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Original Article ORIGINAL ARTICLE حکیم محمد سبزواری و غیاث الدین سبزواری، دو پزشک ایرانی عصر صفوی در دربار سﻻطین عثمانی 53 Hakim Muhammad Sabzevari and Ghiaseddin Sabzevari, Two مریم شوشتری یگانه1 2 وIranian Physicians in the Court of Ottoman Sultans 3 سید علیرضا گلشنی Maryam Shoshtari Yegane1, Seyyed Alireza Golshani2,3, Fatemeh Emadi4,5, Arman فاطمه عمادی4وZargaran6,3, Hassan Namdar5 5 آرمان زرگران6وDepartment of Medical history, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran 3 1- 2- PhD Student, Department of History, Faculty of Literature and Humanities- Dr Ali Shari- 5 حسن نامدار ati, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran 3- Research Office for the History of Persian Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sci- 1- گروه تاریخ علوم پزشکی، دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگاه ences, Shiraz, Iran شاهد، تهران، ایران ,PhD, Traditional Medicine Clinical Trial Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran 4- 2- گروه تاریخ، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی دکتر Iran 5- PhD, Department of Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, علی شریعتی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران Tehran, Iran 3- دفتر مطالعات تاریخ پزشکی ایران، دانشگاه علوم -PhD, Department of History of Medicine, School of Traditional Medicine, Tehran Univer 6- پزشکی شیراز، شیراز، ایران sity of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 4- مرکز تحقیقات کارآزمایی بالینی طب سنتی، دانشگاه شاهد، تهران، ایران Correspondence: Seyyed Alireza Golshani; PhD Student, Department of History, Faculty of Literature and Humanities- Dr Ali Shariati, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran; Research 5- گروه طب سنتی، دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگاه شاهد، Office for the History of Persian Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, تهران، ایران Iran; [email protected] 6- گروه تاریخ پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران، تهران، ایران Abstract In Safavid era, Ottoman rulers were interested in science and culture, and there were always Iranian physicians, astronomers, scholars, artists and poets in their courts. Al- نویسنده مسئول: سیدعلیرضا گلشنی، دانشجوی دکترای تاریخ ,though there were always wars between most Ottoman sultans and the Safavid kings ایران اسﻻمی، گروه تاریخ، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی دکتر -they could not prevent Iranian culture from influencing that land. At the same time, art علی شریعتی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران؛ دفتر مطالعات ists and scholars went to other countries, including the country of Ottoman Empire for تاریخ پزشکی ایران، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شیراز، شیراز، ایران fame, and besides, despite the wars with Safavid rulers, sultans of Ottoman attempted to bring Iranian scientists and artists to their land. In the meantime, two Iranian doc- [email protected] tors, who happened to be father and son named Hakim Muhammad Sabzevari and Res Hist Med 2017; 6(1) Maryam Shoshtari Yegane et al Hakim Ghiaseddin Sabzevari, entered Ottoman Empire territory, and made scientific