E2047 v2 QATRANA ELECTRIC POWER COMPANY (Korea Electric Power Corporation and

Public Disclosure Authorized Xenel Industries Ltd.)

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL Public Disclosure Authorized IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF AL QATRANA POWER PROJECT

Public Disclosure Authorized

March 2009

Prepared By:

Public Disclosure Authorized

AECOM Environment- Turkey Ahmet Rasim Sok. No:18/3 King Abdullah / Medical City St. Çankaya 06550 Ankara, Turkey Al-Ferdoos Bld. Amman, Jordan Tel: +90-312-442-9863 Tel: +962-6-534-7332 www.ensr.aecom.com

Al Qatrana Power Project ESIA

Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1: PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 1-1 1.1 Introduction ...... 1-1 1.2 Process Description...... 1-7 1.2.1 Introduction...... 1-7 1.2.2 Performance Requirements...... 1-7 1.2.3 Mechanical Plant and System Requirements ...... 1-9 1.2.4 Process ...... 1-12 1.2.5 Fuel Supplies ...... 1-15 1.2.6 Water Supplies and Requirements...... 1-16 1.2.7 Environmental Requirements ...... 1-16 1.2.8 Construction Period and Staffing...... 1-16

CHAPTER 2: ENVIRONMENTAL-LEGAL FRAMEWORK...... 2-1

CHAPTER 3: SCOPING...... 3-1 3.1 Introduction ...... 3-1 3.2 Objectives ...... 3-1 3.3 Methodology ...... 3-1 3.4 Scoping Session...... 3-1 3.5 Key Environmental Issues...... 3-5 3.6 Legal Requirement and Framework...... 3-7 3.7 Baseline Component Studies...... 3-8 3.8 Public Concerns ...... 3-9

CHAPTER 4: TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR)...... 4-1 4.1 Project Phases...... 4-1 4.2 Issues...... 4-1 4.3 Legal Requirement and Framework...... 4-4 4.4 Baseline Component Studies...... 4-5 4.5 Environmental Report...... 4-7 4.6 Reporting ...... 4-8 4.7 The Study Team ...... 4-8

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CHAPTER 5: WATER RESOURCES...... 5-1 5.1 Existing Environment...... 5-1 5.1.1 Climate ...... 5-1 5.1.2 Geology ...... 5-6 5.1.3 Groundwater Aquifer Systems...... 5-9 5.1.4 Project Area Aquifer Systems...... 5-11 5.1.5 Groundwater Recharge...... 5-12 5.1.6 Groundwater Resources in the Project Area...... 5-13 5.1.7 Surface Water Resources at the Project Area ...... 5-16 5.2 Environmental Impact...... 5-17 5.2.1 Water Quality and Demand ...... 5-17 5.2.2 Waste Water Discharges ...... 5-18 5.2.3 Site Drainage ...... 5-19 5.2.4 Geomorphology and Landscaping...... 5-19 5.2.5 Flood Risk ...... 5-20 5.2.6 Solid Waste ...... 5-20 5.2.7 Impact on Natural Water Resources ...... 5-20 5.2.8. Adverse Impact on the Local Watershed...... 5-24 5.3 Mitigation Measures ...... 5-25 5.3.1 Construction ...... 5-25 5.3.2 Operation...... 5-26 5.3.3 Decommissioning...... 5-26

CHAPTER 6: GEOLOGY, SOILS, AND WASTES ...... 6-1 6.1 Existing Environment...... 6-1 6.1.1 Geology ...... 6-1 6.1.2 Soils...... 6-1 6.2 Impact Assessment ...... 6-3 6.2.1 Construction Phase...... 6-3 6.2.2 Operations Phase ...... 6-4 6.2.3 Decommissioning Phase ...... 6-4 6.3 Mitigation Measures ...... 6-4

CHAPTER 7: NOISE AND VIBRATION...... 7-1 7.1 Existing Background Noise ...... 7-1 7.2 Noise Impact Assessment...... 7-10 7.2.1 Impact during Construction...... 7-10

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7.2.2 Impact during Operation ...... 7-14 7.3 Mitigation Measures ...... 7-18 7.4 Vibration...... 7-18 7.4.1 Impact during Construction...... 7-18 7.4.2 Impact during Operation ...... 7-19

CHAPTER 8: VISUAL IMPACT ...... 8-1 8.1 Existing Landscape ...... 8-1 8.2 Visual Impact ...... 8-2 8.2.1 Visual Impact during Construction...... 8-2 8.2.2 Visual Impact during Operation ...... 8-3 8.2.3 Visual Impact during Decommissioning ...... 8-3 8.3 Mitigation Measures ...... 8-3

CHAPTER 9: AIR QUALITY ...... 9-1 9.1 Existing Air Quality...... 9-1 9.1.1 Result of Ambient Air Quality Study ...... 9-3 9.2 Ambient Air Quality Standards ...... 9-8 9.3 Environmental Impacts During Construction ...... 9-10 9.3.1 Dust from Construction Activities...... 9-10 9.3.2 Mitigation Measures during Construction ...... 9-11 9.3.3 Traffic-related Air Quality Impacts ...... 9-12 9.4 Environmental Impacts during Operation...... 9-12 9.4.1 Combustion Turbine Emissions...... 9-12 9.4.2 Conversion of Nitric Oxide to Nitrogen Dioxide...... 9-15 9.4.3 Stack Height...... 9-16 9.4.4 Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling ...... 9-17 9.5 Mitigation Measures ...... 9-41 9.5.1 Mitigation during Construction ...... 9-41 9.5.2 Mitigation during Operation...... 9-41

CHAPTER 10: SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS ...... 10-1 10.1 Introduction ...... 10-1 10.2 Methodology ...... 10-1 10.3 Baseline data ...... 10-1 10.3.1 Demographic...... 10-1

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10.3.2 Land Use ...... 10-7 10.3.3 Infrastructure ...... 10-8 10.3.4 Economy ...... 10-11 10.4 Public Consultation...... 10-12 10.4.1 Introduction...... 10-12 10.4.2 Objectives...... 10-12 10.4.3 Methodology...... 10-12 10.4.4 Public Concerns ...... 10-13 10.4.5 Public Disclosure...... 10-16 10.5 Impact Evaluation ...... 10-17 10.5.1 Issues and Concerns ...... 10-17 10.5.2 Evaluation of impact...... 10-17 10.6 Mitigation Measures ...... 10-20

CHAPTER 11: ECOLOGY...... 11-1 11.1 Existing Environment...... 11-1 11.1.1 Introduction...... 11-1 11.1.2 Methodology...... 11-1 11.2 Environmental and Conservation Measures...... 11-2 11.2.1 General...... 11-2 11.2.2 Topography ...... 11-3 11.2.3 Soil Type ...... 11-3 11.3 Evaluation of the Biological Environment...... 11-4 11.3.1 Flora ...... 11-4 11.3.2 Fauna ...... 11-8 11.3.3 Sensitive Habitat ...... 11-8 11.4 Biodiversity Assessment of the Proposed Project Area ...... 11-12 11.4.1 Flora ...... 11-12 11.4.2 Fauna ...... 11-12 11.5 Impacts Assessment ...... 11-13 11.5.1 Impacts during Construction ...... 11-13 11.5.2 Impact during Operation ...... 11-14

CHAPTER 12: CULTURAL HERITAGE...... 12-1 12.1 Introduction ...... 12-1 12.2 Assessment Methodology ...... 12-1

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12.3 Legal Framework...... 12-1 12.3.1 Legal acts ...... 12-1 12.3.2 Archaeological Chance Find and Excavation...... 12-1 12.4 Impact Assessment ...... 12-2 12.4.1 Surface archaeology ...... 12-2 12.4.2 Sub surface Archaeology...... 12-2 12.5 Mitigation and Monitoring ...... 12-2

CHAPTER 13: HEALTH AND SAFETY ...... 13-1 13.1 Introduction ...... 13-1 13.2 Hazards Assessment ...... 13-1 13.3 Evaluation of Residual Impacts...... 13-2 13.3.1 Emissions ...... 13-3 13.3.2 Electromagnetic Fields...... 13-3 13.3.3 Noise ...... 13-3 13.3.4 Hazardous Wastes...... 13-4 13.3.5 Wastewater ...... 13-4 13.3.6 Solid Waste ...... 13-4 13.3.7 Accidents...... 13-4 13.3.8 Heat...... 13-5 13.3.9 Fire Hazards...... 13-5 13.3.10 Emergency Plan ...... 13-5 13.3.11 Medical Care ...... 13-5 13.4 Mitigation Measure to Be Taken For Hazards ...... 13-5 13.4.1 Electromagnetic Fields...... 13-5 13.4.2 Hazardous Chemicals and Wastes ...... 13-7 13.4.3 Accidents...... 13-9 13.4.4 Fire Hazards...... 13-10 13.4.5 Emergency Plan...... 13-11 13.4.6 Medical Care ...... 13-11

CHAPTER 14: TRAFFIC AND INFRASTRUCTURE ...... 14-1 14.1 Transportation Infrastructure ...... 14-1 14.1.1 Land Transportation...... 14-1 14.1.2 Air Transportation...... 14-2 14.1.3 Sea Transportation...... 14-2 14.2 Road Network in Project Area...... 14-2

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14.3 Environmental Impacts...... 14-4 14.3.1 Impacts during Construction ...... 14-4 14.3.2 Impacts during Operation...... 14-4 14.3.3 Impacts during Decommissioning...... 14-4 14.4 Mitigation Measures ...... 14-5

CHAPTER 15: ASSOCIATED INFRASTRUCTURE and CUMULATIVE IMPACT.. 15-1 15.1 Existing Environment...... 15-1 15.2 Water Pipeline ...... 15-1 15.2.1 Existing Water Pipeline Infrastructure ...... 15-1 15.2.2 Operation of the Water Pipeline...... 15-1 15.3 Natural Gas Pipeline...... 15-1 15.3.1 Construction of the Natural Gas Pipeline ...... 15-1 15.3.2 Operation of the Natural Gas Pipeline...... 15-3 15.3.3 Cumulative Impact ...... 15-3 15.4 Substation and Transmission Lines ...... 15-4 15.4.1 Construction of the Transmission Connection...... 15-4 15.4.2 Operation of the Transmission Network Connection...... 15-5 15.4.3 Cumulative Impact ...... 15-5 15.5 Cumulative Impact with Other Existing Projects ...... 15-5

CHAPTER 16: PROJECT ALTERNATIVES ...... 16-1 16.1 Site Selection...... 16-1 16.2 Alternative Technologies ...... 16-3 16.2.1 Fuel Oil-Fired Steam Turbine Generator Plant...... 16-4 16.2.2 Coal-Fired Steam Turbine Generator Plant...... 16-4 16.2.3 LPG-Fired Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Power Station...... 16-5 16.3 Alternative Designs...... 16-6 16.3.1 Stack Height...... 16-6 16.3.2 Air Pollution Control ...... 16-6 16.3.3 Cooling System ...... 16-7 16.3.4 Water Supply...... 16-7

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List of Tables

Table 1-1 Coordinates of Site Location (Palestinian Grid)...... 1-1 Table 3-1 Public Concerns ...... 3-9 Table 5-1 Project Site Coordinate (Palestine Grid)...... 5-2 Table 5-2 Stereographical Description of Geological Groups ...... 5-10 Table 5-3 Al Qatrana Observation Monitoring Well (Water Level) (WAJ) ...... 5-12 Table 5-4 Water Balance in Jordan according to Governorate 2006 (WAJ)...... 5-13 Table 5-5 Drilled Wells, Closest to the Project Site (WAJ) ...... 5-14 Table 5-6 Groundwater Quality Analysis of Well CD 1373 (1996-2006)...... 5-15 Table 5-7 Drastic Index Categories...... 5-22 Table 5-8 DRASTIC Rating and Weights to Hydrogeological Setting ...... 5-22 Table 5-9 The Rating and Weights according to Geological Setting...... 5-23 Table 5-10 Rating and Weights According to Soil Media ...... 5-23 Table 5-11 DRASTIC Index Calculation...... 5-24 Table 5-12 Expected Impact on Watershed Components...... 5-25 Table 6-1 Soil Analysis Results...... 6-2 Table 7-1 Summary of Noise Monitoring (in dB(A))...... 7-3 Table 7-2 Representative Construction Equipment Equivalent Sound Levels...... 7-11 Table 7-3 Noise Levels at the Nearest Sensitive Receptor (for Lmin Background)...... 7-11 Table 7-4 Noise Levels at the Nearest Sensitive Receptor (for Leq Background)...... 7-11 Table 7-5 Noise Levels at the Nearest Sensitive Receptor (for Lmin Background)...... 7-15 Table 7-6 Noise Levels at the Nearest Sensitive Receptor (for Leq Background)...... 7-15 Table 9-1 Samplers and Modes of Operation ...... 9-2 Table 9-2 Jordanian Ambient Air Quality Standards...... 9-3 Table 9-3 Ambient Air Quality at the Project Site from 13.8.2008 to 23.08.2008 (first monitoring site)...... 9-5 Table 9-4 Annual Average Ambient Air Quality at Al Qatrana (Second monitoring site) (annual averages calculated from the seasonal data)...... 9-6 Table 9-5 1998 World Bank Guidelines and Jordanian Ambient Standards (µg/m3)...... 9-8 Table 9-6 World Bank Airshed Classification...... 9-9 Table 9-7 Jordanian and World Bank Emission Limits ...... 9-13

Table 9-8 NO2 and NOx Concentrations and Calculated NO2/NOx Ratios ...... 9-16

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Table 9-9 Stack and Emission Parameters for Modeling ...... 9-19 Table 9-10 Building Information Used in BPIP...... 9-20 Table 9-11 Results of the AERMOD Modeling for the Proposed Power Plant ...... 9-27 Table 10-1 Estimated Population, Area and Population Density by Governorate, 2007 ...... 10-2 Table 10-2 Estimated Population by Administrative Division for Karak Governorate 2007 (including closest towns to Project area) ...... 10-2 Table 10-3 Gender Distribution for Jordan and Karak Governorate, 2007 ...... 10-2 Table 10-4 Distribution of Schools in the Kingdom by Directorate, Cycle and Gender 2007/2008 (Ref. Ministry of Education)...... 10-5 Table 10-5 Distribution of Teachers in Jordan and Karak by Level and Gender 2007/2008...... 10-5 Table 10-6 Distributions of Students in the Kingdom and Karak by Level and Gender 2007/2008 (Ref. Ministry of Education)...... 10-5 Table 10-7 Water Prices (2008) ...... 10-6 Table 10-8 Electricity Prices as of March, 2008...... 10-6 Table 10-9 Medical Human Resources in Jordan and Karak 2006...... 10-7 Table 10-10 Health Services Distribution in Jordan and Karak 2006...... 10-7 Table 10-11 Distribution of Planted Areas in Jordan, and Karak Governorate, 2005 ...... 10-8 Table 10-12 Length of Roads Network in Jordan and Karak, 2005 ...... 10-9 Table 10-13 Number of Vehicles with Respect to Governorate (2005)...... 10-9 Table 10-14 Number of Public Transportation Vehicles During 2005 ...... 10-10 Table 10-15 Main Economic Indicators for 2006 ...... 10-11 Table 10-16 Public Concerns and Questions ...... 10-13 Table 10-17 Questions during Public Disclosure...... 10-16 Table 10-18 Evaluation of Residual Impacts on Socio-economic Conditions...... 10-17 Table 11-1 Recorded Plant Species...... 11-12 Table 11-2 Possible Mammal Species...... 11-12 Table 11-3 Recorded Resident Bird Species...... 11-13 Table 13-1 Exposure Limit Values As Listed in Directive 2004/40/EC...... 13-6 Table 13-2 Action Values As Listed in Directive 2004/40/EC...... 13-6 Table 16-1 Comparison of Alternative sites ...... 16-3

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List of Figures

Figure 1-1 Proposed Project Location in Jordan...... 1-2 Figure 1-2 Location and Surrounding Area of the Site ...... 1-3 Figure 1-3 North-East View of the Site (Showing the 33 kV line)...... 1-4 Figure 1-4 North View of the Site (Showing the 132 kV line) ...... 1-4 Figure 1-5 View of the Town of Al Qatrana from Site ...... 1-5 Figure 1-6 Western View from the Site ...... 1-5 Figure 1-7 Eastern View from the Site Showing Desert Road ...... 1-6 Figure 1-8 NEPCO Substation South of the Site ...... 1-6 Figure 1-9 General Site Location Plan ...... 1-8 Figure 1-10 Schematic Diagram of a Gas Turbine ...... 1-9 Figure 1-11 A Schematic Diagram of the Steam Turbine...... 1-10 Figure 1-12 Schematic Diagram of the Air Cooling Condenser ...... 1-11 Figure 1-13 Water Circulation through Plant...... 1-11 Figure 1-14 Process Layout ...... 1-13 Figure 1-15 Plant Layout ...... 1-14 Figure 1-16 Gas Pipeline Inspection Point at South West Corner of the Site...... 1-15 Figure 1-17 Main Gas Pipeline Route Adjacent to the Site ...... 1-15 Figure 3-1 Scoping Session ...... 3-3 Figure 3-2 Scoping Session ...... 3-3 Figure 3-3 Representatives of the Ministry of Environment...... 3-4 Figure 3-4 Representative of Project Sponsors...... 3-4 Figure 5-1 Topographic Map for the Project Site (WAJ)...... 5-2 Figure 5-2 Satellite Image for the Project Site ...... 5-3 Figure 5-3 Total Monthly Precipitation Amount...... 5-4 Figure 5-4 Total Annual Precipitation Amount ...... 5-4 Figure 5-5 Rainfall at Station CE004 Karak (WAJ)...... 5-5 Figure 5-6 Rainfall at Station CD001 Qatrana Police Post (WAJ)...... 5-5 Figure 5-7 Temperature Recorded at Queen Alia International Airport (NCDC, 2009) ...... 5-6 Figure 5-8 Geological Map of the Project Area (WAJ)...... 5-7 Figure 5-9 Groundwater Basins in Jordan (WAJ) ...... 5-11

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Figure 5-10 Closest Wells to the Project Area (WAJ)...... 5-15 Figure 5-11 Hydrological Map for the Project Site (WAJ)...... 5-16 Figure 5-12 Daily Water Mass Balance...... 5-18 Figure 7-1 Noise Point Monitoring Locations ...... 7-2 Figure 7-2 Hourly Noise Level for North (N) on Day 1...... 7-4 Figure 7-3 Hourly Noise Level for North (N) on Day 2...... 7-4 Figure 7-4 Hourly Noise Level for South (S) on Day 1 ...... 7-5 Figure 7-5 Hourly Noise Level for South (S) on Day 2 ...... 7-5 Figure 7-6 Hourly Noise Level for East (E) on Day 1...... 7-6 Figure 7-7 Hourly Noise Level for East (E) on Day 2...... 7-6 Figure 7-8 Hourly Noise Level for West (W) on Day 1...... 7-7 Figure 7-9 Hourly Noise Level for West (W) on Day 2...... 7-7 Figure 7-10 Hourly Noise Level for Center (C) on Day 1...... 7-8 Figure 7-11 Hourly Noise Level for Center (C) on Day 2...... 7-8 Figure 7-12 Hourly Noise Level for Day Time in Residential Area (Reference)...... 7-9 Figure 7-13 Hourly Noise Level for Night Time in Residential Area (Reference)...... 7-9 Figure 7-14 Noise Levels during Construction (during day time) ...... 7-12 Figure 7-15 Change in Noise Levels during Construction ...... 7-12 Figure 7-16 Noise Levels at the Project Boundary during Construction (with background, during day time)...... 7-13 Figure 7-17 Noise Levels at the Project Boundary during Construction (with background, during night time)...... 7-14 Figure 7-18 Noise Level Contours during Operation (during daytime)...... 7-16 Figure 7-19 Noise Levels during Operation ...... 7-16 Figure 7-20 Noise Levels at the Project Boundary during Operation (with background, during day time)...... 7-17 Figure 7-21 Noise Levels at the Project Boundary during Operation (with background, during night time)...... 7-17 Figure 8-1 Topography of the Location ...... 8-1 Figure 8-2 Topographic Map of the Project Area...... 8-2 Figure 8-3 Animated View of the Al Qatrana Power Project from Town of Al Qatrana...... 8-4 Figure 9-1 Locations of the Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations ...... 9-2 Figure 9-2 Wind Direction Distribution at Al Qatrana Substation...... 9-7

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Figure 9-3 Wind Speed Distribution at Al Qatrana Substation ...... 9-7 Figure 9-4 Dry Low NOx Combustion System...... 9-14 Figure 9-5 On-site Structures that Could Potentially Cause Downwash from Sources ...... 9-20 Figure 9-6 Two Dimensional View of Receptor Grid and Terrain Data Used in the AERMOD Modeling...... 9-22 Figure 9-7 Three Dimensional View of Terrain Data Used in the AERMOD Modeling...... 9-23 Figure 9-8 Wind Rose for Queen Alia International Airport ...... 9-25

Figure 9-9 Maximum Predicted NO2 Impact for the Annual Averaging Period ...... 9-29

Figure 9-10 Maximum Predicted NO2 Impact for the 24-hour Averaging Period ...... 9-30

Figure 9-11 Maximum Predicted NO2 Impact for the 1-hour Averaging Period ...... 9-31

Figure 9-12 Maximum Predicted NO2 Impact for the 24-hour Averaging Period (DFO firing).... 9-33

Figure 9-13 Maximum Predicted NO2 Impact for the 1-hour Averaging Period (DFO Firing)..... 9-34

Figure 9-14 Maximum Predicted SO2 Impact for the 24-hour Averaging Period (DFO firing) .... 9-35

Figure 9-15 Distribution of Maximum Predicted 1-hour SO2 concentrations for Scenario-2...... 9-36

Figure 9-16 Maximum Predicted SO2 Impact for the 1-hour Averaging Period (DFO Firing)..... 9-37 Figure 9-17 Maximum Predicted Particulate Matter Impact for the 24-hour Averaging Period (DFO Firing) ...... 9-38 Figure 10-1 Unemployment in Jordan According to Governorate and Gender...... 10-3 Figure 10-2 Unemployment in Jordan According to Age and Gender ...... 10-3 Figure 10-3 Distribution of Schools in Jordan by Controlling Auth. 2007/2008 without Kindergartens (Ref. Ministry of Education)...... 10-4 Figure 10-4 Distribution of Students in Jordan by Controlling Auth. 2007/2008 ...... 10-4 Figure 10-5 Distribution of Teachers in Jordan by Controlling Authority. 2007/2008...... 10-4 Figure 11-1 Project Location According to the Topographic Regions...... 11-4 Figure 11-2 Bio-geographical Regions in Jordan...... 11-5 Figure 11-3 Vegetation Types in Jordan...... 11-7 Figure 11-4 Existing and Proposed Protected Areas...... 11-9 Figure 11-5 Rangeland Reserves ...... 11-10 Figure 11-6 Important Bird Areas (Birdlife, RSCN 2000)...... 11-11 Figure 14-1 Roads Network in Jordan and Karak, 2005 ...... 14-1 Figure 14-2 Number of Vehicles with Respect to Governorate (2005) ...... 14-1 Figure 14-3 Number of Public Transportation Vehicles During 2005...... 14-2 Figure 14-4 Road and Highway Interchange Close to Site ...... 14-3

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Figure 15-1 Natural Gas Supply Outlet Station at Al-Sultani Area ...... 15-2 Figure 15-2 Main Road Site from the Connection Gas Outlet of Al Sultani ...... 15-2 Figure 15-3 Main Gas Pipeline from the Outlet Station at Al Sultani...... 15-3 Figure 15-4 New Towers for the 132 kV line Along Western Border of Site ...... 15-5

List of Appendices

Appendix A List of Participants of Scoping Session Appendix B Emergency Response Plan for DFO Handling and Storage at the Facility Appendix C Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan Appendix D Environmental Quality Monitoring Plan

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List of Acronyms

AAQS: Ambient Air Quality Standard ACC: Air Cooled Condenser AERMOD: AMS/EPA Regulatory Model AMS: American Meteorological Society BOP: Balance of Plan BTEX: Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylenes oC: Degree Celsius CCPP: Combined Cycle Power Plant CCR: Central Control Room CFB: Circulated Fluidized Base CO: Carbon Monoxide dB(A): Decibel DFO: Distillate Fuel Oil DOA: Department of Antiquities of Jordan DOS: Department of Statistics EC: European Commission EHS: Environmental Health and Safety EIA: Environmental Impact Assessment EMP: Environmental Management Plan ERC: Environmental Research Center ERP: Emergency Response Plan ERT: Emergency Response Team ES: Environmental Statement ESP: Electrostatic Precipitator FGD: Flue Gas Desulphurization GDP: Gross Domestic Product GT: Gas Turbine HCl: Hydrochloric Acid HDPE: High Density Polyethylene HP: High Pressure HRSG: Heat Recovery Steam Generators Hz: Hertz ICNIRP: International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNRIP) IDipSM: International Diploma in Safety Management IFC: International Finance Corporation IOSH: Institution of Occupational Safety and Health IPP: Independent Power Producers JD: Jordanian Dinar KEPCO: Korean Electric Power Corporation km: Kilometer kV: kilovolt Leq: Equivalent Continuous Noise Level LNG: Liquefied Natural Gas LP: Low Pressure LPG: Liquefied Petroleum Gas m: meter MEMR: Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources MENA: Middle East North Africa mg: milligram MIIRSM: Member of the International Institute of Risk and Safety Management

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mm: millimeter MoE: Ministry of Environment MSDS: Material Safety Data Sheet msl: mean sea level MW: Megawatt NCDC: US National Climatic Data Centre NDIR: Non-Dispersive Infrared (Page 112 miss spelled) NEPCO: National Energy Production Company NGO: Non-Governmental Organizations NO: Nitrogen oxide NO: Nitrogen dioxide NOx: Oxides of Nitrogen OHL: Over Head Line O&M: Operations and Maintenance PAH: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PCB: Polychlorinated Biphenyls PER: Preliminary Environmental Review PFD: Process Flow Diagrams PM10: Particulate matter with diameter less than 10 microns Pops: Persistent Organic Pollutants PPA: Power Purchase Agreement PPE: Personal Protective Equipment ppm: parts per million Ref: Reference RO: Reverse Osmosis RSCN: Royal Society for Conservation of Nature RSS: Royal Scientific Society SO2: Sulfur Dioxide ST: Steam Turbine TOR: Terms of References TSP: Total Suspended Particulates USEPA: United States Environmental Protection Agency VEC: Valued Environmental Components yr: year µg: microgram

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Executive Summary

Project Description

The proposed Al Qatrana IPP is a 373 MW Combined Cycle Power Plant Project that will be built and operated near the town of Al Qatrana, Jordan (the “Project”). The Project will burn natural gas as the primary fuel and distillate fuel oil (DFO) will be used as backup fuel during natural gas interruptions. The proposed Project will be constructed at a site located about 1.5 km from the town of Al Qatrana. The Project is situated at about 90 km from Amman, about 250 km from the Port of Aqaba on the Red Sea and within 25 km from City of Karak.

