac vua la nhflng ngfldi noises, B.C.A.I. 11 (1911), tr.20-37. Brahman An Do va con chau cua hg. Va, 5. Pelliot. P.Fou-Nan. B.E. 3 (1903), tr. 248-303. chinh vi vay ma, khdng phai ai khac, 6. Paul Michel Munoz, Early Kingdoms of the chfnh nhflng ngfldi Brahman An Do mdi Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay la nhflng ngfldi quan trgng gdp phan tao Peninsula, Singapore, 2006, tr. 48. lap ra nha nflde Phfl Nam va dfla nhflng 7. Pelliot, P. Sdd, tr. 269; Vdn hda 6c Eo vd truyen tho'ng van hda An Do vao khu vilc vUc/ng qud'c Phii Nam, Sdd, tr.275. ban dao Ddng Difdng cua Ddng Nam A 8. 9. Pelliot. P. Fu-Nan, Sdd, tr. 252, 292. vao nifa ddu thien nien ky I sau CN. 10. Coedes, G. The Indianized states of Southeast Asia, East- West center press, Tuy khong cd du'dc nhflng vj the lam Honolulu, 1968, tr.47. de'n qud'c vfldng nhfl d Phfl Nam, nhflng 11. Theo; Lich sd che do phong kien Viet cac ngfldi Brahman va Ksatrya An Do d Nam, Tran Quo'c VUdng- Ha Van Tan bien nhflng qud'c gia cd dai khac trong khu vfle soan, Nxb. Giao due. Ha Ngi, 1960, tr. 90 Ddng Nam A cflng cd nhflng vi trf rai 12. Raffles, T.8. The history of Java, Oxford quan trgng trong trieu dinh va rai dfldc University Press, 1964, tdn kinh. Dfl khdng dfldc lam vua, nhflng 13. Theo: Coedes, G. The Indianized states of Southeast Asia, East- West center press, nhflng ngfldi An Do, dac biet la nhflng vi Honolulu, 1968, tr.60.. Brahman, ban phai cd nhflng vi tri quan 14. Theo: Paul Michel Munoz, Early trgng trong trieu dinh, nen mdi ludn cd Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago mat tdi hang tram ngUdi trong cac budi and the Malay Peninsula, Singapore, thiet trieu ciia cac nha vua, cflng nhfl ludn 2006, tr. 89-107. duoc cac vua 0 Ddng Nam A mdi den dinh 15. Munoz, P.M. Early Kingdoms..., sdd, tr.47.