Anonymous, 2007: 1/302. works and medical care in Ottoman Court; these two Iranian physicians are studied in 2- Ibid. this paper. Keywords: Medical History, Hakim Muhammad Sabzevari, Hakim Ghiaseddin Sabzevari, Iran, Safavid, Ottoman Empire Received: 5 Nov 2016; Accepted: 14 Jan 2017; Online published: 8 Feb 2017 Research on History of Medicine/ 2017 Feb; 6(1): 53-60. خﻻصه مقاله در دورة صفویه، سﻻطین عثماني به کسب علوم و فرهنگ ایراني عﻻقة بسیاری داشته اند و همیشه در دربار آنان پزشك، منجم، ادیب، هنرمند و شاعر ایراني وجود داشته است. با اینکه اغلب سﻻطین عثمانی با پادشاهان سلسلة صفوي، جنگ و ستیز داشته اند، این امر مانع نفوذ فرهنگ ایراني در آن سرزمین نشده است. در همین ایام اغلب هنرمندان و علما براي کسب شهرت به ممالك دیگر از جمله کشور عثماني مي رفتند و گذشته از این، سﻻطین این کشور در ضمن جنگ هاي خود با پادشاهان صفوي مي کوشیدند که دانشمند و هنرمند ایراني با خود به خاك کشورشان ببرند. در این میان دو تن از پزشکان ایرانی که اتفاقاً پدر و پسر بودند با نام های حکیم محمد سبزواری و حکیم غیاث الدین سبزواری وارد قلمرو عثمانی شدند. این دو پزشك، در دربار عثمانی، هم آثاری علمی به نگارش درآوردند و هم خدمات پزشکی عرضه کردند. در این پژوهش، این دو پزشك ایرانی معرفی می شوند. واژگان کلیدی: تاریخ پزشکی، حکیم محمد سبزواری، حکیم غیاث الدین سبزواری، ایران، صفوی، عثمانی. مقدمه 54 در دربار صفویه و دربار عثمانی، چون دیگر دوران، پزشکان منزلت واﻻیی داشتند. ایرانیان از دیرباز پزشکان را محترم مىداشتند و پزشکان اغلب مشاوران شاه بودند و گاه به مقام باﻻی وزارت هم مىرسیدند. در زمان صفویه »حکیم باشی« )پزشك 1ارشد( مقام مهمی در دربار بود، این رویه در دربار عثمانی نیز مورد توجه قرار گرفت. در این دوره همچنان قانون ابن سینا هنوز یکی از دو کتاب عمده درسی بود که دانشجویان پزشکی مطالعه مىكردند. از آنجا که قانون به عربی نوشته شده بود و اغلب دانشجویان پزشکی دورة صفویه با این زبان آشنایی چندانی نداشتند، شرح های زیادی بر قانون به زبان فارسی تألیف گردید و خﻻصه هایی از آن و دیگر آثار پزشکان بزرگی چون جرجانی و رازی به وجود آمد. در این دوره، فیزیولوژی هنوز بر پایة اخﻻط چهارگانة پزشکی قدیم و قرون وسطى قرار داشت. در این دوران جراحی هم به نوبة خود پیشرفت هایی کرده بود. در دورة صفویه آموزش پزشکان خیلی شبیه به آموزش جراحان بود و پزشك جوان برای کارآموزی به خدمت طبیب کارآزموده ای درمىآمد و برای این منظور سع2ی مىكرد که این پزشك از زمرة کسانی باشد که در بیمارستان ها کار مىكردند. حضور طبیبان ایرانی در دربار سﻻطین عثمانی با وجود رقابت و دشمنی زیاد میان دو دولت صفوی و عثمانی، بسیار شگفت انگیز و قابل تامل است. چنانکه به تعبیر اسماعیل حقی اوزون چارشلی در تاریخ عثمانی: »حکومت عثمانی از اطبایی که به خاك عثمانی پناهنده می شدند و یا به هر دلیل دیگر وارد سرزمین عثمانی می شدند نیز بیش از پیش استقبال به عمل می آورد. ًمثﻻ قطب الدین احمد افندی )درگذشتة 903ق/ 1497م( طبیب ابوسعید تیموری که به دست اوزون حسن اسیر شد؛ پس از مرگ وی در سال 895 ق/ 1489م نزد عثمانیان آمد و به عنوان استقبال و توجه زیاد به وی، مبلغ پانصد آغچه به عنوان معاش روزانه برایش تخصیص داده شد و عﻻوه بر آن ماهانه بیست هزار آغچه که در آن زمان پول قابل توجهی بود، به وی پرداخت می شد. همین استقبال و توجه، موجب آمدن عده ی زیادی از اطبای خارج به سرزمین عثمانی شد که شکراهلل حکیم شیروانی، خواجه عطاءاهلل، Res Hist Med 2017; 6(1) AbuTwo MaherIranian Shirazi physicians in the court of the Ottoman Sultans Fekr and Dar4 al Elm. 1959. 