Qatrana Electric Power Company, which is established by the Project sponsors Korea Electric Power Corporation and Xenel Industries Ltd., is the owner of the Project.

The Project site is located on a vacant land owned by the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR) of Jordan and will be leased to Qatrana Electric Power Company under a Land Lease Agreement for a period of 25 years.

The Project will be connected to the existing NEPCO substation located across the main road to Karak. The Al Qatrana substation connects the power transmission network of Jordan with the power transmission networks of Egypt and Syria.

Al Qatrana IPP is comprised of two combustion turbine generators, two heat recovery steam generators (HRSG), one steam turbine, three step-up generator transformers and all necessary equipment and systems such as natural gas receiving system, DFO handling and storage facilities, water storage and treatment facilities and all other necessary auxiliary and ancillary plants.

A combined cycle power plant generates electricity in two separate cycles. In the initial cycle natural gas and compressed air are burned in the combustion chamber. The energy released during combustion is expanded in a gas turbine, which in turn drives a generator to generate electricity. This initial cycle will generate about 63 percent of the total power output of the Project. Exhaust gases from the initial cycle are routed through HRSGs. The recovered heat is used in the second cycle to convert water into steam in a single steam turbine connected to an electric generator. This cycle will generate about 37 percent of the total power of the Project.

The combustion turbines will have dual fuel burning capability, using natural gas as the primary fuel and DFO as backup fuel during natural gas interruptions.

Scoping and Public Disclosure Meetings

A scoping session was held in Amman on October 21, 2008. A number of stakeholders were invited to participate in the scoping session. The stakeholders included representatives of governmental environmental agencies, environmental and development NGOs, academic institutions, municipalities, environmental police, as well as the residents of the local area. During

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the scoping session all public concerns are discussed and listed. All concerns are incorporated within the final Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) report.

The Project sponsors organized the second public hearing after the draft EISA was completed as required by the World Bank. The public disclosure meeting was conducted in Amman on March 4, 2009. The comments and questions raised by the stakeholders were addressed during the meeting.

Water Resources

The estimated amount of water consumption during the construction phase is expected to be about 100-110 m3 per day. The water will be supplied by water tankers. Water will not be extracted from the local wells and thus the amount of water that will be used during construction will not impact groundwater resources or water quality of the local community.

During the operation phase, the Project will use of maximum of 250 m3 of raw water per day. Water will be required for make-up water for the HRSGs and for service water (drinking and washing water, etc). The Water Authority of Jordan (WAJ) will supply the raw water for Project’s needs through a dedicated pipeline connecting the existing public water supply system to the Project’s water system. The Project will have no impact on other water users as water will be supplied directly by WAJ and not from wells or boreholes in the vicinity of the Project.

Expected process effluents from the proposed plant are HRSG and boiler blowdowns, water treatment plant effluent, as well as other miscellaneous minor process effluents and sanitary wastewater. The closed loop water system in the HRSGs has demineralized water. From time to time it is necessary to carry out blowdowns in order to maintain proper chemical balance in the closed loop water system and impurities that may be built up in the system. The HRSG blowdowns will be discharged and will be used either for irrigation or sent to the evaporation pond.

The water treatment plant effluent will contain the salts removed from water with some additional sodium sulfate produced by neutralization of the spent regenerants. Gas turbines will be cleaned as part of routine maintenance and will generate wastewater that will be treated as oily wastewater in the oil/water separator. The water from the oil/water separator will be discharged to the leak proof evaporation pond. Waste oil from the separator will be collected in closed drums and handled according to the instructions of the Ministry of Environment.

Approximately 75% of domestic water use will leave the plant as sanitary wastewater during the operation. Sanitary water will be stored in an enclosed, leak proof septic tank and then will be sent to the wastewater treatment plant located in Karak with vacuum trucks.

The Project will have a drainage system around the site and rain run-offs will be intercepted by oil/water separators to remove potential oil from the rain runoff water prior to offsite discharge.

The DRASTIC Model was used to measure the transmissivity of pollutants into groundwater. It was estimated that pollution potential to groundwater is low. Contaminating surface water

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resources will be limited due to the absence of any springs or dams located within or close to the Project area.

Geology and Soils

The geology of the site consists of sedimentary rocks and low fertility soils. The existing soil quality is assessed by performing visual inspection and following by surface soil sampling and laboratory analysis to determine potential chemical contamination. The laboratory results revealed that soil was not contaminated at the proposed site. This finding was consistent with the fact that the site had never been used for any industrial purpose that would have led to soil contamination.

Noise

Existing background noise levels were measured continuously for a period of 18 hours a day for 5 days at 5 locations in and around the proposed Project site and one location at the closest sensitive receptor in Al Qatrana as part of the ESIA study. The results showed that the Project site is mainly affected by the vehicle traffic on the Karak road.

The noise impact assessment included calculation of noise levels at the Project boundaries and at the nearest residential home (i.e, sensitive receptor) in Al Qatrana. The noise levels were calculated both for the construction and operation phases with adding the measured background levels. The results showed that the noise levels at the Project boundaries and at the sensitive receptor comply with the Jordanian and World Bank noise limits. Nevertheless, the ESIA listed a number of mitigation measures to keep the noise levels in compliance with the regulatory limits.

Visual Impacts

During construction phase, the Project site will be a typical construction site where different construction equipment and machinery will be employed used. This equipment will include cranes, trucks, graders, etc. The size and number of these equipments will be optimized as much as possible to provide efficient construction operation hence providing low interference with surrounding landscape. The construction camp site will be located next to the construction site. The camp site will have mainly one story structures and will be painted in color consistent with the surrounding background colors. The construction contractor will keep the camp well maintained and cleaned regularly. The camp site will not create any adverse visual impact.

The Project will comprise of structures and buildings that will hold gas and steam turbines, heat recovery steam generators, transformers, a control room, back-up storage tanks and administration building and offices. These buildings may extend to a height of up to 30 meters. The highest part of the plant will be the 55 m high stacks. The Project will be located next to an existing substation that is consisting of high voltage towers which are about 30 m high. The buildings will be painted to be consistent with the natural background colors and attention will be paid to color treatment, finishes and choice of materials to ensure the use of paling colors on elevated structures and thus reduction in their impact on the skyline. The Project will be properly landscaped using indigenous species. Since the proposed Project site is located about 1.5 km from Al Qatrana, the potential visual impact is not expected to be significant.

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Air Quality

The existing ambient air quality near the Project site was obtained from the ambient air quality monitoring study carried out by the Environmental Research Center (ERC) of the Royal Scientific Society (RSS). The ambient air quality study was conducted from August 2007 to August 2008 covering the entire one year at a site in Al Qatrana and a site at the NEPCO substation. The monitoring results showed that ambient levels of NO2, NO, NOx and SO2 were below the Jordanian and World Bank limits. However, TSP and PM10 showed exceedances several times during the monitoring period. The exceedances in dust levels were due to the dust storms, which is quite common in the Jordanian desert.

The air quality impacts associated with the proposed Project were estimated using a state-of-the- art air dispersion model developed by the U.S. EPA and recommended by the World Bank for air quality assessment. The American Meteorological Society/Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Model (AERMOD) was used to calculate concentrations of gases and particulates emitted from the two HRSG stacks and from the by-pass stacks. Four different scenarios were studied to assess the air quality during combined cycle and simple cycle operations and natural gas and DFO firing. For the model the following inputs were used: stack and emissions values; facility building dimensions; and terrain and meteorological data. The modeling domain was 20 km by 20 km and hourly meteorological data was obtained from the Queen Alia International Airport for 2008.

The modeling analysis demonstrated that ambient pollutant concentrations in the Project area will be in compliance with the Jordanian ambient air quality standards and the World Bank guideline concentrations. The predicted ambient concentrations were much lower than the limits. Therefore, emissions from the proposed facility will provide almost negligible contribution to the background air quality.

Socioeconomics

The construction is expected to continue about 27 months and the Project will employ a maximum of about 600-700 construction workers at its peak with an average of about 500. During the initial phase of construction of the civil works, a small unskilled workforce will be required; later the mechanical and electrical works will require a larger workforce with more specialized skills. There will be direct opportunities for local employment, which will result in positive social and economic impacts. It is also expected that the local contractors will be awarded with construction subcontracts related to the Project site preparation, installation of infrastructure, construction of internal roads, etc. Specialized foreign contractors and firms will be employed during construction. It is anticipated that the unskilled construction labor force will be approximately 40% of the total work force. Therefore, there will be good opportunities for local employment from the local population during the construction phase.

The money injected into the local economy in terms of the wages of the construction workforce and the Project expenditures on local supplies of goods and services and local contractors will in turn generate further economic activity and indirect employment benefits in the area. Small shops,

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food and beverage stores, spare part suppliers, vehicle maintenance workshops and other local businesses will most certainly be positively affected.

There will also be an economic injection into the local economy during the operational phase consisting of employee’ wages, local purchases, goods and services and local expenditure. Project workers will inject new purchasing power into the local economy and will boost the demand for goods and services in Al Qatrana and the surrounding areas. Such effect is a positive one that will lead to improvement of life styles in the area. The Project will be a step toward the modernization and transformation of the area into a stronger economical and industrial area which will eventually lead to better services by the government.

The surrounding land is used mainly for industrial and commercial activities. A power substation and a poultry slaughterhouse are located across the street from the intended site. In addition the area shows a growth of demand by the cement industry. Therefore the proposed power Project is not expected to increase nor decrease the value land in that area.

Ecology

The field survey showed almost no vegetation cover at the Project site. During the survey, only 3 flora species were identified at the Project area. However, these species did not have a conservation status. Thus potential impacts of Project activities during construction and operation are negligible on the biodiversity of the area.

The lack of the natural vegetation cover also reduced the possibility of any mammal and bird species onsite. Therefore, activities during the construction and operation are not expected to impact faunal species.

Archaeology

An archaeological assessment was conducted at the proposed site to identify any archaeological remains on the site or in the surrounding area that could be impacted upon by the construction and operation of the Project. It was concluded that there were no obvious or likely archaeological remains that could be impacted. Thus, the potential impact on archaeological would be minimal.

The Department of Antiquities will be contacted to organize proper procedures for protection of archaeological structures and artifacts that might be discovered during construction activities.

Health and Safety

Employees may be exposed to accidents during all phases of the Project due to excavation, working in confined spaces, working at heights, working around cranes, hoists, etc. With proper training of personnel and work permit system, the accidents will be decreased as much as possible. Medical care and first aid facilities will be available for the contractor and plant employees. Where exposure in areas accessible to the public exceeds the EMF exposure limits, measures necessary to restrict public access and/or reduce the EMF emissions from a source or sources contributing to the exposure will be taken. Emergency Response Plans will be in place,

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updated on regular intervals and employees will be trained to deal with emergency situations such as fire, oil and chemical spills, accidents, etc.

The proposed Project is not expected to have any adverse health effect on the community since air emissions and the associated air quality and noise are significantly below the Jordanian and the World Bank limits. In addition, the ambient air quality modeling revealed that the maximum concentrations did not occur in Al Qatrana due to the prevailing winds in the region.

Traffic

The Project will be located near an interchange of two roads that will be used during the construction and operation phases. The Desert road is a divided highway with two lanes and wide emergency shoulders. The other road leading to Karak is a two-way road.

The traffic volume is expected to increase during the construction due to movement of equipment necessary for the construction of the Project. Heavy loads such as gas and steam turbines, electric generators and transformers will be transported from the Port of Aqaba to the Project site. During the transport of heavy equipment special multi-axial vehicles will be used in order to comply with maximum load limits. Necessary permits will be obtained from the relevant agencies prior to the transportation of heavy and wide loads. The traffic volume will also increase due to the use of public and private transport vehicles to and from the site on daily basis by the construction workforce. It is estimated that 50-60 additional vehicles will use the local roads per day. Since the transportation infrastructure is well developed in the area and the road conditions are quite good, potential adverse impacts associated with the traffic will be temporary and negligible.

During the operation phase, about 75 staff personnel will be employed at the plant and this would increase the number of vehicles on the existing Desert road by about 10 vehicles (mainly service minibuses) per day. Thus, the impact on the local transportation and traffic will be minimal.

The Project will operate with DFO during natural gas interruptions. The number of road tankers delivering the distillate fuel oil will depend on the length of natural gas interruption. DFO will not need not to be replenished immediately during the operation on DFO and can be carried in a longer periods of time. DFO is expected to be transported from the Jordan Petroleum Refinery. Considering the existing road conditions, an increase in tanker traffic is not expected to create a significant impact on the transportation infrastructure.

Infrastructure

The Project will require the use or installation of a supporting infrastructure. The following infrastructures will be used by the proposed Project: a) water pipeline connecting to the Water Authority of Jordan’s existing main pipeline along the main Desert road; b) gas pipeline connecting to the existing Arab Gas Transmission Pipeline; and

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c) 132 kV transmission lines to connect to the existing NEPCO substation across the road from the Project site.

This ESIA demonstrated that there will be no adverse environmental or social impacts associated with the installation and use of these infrastructures.

Conclusion

The ESIA study demonstrated that the potential environmental and social impacts associated with the construction, operation and decommissioning of the proposed Al Qatrana Power Project will not be significant and the Project will comply fully with all relevant Jordanian Laws as well as the requirements of the World Bank guidelines.

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CHAPTER 1: PROJECT DESCRIPTION

1.1 Introduction

The Al Qatrana Power Project is a 373 MW combined cycle power plant (CCPP) with natural gas as the primary fuel and distillate oil as the backup fuel (the “Project”). Sponsors of the project are Korea Electric Power Corporation and Xenel Industries Ltd. The Project will be constructed at a site located in Al Qatrana, approximately 250 km from the Port of Aqaba on the Red Sea, within 1.5 km from the Town of Al Qatrana, within 90 km of Amman, and within 25 km from City of Karak. The location of the Project is shown in Figure 1-1. A major roadway (the Desert Road) connects Port of Aqaba to the proximity of the site. The general location of the site and surrounding area is shown in Figure 1-2, indicating the Desert Road (North-South) and the main road leading to the City of Karak (East-West). The coordinates of the site are shown in Table 1-1 (Palestinian Grid).

Table 1-1 Coordinates of Site Location (Palestinian Grid)

Point No. Point- x Point - y

1 46991.3 1070873.7 2 247170.6 1070797.5 3 247350.1 1070720.9 4 247118.6 1070138.4 5 246930.5 1070220.9 6 246742.4 1070303.5

It should be noted that the land is totally vacant and owned by the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR) of Jordan and will be leased to the Sponsors under a Land Lease Agreement for a period of 25 years. There are no physical structures on the land other than a 132 kV and a 33 kV overhead transmission lines and towers owned by National Energy Production Company (NEPCO). As per agreement between NEPCO and the Sponsors, the 132 kV and 33 kV lines will be re-routed away from the site prior to the delivery of the site to the Sponsors.

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Figure 1-1 Proposed Project Location in Jordan

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Figure 1-2 Location and Surrounding Area of the Site

The site is further described in Figures 1-3 - 1-7. It should be noted that the Project will be connected to the NEPCO substation adjacent to the site across the main road to Karak. This substation forms part of the 400 kV transmission system, which connects the electrical network of Jordan with the electrical networks of Egypt and Syria. The existing substation is comprised of two voltage levels of 400 kV and 132 kV. The 400 kV line connects the substation to the Port of Aqaba (point of generation) and the 132 kV (shown crossing the site in Figure 1-4) connects with other load centers in central Jordan. This substation will be further expanded to accommodate the evacuation of electric power from the Project. The expansion of the substation will comprise addition of five 132 kV circuits (Figure 1-8).

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Figure 1-3 North-East View of the Site (Showing the 33 kV line)

Figure 1-4 North View of the Site (Showing the 132 kV line)

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Figure 1-5 View of the Town of Al Qatrana from Site

Figure 1-6 Western View from the Site

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Figure 1-7 Eastern View from the Site Showing Desert Road

Figure 1-8 NEPCO Substation South of the Site

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1.2 Process Description

1.2.1 Introduction

The Project is comprised of two (2) combustion turbine generators (GT) manufactured by Siemens of Germany, two (2) associated heat recovery steam generators (HRSG), one (1) steam turbine (ST) manufactured by Skoda of Czech Republic, and all necessary Balance of Plant (BOP) equipment and systems. The BOP equipment and systems shall include all the systems, facilities, materials, and works required to ensure safe, reliable, and economic operation of the Project such as natural gas receiving system, DFO handling and storage facilities, water storage facilities, and all the other necessary auxiliary and ancillary plants. The general layout of the site location is shown in Figure 1-9.

1.2.2 Performance Requirements

The Project will operate as a base load power generation station, generating close to the Project’s rated output.

The control and supervision of the Project shall be carried out in a Central Control Room (CCR), from where the generators will normally be started, auto-synchronized, and initially loaded. Provision shall be made to allow the Project output to be controlled remotely by NEPCO through NEPCO’s National Control Center.

The Project shall be designed to ensure that hot, warm and cold starts, as well as shutdowns are achieved on a reliable basis throughout its design life. The Project shall also meet the following steady state and transient operating conditions:

Operate under automatic control for sustained periods at all loads above minimum for the given ambient temperature range.

• Provide the necessary equipment to ensure safe shut down of the Project. • Automatic controls shall account for HRSG and turbine operating conditions (hot, warm or cold), in setting the ramp rates for start up and loading.

• All turbine generators are required to sustain full load rejection without tripping. The turbine generators are further required to remain operating at synchronous idle condition for sustained periods following load rejection and supporting their own auxiliaries without dependence on station supplies.

• Each turbine generator shall be provided with a flexible governing system whose characteristics can be readily adjusted to take best advantage of the Power Purchase Agreement (PPA), as well as any changes in the operating regime that may arise during the life of the Project. The governing system is provided with a set of control algorithms that would allow plant operator to change governor control parameters, if required.

• The combined cycle block shall be provided with a comprehensive load coordination function which includes an adjustable constant MW output demand control.

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Figure 1-9 General Site Location Plan

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1.2.3 Mechanical Plant and System Requirements

Combustion Turbine Generators

Combustion turbines of the Project are heavy duty, single shaft, industrial type, of proven design, directly coupled to 50 Hz generators. Each combustion turbine shall be provided with all associated ancillary and auxiliary equipment and systems for the safe, efficient and reliable operation of the unit in simple and combined cycle modes. A schematic diagram of a gas turbine (GT) is shown in Figure 1-10.

Figure 1-10 Schematic Diagram of a Gas Turbine

Heat Recovery Steam Generators (HRSG)

Both HRSGs shall be natural circulation horizontal units in accordance with the manufacturer’s standard design. The HRSGs are sized to operate over the full range of ambient temperatures specified without limiting the plant output. They include economizer, evaporator, and superheaters tube bank sections with finned tubing, as appropriate, to maximize heat transfer.

Each HRSG shall exhaust through a separate flue stack. The heights of stacks are 55 m and the flue gas exit temperature is sufficient to ensure adequate dispersion of the flue gases in accordance with the required environmental standards and requirements. The stack heights have been determined as a result of the Air Dispersion Modeling Analysis.

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Steam Turbine

The steam turbine (ST) for the Project is supplied by Skoda of Czech Republic, one of the world’s oldest manufacturers of steam turbines. It is of proven single casing design with two-pressure sections HP and LP, directly coupled to a 50 Hz generator.

The steam turbine is sized to pass the entire quantity of steam generated by HRSGs over the full range of ambient temperatures specified. A schematic diagram of the steam turbine is shown in Figure 1-11.

Figure 1-11 A Schematic Diagram of the Steam Turbine

Feedwater System

Feedwater system is designed to provide sufficient and reliable feedwater supply to the HRSGs. It includes necessary feedwater heaters, deaerators, feedwater pumps, control valves and auxiliaries. There are two feedwater pumps which should be sufficient to provide 100% plant output with one pump out of service.

Steam Turbine Condensers

As mentioned above, to condense steam exhausted by the steam turbine, the Project will incorporate air-cooled condensers (ACC) as shown in Figure 1-12. The ACC system (as opposed to wet cooling tower) was chosen because of the location of the Project in the arid climate of Jordan and in order to minimize the impact of the Project on the water resources of the area. The ACC are designed to support efficient and reliable operation of the Project at all ambient conditions and Project loads. Figure 1-13 shows the water circulation throughout the Project.

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Figure 1-12 Schematic Diagram of the Air Cooling Condenser

Figure 1-13 Water Circulation through Plant

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Water Treatment Plant

A water treatment plant using drinking quality raw water supplied by Water Authority of Jordan (WAJ) as source water is provided to meet the Project’s demand for the steam cycle make-up, potable water and all other water requirements of the Project. The water treatment system will include the following units:

• Raw water storage tank; • Condensate / Demineralization water storage tanks; • Chemicals (HCl and NaOH) storage areas; • Filtration unit; • Reverse Osmosis (RO) plant; • EDI System; and • Automatic effluent neutralizing system.

Natural Gas System The Project incorporates natural gas treatment system to deliver natural gas with characteristics meeting the specifications of Siemens. The natural gas supply system includes backup metering equipment and all necessary compressors, pressure reduction stations, gas heaters, gas filter- separators, isolation and control valves, safety valves, and other equipment required for reliable supply of natural gas.

Backup Fuel System

Distillate fuel oil (DFO) will be used as a backup fuel for the Project. As per the requirements of the Project Agreements, there will be two on-site aboveground storage tanks to store approximately 27,000 m3 DFO which is sufficient for 14 days of operation at full load. DFO will be delivered to the Project by road tankers.

1.2.4 Process

The Combined Cycle Power Plant (CCPP) generates electricity in two separate cycles:

Initial Cycle- natural gas and compressed air are burned in a combustion chamber. The energy released during combustion is expanded in the gas turbine, which in turn drives a generator to generate electricity. This cycle generates about 63% of the total electricity output of the Project.

Exhaust gases from the initial cycle, are routed through heat recovery steam generators. The recovered heat is used in the second cycle to convert water into steam.

Second Cycle- steam generated from in the heat recovery steam generators is expanded in a single steam turbine unit connected to an electric generator. This cycle will generate about 37%

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of the total electricity of the Project. The process is depicted in Figure 1-14. Proposed Project plant lay-out is shown in Figure 1-15.

Figure 1-14 Process Layout

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Figure 1-15 Plant Layout

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1.2.5 Fuel Supplies

The combustion turbines will have dual fuel capability using natural gas as primary fuel and DFO as backup fuel. Initially the intention of NEPCO was to supply natural gas to the Project by tapping into the existing gas pipeline passing adjacent to the Project site (see Figure 1-9). Upon further consideration an alternative to the tapping into the existing pipeline is construction a new pipeline from the Al Sultani gas station at a distance of 22 km from the Project site. In the event the second option is chosen, Al-Fajr Gas Company will be constructing on behalf of NEPCO this new gas pipeline; it will run parallel to the existing pipeline using the same right-of-way with a clearance of 3-6 m from the existing pipeline. The environmental and social impact assessment for the new pipeline is currently underway and will be Appendix 5 to this report.

Natural gas metering system will be installed in the pipeline at site boundary fence. Natural gas consumption of the Project is estimated not to exceed 450,000 ton/yr.

Figure 1-16 Gas Pipeline Inspection Point at South West Corner of the Site

Figure 1-17 Main Gas Pipeline Route Adjacent to the Site

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1.2.6 Water Supplies and Requirements

The Water Authority of Jordan (WAJ) will supply up to 250 m3/day (equivalent to 91,250 m3/year) of potable water for all the Project’s needs through a pipeline connecting the existing public water supply system to the Project’s water systems located within the site boundary. The existing water pipeline passes in close proximity of the site on government land and therefore no land acquisition will be needed for this purpose. The main source of water in the WAJ pipeline is groundwater from Wadi Mujib basin which is located in central Jordan, far from any international borders and therefore will have no adverse impact on water supply of any of the bordering countries. Chapter 5 will address in more detail the water supply issue.

Water supplied by WAJ will be the source of raw water used for make-up of the Project’s steam cycle. WAJ will construct the pipeline at Project Company’s cost and will own, operate, and maintain the water supply pipeline and upstream water supply facilities. The daily water usage at the Project will be addressed in Chapter 5.

1.2.7 Environmental Requirements

The Project shall comply with the environmental requirements of the Government of Jordan and The World Bank, whichever is more stringent. These requirements include:

• Exhaust Gas Emissions and Air Quality; • Effluent Discharges; and • Noise Emissions.

1.2.8 Construction Period and Staffing

The construction period will be 27 months. The workforce at the peak of construction will be 600- 700 workers. During the operation phase there will be approximately 75 permanent operational staff at the Project. There will be no housing colony at the site and permanent operational staff will be housed in greater Amman area.

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CHAPTER 2: ENVIRONMENTAL-LEGAL FRAMEWORK

In order to undertake the environmental-legal requirements assessment, the environmental-legal framework within which the project will be undertaken must be considered. Locally, such framework is built on the description of each law starting with the Law of Environmental Protection No. 52, Year 2006. Such description will include related main articles as listed in the law, followed by any specific by-laws (regulations), instructions and standards describing such articles. Also, other related laws will be described in the same manner.

In addition, the legal framework will include requirements of The World Bank. The following is description of such laws.

1. The Law of Environmental Protection No. 52, Year 2006:

Instructions - “Prevention and Protection from Noise”, Year 2003

These instructions list prohibited noisy actions such as those listed in Article 5 of the document. It states construction operations including heavy machinery to limited operation time between the 8 am and 6 pm, except for cases approved by the Minister. Article 6 sets out the allowed limits of maximum noise levels. It sets a maximum of 75 dB(A) during the day and 65 dB(A) during the night in industrial areas. It should be noted that such limits apply to the outside perimeter of working area. Inside the perimeter, the regulations of the Ministry of Labor are applicable.

Regulation of “Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)” No.37, Year 2005

These regulations set the criteria for an EIA or for a preliminary environmental review (PER), depending on the type and size of a project. Appendices 1-2 list the criteria for a project that will require a full EIA. Appendices 3-4 list the criteria for a project that will require a PER. Appendix 5 lists the elements that should be included in an EIA report. On the other hand Articles 8 to 12 provide the steps that will be followed in preparing an EIA.

Pollution Control

Any industrial activity that has an adverse impact on the environment will have to provide sufficient control equipment or procedures to alleviate such impacts.

Environmental Regulations

The following lists all regulations that follow the environmental law and that must be abided by according to circumstances. Regulations that may affect an industrial activity include:

• Protection of Environment Due to Emergency Cases No.26, Year 2005; in Sub-Article 25- A-2 of the law. In this regulation Articles 9-12, list the responsibilities of any industrial establishment in case of an emergency.

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• Protection of Air, No.28,Year 2005 listed in Sub-Article 25-A-4 of the law. In this regulation, Articles 3, 4, 6, and 9-14, list the responsibilities and requirements of any establishment to protect air environment.

• Management, Transportation, and Handling of Hazardous Materials, No.24,Year 2005 in Sub- Article 25-A-7. In this regulation Articles 6, 7, 8, and 10 list the prohibitions, permissions, and requirements of managing and handling hazardous materials during operations and transportation.

• Instructions of "Management of Waste Oils". The proponent should comply particularly with Articles 4, 5, and 6 which are related to the general conditions of circulating usage, discharging waste oils, and how to gather, store, and transport oils.

• Management of Solid Waste, No. 27, Year 2005, listed in Sub-Article 25-A-8, lists in Article 5, the requirement for any establishment producing solid waste to provide sufficient personnel and equipment to properly collect, manage, and dispose solid waste.

• Environmental Impact Assessment, listed in Sub-Article 25-A-9. (Mentioned above). • Protection of Soil, No.25, Year 2005, listed in Sub-Article 25-A-10, lists in Article 6, the requirement of any industrial establishment to provide sufficient protection to soil due to any industrial dust or any industrial residues that will need treatment. 2. The Law of Public Health, no 47 Year 2008

Reporting of contagious diseases

This article stipulates the responsibility of the person in charge of any establishment to report any case of contagious diseases to the Ministry and cooperate fully to control such problem.

Reporting any pollution to drinking water resources

This article stipulates the responsibility of any person in charge of any water tank, plant, or filling establishment to report to the Ministry or the Water Authority any case off water pollution.

Reporting of chemicals used

This article stipulates the responsibility of any establishment to report its use of any chemicals including its types, characteristics, and quantities.

Responsibility of clean up due to chemical accidents

This article stipulates the responsibility of anybody causing harm to public health through misuse of any chemicals.

Hygiene Mishaps

It indicates numerous activities which are considered types of hygiene mishap. Stated below some activities relevant to the proposed project:

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• Each hazardous or dirty pit or dumping site; • Each and every material, operation, odor, noise, dust or waste which is classified as hazardous;

• Any craft or profession implemented in such a way that could harm the health of the workers and public; and

• Dumping of trash, solid and liquid wastes in public yards and grounds. Paragraph (b) of Article (49) indicates that dumping of sewage waste in a place other than specified places (sewage pit), as identified by the official authorities is also considered a hygiene mishap.

Disposal and Treatment of Wastewater

This article stipulates of any establishment to dispose properly and treat if deemed necessary according to the instructions of the Ministry.

3. The Law of Antiquities, No. 32, Year 2004

Antiquities ownership

These articles stipulate that the ownership of any antiquities to be vested in the Government of Jordan. Any use or ownership without the proper permission of the government shall be considered a violation of the law.

Listed Antiquities locations

This article stipulates the authority of the Minister to list the antiquities locations that are under the control of the Ministry, and that any use of such locations without permission of the Minister is a violation of the law.

Prohibition of any heavy industry

This article stipulates prohibition of establishment of any heavy industry within a distance of 1 km from any designated antiquity locations.

4. The Law of Natural Resources Management, No. 12, Year 1968

The protection of water resources

These articles prohibit any disposal of any polluting material into any water resources without proper permission. Such permission is produced after consultation with the Ministry of Health. In addition, it stipulates that it is permitted to own or use any part of any water resources by any owner of mining license.

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5. The Law of Water Authority, No.18, 1988

Government Land Ownership

This article stipulates the ownership of a 1 km on each side of any water lines or irrigation channels. Any use of such land is considered a violation of the law.

All Water Resources Ownership

This article stipulates the government ownership of any water resources in Jordan. Any use of such resources without proper permission shall be acknowledged as a violation of the law.

Regulation “Ground Water Monitoring” No.52 Year 2002

This regulation stipulates in Article 3, the ownership of ground water resources to the government. Any use of such resources without the proper permission shall be acknowledged as a violation of such regulation. In Articles 15 and 16, required actions in case of accidental resources discovery or pollution of any ground water resource, are listed.

6. The Law of Civil Defense, No.90, Year 2003

Fire fighting stations

This article stipulates the responsibility of any industrial establishment to install there own fire fighting stations.

Hazard prevention and self protection instructions

Such article stipulates the responsibility of any establishment to implement, any Civil Defense, instructions regarding hazard Prevention and self-protection within its own establishment

7. The Law of Labor, No.51, Year 2002.

Instructions of “Workers and working environment protection due to occupational hazards, Year 1998”

These instructions set the responsibility of any establishment to provide proper:

• Personal worker protection equipment as required in Articles 2-10, 18, and 19 of such instructions.

• Proper worker facilities as required in Articles 11-13, 20 of such instructions. This article stipulates the responsibility of any establishment to provide all proper measures for the prevention and protection from fires, explosions, or storage of hazardous materials according to the instructions of proper authority.

• Requirements of fire prevention as listed by Article 14 of such instructions.

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• Weight lifting procedures and equipment as listed by Article 14 • Requirements of worker protection due to noise as listed in Article 16. • Protection of workers due to radiation as listed in Article 21-24. • Proper training of workers. Responsibility for prevention and protection from fire or explosions, or proper storage of hazardous materials.

Prohibition of alcohols or drugs; or any person using such materials onsite.

Regulation of “Prevention and safety from industrial machines and equipment, No. 43, year 1998."

This regulation stipulates the technical responsibilities and requirements for the prevention and protection of industrial hazards, listed in Articles 2-8.

8. Law of Traffic, No.49, Year 2008

Dimensions, Total Weights and Vehicles' Engine Horse Power Regulation

Based on this regulation and as preventive precaution for the vehicles which will transport the material to and from the site of the project, it is important to comply with the Article 2 of this regulation related to vehicle dimension and allowable limit for load protrusion from the vehicle. In addition, there should be compliance with the Article (4) of this regulation which defines the vehicle's total weight in order to preserve the integrity of the roads. In worst cases, the load should not exceed what is stated in Article (7) of this regulation. It is necessary to get permission from the Housing and Public Works Minister if loads are exceeding these limits.

Transportation of hazardous materials

These articles stipulate transportation of hazardous or explosive materials within residential areas without proper permission is a violation of law.

Causing hazards on public highway

This article stipulates that causing hazards on public highway by using over-sized vehicles or leaking any oils or hazardous materials is violation of law.

Disposal of waste on roadways

This article stipulates that disposal of loadings as oils, soils, wastes, wastewater, or construction debris on roadways is considered as a violation of law.

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9. The Law of Specifications and Meteorology, No. 22, Year 2000

Standards:

1. Air Emissions from Stationary Sources, JS.1189/ 2006

2. Ambient Air Quality, JS.1140/ 2005

3. Treated Wastewater Reuse, JS.893/ 2002

4. Industrial Wastewater, JS 202/2004

10. The Temporary Law of Electricity, No. 64, Year 2002

In Articles 43 c and 45, this law stipulates the responsibilities of each of NEPCO as well as private investor or operator of electric power plants in Jordan.

11. Stockholm Treaty, Persistent Organic Pollutants (Pops).

This treaty, to which Jordan is a signatory, controls and prohibits the use or trade of persistent organic chemicals which may have long time health hazards. Based on such treaty, all transformers must be free of PCB oils.

12. Applicable/potentially applicable World Bank and IFC standards and guidance

Performance Standards

International Finance Corporation’s (IFC) Guidance Notes: Performance Standards on Social & Environmental Sustainability April 2006 including the following guidance notes:

Guidance notes

1. Social and Environmental Assessment and Management Systems

2. Labor and Working Conditions

3. Pollution Prevention and Abatement

4. Community Health, Safety and Security

5. Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement

6. Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Natural Resource Management

7. Indigenous Peoples

8. Cultural Heritage

2-6 March 2009 Al Qatrana Power Project ESIA

Sector guidelines

• World Bank Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook: General Environmental Guidelines July 1998

• World Bank Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook: New Thermal Power Plants July 1998

• IFC Guidelines: Hazardous Materials Management December 2001 • IFC General Health and Safety Guidelines July 1998.

2-7 March 2009 Al Qatrana Power Project ESIA

CHAPTER 3: SCOPING

3.1 Introduction

The Scoping stage is the first step of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) process and it marks the start of the ESIA study. During this stage stakeholders have the opportunity to participate in the ESIA process and to be introduced to the project at an early stage. One of the main objectives of the scoping stage is to get the public and the regulatory authorities involved in the course of the ESIA and to denote their concerns and comments about the proposed project in a formal manner.

3.2 Objectives

The following are the main objectives of the scoping stage:

• Identifying the key environmental issues to be included in the assessment. • Identifying the legal requirements and framework for the project through its life. • Identifying the relevant component studies to establish the relevant baseline for the area of the Project.

• Finalizing the proposed terms of references (TORs). 3.3 Methodology

The following procedure and methodology were used to fulfill the above-mentioned objectives:

• The Ministry of Environment (MoE) made a decision to conduct a scoping session for the proposed Project in accordance with MoE’s EIA regulation.

• A list of potential and relevant stakeholders was prepared and invited by the MoE. It is mainly the responsibility of the Ministry of Environment to specify who will be invited.

• An invitation letter was issued by the MoE which included the date (October 21st, 2008) and place (Holiday Inn Amman) for the scoping session.

• The scoping session was held in due time and place. As per requirements of The World Bank, the Sponsors have organized a p second public hearing with the attendance of the stakeholders to discuss the results of the final ESIA report.

3.4 Scoping Session

A scoping session was held at the Holiday Inn in Amman on October 21, 2008. A number of stakeholders including organizations from the public and private sectors including non- governmental organizations (NGO) were invited to participate in the scoping section session. The participants of the scoping session are shown in Figure 3-1 – Figure 3-3. A list of the participants is provided in Appendix A. The stakeholders included representatives of governmental

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environmental agencies, environmental and development NGOs, academic institutions, municipalities, environmental police, as well as the residents of the local area.

The following activities were performed during the scoping session:

• A presentation about the project activities, facilities, and processes was given by Engineer Hamed Ajarmeh and Engineer Yanal Abeda. The presentation was supported by Process Flow Diagrams (PFD) highlighting the importance of the project and the need for identifying potential interactions between the project activities and the Valued Environmental Components (VECs). The team leader of ENSR – AECOM (international environmental consultant of the ESIA), Mr. Gurkan Kuntasal made a brief presentation on the worldwide experience of the company and its supervisory role on the preparation of the ESIA.

• The representative of the Sponsors, Dr. Fereydoon Abtahi from Xenel Industries Ltd. (Figure 3-4), provided a brief presentation of the project and sponsors, stating full environmental commitment to the local society and compliance to all local laws and regulations as well as the World Bank environmental guidelines.

• The participants were asked to review the legal requirements in the proposed TORs, which were shown in a slide and comment and provide legal requirement additions or modifications.

• The participants were provided with a special form to write down their concerns in the form of questions or comments about the Project and were given sufficient time for discussion of their concerns: Public Health; Water Resources; Socio-Economics; Occupational Health and Safety; Ecology (Biodiversity); Associated infrastructure; and Cultural Heritage (Archeology).

All forms were collected from participants by the MoE Representative and a copy of the forms was provided to the ESIA consultant to prepare the scoping report and to carry out the ESIA.

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Figure 3-1 Scoping Session

Figure 3-2 Scoping Session

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Figure 3-3 Representatives of the Ministry of Environment

Figure 3-4 Representative of Project Sponsors

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3.5 Key Environmental Issues

All issues introduced at the scoping session by the environmental consultant are summarized in the following tables as functions of valued environmental components and Project phases. All these issues were raised and addressed in the scoping session.

Public Health

Construction Operation Decommissioning Issues Phase Phase Phase Dust and gaseous √ √

emissions Solid waste √ √ √

Noise √ √ √ Hazardous waste √ √

Accidents risks √ √ √ Wastewater √ √ √ (Domestic & Industrial)

Water Resources

Issues Construction Operation Decommissioning Phase Phase Phase Wastewater (industrial & √ √ √ domestic) disposal and its impact on ground water resources Solid waste and its √ √ √ impact on ground water resources Water quality and √ √ demand Floods Impact √ √ Site drainage √ √

Ecology Issues Construction Operation Decommissioning Phase Phase Phase Impact on flora √ √ √ Impact on fauna/birds √ √ √ Impact on habitat √ √ √

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Socio-Economics Conditions

Construction Operation Decommissioning Issues Occupational Health and Safety Phase Phase Phase Employment and benefits √ √

Land value √ √ √ Business prosperity √ √

Stress on infrastructure √ √ Local community support √ √ New business √ √ √

Training √ Visual impact √ √ √

Public opinion (opposition) √ √ √ Land Acquisition √

Employee housing √ √

Occupational Health and Safety

Construction Operation Decommissioning Issues Phase Phase Phase

Medical care √ √ Dust √ √ √

Noise √ √ √ Accidents √ √ √ Gaseous emissions √ √

Availability of emergency √ √ plan Wastewater and solid √ √ √ wastes

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Cultural Heritage (Archeology)

Issues Construction Phase Impact on seen remaining (Surface archeology) √ Impact on non-seen remaining (Sub-surface archeology) √

Associated Infrastructure

Issues Construction Operation Decommissioning Phase Phase Phase Gas pipeline √ √ √

Water pipeline √ √ √ Roads √ √ √ Electric transmission √ √ √

3.6 Legal Requirement and Framework

The following legal requirements were introduced and discussed with the attendees during the scoping session. The participants were also asked to add any laws, regulations, or standards if deemed necessary.

1. The Law of Environmental Protection no. 52, Year 2006:

• Instructions “Prevention and Protection from Noise”, Year 2003. • Regulation of “Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)” No. 37, Year 2005. • Protection of Environment Due to Emergency Cases No.26, Year 2005; in Sub-Article 25- A-2 of the law.

• Protection of Air, No. 28, Year 2005. • Management, Transportation, and Handling of Hazardous Materials, No. 24, Year 2005.

• Instructions of "Management of Waste Oils". • Management of Solid Waste, No. 27, Year 2005. • Protection of Soil, no. 25, Year 2005.

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2. The Law of Public Health, No 47 Year 2008.

3. The Law of Antiquities, No. 32, Year 2004.

4. The Law of Water Authority, No.18, 1988.

5. The Law of Civil Defense, No.90, Year 2003.

6. The Law of Labor, No.51, Year 2002.

7. The Law of Traffic, No.49, Year 2008.

8. Dimensions, Total weights and Vehicles' Engine Horse Power Regulation.

9. The Law of Specifications and Meteorology, No 22, Year 2000:

• Air Emissions from Stationary Sources, JS.1189/ 2006 • Ambient Air Quality, JS.1140/ 2005 • Treated Wastewater Reuse, JS.893/ 2002 • Industrial Wastewater, JS 202/2004 10. Any applicable/potentially applicable World Bank and IFC standards and guidance Performance Standards

3.7 Baseline Component Studies

The following component studies were introduced to be carried out to establish the baseline for the project site:

• Water Resources;

• Socio-Economics;

• Air Quality;

• Noise; • Traffic Study;

• Ecology; • Archeology.

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3.8 Public Concerns

The following list includes all public concerns and queries raised by the attendees at the scoping session. All these concerns were discussed by the environmental consultant and were incorporated within the final TOR in Chapter 4 of this report.

Table 3-1 Public Concerns

Concerns and Questions Person Agency or Organization The assurance of continuous supply Dr. Hussein Majali Mu’tah University / of natural gas as the main fuel. Some Dr. Abdullah Odeinat Karak attendees were concerned about the

use of distillate oil for extended

periods of time and its potential impact on air quality in the area, if natural gas Eng. Abdullah Horani Jordan Engineers Union supply ceases in the future. In other

words they needed assurance of clean energy. Jordan Eng. Jameel Ja’afrah Environment Society/ Karak Branch The importance of training local Faisal Hamed Al Qatrana residents to be able to be part of the Municipality workforce during all stages of the

Project. Tawfeeq Eid Sulieman Al-Hassa Environment and Mowafaq Eid Sulieman Decertification Combat Society Dr Abed Al-Zaheri Jordan Engineers Union Employee housing should be proper Reem Al-Ruweis Ministry of Health/ and healthy. Environmental Health Directorate

Jordan Engineers

Union The potential impact of Dr Abed Al-Zaheri electromagnetic fields should be

included within the study. Since that the construction period will Eng. Arwa Adaileh Environment continue for about 22 months, proper Eng. Mohammed Directorate/ Karak practices and control methods should Jawazneh be applied.

The need for proper methods of Al-Hassa wastewater and hazardous waste Environment and

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Concerns and Questions Person Agency or Organization Management. Tawfeeq Eid Sulieman Decertification Mowafaq Eid Sulieman Combat Society Questions were raised about the Eng. Jameel Ja’afrah Jordan agency which selected the site and Environment which approved it. Society/ Karak

Branch

Possibility of changing the site to other

areas and its cost including gas Ministry of supply. Eng. Lama Majali Municipalities

Mu’tah University / Dr. Hussam Hamaideh Karak Dr. Hussein Majali

Rasha Haymour The Royal Society for Conservation of Nature The effect of this Project on ground Dr. Hussein Majali Mu’tah University / water resources. Dr. Hussam Hamaideh Karak Dr. Abdullah Odeinat

Dr Abed Al-Zaheri Jordan Engineers Union

Rasha Haymour The Royal Society

for Conservation of Nature

The effect of the Project on the closest Faisal Hamed Al-Qatraneh residential areas of the Town of Al Municipality Qatrana including air pollution, dust,

and noise Rasmi Issa Al-Qaisi Karak Governorate

Rare species if any on location must Rasha Haymour The Royal Society be taken into consideration for Conservation of Nature

Jordan Engineers Dr Abed Al-Zaheri Union

Visual Impact Eng. Lama Majali Ministry of Municipalities

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Concerns and Questions Person Agency or Organization

Dr Abed Al-Zaheri Jordan Engineers Union

Dr. Abdullah Odeinat Mu’tah University / Karak Dr. Hussein Majali Fire Protection and Emergency Dr Abed Al-Zaheri Jordan Engineers planning Union Persistent Organic pollutants (e.g. Dr. Hussam Hamaideh Mu’tah University / PCBs) Karak Effect of the Project on nearby Rasmi Issa Al-Qaisi Karak Governorate chicken farm

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CHAPTER 4: TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR)

Based on the description of the project as described in Chapter 1 as well as the results of the scoping session that was conducted, the suggested Terms of Reference (TOR) for the EIA study of this project are as follows:

4.1 Project Phases

The phases of this project, which will be covered in this study, include

• Construction phase; • Operation phase; and • Decommissioning phase. 4.2 Issues

The study should cover the following issues:

Public Health

Construction Operation Decommissioning Issues Phase Phase Phase Dust and gaseous √ √

emissions High voltage areas √ Solid waste √ √ √

Noise √ √ √ Hazardous waste √ √ √ Accidents risks √ √ √

Wastewater (Domestic & √ √ √ Industrial) Electromagnetic fields √

Chemicals Handling √ √ Disaster Management √ √

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Water Resources

Issues Construction Operation Decommissioning Phase Phase Phase Wastewater (industrial & √ √ √ domestic) disposal and its impact on ground water resources Solid Waste and its √ √ √ impact on ground water resources Water quality and √ √ demand Floods Impact √ √ Site drainage √ √

Ecology

Issues Construction Operation Decommissioning Phase Phase Phase Impact on flora √ √ √ Impact on fauna/birds √ √ √ Impact on habitat √ √ √ Rare species √ √ √

Socio-Economics Conditions

Construction Operation Decommissioning Issues Phase Phase Phase Employment and benefits √ √ Land value √ √ √ Business prosperity √ √ Stress on infrastructure √ √ Local community support √ New business √ √ √ Training √ Visual impact √ √ √ Public opinion (opposition) √ √ √ Employee housing √ √ Employee transportation √ √

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Construction Operation Decommissioning Issues Phase Phase Phase Land Acquisition √

Occupational Health and Safety

Construction Operation Decommissioning Issues Phase Phase Phase

Medical care √ √ Dust √ √ √

Noise √ √ √ Accidents √ √ √

Gaseous emissions √ √ Availability of emergency √ √ plan

Wastewater and solid √ √ √ wastes Fire Hazards √

Employee housing √ √

Chemicals handling √ √ Distillate Oil Transport & √ Storage

Cultural Heritage (Archeology)

Issues Construction Phase

Impact on visible remaining (Surface √ archeology) Impact on hidden remaining (Sub-surface √ archeology)

Associated Infrastructure

Issues Construction Operation Decommissioning Phase Phase Phase Gas pipeline √ √ √ Water pipeline √ √ √ Roads √ √ √ Electric √ √ √

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4.3 Legal Requirement and Framework

The following legal requirements are to be studied and included in the ESIA.

The law of Environmental Protection no. 52, Year 2006:

• Instructions-” Prevention and Protection from Noise”, year 2003 • Regulation of “Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)” No. 37, Year 2005. • Protection of Environment Due to Emergency Cases No. 26, Year 2005; in Sub-Article 25- A-2 of the law.

• Protection of Air, No. 28, Year 2005. • Management, Transportation, and Handling of Hazardous Materials, No. 24, Year 2005. • Instructions of "Management of Waste Oils". • Management of Solid Waste, No. 27, Year 2005. • Protection of Soil, No. 25, Year 2005. The Law of Public Health, No. 47 Year 2008

The Law of Antiquities, No. 32, Year 2004

The Law of Water Authority, No. 18, 1988

The Law of Civil Defense, No. 90, Year 2003

The Law of Labor, No. 51, Year 2002

The Law of Traffic, No. 49, Year 2008

The Dimensions, Total weights and Vehicles' Engine Horse Power Regulation

The Law of Specifications and Metrology, No. 22, Year 2000

• Air Emissions from Stationary Sources, JS.1189/ 2006 • Ambient Air Quality, JS.1140/ 2005

• Treated Wastewater Reuse, JS.893/ 2002 • Industrial Wastewater, JS 202/2004 The Law of Natural Resources Management, no. 12, Year 1968

The Temporary law of Electricity, no. 64, Year 2002

Stockholm Treaty, Persistent Organic Pollutants (Pops).

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Applicable/potentially applicable World Bank and IFC Standards and Guidance Performance Standards

• International Finance Corporation’s Guidance Notes: Performance Standards on Social & Environmental Sustainability April 2006 including the following guidance notes: Guidance notes

• Guidance Note 1: Social and Environmental Assessment and Management Systems • Guidance Note 2: Labor and Working Conditions • Guidance Note 3: Pollution Prevention and Abatement • Guidance Note 4: Community Health, Safety and Security • Guidance Note 5: Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement • Guidance Note 6: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Natural Resource Management

• Guidance Note 7: Indigenous Peoples • Guidance Note 8: Cultural Heritage Sector guidelines

• World Bank Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook: General Environmental Guidelines July 1998

• World Bank Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook: New Thermal Power Plants July 1998

• IFC Guidelines: Hazardous Materials Management December 2001 • IFC General Health and Safety Guidelines July 1998 4.4 Baseline Component Studies

The following baseline component studies shall be conducted to describe and specify the pre- project status of the location and surrounding area.

Water Resources

Such study will include the review of all documented records and data on the area. In addition, field visits of the area and actual tests, if necessary, will be conducted to support existing data to describe the actual baseline status.

Such records should include, but not limited to, geology, topography, water resources including surface and groundwater resources such as wells and springs, as related to weather and climate conditions. The DRASTIC mathematical model will be used to assess any possibility of ground water pollution due to this project. This Model will basically measure the transmissivity of water and contained pollution into soil and the possibility of reaching ground water.

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Furthermore the final ESIA report will discuss the main sources of water.

Socio-Economics

This study will include a field study of the surrounding area to acknowledge the existing socio- economic conditions of the local residents. Such conditions should include industry, agriculture, and trade. Such data should be compared to records published by the concerned ministries and information centers such as the Department of Statistics; as related to the issues raised in the scoping session. The results of such study will be filled into an evaluation matrix to specify its significance.

Air quality

Air quality monitoring will consist of monitoring the criteria pollutants relevant to the project; namely: sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2, and NOX), particulates indicated by the inhalable particulate matter with diameter less than 10 microns (PM10), and CO, in addition to meteorology (wind speed, wind direction, and temperature). Such study will depend mainly on an Air Quality Assessment of Existing Ambient Conditions that was conducted by the Royal Scientific Society (RSS) on behalf of MEMR. The study covered all above mentioned parameters and covered the period between August 2007 and August 2008. Such study will be considered as the baseline data that will be used in the ESIA study.

The baseline data will be also used as an input to an air quality dispersion model, namely "AERMOD" approved by the USEPA and recommended by The World Bank, to estimate the potential impacts of the project emissions on ambient air quality. Such modeling study will take both types of fuel, natural gas and distillate oil, into consideration during operations. The output of the baseline as well as the dispersion model will be compared to local Jordanian standards as well as the World Bank guideline limits. Based on the results of the air dispersion modeling, proper mitigation measures will be provided in the EIA report.

Noise

The study will include a continuous measurement of existing noise levels for a period of 3 days. Such measurement will cover 9 hours during the day and 9 hours during the night as well as weekdays and weekend day. The locations of measurement include five stations covering the four borders as well as the center of the site. These measurements will be conducted to cover two opposite borders at the same time using two noise monitors.

The results will be used in a mathematical model to estimate noise levels at various distances from the project area. The results of this analysis will help in the determination of the safe distance and the necessity of mitigation measures.

Traffic Study

This study shall cover all possible roads and routes leading in and out of the Project site. The suitability of such roads for the use of transporting raw materials and products of the Project shall

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be evaluated. It will basically analyze the suitability of existing roads and their basic design in the area to handle any traffic needed by the Project.

Soil Contamination

The site will be inspected visually and surface samples of soil will be taken as deemed necessary. Soil samples will be sent for chemical analysis to the laboratories of the Royal Scientific Society and other accredited European laboratories. The results of such analysis will be analyzed further to ensure protection of ground water resources.

Ecology

The study will assess the direct and indirect impacts of the Project on various aspects of Terrestrial Biological Environment in the project area along the project life. The following parts of the biological environment will be the study targets:

1. Bio-geographical zones that the project area encompasses.

2. Flora of the Project area: This includes vegetation coverage, vegetation communities, and rare and endangered plant species.

3. Fauna of the Project area: Among this large taxonomic group, there will be certain smaller groups to study. These groups are considered easy to assess bio-indicators for the status of the fauna because of their higher trophic levels. These groups are large mammals, conservation important small mammals, birds especially the conservation important resident species and conservation important reptiles.

4. Sensitive Habitats: These are the areas of biological importance which includes; Protected Areas, National Parks, Range Land Reserves, and Important Bird Areas.

Archeology

A review of the available databases and literature will be conducted. An archaeologist will inspect the project area and a field reconnaissance survey will be conducted on foot for the parts where no previous information is available. A mitigation plan will be proposed to avoid and/ or reduce negative impacts of the Project on the cultural resources. Also the chance find procedures followed in Jordan will be described within such study of "Heritage and Cultural Resources" within the main EIA report.