3[In Persian] 3- Uzuncarsili, 1991,2001: 2/700. .va al 4- Golshani et al, 2015: 66 حکیم al Kotob ﻻری، an Asamiحکیم Zanunعرب alو Kaqhfکمال Zeyl ala تبریزی al از fi آن Maknunجمله al اند. « Ayzah] )تصویر Baghdadi, IBIMAMS.)1 Fonun]. Vol.1. Corrected by Baltqaba MShhh. Beirut .Dar al kotob al Ilmyeh.1992 : [In Arabic] Bar Hebraeus. [Mokhtasar Tarikh al Doval]. Translated by Tajpvr MA, Riazi H. Tehran: Etelaa’t Press. 1985. [In Persian] Dehkhoda AA. Dehkhoda Dictionary. Vol. 1. Tehran: Tehran University publication.1998. [In Per- sian] Ebn-o Abi Osaybe’a(-e). [Oyun al Anba’ fi Tabaghat al Atba’]. Vol. 1. Translated by Najmabadi SM, Ghzban SJ. Tehran: Tehran University Press. 1970. [In Persian] Elgood C. A medical history of Persia and the eastern caliphate from the earliest times until the year A.D. Translated by Forghani B. Tehran: Amir Kabir Publications. 2002. [In Persian] Ghadiyani A. A comprehensive dictionary of Persian history: From Aryans to the end of the Pahlavi era. Tehran: Aaron Press. 2001. [In Persian] Khubnazar H. A history of Shiraz (From the beginning to the beginning of the Karim Khan Zand peripd). Edited by Moaied Shirazi J. Tehran: Sokhan. 2001. [In Persian] Mehrnaz R. Elders of Shiraz. Tehran: National Association Publications. 1968. [In Persian] Mir MT. Pars famous physicians. Shiraz: Shiraz University Press. 1984. [In Persian] Mir MT. Pars famous physicians. Shiraz: Shiraz University Press. 1989. [In Persian] Zanuri Tabrizi AH. [Matrah- al-Anzar fi Trajeme Atebba’ al Asar filsof va falasefeh al Amsar], Ed- ited by Mohaddes MH. Tehran: Sina cultural and Legal Institute: Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services. 2009. [In Persian] 55 تصویر 1. تاریخ پزشکی در دربار عثمانی روش مطالعه و سوال پژوهش هدف این پژوهش، شناسایی و معرفی دو پزشك ایرانی است که پدر و پسر بوده و با نام های حکیم محمد سبزواری و حکیم غیاث الدین سبزواری در تاریخ شهرت یافته اند. در این پژوهش، دستاوردهای علمی این دو، در دربار عثمانی به کمك منابع تاریخی بررسی شده است. در واقع این مقاله به بررسی وضعیت دو پزشك ایرانی در برخورد با فرهنگ و تمدن شاخص کشور همسایه یعنی عثمانی پرداخته است. این مقاله برگرفته از پایان نامة نویسنده نخست و استاد راهنمایی و مشاوره ای دیگر نویسندگان می باشد و سعی گردیده در موارد لزوم توضیحات و مطالب، واضح تر بیان گردد. Res Hist Med 2012;2017; 1(1)6(1) Maryam Shoshtari Yegane et al 5- Mohaghegh, 2003: 245. .Ibid -6 1- حکیم محمد سبزواری .Uzuncarsili, 1991,2001: 2/699 -7 حکیم محمد فرزند عﻻءالدین فرزند هبه اهلل سبزواری )درگذشته پس از 871ق/ .Ibid -8 1466م( است. این پزش 5ك، پدر حکیم غیاث الدین سبزواری صاحب مرآه الصحه .Mohaghegh, 2003: 246 -9 )آینه ی بهداشت( است. وی چندین سال پیش از سال 873ق/ 1468م از اصفهان .Uzuncarsili, 1991,2001: 2/700 -10 به خاك عثمانی رفت و پسرش را نیز با خود برد. ِاستاد غیاث الدین، شرف الدین .Mohaghegh, 2003: 246 -11 صابون چی، در سال 873 ق در گذشته است؛ پس می بایست این پدر و پسر پیش .Ibid -12 از این تاریخ به 6آماسیة ترکیه وارد شده باشند تا پسر بتواند شاگردی این استاد را .Monzavi, 1978: 1/296 -13 انجام داده باشد. .Elgood, 2007: 401 -14 پسر حکیم محمد که تحصیﻻت پزشکی را نیمه کاره در اصفهان رها کرده و به .Mohaghegh, 2003: 247 -15 همراه پدر به خاك عثمانی آمده بود، در آماسیة ترکیه به شاگردی شرف الدین .Arjah et al, 1992: 236 -16 صابونچی اوغلی درآمد.
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