4.5 Environmental Report

An environmental report will be produced based on this TOR. It will summarize the findings of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) undertaken for the proposed Project. The structure of the report is as follows: Section 1 - Executive Summary Section 2 – Introduction (Project and Site Description)

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Section 3 - Scoping Session Section 4 – Terms of Reference Section 5 – Water Quality Section 6 – Geology, Soils and Wastes Noise Section 7 – Noise Section 8 – Visual Impact Section 9 – Air Quality Section 10 – Socio-economics Section 11 – Ecology Section 12 – Cultural Heritage Section 13 – Health and Safety Section 14 – Traffic and Infrastructure Section 15 – Associated infrastructure and cumulative impact Section 16 – Project Alternatives

For each impact considered, the existing environment will be described, the potential impacts of the construction, operation, and decommissioning phases will be discussed and mitigation measures and monitoring programs will be proposed where appropriate.

4.6 Reporting

Copies of the ESIA main report will be provided for the purpose of review by the Ministry of Environment and The World Bank.

4.7 The Study Team

International Team AECOM Environment is a global firm dedicated to serving industrial, commercial and government sectors with comprehensive environmental health and safety services. AECOM Environment has more than 4,200 employees in 20 countries and 130 offices around the globe (www.ensr.aecom.com). Technical personnel from AECOM Environment’s Turkish Operations participated in this study.

Senior Reviewer was Mr. Gurkan Kuntasal (BS and MS Chemical Engineering). The air quality modeling was performed by Dr. Oznur Oguz Kuntasal (BS, MS, Ph.D. Environmental Engineering) and Huseyin Akyol (BS Environmental Engineering) The noise modeling was performed by Ahmet Celik (BS Environmental Engineering). Emergency Response Plan was prepared by Elif Tanriover (IDipSM, MIIRSM, IOSH) AECOM Environment European EHS Manager.

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Local team (Al-Rawabi Environmental & Energy Consultants) Team leader and Environmental Health Engineer: Hamed Ajarmeh Water resources specialist: Shorouq Al-Wekhyan Process engineer: Yanal Abeda Socioeconomic specialist: Dr. Samir Habbab Traffic engineer: Tayseer Jua'ed Archaeologist: Mohammed Waheeb. Ecology specialist: Anwar Al-Halah

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CHAPTER 5: WATER RESOURCES

5.1 Existing Environment

The proposed site is located about 25 km East of the City of Karak and 1.5 km Southwest of Town of Al Qatrana, within the Governorate of Karak. The site lies within the Wadi Mujib Basin, considered one of the most important basins in Jordan. Table 5-1 indicates the coordinates of the Project site (Palestine Grid). Figure 5-1 shows the topographic map, while Figure 5-2 shows a satellite image of the Project site and surrounding area.

5.1.1 Climate

Precipitation

Generally, the Wadi Mujib Basin climate is characterized by relatively short rainfall periods during the cool winter season between November and March while the summer season is characterized by an extensive drought. According to the precipitation data, obtained from the U.S. National Climatic Data Center, collected at the Queen Alia International Airport between the years 2000 and 2008, the precipitation shows dramatic decreases in summer season and precipitation occurs mainly in winter season (NCDC, 2009). According to the Queen Alia International Airport meteorological data, no precipitation occurred in June, August and September between the years 2000 and 2008 (Figure 5-3).

Figure 5-4 shows that the total annual precipitation from 2000 to 2008. The region shows a decreasing trend in precipitation since 2002. During the last three years, the yearly precipitation amount was below 100 mm. In 2008, the total annual precipitation was 71 mm.

Near the Project site, rainfall varies considerably in space and time as shown in Figures 5-5 and 5-6. To the West of Karak the average rainfall reaches 300 mm/yr in the highland areas and with decreasing elevations the average amount of rainfall decreasing drastically toward East, reaching around 150 mm/yr at Al Lajjun and around 100 mm at Al Qatrana (the closest town to the Project site).

Temperature

According to the temperature data collected at the Queen Alia International Airport between 2000 and 2008 (NCDC, 2009), the annual average temperature is 16.91°C. As shown in Figure 5-7, the warmest months (with the monthly average temperature above 25°C) are July and August, whereas the coldest months are December, January and February (with the average temperature below 10°C). The maximum temperature through the period (2000-2008) was recorded as 43.72 °C on July 30, 2000 and the minimum temperature was recorded as -7°C on January 15, 2008.

In the Project area, temperatures also vary in the East-West direction. In the Western part of the study area, the average minimum temperature of the coldest month is around 3°C, while the average maximum temperature of the hottest month is between 27-35°C. To the East of Al Lajjun

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the average minimum temperature of the coldest month is 3-7°C, while the maximum temperature of the hottest month is between 34-40°C.

Table 5-1 Project Site Coordinate (Palestine Grid) Point No. East North 1 246991.3 1070873.7 2 247170.6 1070797.5 3 247350.1 1070720.9 4 247118.6 1070138.4 5 246930.5 1070220.9 6 246742.4 1070303.5

Figure 5-1 Topographic Map for the Project Site (WAJ)

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Figure 5-2 Satellite Image for the Project Site

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Total Monthly Precipitation (2000-2008)

350

300

250 2008

2007

2006 200 2005

2004 150 2003 Precipitation (mm) 2002

100 2001

2000

50

0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Figure 5-3 Total Monthly Precipitation Amount (Reference: U.S. National Climatic Data Center)

Total Annual Precipitation (2000-2008)

400

350

300 Dec Nov

250 Oct Sep Aug 200 Jul Jun May Precipitation (mm) Precipitation 150 Apr Mar Feb 100 Jan

50

0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Figure 5-4 Total Annual Precipitation Amount (Reference: U.S. National Climatic Data Center)

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Annual Rainfall 1984/85 to 2003/2004 at Station CE0004

800

700

600

500

400

average: 325 mm Rainfall (mm) 300

200

100

0 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Years

Figure 5-5 Rainfall at Station CE004 Karak (WAJ)

Annual Rainfall 1984/85 to 2003/2004 at the Station CD0011

160

140

120

100 average: 88 mm

80 Rainfall(mm) 60

40

20

0 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Years

Figure 5-6 Rainfall at Station CD001 Qatrana Police Post (WAJ)

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50

40

30

20 Temperature (°C) Temperature

10

0

-10 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Maximum 24.50 29.00 34.39 38.39 39.22 41.78 43.72 41.00 42.28 38.78 31.61 30.22 Average 7.02 8.57 12.21 16.30 20.47 23.62 25.54 25.11 22.81 19.17 13.23 8.87 Minimum -7.00 -3.00 -2.61 -1.00 1.00 6.61 8.50 10.72 7.72 0.61 -2.00 -6.22

Figure 5-7 Temperature Recorded at Queen Alia International Airport (NCDC, 2009)

5.1.2 Geology

The geology of the area is dominated by sedimentary rocks of the upper cretaceous rock type. It consists of two major geological formations: these are the Balqa group underlain by the order Ajloun group. This series consists of limestone, dolomatic limestone, marly limestone, and chalky limestone. Figure 5-8 represents the geological map, while Figure 5-11 represents the hydrological map for the Project site.

The Upper Cretaceous rocks are the most abundant rocks exposed in the Project site. It is sub- divided in two groups:

A) Ajlun Group:

The Ajlun group is related to the Cenomanian – Turonian age and consists of carbonate rocks, limestone, dolomite, marl, shale, chalk, and some sand stone. The group has a maximum thickness of about 500-550 meters. This group is sub-divided into:

1. Naur Limestone Formation (A1/2)

This formation is composed of three main cliffs of nodular limestone and dolomitic limestone separated by two units of marl and marly limestone. It crops out along the rift margins of Wadi Al Karak and Wadi Al Wadi Mujib to the West of Al Wadi Mujib Dam with a total thickness of up to 140 m in the course of Wadi Wadi Mujib.

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Further to the West, the Juhayra member forms the base of the Ajloun group, underlying the Naur Limestone formation. The Juhayra Member is transitional from siliclastic to carbonaceous and consists of thin to medium-bedded calcareous sandstone, siltstone and shales; marls, argillaceous dolomites and limonitic limestone occur locally.

2. Fuheis, Hummar, Shuayb Formations

The Hummar aquifer is considered in the study area. All above mentioned units are not an outcrop in the study area but form the separating aquitard between the A7/B2 aquifer and the Kurnub/Ram group aquifer. The A3/6 consists predominantly of greenish marl, mudstone, thin- bedded nodular limestone and gypsum; it constitutes the main separating aquitard unit in this area. Gypsum beds occur in the upper part of this formation and have a combined thickness of around 3 m in the Wadi Wadi Mujib area.

Figure 5-8 Geological Map of the Project Area (WAJ)

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3. Wadi As Sir Limestone Formation (A7)

The A7 consists of limestone and dolomitic limestone with some thin marl, calcareous siltstone and gypsum beds. A massive gypsum bed of about 2 m in thickness is observed in the lower part of the A7 in the Wadi Wadi Mujib area.

B) Balqa Group:

The Balqa group is related to the Paleocene - Eocene age and consists of Chert, limestone, chalk, marl and marly limestone. This group is subdivided into:

1. Wadi Umm Ghudran Formation (B1)

The formation consists of soft white to yellow chalk, marl, chert and fossiliferrous limestone. The B1 formation is up to 93 m thick in Wadi Mujib and is thinner towards the East and South, reaching only 20 m in the study area.

2. Amman Silicified Limestone Formation (B2)

The Amman Silicified Limestone Formation consists of pale to dark grey and brown chert, intercalated with grey microcrystalline limestone, chalky and coquinal limestone, marl and phosphate.

The Al Hisa Phosphorite Formation comprises phosphorite, phosphatic chert, phosphatic limestone and marl.

The combined total thickness of the B2/A7 is assumed to be on the average around 320 m in the study area. However, this thickness may vary considerably and especially in the graben structures, it is expected that the total thickness is higher than that because down faulting occurs synchronous to the deposition of the A7/B2 Formation In the project area. The Balqa group is represented by the Amman formation (B2), which consists of limestone with chert interbeded with phosphatic layers and marl.

3. Muwaqqar Chalk-Marl Formation (B3 or MCM)

The Muwaqqar Formation is at outcrop in the Al Lajjun Graben and in the area east of Sultani. The formation comprises yellow to pale red marl, chalky marl and chalk. Gypsum is found as thin bedded lamina and as fillings of joints. The marl is frequently highly bituminous and is therefore considered as a possible source for oil generation, whereas the upper section of the (B3) is less bituminous (<5% oil content in the Sultani area), oil content is higher in the lower section (5-15%, with a mean of 9.3%, in the Sultani area). The (B3) is usually divided into two sections, the Upper Member (or overburden) and the Lower Member (or oil shale).

The Ajlun and the Balqa are separated from each other based upon the presence of fossil records, the mineralogical composition of the limestone, and the presence of marl and chert; Table 5-2 shows the stereographical description of these two geological groups.

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5.1.3 Groundwater Aquifer Systems

As mentioned previously, the Project area is located within the Wadi Mujib groundwater Basin. It is one of the main basins in Jordan as shown in Figure 5-9. As seen it lies within the boundaries of Jordan and it is not crossed by any international borders. Such basin is the source of groundwater in the project area through the Water Authority of Jordan (WAJ). It is basically divided into three main groundwater aquifer systems, namely: a. Ram Group:

Rocks of the Ram Group are found at greater depth in the Wadi Mujib Basin. Between 1999 and 2003, 15 deep boreholes were drilled around Al Lajjun and one near Sultani (Qatrana deep well No. 3) to the Ram Group Aquifer. The hydraulic head in the Ram Group aquifer is considerably lower than that of the B2/A7 aquifer.

The upper part of the Ram Group (according to Powell, 1988), the Umm Ishrin Sandstone formation, consists of red-brown, yellow, grey and mauve-red medium to coarse grained sandstone. b. Kurnub Sandstone Group (K)

The lower Cretaceous Kurnub group consists of light gray and varicolored fine to coarse grained sandstone with thin intercalation of siltstone and sandy clay. The total thickness of this group is around 250 m. It is not at outcrop in the study area. However, in the Lajjun deep wells a thickness of between 100 and 200 m has been observed for the Kurnub Formation.

The Kurnub sandstone aquifer is described as a semi confined aquifer under-laying the carbonate aquifers and separated from them by the marls and shales of Naur formation with a thickness of about 100 m. The recharge to this aquifer is limited due to a small outcrop area and to the leakage from the overlying carbonate aquifers. c. Amman Wadi Sir Group

The (B2/A7) aquifer related to the upper cretaceous limestone aquifer is considered the main aquifer in the Wadi Mujib Basin.

The upper aquifer is comprised of two carbonate formations, the Amman (B2), and the older Wadi Sir (A7). The carbonate aquifers are well joined and fissured and on a local exhibit solution channels and karstic features.

The B2/A7 aquifer is a carbonate aquifer which together with the overlying Wadi-Sir fill deposits is known as the Upper Aquifer; it is a phreatic aquifer outcropping extensively in the Project area which consists of limestone, chert-limestone, sandy limestone, and marly limestone.

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Table 5-2 Stereographical Description of Geological Groups

ERA PERIOD EPOCH Series Formation Symbol Lithology Quaternary Holocene Fuviatile RC Soil, sand, gravel Pleistocene Alluvium Lacst &Eolian Basalt Ba Eocene W.Shallah (B5) B5 Limestone, chalk, marl Rijam B4 Chert, limestone, Paleocene Balqa chalk, marl Muwaqar B3 Marly limestone

CENOZOIC Amman Chert, limestone, B2 Paleogene phosphate Meastrichtian W.Ghudran Chalk, marl, marly Campanian B1 limestone Tertiary Santonian Taronian Ajloun Wadi Sir A7 Limestone, dolomite, chert Shuieb A5,6 Limestone, marly Cenomanian limestone Hummar A4 Dolomite, dolomitic limestone Fuheis A3 Marl, marly limestone

Naur A1,2 Limestone, dolomitic

Upper limestone Albian Subeihi K2 Sand and shale, Clay and sandy

MESOZOIC and Limestone Aptian Aarda K1 Sandstone Marl and Neocomian Kurnub shale

Cretaceous Lower Berriasian Tithomian Kimmeridgian Oxfordian Jurassic

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Figure 5-9 Groundwater Basins in Jordan (WAJ)

5.1.4 Project Area Aquifer Systems

Geologically, the site is located within the outcrops of the Amman Wadi Sir Aquifer System (B2/A7) formation which is considered as the main aquifer in the Project area. It attains a combined thickness of around 320 m of which, however, only a portion is saturated. In structural lows the saturated thickness is high, and these areas therefore constitute the most favorable exploitation areas. The B2/A7 aquifer is underlain by the A1/6 sequence, consisting predominantly of marls, marly limestone and limestone. This sequence is regarded as an aquitard. It hydraulically separates the B2/A7 aquifer from the underlying Kurnub/Ram Group aquifer. In this aquifer hydraulic head is much lower than in the B2/A7 aquifer, confirming the hydraulic function of the A1/6 sequence.

The B2/A7 aquifer forms the top most aquifer within the study area. Infiltration of rainfall in the outcrop area considered as the main source of water recharge to Amman-Wadi Sir aquifer.

Parts of the aquifer are highly cavernous in these parts and the movement of groundwater is quite rapid, thus restricting its filtering ability. The exploitation of the B2/A7 aquifer has been increased enormously over the past decade, so that water levels are declining rapidly. In many areas

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annual water level decline rates reach about 2-3 m/yr, where as the general depth to water level exceeds 170 m for this aquifer in this part of the Wadi Mujib Basin.

5.1.5 Groundwater Recharge

As described above, the rainfall in the Wadi Mujib Basin varies between 100 mm/yr to 300 mm/yr. The long term average of groundwater recharge is difficult to quantify. It may principally be derived from the correlation of average annual spring discharge with the size of the catchments area. Another way to estimate groundwater recharge is to correlate the water level rise in groundwater monitoring wells with the water-filled effective porosity. For the observation monitoring well Al Qatrana No. 10 (CD1106), no value of effective porosity is available. However, this well shows a clear response to recharge from rainfall, with water levels rising on average by 0.5 m each year; rainfall at Al Qatrana is around 100 mm/yr. Assuming an effective porosity of 2%, groundwater recharge would be around 10 mm/yr or 10%; Table 5-3 shows the depth to the water level at Al Qatrana observation well (CD 1106).

Groundwater recharge mainly occurs in the outcrop areas of the B2/A7 where rainfall is high. Tectonic movements are believed to have contributed significantly to the relatively high permeability of the strata and indirect recharge along fractures will probably play an important role for groundwater recharge in favorable areas, especially in outcrop areas of the B2/A7 hydrogeological unit along the courses of the valleys.

Table 5-3 Al Qatrana Observation Monitoring Well (Water Level) (WAJ)

Station – Id Reading – Date Water Level (m) CD1106 2/2/05 652.06 CD1106 28/2/05 651.95 CD1106 29/3/05 651.85 CD1106 27/4/05 651.72 CD1106 23/5/05 651.65 CD1106 29/6/05 651.6 CD1106 27/7/05 651.5 CD1106 25/8/05 651.37 CD1106 27/9/05 651.25 CD1106 25/10/05 651.16 CD1106 24/11/05 651.05 CD1106 27/12/05 650.91 CD1106 25/1/06 651.03 CD1106 28/2/06 650.9 CD1106 29/3/06 650.75 CD1106 26/4/06 650.72 CD1106 30/5/06 650.54 CD1106 27/6/06 650.4 CD1106 25/7/06 650.28 CD1106 29/8/06 650.11 CD1106 27/9/06 649.97

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5.1.6 Groundwater Resources in the Project Area

It is the role of Water Authority of Jordan (“WAJ”) to manage the distribution of water according to set schedules through three main stations. These include Khaw station, Lajjun station and Lub- Wallah-Heidan station. One of these stations, Lajjun Station, is located in the Lajjun area in the Karak Governorate and extracts water from the Wadi Mujib Basin. It is basically designed to produce water from the 8 main Lajjun wells to the capital Amman and Karak Governorate.

In 2006 the quantity of the water consumption in Karak Governorate was 11,466,121 cubic meters (about 144 liters per day per person). It must be noted that water supply production for the same year in Karak was 22,512,322 cubic meters from the Lajjun water station and wells which extract water from the Wadi Mujib Basin. The surplus of 11,046,201 cubic meters was pumped and transferred to Amman as shown in Table 5-4.

Table 5-4 Water Balance in Jordan according to Governorate 2006 (WAJ)

According to origin and characteristics, groundwater can be classified as renewable and non- renewable groundwater. At the Wadi Mujib Basin, groundwater resources are considered as renewable groundwater. Around the Project area (within a 4 km circle diameter) thirteen (13) wells have been drilled. Table 5-5 shows the drilled wells closest to the Project area as indicated by WAJ, while Figure 5-10 shows the locations of these wells. All these wells, including CD1104, are located outside the proposed Project site.

The depths of these wells range from 111 m to 340 m from land surface. All these wells penetrate Amman Wadi Sir Aquifer Systems (B2/A7). The static water depths for these wells range between 95 m to 138.8 m and the yields of these wells ranges between 3-82 m3/hr.

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Table 5-5 Drilled Wells, Closest to the Project Site (WAJ)

Well Static Station Yield Basin Altitude North East Depth Aquifer Water Id (m3/hr) (m) Level (m) CD1001 W. Wadi Mujib 783 1073770 249590 219 B2/A7) 82 98.12 CD1003 W. Wadi Mujib 781 1072810 249370 203 B2/A7) 55 95 CD1011 W. Wadi Mujib 784 1072320 248160 266 B2/A7) 63 98 CD1025 W. Wadi Mujib 772 1073719 248608 255 B2/A7) 57 95.3 CD1026 W. Wadi Mujib 805 1072400 249340 140 B2/A7) 15 95 CD1103 W. Wadi Mujib 771 1072582 249435 131 B2/A7) 3 99.1 CD1104 W. Wadi Mujib 785 1070760 247260 314 B2/A7) 62 98 CD1105 W. Wadi Mujib 774 1074453 249294 * B2/A7) * * CD1214 W. Wadi Mujib 770 1072650 248930 111 B2/A7) * * CD1373 W. Wadi Mujib 775 1071800 247280 315 B2/A7) 62 98 CD3297 W. Wadi Mujib 805 1068300 247500 340 B2/A7) 10 138.8 CD3300 W. Wadi Mujib 805 1068400 247800 186 B2/A7) 60 126.64 CD3473 W. Wadi Mujib 800 1073264 248455 268 B2/A7) * * (*): Data was not reported.

The quality of water in these wells is represented in Table 5-6. It shows the results of groundwater monitoring during the period of 1996-2006 from the well CD1373 as conducted by WAJ. It is noted that in the year 2000 the quality of this water changed highly due to the lowest levels of rainfall during that period as shown in Figures 5-3 and 5-4, leading to lowest recharge amounts.

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Figure 5-10 Closest Wells to the Project Area (WAJ)

Table 5-6 Groundwater Quality Analysis of Well CD 1373 (1996-2006) pH Date (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) Nitrate Sulfate Sample EC (uS) Sodium Calcium Chloride Potassium Magnesium Bicarbonate

Jun-96 96,6 302,56 191,345 1271 3,128 100,8 39,6416 5 7,48 96,7932 Sep-96 90,62 294,02 176,435 1201 4,692 88,8 38,7904 5,18 7,44 93,3864 Dec-96 80,73 290,97 172,175 1196 4,301 93,6 42,4384 5,45 7,27 94,9896 Aug-00 537,05 283,65 937,56 7,04 113,21 24,84 7,34 213,79 Apr-01 400,2 301,34 736,63 6,65 381,6 94,36 5,92 7,25 175,44 May-06 85,56 345,87 145,55 1110 88,8 37,45 7,85 85,77 Ref. WAJ

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5.1.7 Surface Water Resources at the Project Area

Wadi Mujib Basin, Al Qatrana, Sultani, Siwaqa, and Wadi Wadi Mujib dams and springs discharges are considered the main sources of surface water in the basin.

In the Project area, Al Qatrana and Sultani dams are the closest surface water bodies to the Project site. The Al Qatrana dam was established in 1962 as an earth-filled dam with a height of 12 m and a maximum capacity of 1.8 MCM (catchment area 1,490 km²). It is located at about 4 km northwest the project site. The Sultani dam is an 8 m height dam with a live storage of 1.2 MCM (catchment area 900 km²). It is located at about 15.2 km south of the project site. Both dams serve artificial recharge in the area and are used for local livestock watering.

In the Project area and within a 4 km diameter area, there are no springs; surface water in the Project area is limited to flash floods occurring during the winter months. As shown in Figure 5-11 (Hydrological Map of the Area), many valleys spread through the area. It should be noted that these valleys are usually dry around the year except during flash floods that may occur from time to time.

Figure 5-11 Hydrological Map for the Project Site (WAJ)

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5.2 Environmental Impact

5.2.1 Water Quality and Demand

5.2.1.1 Impacts on Water Quality

Construction Phase

Water requirements of the Project during the construction phase will be supplied by water tankers. Based on daily requirements for workers (139 liters/day per capita in Karak Governorate as per Table 5-4) and about 20 m3 for dust suppression, the estimated amount of water consumption during the construction phase is expected to reach an average about 100-110 m3 per day and will not impact groundwater resources or water quality of the local community.

In the event that it is necessary to discharge any water from the site during the contraction phase (contamination due to construction activities, site drainage, oily water as a result of emergency maintenance of construction machinery) the construction contractor will haul away from the site by tankers the contaminated water and will dispose of it in accordance with local and Jordanian guidelines and regulations.

All sanitary wastewater generated during the construction activities will be collected and removed from the site via vacuum trucks and thus there will not be any potential source of impact to underground or surface waters.

Operations Phase

During the operation of the plant, the quantities of water to be supplied by WAJ water pipeline will be as per agreement with WAJ and will not impact the availability of water to other users in the area. As in the case of construction phase, all sanitary wastewater will be collected and removed from the site and therefore it will not have any impact on the underground aquifers.

5.2.1.2 Water Consumption

During the operation phase water requirements of the Project will be supplied by WAJ which will be supplying the Project with up to a maximum amount of 250 m3 per day. In 2006, average water consumption in the Karak Governorate was approximately 144 liters (0.144 m3) per day per person). Assuming a total of 75 operation and maintenance staff at the Project working three shifts per day, at anytime there will be 25 people at the plant. This will result in an average domestic water consumption of 3.6 m3 per day. Approximately 75% of domestic water use (3.6 m3 x 0.75 = 2.7 m3) will be discharged from the plant as sanitary wastewater which will be tankered out of the plant for disposal at the nearest wastewater treatment plant which is located in Karak.

It is estimated that make-up water to compensate the steam losses is approximately 0.9 m3 per hour (21.6 m3 per day). Raw water requirements to the water treatment plant for production of demineralized water for steam losses and HRSG blowdowns are estimated to be 2.73 m3 per

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hour (65.5 m3 per day). Figure 5-12 shows the daily water mass balance at the plant.

Figure 5-12 Daily Water Mass Balance

HRSG and boiler blowdowns are discharged to avoid buildup of impurities in the internal water system. These discharges are virtually pure water, containing very small quantities of various chemicals that are used to prevent corrosion and scaling in the boiler. HRSG and boiler blowdowns will be recovered and re-used if possible, perhaps recycled through the existing water treatment facility and re-used as make-up water or irrigation purposes. Any remainder will be discharged to the evaporation pond.

5.2.1.3 Impact on Other Water Users

The Project will have no impact on other water users as water will be supplied directly by WAJ and not from wells or boreholes in the vicinity of the Project.

The expected impact of the proposed Project on the physical characteristics of the Project area has been evaluated and discussed in this study and local geomorphology and potential contamination to natural water resources covering all project phases have been included.

5.2.2 Waste Water Discharges

Expected process effluents from the proposed plant are boiler blowdowns, water treatment plant effluent, as well as other miscellaneous minor process effluents and sanitary wastewater.

5.2.2.1 HRSG Water

The closed loop water system in the HRSGs is highly purified. From time to time it is necessary to carry out blowdowns in order to maintain proper chemical balance in the closed loop water system

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and impurities that may be built up in the system. The discharged water from HRSGs will be either used for irrigation or sent to the evaporation pond.

5.2.2.2 Water Treatment Plant

The water treatment plant will treat WAJ water to a quality suitable for use in the HRSG units. The water treatment plant will consist of a raw water tank, treated water (demineralized) storage tanks with a combined capacity of 2000 m3, sand filters, active carbon filters prior to reverse osmosis followed by the exchanging of cations in the supply (calcium, magnesium, sodium, etc) for hydrogen ions by using cation exchange resins and then exchanging the anions in the decationized water (sulfate, chloride, carbonate, silicate, etc) for hydroxyl ions by using anion exchange resins. When the resins are exhausted the resin beds are backwashed, regenerated with dilute acid (for the cation resin) and with dilute caustic soda (for the anion resin), rinsed to remove any excess regenerant and returned to service.

The water treatment plant effluent will contain the salts removed from water with some additional sodium sulfate produced by neutralization of the spent regenerants.

5.2.2.3 Miscellaneous Discharges

Depending on the air quality in the area, air filters and blades of the gas turbines will need cleaning for the removal of debris and dust that may be lodged on the compressor blades. Washing can be done either by using water sprays passing through the gas turbines or by using detergent solutions. The generated wastewater quantities from these processes will depend mainly on the number of cleaning runs which will depend on the quality of the ambient air. Such wastewater will be treated as oily wastewater in the oil/water separator and then discharged to the leak proof evaporation pond. Separated oil from the separator will be collected in closed bins and handled according to the instructions of the Ministry of Environment.

5.2.2.4 Sanitary Wastewater

Approximately 75% of domestic water use will leave the plant as sanitary wastewater which will be tankered out of the plant for disposal in the wastewater treatment plant in Karak. An enclosed, leak proof septic tank will be used to store such wastewater prior to tankering out of the plant.

5.2.3 Site Drainage

Drainage system around the Project site will provide for separation of oily wastewater in oil/water separators. Separated oil from the separator will be collected in closed bins and handled according to the instructions of the Ministry of Environment and the water will be discharged to the evaporation pond.

5.2.4 Geomorphology and Landscaping

During the site preparation in the construction phase, local geomorphology and landscaping within the Project site and the nearby surrounding area are expected to change but these changes are expected to be negligible and temporary.

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5.2.5 Flood Risk

Flood water in the valleys is dependent on the storms which occur during rainy season from November to March. These flash floods will have negative impact on the safety of the workers and the Project itself without any flood protection measures. Flash flood diversion channels will be constructed around the site to help protect against flash floods.

5.2.6 Solid Waste

Solid wastes will be produced during all phases of construction, operation and decommissioning. Main solid wastes that will be produced during the construction phase will consist of excavation by products (debris). Such materials if disposed into close valleys may affect the local water aquifers and increase flood hazards in the area. Construction debris will be disposed off properly after consulting with the local municipality.

Solid wastes produced during the operation phase will consist of domestic household wastes produced by employees’ and office solid waste. In addition solid wastes such as wood, cardboard and scrap metal will be produced during the unpacking or installation of material and equipment.

It should be noted that since the plant uses natural gas to generate electricity there will not be any occasion for production of any solid wastes as the byproduct of power generation. During decommissioning of the plant at the end of the plant life, solid waste will be produced similar to the construction phase.

5.2.7 Impact on Natural Water Resources

5.2.7.1 Groundwater Resources

The potential pollution sources for the groundwater resources could be due to improperly handling of liquid and solid wastes during the construction or operation. Such wastes are expected to be constituted of:

• Domestic wastewater generated by the plant staff. • Industrial liquid waste and wastewater including HRSG blowdowns waste oils, or chemical spills.

• Different types of solid wastes.

To determine the potential risk of pollution to groundwater resources, the “DRASTIC” model was used to measure the transmissivity of pollutants into groundwater to evaluate the groundwater vulnerability to pollution in the proposed Project area.

DRASTIC model was developed by the USEPA as “A Standard System for Evaluating Ground Water Pollution Potential of Hydrogeology Settings“. The result of this model is a numerical value, a “DRASTIC” Index that carries a combination of factored ratings and weights of each hydrogeological setting. These factors include:

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Depth to Water (D)

There is a greater risk for pollutants to reach groundwater at shallow aquifers rather than deep aquifers.

Recharge (R)

The higher the recharge to the aquifer (in or around the Project site) the higher the possibility of the pollution of the groundwater

Aquifer Media (A)

The constituent materials of any aquifer determine the mobility of the contamination through it.

Soil Media (S)

Soils containing clays and silt have larger water holding capacity, and thus increase the travel time of the contamination through the root zone; On the other hand, sandy soils will have lower water capacity.

Topography /Slope (T)

When the topography of the surface land has higher slopes the potential of polluting groundwater is lower.

Impact of the Vadose Zone Material (I)

The unsaturated zone above the water table is referred to as Vadose Zone. The texture of the Vadose Zone determines how long contamination will travel through it.

Hydraulic Conductivity (C)

The amount of water percolating to the groundwater is determined by hydraulic conductivity. The pollutant travel time is decreased within the aquifer if the soils are highly permeable.

The model will calculate a numerical relative rating and weighting of all the above factors using the following features:

1. Rating: Each factor is evaluated relative to the other factors to determine its significance to pollution potential. The ratings are numbered from 1 to 10.

2. Range: Each factor is divided into either ranges or significant media types which have and impact on pollution potential.

3. Weight: The weight represents an attempt to define the relative importance of each factor in its ability to affect pollution transportation into and within the aquifer it is rated from 1 to 5.

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Tables 5-8 to 5-10 represent the ratings and weights for all parameters. Each parameter rating is multiplied by its weight to get a value for the parameter. These values are then analyzed to arrive to a pollution index, called the DRASTIC index.

The higher the DRASTIC index value the greater the relative pollution potential. Based on the foregoing the DRASTIC index is divided into three categories: low, moderate, and high. Such categories are clarified in Table 5-7.

Table 5-7 Drastic Index Categories

Drastic Index Range Pollution Potential Less than 120 Low 12- -230 Medium More than 230 High

Determining the rating number for each factor

Groundwater Depth

The average depth to groundwater table in the project site is about 160 m .

Groundwater Recharge

Rainfall at Al Qatrana is about 100 mm/year. Assuming an effective porosity of 2%, groundwater recharge would be around 10 mm/year (1 cm) or 10% from the total rainfall.

Topography %

The Project area is flat with slope less than 2%.

Table 5-8 DRASTIC Rating and Weights to Hydrogeological Setting

Depth to Water Recharge ( cm ) Topography (%) Conductivity (m/d) Table (m) Range Rating Range Rating Range Rating Range Rating 0-1.6 10 0-5 1 0-2 10 0.041-4.1 1 1.6-4.6 9 5-10.2 3 2-6 9 4.1-12.3 2 4.6-9.1 7 10.2-17.8 6 6-12 5 12.3-28.7 4 9.1-15.2 5 17.8-25.4 8 12-18 3 28.7-41 6 15.2-22.9 3 >25.4 9 >18 1 41-82 8 22.9-30.5 2 >82 10 > 30.5 1 Pollution Weight 5 Pollution Weight 4 Pollution Weight 3 Pollution Weight 2 Bold values are those applicable to Project Area

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Table 5-9 The Rating and Weights according to Geological Setting Aquifer Media Vadose Zone Material

Rating Rating Massive Shale 2 Confining Layer 1 Metamorphic / Igneous 3 Silt / clay 3 Weather Metamorphic Igneous 4 Shale 3 Glacial Till 5 Limestone 3 Bedded Sandstone , 6 Sandstone 6 Limestone Massive Sandstone 6 Bedded Limestone , 6 Sandstone Massive Limestone 8 Sand and Gravel With 6 Signification Silt Sand and Gravel 8 Sand and Gravel 8 Basalt 9 Basalt 9 Karst Limestone 10 Karst Limestone 10 Pollutant Weight 3 Pollutant Weight 3 Bold values are those applicable to Project Area

Hydraulic Conductivity Due to karstic features, joint, sink holes, caves and solution breccias, B2/A7 aquifer has a wide range of hydraulic conductivities. Transmissivity at Wadi Mujib Basin has a value range from 5 to 26000 m2/day, while the hydraulic conductivity values range from 0.0846 m/day to 8.64 m/day (according to WAJ sources).

Table 5-10 Rating and Weights According to Soil Media

Soil Media Rating Gravel 10 Sand 9 Peat 8 Shrinking Clay 7 Sandy loam 6 Loam 5 Silty Loam 4 Clay Loam 3 Pollutant Weight 5 Bold values are those applicable to Project Area

Aquifer Media and Vadose Zone Material

The B1 formation is intercalated between B2 and A7, this formation (b1) composed of alternating marl, marly limestone, chert and sandstone. The total thickens of B2A7 at the Wadi

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Mujib basin is about from 100 m to 300 m .B2A7 formation is an excellent aquifer with permeability varying due to joints, fractures and karstification of limestone.

DRASTIC Index Calculation

DRASTIC Index for the project area is calculated and shown in Table 5-11:

Table 5-11 DRASTIC Index Calculation

DRASTIC Factor Range Rating Weight Result Depth to W.T. ( m ) 160 > 30.5 1 5 5 Recharge (cm) 0-5 (1 cm) 1 4 4 Topographic/Slope (%) 0-2 (less than 2 ) 10 3 30 Conductivity (m/day) 4.1-12.3 (0.0846-8.64 2 2 4 ) Aquifer Media Bedded Sandstone , 6 3 18 limestone Vadose Zone Media Bedded Sandstone , 6 3 18 limestone Soil Media Silty Clay Loam 4 5 20 DRASTIC index 99

The DRASTIC Index usually ranges from a minimum of a 23 and maximum of 230. The higher of DRASTIC Index means greater the groundwater pollution potential.

The DRASTIC Index value is 99, this value in within the low vulnerability range of groundwater contamination (less than 120) as clarified in Table 5-7. This indicates that the potential impact of the project on groundwater resources is expected to be low.

5.2.7.2 Surface Water Resources

Contaminating surface water resources will be very limited due to absence of surface water resources within the Project site and within a 3 km diameter circle around the Project site.

As previously mentioned, the unlikely flash floods will cause transporting any accidental contamination to the B2/A7 outcrop in and a round the Project site, and on the long run, could pollute water resources, however, the magnitude of this impact is to be considered as minimal.

5.2.8. Adverse Impact on the Local Watershed

Local water shed includes geological setting, natural water resources (surface and ground), and biodiversity of the area. The expected effect of the Project activities on the local watershed is summarized in Table 5.12.

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Table 5-12 Expected Impact on Watershed Components

Type of Expected Component Justification Impact

Project will participate low in changing the local Topography and Negative - Low geomorphology and landscaping of the project Geomorphology area Project will not produce large amount of Groundwater Negative - low pollutants, and that is not expected to pollute Resources water resources specially the water table depth

reach more than 90 m

Surface Water Negative - Low No springs or dames located within or close to the project area

5.3 Mitigation Measures

5.3.1 Construction

Mitigation measures during construction may include, as appropriate:

• Engineered site drainage systems will be provided during construction to collect, balance, treat as required and control the discharge of site run-off;

• Spoil from construction activities will be monitored and controlled; waste materials which are unsuitable for reuse on-site will be disposed at an appropriately licensed sanitary landfill site;

• Construction management of excavations will avoid the generation of drainage pathways to underlying aquifers;

• System of drainage swales and ditches will be provided; • Temporary fuel storage tanks will be located on an impervious base and have secondary containment structures holding at least 110% of the contents of the storage tanks with valves and couplings normally within the bunded area;

• Small pumps/plant will be placed on drip trays or bunds and any collected wastewater pumped to a bowser for off-site disposal;

• Vehicle washing effluents will be routed through a solids settlement area and then via an oil/water interceptor prior to discharge;

• Spillages and contaminated run-off will be collected in a temporary site drainage system incorporating of sediment traps, oil/water interceptors and inspection manholes; • Sanitary wastewater from the workers camp will be treated by a sealed septic tanks;

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• Siting and bunding of temporary fuel and oil stores will take into account proximity to water resources; and

• An oil spill contingency plan will be prepared and implemented

5.3.2 Operation

The following mitigation measures will be implemented, as appropriate:

• Bunds or blind sumps will be installed to isolate areas of potential oil or other spillages; • Oil storage tanks and chemical storage tanks, such as the acid and caustic storage tanks, will have secondary containment structures that will hold more than the contents of the storage tanks and have drainage valves that are normally closed;

• Areas for unloading hazardous chemicals will be isolated by curbs and provided with a sump equipped with a manually operated valve, to collect storm water run-off;

• Transformers will be provided with pits to retain 110% of the coolant capacity of the transformers; • Storm water run-off from equipment slabs that may be subject to oil contamination will be collected and directed through an oil/water interceptor prior to discharge;

• storm and rainwater run-off from hardstanding and roads will be collected in a contained site drainage system and passed through an oil/water interceptor prior to discharge;

• Storm water discharge from the operational site will utilize dispersion aprons, level spreaders, or other energy-dissipating devices at the discharge locations to the environment, to prevent scour and erosion;

• A qualified contractor will dispose of the domestic wastewater from the septic tank to the nearest wastewater treatment plant in Karak;

• A qualified contractor will dispose of the waste oil to the nearest treatment plant in Jordan; • The evaporation pond will have proper liner and secondary containment to prevent potential leakages in to subsoil; and

• Emergency Response Plan and Oil Spill Contingency Plan will be prepared and implemented.

5.3.3 Decommissioning

A site closure plan and waste management plan will be prepared for the decommissioning phase.

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CHAPTER 6: GEOLOGY, SOILS, AND WASTES

6.1 Existing Environment

6.1.1 Geology

The geology of the area is dominated by sedimentary rocks of the upper cretaceous rock type and consists of two major geological formations. These are the Balqa group underlain by the order Ajloun group. This series consists of limestone, dolomatic limestone, marly limestone, and chalky limestone. Further details regarding the description of geological formations are discussed in Chapter 5 (Water Resources).

Rocks in the Western area are older than rocks in the Eastern side and the reason is uplifting and erosion. Cretaceous materials are exposed in the Western Badia while in the East Tertiary start is cropping out. The Eastern Plateau is a flat open country, with slightly incised valleys draining inland.

The proposed Project area is characterized by a young geological formation in comparison with the known geological formations in the country. The existing geological formation at the proposed site of the Project consists of Mesozoic Rocks (Triassic to Palaeogene age – 248 million to 25 million years old). These rocks are widespread in Jordan and the most dominant geological formation in the Project area. In this stratum, the Cretaceous rocks are the most important in the project area. The upper Cretaceous is made of a carbonate regime in its lower part and mixed mineralogy (carbonate, chert, phosphorite and oil shale) in its upper part.

6.1.2 Soils

There is a direct correlation between soil type and the vegetation types. Al Eisawi (1985) concluded that the soil of Jordan is highly variable and affects the vegetation type.

According to the proposed location of the Project, the soil type is Loess and Calcareous soil: these soil types are composing the dominant soil types in the proposed Project area and are generally found in the Irano-turranian zone.

To assess the existing soil quality, the site visit included a visual inspection, followed by surface soil sampling to assess the potential contamination levels.

During the visual inspection, stains or any other contamination impacts that could be a proof of a potential contamination were not observed. To verify the visual inspection results two grab soil samples were collected from two different locations within the perimeter of the Project site, one from the Northern part and one from the central part from a depth of 0.3 to 0.35 m below the surface.

Soil samples were placed in amber glass jars for hydrocarbon analysis and HDPE jars for heavy metal analysis. The containers were placed in ice-packed coolers and the jars in which volatile

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compounds will be analyzed were sealed with Teflon tapes in order to prevent volatilization. The samples were shipped to two different internationally accredited laboratories, which are located in Jordan (Royal Scientific Society) and in Germany (Agrolab) for the following analyses:

• PAH (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons); • BTEX (Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylenes); and • Heavy Metals (Arsenic, Lead, Cadmium, Cobalt, Copper, Chromium (total), Molybdenum, Nickel, Mercury and Zinc).

In order to assess the current soil quality, selected parameters were compared against the soil criteria used in The Netherlands for contaminated land, which is also known as Dutch Limits. Dutch Limits are widely referred in most of the Europe’s environmental legislations and they include optimum value and action limits that can be used during soil contamination researches.

Soil analyses results for PAH, BTEX, and Heavy Metals and available limit values for each parameter are presented in Table 6-1. According to the results, all of the analyzed parameters in both soil samples are below the optimum levels which are determined in the Dutch Limits.

According to the results, none of the analyzed parameters exceeded the Dutch Optimum Values, which indicates that even the background levels are below target levels. The analysis of two samples, taken both from the middle and Northern parts show consistency for heavy metal analyses while Organic Parameters (BTEX and PAH’s) are reported as lower than the detection limits which indicates that there is no organic contamination in the area.

Table 6-1 Soil Analysis Results

DUTCH LIMITS SOIL SAMPLES Parameters Soil Sediment (mg/kg) Middle North LABORATORY Optimum Action limit value mg/kg mg/kg METALS Arsenic (As) 29 55 3.7 3.8 Agrolab Cadmium (Cd) 0.8 12 <0.25 <0.25 Royal Scientific Society Chromium (Cr) 100 380 47 48 Royal Scientific Society Cobalt (Co) 20 240 9.6 10.1 Royal Scientific Society Copper (Cu) 36 190 14 15 Royal Scientific Society Lead (Pb) 85 530 <4.5 <4.5 Royal Scientific Society Molybdenum (Mo) 10 200 3 3 Royal Scientific Society Nickel (Ni) 35 210 28 28 Royal Scientific Society Mercury (Hg) 0.3 10 0.07 <0.05 Agrolab Zinc (Zn) 140 720 58 61 Royal Scientific Society BTEX Benzene 0.05 2 <0.05 <0.05 Agrolab Ethylbenzene 0.05 50 <0.05 <0.05 Agrolab m,p-Xylene 0.05 25 <0.05 <0.05 Agrolab o-Xylene 0.05 25 <0.05 <0.05 Agrolab Toluene 0.05 130 <0.05 <0.05 Agrolab

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DUTCH LIMITS SOIL SAMPLES Parameters Soil Sediment (mg/kg) Middle North LABORATORY Optimum Action limit value mg/kg mg/kg Styrene (Vinyl benzene) 0.3 100 <0.1 <0.1 Agrolab Mesitylene - - <0.1 <0.1 Agrolab 1,2,3 –Trimethylbenzene - - <0.1 <0.1 Agrolab 1,2,4 –Trimethylbenzene - - <0.1 <0.1 Agrolab Cumene - - <0.1 <0.1 Agrolab BTX SUM - - n.d* n.d.* Agrolab PAH Anthracene - - <0.05 <0.05 Agrolab Benzo(a)pyrene - - <0.05 <0.05 Agrolab Fluoranthene - - <0.05 <0.05 Agrolab Naphtalene - - <0.05 <0.05 Agrolab Phenanthrene - - <0.05 <0.05 Agrolab Benzo(a)anthracene - - <0.05 <0.05 Agrolab Chrysene - - <0.05 <0.05 Agrolab Benzo(a)fluoranthrene - - <0.05 <0.05 Agrolab Benzo(k)fluoranthrene - - <0.05 <0.05 Agrolab Benzo(g,h,i)perylene - - <0.05 <0.05 Agrolab Indenol(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene - - <0.05 <0.05 Agrolab Acenaphthylene - - <0.05 <0.05 Agrolab Acenaphthene - - <0.05 <0.05 Agrolab Flourene - - <0.05 <0.05 Agrolab Pyrene - - <0.05 <0.05 Agrolab Dibenz(ah)anthracene - - <0.05 <0.05 Agrolab Total PAH 1 40 n.d* n.d* Agrolab n.d*: not detected

Based on the above results, the investigation of the site has not identified any contamination to be present at the proposed site. Furthermore, the site has never been used for any industrial purpose that would have led to the contamination of the site.

6.2 Impact Assessment

6.2.1 Construction Phase

The site will be leveled during construction and top soil will be and collected and used as much as possible (cut and fill method). Any extra and unused soil will be transferred to the proper areas designated by the relevant authority. Other sources of possible disruption to the site include dust, construction equipment and vehicles oils and fuel leakages; cement works on site, movement of construction vehicles and workforce, and wastewater or solid wastes produced by the workforce. These sources are discussed in Chapter 5 (Water Resources) of this report.

As discussed above, soil investigation has shown no relevant contamination or industrial use indication of the site. Also since the ecological study has shown no vegetation on the site. The possibility of groundwater contamination as discussed in Chapter 5 (Water Resources) is

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considered minimal and the impact due to construction is negligible. Nevertheless, mitigation measures are needed to minimize any effects of any disruption or contamination to the soil or geology of the site.

6.2.2 Operations Phase

Although negative impacts are not expected on onsite soils, potential impact to the soils in the area outside the plant may be suspected due to potential acid deposition associated with air emissions from the plant. However, these impacts will be negligible due to the use of natural gas as the primary fuel for the plant. Even when DFO is used (as back-up fuel and during emergency operations), low sulfur levels as shown in the Chapter 9 (Air Quality) analysis are expected. Any deposition of NO2, SO2, or particulate matter due to the operation of the plant will be negligible on local or regional soil.

Production of domestic and office wastes are expected at the plant. These wastes will be collected and disposed of properly to avoid any negative impact to the plant. On the other hand, industrial solid waste will include used gas turbine filters, ion exchange resins, used oils, or chemicals for which mitigation measures were discussed in Chapter 5 (Water Resources).

6.2.3 Decommissioning Phase

The impacts on local soil during decommissioning phase will be similar in types to impacts occurring during construction of the plant. Still, these impacts will be shorter in period than the construction phase. At the end of the plant's useful life, it will be the responsibility of the decommissioning contractor to remove any demolition wastes or negative mishaps behind. All possible and reasonable measures will be taken to save the location's identity and nature including surface drainage in the area.

6.3 Mitigation Measures

Although any negative impacts to the soils and geology of the area are expected to be negligible, the same mitigation measures discussed in Chapter 5 (Water Resources) are stressed and implemented.

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CHAPTER 7: NOISE AND VIBRATION

7.1 Existing Background Noise

Baseline noise levels were measured at five different points around the proposed Project site. These locations included all four borders of the site (North (N), South (S), East (E), and West (W)) as well as a central location (C) in the middle of the site. These points are shown in Figure 7-1. These points were selected to monitor noise levels continuously for a period of 18 hours a day (9 hours daytime and 9 hours night time) for 5 days at each point to establish the noise level baseline for power plant selected site. The monitoring duration covered working days as well as weekends during the period of October 23-31, 2008.

A portable Monarch noise level meter (Model SE322) was used to monitor the baseline noise level at the site and reference point. The equipment was calibrated in the field and the instrument was checked before and after the measurement period with no change in level recorded. The measurement microphones were positioned 1.2 m above ground level away from vertical reflective terrains as much as possible. A wind shield was used to minimize the effect of wind noise. Table 7-1 lists the summary of the maximum, minimum, and Leq values for day and night measurements and compared to the Jordanian Standards (75 dB(A) during the day and 65 dB(A) during the night as in noise level control regulations for the year 2003) and 70 dB(A) as The World Bank guideline (noise limits for new installations stated in Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook issued by The World Bank group in July 1998) since the area is established as a commercial and industrial area. Continuous data was analyzed to obtain hourly averages in the area as shown in Figure 7-2 through Figure 7-11.

An additional point was selected as a reference point that was located within the residential area of Al Qatrana at about 1.5 km to the North of the site. Noise levels were also measured for a total of 18 hours, 9 hrs during the day and 9 hrs during the night. The hourly maximum, minimum, and average (Leq) values are listed in Table 7-1. Since the area is classified as residential these values are compared to the limits of (60 dB(A) in day, 50 dB(A) at night) Jordanian Standard and (55 dB(A) in day and 45 dB(A) at night) World Bank guideline limits. These hourly averages are shown in Figure 7-12 (Day Time) and Figure 7-13 (Night Time).

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Figure 7-1 Noise Point Monitoring Locations

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Table 7-1 Summary of Noise Monitoring (in dB(A))

Locatio Day Time Night Time JS WB Time Date n Max. Min. Leq Max Min Leq 2003 limits P1 (C) WE Oct 31, 08 61.0 30.9 40.3 ------75 70 WD Oct 28, 08 ------69.2* 34.0 44.1 65 70 P2 (E) WE Oct 24, 08 63.9 30.0 38.6 ------75 70 WE Oct 24, 08 ------54.7 32.1 44.0 65 70 P3 (N) WD Oct 27, 08 71.7* 34.0 48.2 ------75 70 WE Oct 25, 08 ------75.4* 30.0 43.4 65 70 P4 (S) WD Oct 27, 08 74.2 32.2 49.6 ------75 70 WE Oct 25, 08 ------66.2 30.0 42.1 65 70 P5 (W) WE Oct 24, 08 60.6 30.0 38.0 ------75 70 WE Oct 23, 08 ------56.8 30.0 39.8 65 70 P6 (Ref.) WD Feb 10, 09 77.3* 36.2 54.0 ------60 55 WD Feb 10, 09 ------72.5* 30.7 41.5 50 45 W: Week day, WE: weekend day, Ref: Reference Point in Residential area. * Values exceeding limits

Looking at the results in Table 7-1, it can be seen that average ambient noise hourly values (Leq) did not show any exceedance of the noise limits stated in the Jordanian noise level regulation for the year 2003 or the World Bank guidelines limits stated during the monitoring period.

Some individual values exceeded the regulatory limits. One of these values was during the night of October 28, 2008 which was 69.2 dB(A) as compared to 65 dB(A) (Jordan Standard). Also, the minimum value and average value (Leq) at that night was relatively higher than noise levels during the day at the same point. Basically, that night was rainy and gusty wind was the main reason for the higher measurement.

Another point exceedance was at point (N) during the night of October 25, 2008. It was 75.4 dB(A) which exceeded the limit of 65 dB(A) (Jordan Standard) and 70 dB(A) (World Bank limit). Also, during the day at the same point there was an exceedance of the World Bank limit. The reason for these values in both cases was simply due to a passing vehicle in the close vicinity of the noise meter.

At the reference point at the residential area (P6) in Table 7-1, the average values (Leq) did not exceed the stated limits for residential areas. However, individual values exceeded the limit which was basically due to local truck traffic.

It was also noted that average values (Leq) on site were higher at night time than day time. The main reason was due to increasing heavy truck traffic on the main Desert Road and the main Karak road. Truckers usually prefer to travel at night when the traffic is relatively lower.

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Noise level North Day 1 80

70

60

50

40

dB(A) 30

20

10

0 max m m m m m min p pm p p a a 0 pm avg 4-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 pm -1 -11 pm 12 1-2 9 0 1- Day Time Limit 1 1 Night Time limit Time WB Limit

Figure 7-2 Hourly Noise Level for North (N) on Day 1

Noise Level North Day 2 80

70

60

50

40 dB(A) 30

20

10

0 max

m m m min a am am am am am p pm p avg -6 -7 -8 -9 -2 5 6 7 8 2-1 1 Day Time Limit 9-10 1 10-11 11-12 Night Time Limit Time WB Limit

Figure 7-3 Hourly Noise Level for North (N) on Day 2

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Noise Level South Day 1 80

70

60

50

40 dB(A) 30

20

10

0 max

m m m min pm avg -5 pm 6 p 7 p 8 p 9 4 5- 6- 7- 8- Day Time Limit 9-10 pm Time 10-11 pm 11-12 am Night Time Limit WB Limit

Figure 7-4 Hourly Noise Level for South (S) on Day 1

Noise Level South Day 2 80

70

60

50

40 dB(A) 30

20

10

0 max

m m m min pm pm pm pm avg 1 p -2 3 -6 -10 a 11 a 2- 1 2- 3-4 pm 4-5 5 9 0- 1 Day Time Limit 1 11-12 pm Time WB Limit

Figure 7-5 Hourly Noise Level for South (S) on Day 2

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Noise Level East Day 1 80

70

60

50

40 dB(A) 30

20

10

0 max m m m m m m p p pm min -8 -9 0 1 p 2 a -6 a -7 a avg 7 8 -1 -1 1-2 am 2-3 am 3-4 am 4-5 am 5 6 9-1 0 12-1 am Night Time Limit 1 11 Time WB Limit

Figure 7-6 Hourly Noise Level for East (E) on Day 1

Noise Level East Day 2 80

70

60

50

40 dB(A) 30

20

10

0 max

min am 7 am -9 am avg 6- 7-8 am 8 10 am 11 12 pm 9- 1- 10- 1 Day Time Limit Time WB Limit

Figure 7-7 Hourly Noise Level for East (E) on Day 2

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Noise Level West Day 1 80

70

60

50

40 dB(A) 30

20

10

0 max m m m m m m pm am am a a min 1 -5 -6 7-8 p 8-9 p -1 2-1 1-2 am 2-3 a 3-4 a 4 5 avg 9-10 pm 1 10 11-12 Time Night Time Limit WB Limits

Figure 7-8 Hourly Noise Level for West (W) on Day 1

Noise Level West Day 2 80

70

60

50

40 dB(A) 30

20

10

0 max m m a a am pm min 0 2 7-8 8-9 -1 avg 9 Time 10-11 am 11-1 Day Time Limit WB Limits

Figure 7-9 Hourly Noise Level for West (W) on Day 2

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Noise Level Center Day 1 80

70

60

50

40 dB(A) 30

20

10

0 max

m m m m m m m min p p p a avg -5 p -6 -7 p -8 -2 4 5 6 7 8-9 pm -12 a 1 Day Time Limit 9-10 pm 10-11 11 Night Time Limit Time WB Limits

Figure 7-10 Hourly Noise Level for Center (C) on Day 1

Noise Level Center Day 2 80

70

60

50

40 dB(A) 30

20

10

0 max m m m m m a a min 2 p p p -9 11 1 -2 -3 avg 6-7 am 7-8 am 8 -10 am - - 1 2 9 0 1 12-1 pm Day Time Limit 1 Time1 WB Limits

Figure 7-11 Hourly Noise Level for Center (C) on Day 2

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Noise Level Day Time 90

80

70

60

50

40 dB(A)

30

20

10

0 max

m m am am pm pm pm pm pm min 2 3 6 7 avg 8-9 a 10 am 11 12 1- 2- 3-4 pm 4-5 p 5- 6- 9- 12-1 pm 19-8 10- 11- Day Time Limit 7: Time WB Limits

Figure 7-12 Hourly Noise Level for Day Time in Residential Area (Reference)

Noise Level Night Time 80

70

60

50

40 dB(A) 30

20

10

0

m m m m m max pm am am 1 2 -1 am -3 a -4 a -5 a -6 a 2 min -1 -1 2 1-2 a 2 3 4 5 0 1 1 avg 1 1 -6:4 Time 6 Night Time Limit WB Limits

Figure 7-13 Hourly Noise Level for Night Time in Residential Area (Reference)

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7.2 Noise Impact Assessment

The following formula is used to calculate the noise levels at a given distance:

 Q  LP = LW +10× log   4.π.r 2  where;

Lp = Sound pressure level (dB) a distance r from a noise source

Lw = Sound power level of a noise source (dB) Q = Directivity factor r = Distance from the noise source (m)

To calculate the worst case scenarios, noise attenuation and adsorption are not included in the noise calculations. The following formula is used to calculate cumulative effects of noise sources: n Lpi 10 L pt = 10× log ∑10 i=1 where;

Lpt = Total sound power level (dB) n = Number of source

Lpi = Individual sound power level (dB)

7.2.1 Impact during Construction

Although of temporary nature, construction activity inevitably leads to some degree of noise disturbances in close proximity to the construction activities. Noise levels at any one location will vary as different combinations of construction machinery are used throughout the construction of the proposed Project. The major expected sources of noise in this Project during the construction include excavators, dumpers, trucks, loaders and cranes at different stages of construction. The above mentioned sources are expected to generate different noise levels at a distance of one meter from the source as shown in Table 7-2. These reported sound levels are based on the results of extensive previous acoustical studies of engine-powered construction equipment.

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Table 7-2 Representative Construction Equipment Equivalent Sound Levels

Equipment Sound Level in dB(A) Excavator 85 Grader 85 Loader 85 Roller 85 Wheeled Loader 89 General Works 94 Digging 100

Noise levels during the construction phase are calculated at the plant boundaries and also at the nearest residential home in the town of Al Qatrana.

Noise Level at the Nearest Sensitive Receptor

Assuming a typical inventory of construction machinery, given in Table 7-2, operating at the location of the major construction works, the resulting noise level is calculated to be 28.4 dB(A) at the nearest residential receptor which is located about 1.3 km Northeast of the Project site in the Town of Al Qatrana. The noise levels associated with the construction activities are shown in Figure 7-14. The graph in Figure 7-15 shows the change in the noise levels with respect to the distance from the Project site including the background data during the day time and night time. The comparison of the noise levels at the nearest sensitive receptor is given in Table 7-3. As seen in Table 7-3, the noise levels associated with the construction activities during minimum background sound level condition result in 36.9 dB(A) and 32.7 dB(A) at the closest sensitive receptor during daytime and night-time, respectively. Furthermore, as seen in Table 7-4, the noise levels associated with the construction activities during equivalence sound level condition result in 54 dB(A) and 41.5 dB(A) at the closest sensitive receptor during day time and night time, respectively. Thus, the total noise levels comply with both the Jordanian ambient noise limits and The World Bank guideline limits and do not increase the background noise level more than 3 dB(A) at the closest sensitive receptor. From this assessment, it can be concluded that noise impacts will not be significant during the construction.

Table 7-3 Noise Levels at the Nearest Sensitive Receptor (for Lmin Background) Minimum Project Cumulative Time JS Limit WB Limit Background Contribution at Receptor Day time 36.2 dB(A) 28.4 dB(A) 36.9 dB(A) 60 dB(A) 55 dB(A) Night time 30.7 dB(A) 28.4 dB(A) 32.7 dB(A) 50 dB(A) 45 dB(A) Table 7-4 Noise Levels at the Nearest Sensitive Receptor (for Leq Background) Leq Project Cumulative Time JS Limit WB Limit Background Contribution at Receptor Day time 54 dB(A) 28.4 dB(A) 54 dB(A) 60 dB(A) 55 dB(A) Night time 41.5 dB(A) 28.4 dB(A) 41.5 dB(A) 50 dB(A) 45 dB(A)

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Figure 7-14 Noise Levels during Construction (during day time)

60 55

50 Noise Level 45 (No background)

40 Daytime (w / 35 Background) 30 Noise Level (dBA) Nighttime (w / 25 Background) 20 0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 Distance from the Project Site (m)

Figure 7-15 Change in Noise Levels during Construction

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Noise Levels at Project Boundary Noise levels during the construction activities are calculated at several Project boundary locations. Noise levels at seven points ranged from 54.5 dB(A) to 59.9 dB(A) including the background noise levels during the day time and night time as shown in Figure 7-16 and Figure 7-17, respectively. These values are compared with the 65 dB(A) and 70 dB(A) Jordanian noise limits for the day time and night time, respectively. The World Bank guideline noise limit is 70 dB(A) for construction activities. The comparison showed that the noise levels at the Project boundary comply with the noise limits. Thus, an adverse impact is not expected during the construction period.

Figure 7-16 Noise Levels at the Project Boundary during Construction (with background, during day time)

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Figure 7-17 Noise Levels at the Project Boundary during Construction (with background, during night time)

7.2.2 Impact during Operation

Noise will be generated by the operations of two industrial gas turbines and generators, one steam turbine and generator, air cooled condensers, two heat recovery steam generators (HRSG), two stacks, water treatment plant and all necessary support and auxiliary equipments such as motors, pumps, fans, compressors and valves. Project equipment will operate continuously and produce a steady sound 24 hours per day and 7 days a week.

The noise levels are calculated at the nearest sensitive receptor at the town of Al Qatrana and at the Project boundary.

Noise Level at the Nearest Sensitive Receptor

The noise level calculation showed that the noise level will be 21.7 dB(A) at the nearest residential receptor located in the Town of Al Qatrana during the operation of the Project. Figure 7-18 demonstrates how the noise levels change with distance from the Project. Figure 7-19 shows the noise levels with respect to the distance from the Project with and without the background noise level. The noise levels at the nearest residential receptor at Al Qatrana are shown with the Jordanian limits and The World Bank guideline limits in Table 7-4. As seen in Table 7-5, the total noise levels associated with the operation activities during minimum background sound level condition result in 36.4 dB(A) and 31.2 dB(A) at the closest sensitive receptor during day time and night time, respectively. Furthermore, as seen in Table 7-6, the noise levels associated with the

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operation activities during equivalence sound level condition result in 54 dB(A) and 41.5 dB(A) at the closest sensitive receptor during day time and night time, respectively.

The total noise levels comply with both the Jordanian ambient noise limits and The World Bank guideline limits and do not increase the background noise level more than 3 dB(A) at the closest sensitive receptor. From this assessment, it can be concluded that noise impacts will not be significant during the construction. Both the Jordanian and The World Bank limits will be complied during the operation of the Project and thus an adverse impact is not anticipated.

Table 7-5 Noise Levels at the Nearest Sensitive Receptor (for Lmin Background)

Minimum Project Cumulative Time JS Limit WB Limit Background Contribution at Receptor Day time 36.2 dB(A) 21.7 dB(A) 36.4 dB(A) 60 dB(A) 55 dB(A) Night time 30.7 dB(A) 21.7 dB(A) 31.2 dB(A) 50 dB(A) 45 dB(A)

Table 7-6 Noise Levels at the Nearest Sensitive Receptor (for Leq Background)

Leq Project Cumulative Time JS Limit WB Limit Background Contribution at Receptor Day time 54 dB(A) 21.7 dB(A) 54 dB(A) 60 dB(A) 55 dB(A) Night time 41.5 dB(A) 21.7 dB(A) 41.5 dB(A) 50 dB(A) 45 dB(A)

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Figure 7-18 Noise Level Contours during Operation (during daytime)

55

Noise Level 45 (No background)

35 Day time (w / Background)

25 Nighttime (w / Noise Level (dBA) Noise Background) 15 0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 Distance from the Project Site (m)

Figure 7-19 Noise Levels during Operation

Noise Levels at Project Boundary

Noise levels during the operation were calculated at the Project boundary locations. Noise levels at seven points ranged from 42.1 dB(A) to 59.1 dB(A) including the background noise levels during the day time and from 42.9 dB(A) to 59.2 dB(A) including the background levels during the night time as shown in Figure 7-20 and Figure 7-21, respectively. These values are compared with the 65 dB(A) and 70 dB(A) Jordanian noise limits for the day time and night time, respectively. The World Bank guideline noise limit is 70 dB(A) for industrial activities. The comparison showed that the noise levels at the Project boundary comply with the noise limits. Thus, an adverse impact is not expected during the operations.

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Figure 7-20 Noise Levels at the Project Boundary during Operation (with background, during day time)

Figure 7-21 Noise Levels at the Project Boundary during Operation (with background, during night time)

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7.3 Mitigation Measures

• All mechanical and engine powered equipment should be maintained regularly to minimize noise generation.

• Exhaust mufflers will be employed on engine-powered construction plant and all vehicles. • Mobile plant and other vehicles will be driven responsibly and below 30 km/h within the construction site.

• Construction traffic will not be permitted to use the roads through the Town of Al Qatrana. • Transportation of materials will be optimized during construction as much as possible to reduce number of trucks and thus reduce the potential for traffic noise.

• Steam cleaning will only be undertaken during day time. • Night time construction activities will normally be restricted to relatively quiet activities. • All major compressors should be of sound-abated models and enclosed to reduce noise impacts.

• Noise mitigation measures will be incorporated into the design of the Project, including (as required):

o high efficiency baffle mufflers and filters on the gas turbine inlets; o acoustic enclosures around the gas turbines, steam turbines and generators; o attenuation of the noise from the gas turbine exhausts by the HRSGs; o o low noise specification for fuel gas metering and control systems, motors, pumps, etc.;

o inlet and exhaust mufflers on the cooling fans; o silencers on all steam reject pipes. • Transportation of DFO will be optimized during operation as much as possible to reduce number of trucks and thus reduce the potential for traffic noise.

• Noise monitoring should be conducted regularly to assure compliance. It should be part of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP).

7.4 Vibration

7.4.1 Impact during Construction

Ground vibration may be caused by some construction activities such as piling, breaking or compaction. Such effect may cause damage to nearby buildings or other structures. However, due to the isolated location of the Project and the relatively long distance to the nearest buildings

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or residences, it is not expected that the construction vibration will have a significant adverse impact and thus mitigation measures are not included.

7.4.2 Impact during Operation

Ground vibration may be caused by operation equipment such as turbines and wind induced by air-cooled condensers. Due to the relatively long distance to the nearest buildings or residences, the operational vibration will be negligible and thus mitigation measures are not included.

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CHAPTER 8: VISUAL IMPACT

8.1 Existing Landscape

The proposed site for this Project is composed of bare flat area as shown in Figure 8-1. The Project area is located at a topographic region in the country which is considered to be the highlands region. It extends from Um Qais in the North passing through Ajlun Mountains, the hills of Ammon and Moab regions, and the Edom mountains region. Many creeks and valleys drain from these hills from North to South and lead to the Jordan River, Dead Sea and Wadi Araba. The general topography map of the area is shown in Figure 8-2 according to which the location is basically flat lying within a very shallow valley extending North to South and East.

The location is slightly sloped toward the East and Northeast as shown in Figures 8-1 and 8-2.

Figure 8-1 Topography of the Location

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Figure 8-2 Topographic Map of the Project Area

8.2 Visual Impact

8.2.1 Visual Impact during Construction

During this phase, it will be a typical construction site where various earth handling and construction equipment and machinery are used. This equipment will include cranes, trucks, graders, backhoes, loaders, etc. The size of this equipment will be chosen such that it will provide efficient construction operation and at the same time will not create an interference with surrounding landscape.

During the construction phase, there will be temporary and reversible effects on the landscape of the site due to ground disturbance. Any debris or other wastes produced during such activities will be collected and disposed in an orderly manner to prevent any lasting impacts to the area.

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The construction camp site will be located next to the construction site and will have only one story structures and painted in color consistent with the environment. During the construction, the contractor will make sure that the camp will be well maintained and cleaned regularly. The camp site will not create any adverse visual impact.

8.2.2 Visual Impact during Operation

The plant will comprise of structures and buildings to contain gas and steam turbines, heat recovery steam generators, transformers, a control room, back-up fuel storage tanks and administration building and offices. These buildings may extend to a height of up to 30 meters. The highest part of the plant will be the stacks which will be 55 m high. The rest of the plant will be in lower height buildings and installations. It should be noted that the plant will be located next to an already existing substation that is consisting of high voltage towers which are approximately 30 m high.

Since the proposed Project site is located about 1.5 km from the closest residential area, the potential visual impact is not expected to be significant. Figure 8-1 shows how the plant will be seen from the closest location in the Town of Al Qatrana.

The plant will be protected against local harsh ambient conditions. It will be built of steel materials and surface protected according to the Steel Structures Painting Council, that are expected to stand surface deterioration for the life of the structures.

8.2.3 Visual Impact during Decommissioning

During the decommissioning phase, visual impacts will be temporarily similar to the construction phase. It is expected to preserve the natural image of the location.

8.3 Mitigation Measures

Although, the impact of the visual nature of the area of the Project is considered insignificant, the following mitigation measures are suggested:

• The contractor shall try as much as possible to size construction equipment such as cranes so as to provide an efficient construction activity while reducing any visual effects to the nature of the area.

• During the construction phase, all collected debris and wastes shall be collected, stored, and transported in an orderly manner to prevent any adverse visual impact on the surrounding area.

• The design of the construction camp buildings and installations shall be simple and clean.

• The design of the buildings and installations and the architectural vision of the plant shall be simple and clean.

• The plant buildings will be painted to be consistent with the natural background colors.

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• Attention will be paid to color treatment, finishes and choice of materials to ensure the use of paling colors on elevated structures and thus reduction in their impact on the skyline.

• The plant will be properly landscaped using indigenous species. • The lights will be directional and will not point outward to the highway and the town.

Figure 8-3 Animated View of the Al Qatrana Power Project from Town of Al Qatrana

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CHAPTER 9: AIR QUALITY

9.1 Existing Air Quality

The existing ambient air quality near the Project site has been obtained from the ambient air quality monitoring study previously carried out in Al Qatrana by the Environmental Research Center (ERC) of the Royal Scientific Society (RSS) (RSS, 2008). The ambient air quality study was conducted from August 2007 to August 2008 covering the entire one year.

The monitoring was conducted at two sites. The locations of the monitoring sites are shown in Figure 9-1.

• The first monitoring site was located next to the Al Qatrana Substation which is located about 200 m South the Project site. The ambient air quality monitoring program at the first

site included monitoring of sulfur dioxide (SO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), nitrogen oxides

(NO, NO2, NOx), total suspended particulates (TSP) and particulate matter with diameter less than 10 micron (PM10). The monitoring started at this site on 13.08.2007 and

continued for a full one year at a permanent station. Gaseous pollutants (SO2, H2S, NO,

NO2, NOX) in addition to wind speed and wind direction were monitored continuously 24- hours a day. TSP and PM10 were monitored once per week for 24-hours per sample.

• The second site was located about 2 km Northeast of the Project site at the Al-Shareefeh Zain School in the Town of Al Qatrana. A mobile air quality monitoring station was used for

monitoring at this site. At the second monitoring site, SO2, NO, NO2, NOx, carbon monoxide (CO) and PM10 was monitored for a month in each season of the monitoring

year. All pollutants (SO2, NO, NO2, NOX, CO, PM10) in addition to wind speed and wind direction were monitored continuously 24-hours a day. Table 9-1, presents a summary of the monitored air pollutants, meteorological parameters, the principles and the modes of operation for the instruments used.

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Figure 9-1 Locations of the Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations

Table 9-1 Samplers and Modes of Operation

Parameter Principle of operation of Mode of operation instrument used to monitor the parameter Ultra-Violet (UV) Sulfur dioxide (SO ) Continuous 2 Fluorescence Ultra-Violet (UV) Hydrogen sulfide (H S) Continuous 2 Fluorescence Nitrogen oxides (NO, NO , 2 Chemiluminescence Continuous NOX) Non Dispersive Infrared Carbon monoxide (CO) Continuous (NIDR) Total suspended particulates High volume sampling, 24-hours sample (TSP) gravimetric Particulate matter diameter High volume sampling, with less than 10 micron (PM10) PM10 selective inlet, 24-hours sample in permanent station gravimetric Particulate matter diameter less than 10 micron (PM10) Beta attenuation Continuous in mobile station Wind speed and wind direction in permanent Mechanical Continuous station Wind speed and wind Electronic Continuous direction in mobile station

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9.1.1 Result of Ambient Air Quality Study

9.1.1.1 Local Ambient Air Quality Standards

The ambient air quality results are compared with the Jordanian ambient air quality standards (JS 1140/2005) that are given in Table 9-2.

Table 9-2 Jordanian Ambient Air Quality Standards

Maximum allowable Duration Pollutant Number of allowable exceedances concentration 3 1-hour SO2 0.300 ppm* (786 µg/m **) 3 times/ any consecutive 12 months 24-hours SO2 0.140 ppm 1 time / year 3 Annual SO2 0.040 ppm (114 µg/m ) ------24-hours TSP 260 µg/m3 3 times/ any consecutive 12 months Annual TSP 75 µg/m3 (Geometric mean) ------3 24-hours PM10 120 µg/m 3 times/ any consecutive 12 months 3 Annual PM10 70 µg/m ------3 24-hours PM2.5 65 µg/m 3 times/ any consecutive 12 months 3 Annual PM2.5 15 µg/m ------3 1-hour NO2 0.210 ppm (400 µg/m ) 3 times/ any consecutive 12 months 24-hours NO2 0.080 ppm 3 times/ any consecutive 12 months

Annual NO2 0.050 ppm ------1-hour CO 26 ppm 3 times/ any consecutive 12 months 8-hours CO 9 ppm 3 times/ any consecutive 12 months

1-hour H2S 0.030 ppm 3 times/ any consecutive 12 months 24-hour H2S 0.010 ppm 3 times/ any consecutive 12 months

9.1.1.2 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

The first monitoring site: The results of the SO2 monitoring showed no exceedances to Jordanian standards (JS 1140/ 2005) and that all SO2 levels were low and far below the limits specified in these standards. The maximum daily and hourly average concentrations in the study area were 0.006 ppm and 0.040 ppm, respectively at the first monitoring site (near the Project site) as compared to the standard limits of daily averages of 0.140 ppm and hourly averages of 0.3 ppm, respectively. The summary of pollutant measurement results are given in Table 9-3.

The second monitoring site: The maximum daily SO2 average concentration was 0.001 ppm recorded during autumn, winter, spring and summer seasons. The maximum hourly concentrations were 0.004 ppm, 0.002 ppm, 0.002 ppm and 0.002 ppm during autumn, winter, spring and summers seasons. These results were below the Jordanian limits.

Average annual concentrations are calculated for the second station in Al Qatrana and presented in Table 9-4. This table is also used in Chapter 9 in the air quality assessment.

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9.1.1.3 Nitrogen Oxides

The first monitoring site: The low nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2, NOx) levels were detected at the first monitoring site. The maximum daily averages of NOx , NO, NO2 were 0.040 ppm, 0.005 ppm and 0.037 ppm, respectively, while, the maximum hourly averages detected were 0.207 ppm, 0.031 ppm and 0.202 ppm, respectively. No exceedances of the NO2 limits set in the Jordanian standards daily (0.080 ppm) and hourly limit (0.21 ppm) were recorded.

The second monitoring site: All measured maximum daily average and maximum hourly average concentrations of NOx, NO and NO2 were below the Jordanian ambient air quality standards. The measures concentrations are given for each season below.

The maximum daily NOx, NO and NO2 average concentrations were 0.016 ppm, 0.011 ppm and

0.005 ppm, respectively in autumn season. The maximum hourly NOx, NO and NO2 average concentrations were 0.080 ppm, 0.041 ppm and 0.055 ppm, respectively in autumn season.

The maximum daily NOx, NO and NO2 average concentrations were 0.017 ppm, 0.008 ppm and

0.013 ppm, respectively in winter season. The maximum hourly NOx, NO and NO2 average concentrations were 0.114 ppm, 0.075 ppm and 0.047 ppm, respectively in winter season.

The maximum daily NOx, NO and NO2 average concentrations were 0.021 ppm, 0.011 ppm and

0.010 ppm, respectively in spring season. The maximum hourly NOx, NO and NO2 average concentrations were 0.066 ppm, 0.026 ppm and 0.043 ppm, respectively in spring season.

The maximum daily NOx, NO and NO2 average concentrations were 0.021 ppm, 0.011 ppm and

0.010 ppm, respectively, in summer season. The maximum hourly NOx, NO and NO2 average concentrations were 0.035 ppm, 0.026 ppm and 0.026 ppm, respectively in summer season.

9.1.1.4 Suspended Total Solids and PM10

The first monitoring site: Relative to dust levels, TSP had three exceedances to the limits (daily limit 260 mg/m3) specified in Jordanian standards with a percentage of 6.0% of the total daily valid averages. However, PM10 had three exceedances with a percentage of 6.7% of the total daily valid averages at the first monitoring site. At the second site, PM10 had 17 exceedances to the limits specified in Jordanian standards with a percentage of 56.7% during autumn season, and 7 exceedances with a percentage of 29.2% during the winter season. These exceedences in dust levels in the area are believed to be due to the fact that the area is an open plain area, making it vulnerable to dust storms, which is a characteristic feature of Jordanian desert nature.

The second monitoring site: In autumn and winter seasons, daily PM10 exceedances were recorded. The daily PM10 concentrations for each season are given below:

Daily PM10 concentrations ranged between 29 µg/m3 and 318 µg/m3 during the autumn season resulting in 17 exceedances. During winter season, PM10 daily concentrations ranged between 20 µg/m3 and 267 µg/m3 resulting in 10 exceedances compared to the Jordanian daily limits. During spring and summer seasons, there were no exceedances and the daily PM10 concentrations ranged between 10 µg/m3 and 74 µg/m3 during spring season and between 4 µg/m3 and 114 µg/m3 during summer season.

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9.1.1.5 Carbon Monoxide

Low CO levels were obtained showing no exceedances to Jordanian standards. The maximum CO 8-hr and hourly average concentrations were 5.32 ppm and 5.35 ppm, respectively, which are far below limits specified in Jordanian standards (9 ppm 8-hour average and 26 ppm 1-hour average).

9.1.1.6 Hydrogen Sulfide

Monitoring resulted in 45 daily H2S exceedances with a percentage of 12.9% of the total daily valid averages and 104 hourly exceedances with a percentage of 1.2% of the total hourly valid averages to the limits specified in Jordanian standards. Ambient Jordanian standards set the number of allowable daily exceedances at three times during 12 consecutive months and this condition was violated many times in the study since more than three exceedances occurred during 30 consecutive days.

Compliance events of hydrogen sulfide levels to limits specified in Jordanian standards are believed to be mainly caused by surrounding poultry slaughterhouse near the existing substation.

The proposed Project will not contribute any H2S and thus it is the responsibility of local government to identify the exact source, assess and control in order to bring the ambient H2S concentrations within the compliance limits of Jordanian standards. The World Bank does not impose any guidelines for H2S in ambient air.

Table 9-3 Ambient Air Quality at the Project Site from 13.8.2008 to 23.08.2008 (first monitoring site) Daily Hourly Average Average Average Pollutant Jordanian Jordanian Max. Daily Daily Limit Percentage Percentage No. of Daily Max. Hourly Exceedance Exceedance Hourly Limit No. of hourly hourly of No. Exceedances Exceedances

SO2 0.006 ppm 0.140 ppm 0 0.0 0.040 ppm 0.300 0 0.0 ppm H2S 0.032 ppm 0.010 ppm 45 12.9 0.150 ppm 0.030 104 1.2 ppm NO 0.005 ppm NA NA NA 0.031 ppm NA NA NA NO2 0.037 ppm 0.080 ppm 0 0.0 0.202 ppm 0.210 0 0.0 ppm NOx 0.040 ppm NA NA NA 0.207 ppm NA NA NA 3 3 PM10 321 µg/m 120 µg/m 3 6.7 ---- NA NA NA TSP 669 µg/m3 260 µg/m3 3 6.0 ---- NA NA NA

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Table 9-4 Annual Average Ambient Air Quality at Al Qatrana (Second monitoring site) (annual averages calculated from the seasonal data) Average Average Pollutant Daily Limit Hourly Limit No. of Hourly Exceedances Exceedances Percentage (%) Percentages (%) Maximum Hourly Daily Exceedances No of Daily Average Hourly Exceedances Jordanian Standards Jordanian Standards Maximum Daily Average 0.001 0.140 0.003 SO2 ppm ppm 0 0.0 ppm 0.300 0 0.0 2.915A 3.038 CO ppm 9B ppm 0C 0.0C ppm 26 0 0.0 0.010 0.042 NO ppm NS NS NS ppm NS NS NS 0.010 0.043 NO2 ppm 0.080 0 0.0 ppm 0.21 0 0 0.019 0.074 NOx ppm NS NS NS ppm NS NS NS 193 120 699 3 3 PM10 µg/m µg/m 24 20.2 ppm NS NS NS A : Max. 8-hour average. B: Jordanian standards 8-hour limit. C: No. of 8-hour average exceedances and percentage

Existing Wind Speed and Direction

The wind speed and wind direction was monitored at the first station near the proposed Project site. The prevailing wind direction in the study area was found to be Northwest wind with a frequency of 33.4% (Figure 9-2), while the prevailing wind speed was wind of 5 knots (2.57 m/s) - 10 knots (5.14 m/sec) with a frequency of 37.7% (Figure 9-3).

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(August 2007-August 2008)

E 1.3% W CALM 15.3% 12.1% SW 5.4% N 12.8%

SE 3.8% S 10.7% NE 5.0% NW 33.4%

Figure 9-2 Wind Direction Distribution at Al Qatrana Substation

(August 2007-August 2008)

15..20 Knot >20 Knot 3.4% 1.0%

0..2 Knot 12.1% 10..15 Knot 16.5%

2..5 Knot 29.3%

5..10 Knot 37.7%

Figure 9-3 Wind Speed Distribution at Al Qatrana Substation

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9.2 Ambient Air Quality Standards

Emissions from the proposed Project will comply with Jordanian and the 1998 World Bank guideline limits. Compliance with the Jordanian Ambient Air Quality Standards (AAQS) and The World Bank guidelines must also be demonstrated. Air dispersion modeling must be performed to calculate short-term and annual average ambient air concentrations from the proposed power plant stacks. Results must be added to monitored background concentrations measured near the proposed site in order to estimate the air pollutant concentrations that would result in after the proposed Project commences operation.

The Project will demonstrate compliance with the Jordanian AAQS and The World Bank Ambient Guidelines through dispersion modeling. Both sets of standards and Guidelines have short and long term averaging periods. These ambient limits are shown in Table 9-5.

Table 9-5 1998 World Bank Guidelines and Jordanian Ambient Standards (µg/m3)

Pollutant Averaging Jordanian World Period Standard1 Bank Guideline2

NO2 1-Hour 400 (0.210 ppm) -- 24-Hour 150 (0.080 ppm) 150 Annual 95 (0.050 ppm) 100 SO2 1-Hour 786 (0.300 ppm) -- 24-Hour 370 (0.140 ppm) 150 Annual 114 (0.040 ppm) 80 TSP 24-Hour 260 230 Annual 75(3) 80 (2) PM10 24-Hour 120 150 Annual 70 50 Notes: 11140/2006; for 1-hr and 24-hr averaging period standards, number of allowable exceedances is three for any consecutive 12 months (Exception: 24-hr averaging period for SO2 number of allowable exceedances is one per year.) 2Pollution Prevention & Abatement Handbook, Thermal Power – Guidelines for New Plants, September, 1998. For short-term, 98 percent of the values must be equal to or less than the guideline; annual guideline values must not be exceeded. Guideline values apply only in the absence of in-country standards. Guideline values are used to classify an airshed as “clean”, “moderately degraded”, or “poor”. 3Geometric mean.

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The Jordanian AAQS contain standards for NO2 for 1-hour, 24-hour and annual average. The 1- hour standard of 400 µg/m3 is complied with if the hourly average concentrations are below this value. The 24-hour standard of 150 µg/m3 is complied with if the daily average concentrations are below this value. Both standards have three times allowance for exceedances at any consecutive 12 months. The annual average standard is 95 µg/m3.

3 3 The World Bank Guidelines for NO2 are 150 µg/m and 100 µg/m for 24-hour and annual average, respectively. As stated in the “Thermal Power - Guidelines for New Plants (September, 1998)”, The World Bank Guidelines apply only in the absence of the host country's standards. Clearly, due to the existence of the Jordanian ambient standards, The World Bank Guidelines do not apply. However, these Guidelines can also be used to classify an airshed as "clean", "moderately degraded", or "poor" as shown in Table 9-6. For this ESIA, The World Bank Guidelines will be used to classify the Project area's air quality. The Jordanian standards will be used to determine compliance with ambient standards. However, The World Bank Guideline limits will still be included in the comparison tables to demonstrate compliance with them as well.

Table 9-6 World Bank Airshed Classification

Pollutant Averaging Clean Moderately Poor Airshed Period Airshed Degraded

3 3 3 SO2/PM10/NO2 24-hour <150 µg/m >150 µg/m >150 µg/m (98th (98th (95th percentile) percentile) percentile)

3 3 3 SO2 / PM10 Annual <50 µg/m >50 µg/m >100 µg/m

3 3 3 NO2 Annual <100 µg/m >100 µg/m >200 µg/m TSP 24-hour <230 µg/m3 >230 µg/m3 >230 µg/m3 (98th (95th percentile) percentile) TSP Annual <80 µg/m3 >80 µg/m3 >160 µg/m3 Source: Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook – Part III; Thermal Power- Guidelines for New Plants, September, 1998

3 3 The Jordanian AAQS for SO2 is 786 µg/m for the 1-hour averaging period, 370 µg/m for the 24- hour averaging period and 114 µg/m3 for the annual averaging period. The number of allowable exceedances for 24-hour and 1-hour averaging periods are one and three per year, respectively. The 24-hour standard is complied with if the daily average concentrations are below this value. The corresponding World Bank Guideline concentration is 150 µg/m3 for the 24-hour averaging 3 period and 80 µg/m for annual average. A region having ambient SO2 concentrations below these World Bank Guidelines is a "clean" airshed.

The Jordanian AAQS for particulate matter is based on particulate matter that is less than 10 microns in aerodynamic diameter or PM10 and total suspended particulates (TSP). The 24-hour 3 3 Jordanian standards for PM10 and TSP are 120 µg/m and 260 µg/m , respectively. These

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standards are complied with if the daily average concentrations are below this value. Both standards have three times allowance for exceedances at any consecutive 12 months. The 3 3 annual average limits are 70 µg/m and 75 µg/m for PM10 and TSP, respectively. The World

Bank classifies airsheds using both PM10 and total suspended particulate (TSP). The Guideline concentration for PM10 (TSP) is 150 (230) µg/m3 for 24-hour average and 50 (80) µg/m3 for annual average.

9.3 Environmental Impacts During Construction

Dust from construction activities and exhaust emissions from vehicles and engine powered equipment will be generated during the construction of the Project.

9.3.1 Dust from Construction Activities

The construction of the proposed Project has the potential to generate dust particles. Dust particles generated during construction will generally be larger than 10 µm and the main potential impact of this dust is deposition and soiling close to construction activities. A quantitative assessment of construction dust impacts is generally only applied to developments which involve significant quantities of earth moving, particularly off-site, over extended periods or if the material to be removed is suspected to be contaminated. However, no large scale removal of site material is anticipated during the construction of the proposed Project, and there is no evidence that site contamination exists. Therefore, a qualitative methodology has been adopted for the assessment of the impact of dust emissions during construction of the Project.

The potential for dust to be emitted during the construction phase is strongly dependent on the type of construction activities taking place, the prevalence of hot, dry weather during the construction period, the prevailing wind speed and whether winds carry emitted particles toward potentially sensitive receptors.

The types of construction activities most likely to generate dust are as follows:

• on-site earthmoving operations, including excavation and removal of spoil; • site stripping; • earthworks; • construction vehicle movements over dry, bare areas; • blow-off and spillage from vehicles during import of construction materials and any export of surplus material from the site;

• site excavations; • concreting operations; and • site reinstatement and access road construction.

The magnitude of dust emissions, and thus deposition rates, depend on the suppression measures employed during the construction activities.

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The receptors closest to the site boundary that are likely to be sensitive to dust emissions are residential properties in Al Qatrana are located at about 1.5 km from the construction site.

The emission of dust from construction activities is, by its nature, very variable, depending on the type of activity, the state of the ground and the prevailing wind speed. At wind speeds above 3 m/s, particles of dust may become airborne and may be transported from their initial source. Of the particles which become airborne, for a typical mean wind speed of 4 m/s, particles of diameter greater than 100 µm are likely to settle out within 6 m to 10 m and those with diameters between 30 µm and 100 µm are likely to settle out within 100 m of the source. Smaller particles, particularly those below 10 µm, are more likely to have their settling rate retarded by atmospheric turbulence and to be transported further off-site. In high winds, some of these fine dust particles could be deposited at a distance of 500 m from the site and high winds will cause more dust to be created if there are dry surfaces.

Virtually all particles with a diameter of more than 30 µm emitted directly from the construction site are likely to be deposited within a distance of 100-200 m. The predominant wind direction is from the northwest to southeast, i.e. blowing away from Al Qatrana town. Thus, due to the distance from the site and the direction of prevailing winds, residential receptors in Al Qatrana are not expected to be affected by dust emissions by incorporation of mitigation measures designed to minimize dust emissions during construction.

In addition to the direct dust emissions from the construction site, dust adhering to the wheels and chassis of vehicles accessing the site and involved in the removal of spoil, may lead to increased indirect dust emissions along access routes. This depends on several factors including:

• number of vehicles accessing the site; • cleanliness of on-site haul routes; • cleanliness of vehicles (e.g. adoption of wheel and chassis washing); • prevailing weather conditions.

Further potential for dust generation exists due to blow-off and spillage from vehicles during import of aggregate and any export of surplus soil material. The potential therefore exists for the residential receptors close to the road in Al Qatrana. However, these potential impacts can be mitigated by incorporation of measures designed to minimize dust emissions from vehicles.

9.3.2 Mitigation Measures during Construction

To minimize the potential for dust nuisance from the construction site and from construction traffic using public roads, the following site practices will be employed:

• where possible, the contractor will select equipment designed to minimize dust emissions; • activities that produce significant dust emissions will be monitored during periods of high winds and dust control measures will be adjusted to account for ambient conditions to minimize fugitive dust, e.g. the contractor will limit work activities which may generate dust

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if they pose an immediate danger or significant nuisance to the construction workforce, general public or surrounding environment;

• stockpiles of soil and similar materials will be carefully managed to minimize the risk of windblown dust, for example:

o water spray dampening of soils and spoil will be undertaken to prevent dust blow during hot and dry weather conditions;

o water sprays will be supplied and used during delivery and dumping of sand and gravel during periods of dry weather;

o where possible, drop heights for material transfer activities such as unloading of friable materials will be minimized and carefully managed;

• on-site and access roads will be well maintained through mechanical means (sweeping or vacuuming) to reduce potential dust emissions;

• vehicle speeds on un-surfaced roads will be limited to 30 km/hr; and • lorries used for the transportation of friable construction materials and spoil off-site will be covered/sheeted.

9.3.3 Traffic-related Air Quality Impacts

Construction traffic associated with the proposed Project will emit exhaust fumes to atmosphere. Traffic-related air quality impacts require consideration only if relatively large changes in traffic are caused by the construction of the Project. Since ambient NO2 concentrations in the area are low, the contribution to pollutant concentrations arising from construction traffic will be negligible to cause exceedances of air quality standards.

Town of Al Qatrana lies about 1.5 km from the construction site boundary. The potential for adverse impacts from dust emissions from the site will be significantly reduced by careful management of the construction phase and incorporation of mitigation measures. With the inclusion of the proposed mitigation measures into the construction activities and management of the construction site, the potential for dust nuisance is considered to be insignificant.

9.4 Environmental Impacts during Operation

9.4.1 Combustion Turbine Emissions

The Jordanian “Air Emissions from Stationary Sources Standard (No. 1189, 2006)” provides emission standards for stationary sources. The “1998 World Bank's Thermal Power Guidelines For New Plants” contain emission limits. Proposed power plant emissions will be at or below both the Jordanian and The World Bank limits. Table 9-7 presents the guaranteed emissions from the two HRSG stacks at the proposed power plant with both GT/HRSG sets operating at maximum rated capacity with natural gas and distillate fuel oil. A discussion of the pollutant emissions, corresponding controls and regulatory limits is provided in the following sections.

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Table 9-7 Jordanian and World Bank Emission Limits

Parameter Units Project Emission Limits Value Jordanian World Bank Natural Gas NOx mg/Nm3 @15% 125 200 125 O2, dry CO mg/Nm3 @15% - - - O2, dry 3 PM/PM10 mg/Nm @15% Negligible 50 50 O2, dry 3 SO2 mg/Nm @15% Negligible 6500 2,000 O2, dry Distillate Fuel Oil NOx mg/Nm3 @15% 165 200 165 O2, dry CO mg/Nm3 @15% - - - O2, dry 3 PM/PM10 mg/Nm @15% 50 50 50 O2, dry 3 SO2 mg/Nm @15% 413 6500 2,000 O2, dry

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Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)

Nitrogen oxide (NOx) is formed through combustion processes in two ways: (1) the combination of elemental nitrogen and oxygen in the combustion air within the high temperature environment of the combustor (thermal NOx); and (2) the oxidation of nitrogen contained in the fuel. The rate of thermal NOx formation is dependent on the residence time, amount of free oxygen and peak flame temperature. Virtually all NOx emissions originate as nitric oxide (NO), as both nitrogen and oxygen disassociate into the atomic form at the high temperatures within the combustion zone and then recombine to form NO. A minor fraction of the NO is further oxidized in the flue gas system to form NO2. Because natural gas has negligible nitrogen content, the bulk of the NOx formation will be through thermal oxidation of nitrogen from the combustion air, referred to as thermal NOx.

The combustion system of the gas turbine is Dry Low NOx (DLN) system for control of emissions of NOx. The DLN combustor is a single stage multi-mode combustor capable of operation with either gaseous or liquid fuel. A typical DLN combustion system is shown in Figure 9-4 below. The burning zone is formed by the combustion liner and the face of the cap. The majority of the combustion air is introduced through premix chambers surrounding fuel nozzles. The fuel nozzles have multiple injection locations. Diffusion gas is necessary to achieve stable operation where turbine fuel-air ratios are too lean to support an entirely premixed (low NOx) flame. Premix gas is injected through radial spokes upstream of the burning zone in the premix chamber. The ratio of premix to diffusion gas increases as load increases, typically to about 50 percent load, where all the fuel is injected in the premix passages. The minimum NOx emissions are achieved under such conditions. Premix operation is utilized up to full load operation from this point.

Figure 9-4 Dry Low NOx Combustion System

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Dry low NOx combustors will be used in the proposed Project. NOx emission levels will be in compliance with The World Bank (September, 1998) limits of 125 mg/Nm3 for natural gas and 165 mg/Nm3 for DFO referenced to dry conditions and 15 percent oxygen in the flue gas. A normal cubic meter of flue gas is referenced to 0 °C and 1 atmosphere of pressure. When firing natural 3 gas and DFO, NOx emissions will also be in compliance with the Jordanian limit of 200 mg/Nm , dry basis at 15 percent excess oxygen.

Particulate Matter (PM)

Due to the clean burning nature of combined cycle power plants, add-on controls such as baghouses and electrostatic precipitators are not required to control particulates. The most stringent particulate control method available is the use of low ash fuel such as natural gas as primary fuel. Particulate emission during firing natural gas is negligible. The project will emit negligible amounts of PM, far below Jordanian and World Bank limits and thus the project particulate emissions will meet the Jordanian limit of 50 mg/Nm3 and The World Bank limit of 50 mg/Nm3, dry basis at 15 percent excess oxygen.

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

SO2 is produced by oxidation of sulfur in the fuel. Natural gas contains only traces of sulfur. Use of natural gas is considered best Available Control Technology in the U.S. to minimize SO2 emissions. The Project will emit negligible amounts of SO2, far below Jordanian and World Bank 3 limits while firing natural gas. During DFO firing, SO2 emissions are expected to be 413 mg/Nm dry basis at 15 percent excess oxygen. The SO2 emissions during distillate fuel oil firing will comply with the 6500 mg/Nm3 and 2000 mg/Nm3 dry basis at 15 percent excess oxygen the Jordanian and The World Bank Guideline limits, respectively.

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

CO is formed as a result of the incomplete combustion of carbon and organic compounds in the fuel. CO emissions are a function of oxygen availability (excess air), flame temperature, residence time at flame temperature, combustor design and turbulence. Jordan and The World Bank do not have a CO emission limit.

9.4.2 Conversion of Nitric Oxide to Nitrogen Dioxide

The Jordanian and The World Bank ambient air quality standards are promulgated in terms of

NO2. However, most of the oxides of nitrogen emitted from combustion sources is nitrogen oxide

(NO). With travel time, some of the NO is converted to NO2 in ambient air. Conversion of NO to

NO2 in the atmosphere occurs through sets of atmospheric reactions. Ambient levels of ozone affect the conversion as the following equation plays a role in NO to NO2 conversion.

NO + O3 → NO2 + O2

Thus, conversion of NO to NO2 at the downwind of the stack is mainly determined by atmospheric concentrations of ozone and atmospheric stability. There are sets of equations that take these parameters into account to calculate NO to NO2 conversion in the atmosphere. Another way of

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calculation is the use of on-site data by means of measurements. The U.S. EPA's “Guideline on Air Quality Models” (USEPA, 1996) allows use of representative ambient monitoring of NO and

NO2 in order to determine the proper conversion rate of NOx (NO + NO2) in the flue gas to NO2 in the ambient air. Use of ambient measurements to calculate conversion ratio is more accurate as the on-site concentrations and atmospheric conditions are reflected. The model predicted ambient NOx concentrations are then scaled by this conversion rate to arrive at an ambient NO2 concentration. Use of representative monitoring data to scale modeled NOx impacts is called the ambient ratio (AR) method.

Ambient NO and NO2 measurements made at Al Qatrana site located approximately 2 km NE of the project site. Hourly measurements were conducted for one month in the autumn, winter, spring and summer of the year 2007 and 2008. The monitoring results represent the seasonal variation in pollutant concentrations thus represents a whole year. The concentrations of NO and

NO2 measured at this site was used for the AR method. The conversion rate of NOx to NO2 is calculated as the ratio of NO2 / (NO + NO2). Table 9-8 shows the maximum daily average NO2 and NOx concentrations measured at this site and calculated NO2/NOx ratios. The average ratio of all seasons is 0.51 that represents the yearly NO2/NOx ratio.

Table 9-8 NO2 and NOx Concentrations and Calculated NO2/NOx Ratios

Autumn Winter Spring Summer

NO2 0.005 ppm 0.013 ppm 0.010 ppm 0.010 ppm

NOx 0.016 ppm 0.017 ppm 0.021 ppm 0.021 ppm

NO2/NOx 0.31 0.76 0.47 0.47

Maximum NOx impacts predicted from the modeled sources were scaled by 0.51 to arrive at a maximum NO2 impact. The latter was then added to a monitored background concentration and the total was compared with the Jordanian and the World Bank ambient standards.

9.4.3 Stack Height

Good Engineering Practice (GEP) stack height is defined as the height necessary to insure that emissions from the stack do not result in excessive concentrations of any air pollutant in the immediate vicinity of the source as a result of atmospheric downwash, eddies and wakes that may be created by the source itself, nearby structures or nearby terrain obstacles (U.S. EPA, 1985). The GEP stack height can be calculated using the following formula:

Hg = Hb + 1.5(L) (1) where:

Hg = the GEP formula height Hb = the height of the nearby structure, and

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L = the lesser dimension (building height or projected width) of the nearby structure, called the critical dimension).

Both the height and width of a structure are determined from the frontal area of the structure projected onto a plane perpendicular to the direction of the wind. In all instances, the GEP formula stack height is based on the plane projection of any nearby building that result in the greatest justifiable height. For purposes of determining the maximum GEP formula height, nearby is defined as five structure heights or widths downwind from the trailing edge of the structure.

Prevailing wind directions are from Northwest and North of the Project site. Power hall buildings located on the Northwest of the stacks. Therefore, it is highly possible that the prevailing winds hit first onto power hall buildings and results in aerodynamic flow that might create downwash of stacks plume. The power hall is 20.8 m above stack base. Building lateral dimensions (length = 78 m; width = 34 m) yield a maximum projected width of 85.0 m which is greater than the height of the power hall building. Since the maximum projected width is greater than the height, the building is considered a squat structure and the GEP stack height formula equals:

Hg = 2.5 Hb because L in equation (1) equals Hb. The GEP formula height is, therefore, 52.0 m (2.5 x 20.8 m). The proposed stack height and the height modeled in this analysis is 55.0 m that is greater than calculated GEP stack height of 52.0 meters.

9.4.4 Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling

This section presents the methodology used to quantify ambient impacts from the proposed power project. Pollutant impacts from the Project were estimated using an air quality model approved by the U.S. EPA and recommended by the World Bank. An air quality model is a set of mathematical equations that relate the release of an air pollutant to the corresponding concentration of the pollutant in ambient air. In this analysis, The American Meteorological Society/Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Model (AERMOD) was used to calculate concentrations of gases and particulates emitted from the two HRSG stacks and from the by-pass stacks.

The suitability of an air quality dispersion model for a particular application is dependent upon several factors. For this study, the following selection criteria have been evaluated:

• stack height relative to nearby structures (i.e., building downwash effect); • dispersion environment (e.g., urban, rural); • local terrain (e.g., complex, flat); and

• availability of on-site or representative meteorological data. The AERMOD model is capable of modeling building downwash by incorporating Building Profile Input Program (BPIP) outputs that performs the GEP calculation for a multi-building complex on a stack-by-stack basis. The AERMOD Model incorporated air dispersion based on planetary boundary layer turbulence structure and scaling concepts, including treatment of both surface and

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elevated sources, and both simple and complex terrain (AERMOD User’s Guide, U.S. EPA, 2004). The hourly meteorological data is available from Queen Alia International Airport. Therefore the AERMOD model was selected for this application.

9.4.4.1 Dispersion Model and Inputs

Modeling Scenarios

The AERMOD model was utilized under different scenarios in order to simulate influence of both the operation and fuel types. The proposed plant will operate under combined cycle mode by using natural gas as the primary fuel. However, during only short periods of time the plant might operate using DFO as the secondary fuel. Only the short-term impacts of the DFO use is assessed in the model runs as the operation period is limited. Whereas both the short-term and long-term air quality impacts during natural gas firing under combined cycle operation were assessed in the AERMOD model runs.

Another set of scenarios were developed to assess the air quality impacts during open cycle operation. The plant runs under simple (open) cycle mode while using by-pass stacks. Both the natural gas and DFO use was considered for bypass operation scenarios. Only the short-term air quality impacts were modeled for bypass operation.

Thus, the following modeling scenarios are used in AERMOD runs:

• Combined cycle operation while using natural gas (main scenario); • Combined cycle operation while using DFO; • Open cycle operation while using natural gas; and • Open cycle operation while using DFO.

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Model Inputs

The AERMOD model was run for regulatory default option under elevated terrain condition and incorporating building downwash algorithms. The model requires the following inputs for proper application:

• Stack and emissions parameters; • Building dimensions data; • Receptor grid; • Terrain (topography) data; and • Meteorological data.

- Stack and Emission Parameters

Stack and emission parameters for the stated modeling scenario conditions are required as input into the AERMOD model. Table 9-9 presents the stack and stack gas exit parameters input to the AERMOD model for the proposed HRSG stacks (Combined Cycle Operation) and by-pass stacks (Open Cycle Operation). The values given in the table are for each unit.

For the HRSG stacks, modeling was performed for the maximum load case. The proposed power plant is a base load facility and is expected to operate at lower loads only on rare occasions.

Table 9-9 Stack and Emission Parameters for Modeling

Combined Cycle Open Cycle Operation Operation Input Parameters Per Unit Natural DFO Natural DFO Gas Gas

NOx Emissions (g/sec) 51.0 61.62 51.0 61.62 SO2 Emissions (g/sec) Negligible 143.17 Negligible 143.17 Particulate Emissions (g/sec) Negligible 18.67 Negligible 18.67 Flue Gas Exit Velocity (m/sec) 19.74 19.47 29.93 28.56 Flue Gas Exit Temperature (°C) 139.24 138.36 557.8 529.2 Stack Inside Diameter (m) 5.84 5.84 6.73 6.73 Stack height (m) 55 55 30 30 Stack Base Elevation 795 795 (meters above see level) Stack-1 Location (X;Y UTM (216067.99; 3458038.96) (216040.62; 3458051.65) Coordinates) Stack-2 Location (X;Y UTM (216052.88; 3458005.56) (216025.51; 3458018.25) Coordinates)

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- Building Dimensions Data

In order to simulate possible building downwash influence of nearby structures, the GEP calculations were incorporated into AERMOD runs. The direction-specific building dimensions were determined using the USEPA’s Building Profile Input Program software (BPIP) using the design values of the stack and building heights. Figure 9-5 shows the on-site structures that could potentially cause downwash from sources. The height, length and width of the buildings used in building downwash calculations in BPIP model are presented in Table 9-10.

Table 9-10 Building Information Used in BPIP

Building Height (m) Length (m) Width (m) Air-Cooled Condensers 35.2 83.696 57.382 HRSG x 2 24.30 17.760 17.198 Power Hall-1 20.80 78.182 34.004 Power Hall-2 20.80 45.670 37.015 Electrical Building 17.80 48.206 37.235 Tank Height (m) Diameter (m)

Distillate Fuel Oil Tanks x 2 17.00 34

Figure 9-5 On-site Structures that Could Potentially Cause Downwash from Sources

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- Receptor Grid and Terrain Data

A comprehensive Cartesian receptor grid extending to 20 km from the Project was used in the AERMOD modeling to assess maximum ground-level pollutant concentrations. The 20-km receptor grid was more than sufficient to resolve the maximum impacts and any potential significant impact area.

The rectangular Cartesian receptors grid consists of the following nested receptor spacing:

• 500-m increments out to 5 km; • 1000-m increments out to 10 km; and • 2000-m increments out to 20 km. The receptor grid was developed and processed with AERMAP, that is the terrain pre-processor of the AERMOD model. A total of 337 receptors were used in the modeling. Elevated terrain option was used in the modeling in order to represent the real-site conditions. Terrain elevations were obtained in the UTM format and converted into the DEM format. The generated DEM data processed with AERMAP to develop the receptor terrain elevations and corresponding hill height scale required by AERMOD. AERMAP searches for the terrain height and location that has the greatest influence on dispersion for each individual receptor. This height is the referred to as the hill height scale. Both the base elevation and hill height scale data are produced by AERMAP. The receptor grids together with 2-dimensional terrain data used in the modeling are shown in Figure 9-6. Figure 9-7 shows a 3-dimensional view of the digital terrain data.

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Figure 9-6 Two Dimensional View of Receptor Grid and Terrain Data Used in the AERMOD Modeling

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Figure 9-7 Three Dimensional View of Terrain Data Used in the AERMOD Modeling

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- Meteorological Data

The meteorological data recorded at Queen Alia International Airport in 2000-2008 were evaluated for use in the modeling. The hourly wind speed, wind direction, ambient temperature, cloud cover and cloud ceiling height data recorded between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2008 at the airport were used as an input in the modeling. The year 2008 was selected as it was the most recent and complete data. The wind rose generated from the wind data recorded at Queen Alia International Airport in 2008 was shown in Figure 9-8.

The meteorological data required for input to AERMOD was created with AERMET, the meteorological pre-processor, which utilizes hourly surface observations from the Queen Alia International Airport. AERMET creates two output files for input to AERMOD:

• SURFACE: a file with boundary layer parameters such as sensible heat flux, surface friction velocity, convective velocity scale, vertical potential temperature gradient in the 500-m layer above the planetary boundary layer, and convective and mechanical mixing heights. Also provided are values of Monin-Obukhov length, surface roughness, albedo, Bowen ratio, wind speed, wind direction, temperature, and heights at which measurements were taken.

• PROFILE: a file containing multi-level meteorological data with wind speed, wind direction, temperature, sigma-theta (σθ) and sigma-w (σw) when such data are available.

AERMET requires specification of site characteristics including surface roughness (zo), albedo (r), and Bowen ratio (Bo). The values of 0.45, 10 and 0.15 were used for zo, r, and Bo, respectively according to the guidance provided by the US EPA.

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Figure 9-8 Wind Rose for Queen Alia International Airport

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9.4.4.2 Modeling Results

The AERMOD modeling focused on the emissions of NOx (converted to NO2), SO2 and particulate. During natural gas firing the major emissions are NOx emissions. The emissions of

SO2 and particulate matter (PM) are negligible. Therefore under scenario conditions where natural gas is the fuel, modeling was conducted to predict ground level concentrations of NOx. DFO firing, however, results in SO2 and particulate emissions in addition to NOx emissions. Therefore, modeling scenarios with DFO firing considered prediction of ground level concentrations for SO2,

NOx and PM.

The proposed Project will operate under combined cycle operation mode while firing natural gas. Therefore, both long-term (annual averages) and short-term (1-hour and 24-hour averages) ground level pollutant concentrations were estimated and assessed. DFO will be used only for a short period of time, thus the modeling scenarios including DFO considered only short-term (1- hour and 24-hour averages) ground level concentration predictions. By-pass operation (i.e., open cycle operation mode) will also be made for a short period of time, thus the modeling scenarios for by-pass operation includes only the short-term (1-hour and 24-hour averages) predictions.

Maximum predicted concentrations for the proposed Project are presented in Table 9-11 for each pollutant and averaging period for which there is a Jordanian AAQS and for which The World Bank has a guideline concentration. Modeled concentrations create an increment to background air quality in the study area. The background pollutant concentrations in the study area that are results of monitoring study and cumulative concentrations (i.e., plant impact plus background) were also presented in Table 9-11.

In the following parts, first the air quality impacts of the Project alone are discussed by providing detailed discussion on modeling results. Then, cumulative impacts of the proposed Project and existing environment are discussed in detail.

The First Scenario

For the first scenario condition (i.e., combined cycle operation while using natural gas), maximum predicted impacts of NO2 are presented for 1-hour, 24-hour and annual averaging periods together with the Jordanian AAQS and World Bank Guideline concentrations in Table 9-11. The highest annual average impact from the proposed power plant is 2.19 µg/m3. This concentration is predicted to occur to the ESE (116 degrees) of the proposed Project at a distance of 1.2 km and elevation of 784 m, mean sea level (msl). This concentration is much lower (only about 2 percent of the limits) than the Jordanian AAQS limits and World Bank Guideline value of 95 and 100 µg/m3, respectively. The airshed is defined as “clean” according World Bank Guideline. The long- term (annual) predicted NO2 impact of the power plant to the background air is almost negligible.

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Table 9-11 Results of the AERMOD Modeling for the Proposed Power Plant

Modeling results Max. Modeled Max. Distance Monitored Cumulative Jordanian WB Scenario / Averaging Location No Average from Background Conc. Limits Guideline Parameter period (X; Y UTM 3 3 3 Concentration Stacks Conc. (µg/m ) (µg/m ) (µg/m ) coordinates) 3 (µg/m3) (km) (µg/m ) Combined Cycle Operation/Natural Gas Annual 2.19 217060.44;3457522.25 1.2 Not Available NA 95 100 1 rd NO2 3 high. 24-hour 10.80 216560.44;3457522.25 0.7 50.76 61.56 150 150 3rd high. 1-hour 117.41 213560.44;3456522.25 2.9 80.37 197.78 400 - Combined Cycle Operation/DFO 3rd high. 24-hour 13.24 216560.44;3457522.25 0.7 50.76 64.00 150 150 NO 2 3rd high. 1-hour 145.02 213560.44;3456522.25 2.9 80.37 225.39 400 - 2 24-hour 60.34 216560.44;3457522.25 0.7 2.62 62.96 370 150 SO 2 3rd high. 1-hour 660.82 213560.44;3456522.25 2.9 6.55 667.37 786 - Particulate 24-hour 7.87 216560.44;3457522.25 0.7 204.75 212.62 120 150 Open Cycle Operation/Natural Gas 3 3rd high. 24-hour 11.28 216560.44;3458022.25 0.5 50.76 62.04 150 150 NO 2 3rd high. 1-hour 95.02 213560.44;3455522.25 3.5 80.37 175.39 400 - Open Cycle Operation/DFO 3rd high. 24-hour 15.45 216560.44;3458022.25 0.5 50.76 66.21 150 150 NO 2 3rd high. 1-hour 133.15 213560.44;3455522.25 3.5 80.37 213.52 400 - 4 24-hour 70.32 216560.44;3458022.25 0.5 2.62 72.94 370 150 SO 2 3rd high. 1-hour 606.01 213560.44;3455522.25 3.5 6.55 612.56 786 - Particulate 24-hour 9.34 216560.44;3458022.25 0.5 204.75 214.09 120 150 1) Monitored concentrations are the maximum rather than 3rd highest. 2) Annual average impacts assume annual average emission rates. 3) NO2 impacts assume 51% conversion of the stack emissions of NOX to NO2 in the ambient air per U.S. EPA guidance. 4) Jordanian standards and World Bank Guideline levels apply to this project.

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Figure 9-9 presents the distribution of the predicted NO2 impacts for the annual averaging period. The orientation of the maximum concentrations is toward the SE and SSE of the proposed power plant. Location of the maximum predicted concentrations is affected by meteorological parameters, topography and emission source parameters (building orientations, stack parameters, etc.). Prevailing winds are blowing from NW and WNW directions in the area. Therefore, Figure 9-9 shows that the annual ground level concentrations are affected mostly by the prevailing wind regime of the region. Relatively close distance of maximum concentrations to the plant site is due to building downwash effect within the power plant. The figure shows that predicted impacts from the Project are very low relative to Jordanian standards and World Bank Guidelines. The figure also shows that the proposed power plant emissions will have a negligible impact at the nearest sensitive receptor, the Town of Al Qatrana.

The third highest predictions for one year model run were presented for 1-hour and 24-hour averaging periods as stated by the Jordanian AAQS. The third highest 24-hour impact from the proposed power plant is 10.80 µg/m3. This concentration is predicted to occur to the SE (135 degrees) of the proposed power plant at a distance of 0.7 km and elevation of 791 m, msl. This concentration is much lower (only 7 percent of the limits) than the Jordanian AAQS limits and World Bank Guideline value of 150 µg/m3. Thus, the airshed is defined as “clean” according to The World Bank Guideline.

Figure 9-10 presents the distribution of the predicted NO2 impacts for the 24-hour averaging period. The orientation of the maximum concentrations is toward the SE and SW of the proposed power plant. Maximum predicted concentrations on the SE receptor grids are influenced by both the prevailing winds and elevations located on the SE corner of the receptor area. High elevations also locate on the SW corner of the receptor area yielding maximum concentrations. Relatively close distance of maximum concentration locations to the plant site attribute to building downwash effect within the power plant.

The third highest 1-hour impact from the proposed power plant is 117.41 µg/m3. It is predicted to occur to the WSW (240 degrees) of the proposed power plant at a distance of 2.9 km and elevation of 910 m, msl. This concentration is lower (30 percent of the limits) than the Jordanian 3 AAQS limit of 400 µg/m . There is no World Bank Guideline for the 1-hour NO2 concentrations.

Figure 9-11 presents the distribution of the predicted NO2 impacts for the 1-hour averaging period. Maximum concentrations occur at SW and SE corners of the receptor grid where the high elevations in the grid exist.

In summary, the predicted long-term and short-term NO2 impacts from the Project provide negligible increment to the background air quality. In addition, the nearest sensitive receptor, the Town of Al Qatrana, is not affected by the emissions associated with the proposed power plant operations.

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Figure 9-9 Maximum Predicted NO2 Impact for the Annual Averaging Period

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Figure 9-10 Maximum Predicted NO2 Impact for the 24-hour Averaging Period

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Figure 9-11 Maximum Predicted NO2 Impact for the 1-hour Averaging Period

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The Second Scenario

For the second scenario condition (i.e., combined cycle operation while using DFO), maximum predicted impacts of NO2, SO2 and particulate matter are presented for short-term (1-hour and

24-hour) averaging periods. The third highest 24-hour average NO2 impact from the proposed power plant is 13.24 µg/m3. This concentration is predicted to occur to the SE (135 degrees) of the proposed power plant at a distance of 0.7 km and elevation of 791 m, msl. This concentration is much lower (only 9 percent of the limits) than the Jordanian AAQS limits and World Bank Guideline value of 150 µg/m3. Thus, the airshed is defined as clean according World Bank

Guideline. Figure 9-12 presents the distribution of the predicted NO2 impacts for the 24-hour averaging period. The orientation of the maximum concentrations is toward the SE and SW of the receptor grid similar to that of the first scenario.

3 The third highest 1-hour average NO2 impact from the proposed power plant is 145.02 µg/m . It is predicted to occur to the WSW (240 degrees) of the proposed power plant at a distance of 2.9 km and elevation of 910 m, msl. This concentration is lower (36 percent of the limits) than the 3 Jordanian AAQS limit of 400 µg/m . There is no World Bank guideline for the 1-hour NO2 concentrations. Figure 9-13 presents the distribution of the predicted NO2 impacts for the 1-hour averaging period. Maximum concentrations occur at SW and SE corners of the receptor grid where the high elevations in the grid exist. The predicted short-term NO2 impacts from the power plant provide negligible increment to the background air quality.

The highest 24-hour average SO2 impact from the proposed Project when firing DFO is 60.34 µg/m3. This concentration is predicted to occur to the SE (135 degrees) of the proposed Project at a distance of 0.7 km and elevation of 791 m, msl. This concentration is lower than the Jordanian AAQS limit and World Bank Guideline value of 370 µg/m3 and 150 µg/m3, respectively. The predicted concentration is about 16 percent of the Jordanian limits and 40 percent of the World Bank Guideline. The airshed is defined as “clean” according to The World Bank Guideline.

Figure 9-14 presents the distribution of the predicted SO2 impacts for the 24-hour averaging period. The orientation of the maximum concentrations is toward the SE and SW of the receptor grid. Maximum predicted concentrations on the SE receptor grids are influenced by both the prevailing winds and elevations located on the SE corner of the receptor area. High elevations locate on the SW corner of the receptor area yield also maximum concentrations. Relatively close distance of maximum concentration locations to the plant site attribute to building downwash effect within the power plant. The predicted 24-hour SO2 impacts from the power plant provide negligible increment to the background air quality.

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Figure 9-12 Maximum Predicted NO2 Impact for the 24-hour Averaging Period (DFO firing)

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Figure 9-13 Maximum Predicted NO2 Impact for the 1-hour Averaging Period (DFO Firing)

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Figure 9-14 Maximum Predicted SO2 Impact for the 24-hour Averaging Period (DFO firing)

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3 The third highest 1-hour average SO2 impact from the proposed power plant is 669.82 µg/m . It is predicted to occur to the WSW (240 degrees) of the proposed power plant at a distance of 2.9 km and elevation of 910 m, msl. This concentration is lower than the Jordanian AAQS limit of 3 786 µg/m . There is no World Bank guideline for the 1-hour SO2 concentrations. The maximum 1-hour concentrations represents a rare case that might occur in one year as only a distinct meteorological conditions occurring at 1-hour in a year result in this concentrations. Figure 9-15 shows the distribution of maximum predicted 1-hour SO2 concentrations. More than 80 percent 3 of the maximum predicted 1-hour SO2 concentrations are less than 100 µg/m and 98.4 percent of the predicted concentrations are less than 400 µg/m3. Only 1.6 percent of the predicted concentrations are between 400 and 669.82 µg/m3. Figure 9-16 presents the distribution of the predicted SO2 impacts for the 1-hour averaging period. Maximum concentrations occur at SW and SE corners of the receptor grid where the high elevations in the grid exist.

700 0.32% 600 0.32% 500 0.96% 400 1.92% 300 2.88% 200 Concentration (ug/m3) Concentration 12.78% 100 80.83% 0 1 16 31 46 61 76 91 106 121 136 151 166 181 196 211 226 241 256 271 286 301 Receptor

Figure 9-15 Distribution of Maximum Predicted 1-hour SO2 concentrations for Scenario-2

The third highest 24-hour average particulate matter impact from the proposed Project when firing DFO is 7.87 µg/m3. This concentration is predicted to occur to the SE (135 degrees) of the proposed power plant at a distance of 0.7 km and elevation of 791 m, msl. This concentration is much lower than (only about 3 percent of the limits) the Jordanian AAQS Limits and World Bank Guideline value of 120 µg/m3 and 150 µg/m3, respectively. The airshed is defined as clean according to The World Bank Guideline. Figure 9-17 presents the distribution of the predicted particulate matter impacts for the 24-hour averaging period. The orientation of the maximum concentrations is toward the SE and SW of the receptor grid similar to that of predicted SO2 impacts for the 24-hour averaging period. The predicted short-term particulate matter impacts from the power plant provide negligible increment to the background air quality.

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Figure 9-16 Maximum Predicted SO2 Impact for the 1-hour Averaging Period (DFO Firing)

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Figure 9-17 Maximum Predicted Particulate Matter Impact for the 24-hour Averaging Period (DFO Firing)

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The Third and Fourth Scenarios

The third and fourth scenario conditions consider by-pass operation while running natural gas and DFO, respectively. During by-pass operation flue gas exit temperature and velocity are much higher than that of stack discharge during combined cycle operation. These higher parameters provide higher buoyancy and vertical drift of plume resulting in better dispersion thus lower ground level concentrations of the pollutants. Therefore, although by-pass stacks are shorter (30 m) than the HRSG stacks (55 m) and emission rates of pollutants are the same during by-pass operation, the model predicted maximum ground level concentrations of the pollutants are comparable or lower than that of combined cycle operation.

For the third scenario condition (i.e., open cycle operation while using natural gas), short-term impacts of NO2 are presented during by-pass operation while firing natural gas. The third highest 3 24-hour average NO2 impact from the proposed power plant under Scenario-3 is 11.28 µg/m . This concentration is predicted to occur to the E (090 degrees) of the proposed power plant at a distance of 0.5 km and elevation of 784 m, msl. This concentration is much lower (only 8 percent of the limits) than the Jordanian AAQS limits and World Bank Guideline value of 150 µg/m3. The airshed is defined as “clean” according to The World Bank Guideline.

The third highest 1-hour average NO2 impact from the proposed power plant under Scenario-3 is 95.02 µg/m3. It is predicted to occur to the SW (225 degrees) of the proposed power plant at a distance of 3.5 km and elevation of 944 m, msl. This concentration is lower (24 percent of the limits) than the Jordanian AAQS limit of 400 µg/m3. There is no World Bank Guideline for the 1- hour NO2 concentrations. The predicted short-term NO2 impacts from the power plant under Scenario-3 provide negligible increment to the background air quality.

For the fourth scenario condition (i.e., open cycle operation while using DFO), short-term impacts of NO2, SO2 and particulate matter are presented during by-pass operation while firing DFO. The third highest 24-hour and 1-hour average NO2 impacts from the proposed power plant under Scenario 4 are 15.45 µg/m3 and 133.15 µg/m3. These concentrations are predicted to occur at the same locations as 24-hour and 1-hour NO2 concentrations in Scenario 3. These concentrations are much lower than 24-hour and 1-hour Jordanian AAQS limits of 150 µg/m3 and 3 400 µg/m . The maximum predicted 24-hour NO2 concentrations are also much lower than World Bank Guideline value of 150 µg/m3. The airshed is defined as “clean” according to The World Bank Guideline.

The highest 24-hour and 1-hour average SO2 impacts from the proposed Project under Scenario 4 are 70.32 µg/m3 and 606.01 µg/m3, respectively. These concentrations are predicted to occur at the same locations as 24-hour and 1-hour NO2 concentrations. These concentrations are lower than 24-hour and 1-hour Jordanian AAQS limits of 370 µg/m3 and 786 µg/m3, respectively.

The maximum predicted 24-hour SO2 concentrations are also lower than World Bank Guideline value of 150 µg/m3. The airshed is defined as “clean” according to The World Bank Guideline.

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The third highest 24-hour average particulate matter impact from the proposed Project under Scenario-4 is 9.34 µg/m3. This concentration is predicted to occur at the same locations as 24- hour SO2 concentrations. This concentration is much lower than (only about 4 percent of the limits) Jordanian AAQS limits and the World Bank Guideline value of 120 µg/m3 and 150 µg/m3, respectively. The airshed is defined as clean according to the World Bank Guideline. The predicted short-term impacts from the power plant under Scenario-4 provide negligible increment to the background air quality.

9.4.4.3 Cumulative Air Quality Impacts

The background pollutant concentrations in the project area were monitored as discussed in the previous sections. The pollutant concentrations measured at the second monitoring site that is located at the nearby town (Al Qatrana) are added to the model predicted pollutant concentrations to calculate cumulative pollutant concentrations in the study area. In reality, the possibility of occurrence of model predicted maximum concentrations and maximum monitored background concentrations at the same location are very low. However, to represent the worst case condition the model predicted maximum concentrations are added to the background concentrations. For this purpose, the second monitoring site was selected to calculate worst case (i.e., cumulative) concentrations as the town is the nearest sensitive receptor.

Table 9-11 presents the maximum monitored concentrations measured at Al Qatrana site. The 3 3 measured maximum 24-hour and 1-hour NO2 concentrations are 50.76 µg/m and 80.37 µg/m , respectively. The maximum background SO2 concentrations measured at monitoring site are 2.62 µg/m3 and 6.55 µg/m3 for the 24-hour and 1-hour averaging periods, respectively. The maximum monitored background NO2 and SO2 concentrations are much below the Jordanian AAQS limits and World Bank Guideline values. The maximum 24-hour background particulate concentration was measured as 204.75 µg/m3. This value is higher than the Jordanian AAQS limit (120 µg/m3) and World Bank Guideline value (150 µg/m3). The study area is located in a rural site and it is not covered by a significant amount of vegetation. Therefore crustal dust contributes most of the particulate emissions measured in this area. The source of the monitored high background particulate concentrations is natural emissions rather than anthropogenic emissions.

The cumulative concentrations calculated for the study area are presented in Table 9-11. The maximum cumulative short-term NO2 and SO2 concentrations are below the Jordanian AAQS limits and World Bank Guideline values for all scenario conditions. The cumulative maximum 24- hour and 1-hour NO2 concentrations are about 40 percent and 50 percent of the limits for each scenario conditions. The cumulative maximum 24-hour and 1-hour SO2 concentrations are about 20 percent and 80 percent of the limits for each scenario conditions.

The cumulative maximum 24-hour particulate matter concentrations, however, do not comply with the Jordanian AAQS limits and World Bank Guideline values under Scenario-2 and Scenario-4 conditions. The cumulative maximum 24-hour particulate matter concentration is 212.62 µg/m3 and 214.09 µg/m3 for Scenario-2 and Scenario-4, respectively. These values are higher than the Jordanian AAQS limit (120 µg/m3) and World Bank Guideline value (150 µg/m3).

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The reason for the non-compliance is the high background particulate matter concentrations as stated in the previous paragraphs. The contribution of the emissions from the Project to the cumulative particulate matter concentrations is only 4 percent under Scenario-2 and Scenario-4 conditions. As discussed in the previous parts, the Project emissions do not provide a significant increment to the background air quality.

9.4.4.4 Conclusion

The modeling analysis demonstrates that ambient pollutant concentrations in the Project area will be in compliance with the Jordanian AAQS and the World Bank Guideline concentrations. The predicted ambient concentrations are much lower than the limits. Therefore, emissions from the proposed facility will provide almost negligible contribution to the background air quality.

9.5 Mitigation Measures

9.5.1 Mitigation during Construction

• Where possible, the contractor will select equipment designed to minimize dust emissions;

• Activities that produce significant dust emissions will be monitored during periods of high winds and dust control measures implemented as appropriate;

• Stockpiles of soil and similar materials will be carefully managed to minimize the risk of windblown dust, e.g. water spray dampening soils and spoil and during delivery and dumping of sand and gravel during periods of dry weather;

• Where possible, drop heights for material transfer activities, e.g. unloading of friable materials, will be minimized and carefully managed;

• On-site and access roads will be well maintained through mechanical means (sweeping or vacuuming) or spraying with water;

• Access road will be resurfaced; • Vehicle speeds on unsurfaced roads will be limited to 30 km/hr; • Lorries used for the transportation of friable construction materials and spoil off-site will be covered/sheeted;

• Engines will be switched off when not in use; • All vehicles and engines will be properly maintained to reduce air emissions.

9.5.2 Mitigation during Operation

• Natural gas will be used as the primary fuel, with significantly lower pollutant emissions than other fossil fuels;

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• Dry low-NOx combustors will be used which are designed to minimize NOx emissions. Emissions and air quality will comply with the local Jordanian and World Bank guideline limits;

• Stack height, flue gas exit temperature and velocity will be selected to ensure adequate dispersion of emissions in the air;

• When available, relatively low sulfur distillate fuel oil will be used during gas supply interruption.

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CHAPTER 10: SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS

10.1 Introduction

The Al Qatrana Power Project is a combined cycle 373 MW power plant operating with natural gas as the primary fuel and DFO as the backup fuel. The plant will be constructed at a site located within 1.5 km Southwest of the Town of Al Qatrana, within 90 km of Amman, and within 25 km from City of Karak.

It should be noted that the land designated for the Project site is totally vacant and is owned by the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR) of Jordan and is leased to the Sponsors under a Land Lease Agreement for a period of 25 years.

This study presents the results of the socio-economic conditions and to assess and quantify potential impacts of the Project on the socioeconomics of the area during all the phases of construction, operation, and decommissioning. The objectives of the study are:

• To establish baseline data with regard to socio-economic conditions. • To assess the impacts of the project on the socio-economic conditions of the local community.

• To recommend proper mitigation measures to enhance positive effects and minimize negative impacts. 10.2 Methodology

To achieve the above objectives the baseline must be established to enable assessing socio- economic impacts of the focus area with regard to the local economy, infrastructure, health, land use and demography.

For that purpose, the required data was identified in the ESIA terms of reference, available data was collected from the Department of Statistics (DOS) annual reports, relevant institutions annual reports and previous studies, and the results were analyzed and tabulated to present the socio-economic conditions at the focused area.

10.3 Baseline data

10.3.1 Demographic

Population

The population of Jordan was approximately 5,723,000 in 2007 with a population growth rate of 2.26% and a population density of 64.46 inhabitants per square kilometer. The urban population in Jordan is about 80%, while rural population is about 20%.

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It should be noted that the project location is within the Karak Governorate. Estimated population, area, and density of Karak Governorate, as compared to Jordan, are shown in Table 10-1;population of Karak Governorate according to administrational divisions as well as gender, are shown in Tables 10-2 and 10-3.

Table 10-1 Estimated Population, Area and Population Density by Governorate, 2007

Area Population density Governorate Population % % (km2) (capita/km2) Karak 223,200 3.9 3,495 3.9 63.86 Jordan 5,723,000 100 88,778 100 64.46 Ref. Department of General Statistics

Table 10-2 Estimated Population by Administrative Division for Karak Governorate 2007 (including closest towns to Project area)

Administrative Division Population Karak governorate 223,200 Karak District 132,654 Karak sub-district 78,128 Al Qatrana 4,778 Sad-Al-Sultani 2,119 Ref. Department of General Statistics

Table 10-3 Gender Distribution for Jordan and Karak Governorate, 2007

Governorate Males Females Karak 113,000 110,200 Jordan 2,773,000 2,950,000 Ref. Department of General Statistics

Employment

Workforce in Jordan includes all economically active citizens above the age of 15 years old. This workforce includes about 40% of all Jordanians above the age of 15. Since Jordan has a young population, it is anticipated for this workforce to increase rapidly in the future.

Unemployment rate in Jordan reached about 13.1% in 2007. The rate for females has reached about 25.6% as compared to 10.3% for males (see Figures 10-1 and 10-2). The least unemployment rate was in Amman and the highest was in Ma’an which reached about 18.2%. As for Karak, unemployment rate was approx. 12.3% for males and 25.8% for females in 2007.

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(Ref. Department of General Statistics) Figure 10-1 Unemployment in Jordan According to Governorate and Gender

(Ref. Department of General Statistics) Figure 10-2 Unemployment in Jordan According to Age and Gender

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Education The main general education service providers in Jordan are the Ministry of Education and the private sector, in addition to the Armed Forces, which provide this service to the remote areas in the country (see Figures 10-3 – 10-5).

The educational levels in Jordan consist of:

• Kindergarten (2 years). • Basic education (10 years). • Secondary education (2 years). University education (according to degree).

Figure 10-3 Distribution of Schools in Jordan by Controlling Auth. 2007/2008 without Kindergartens (Ref. Ministry of Education)

Figure 10-4 Distribution of Students in Jordan by Controlling Auth. 2007/2008 (Ref. Ministry of Education)

Figure 10-5 Distribution of Teachers in Jordan by Controlling Authority. 2007/2008 (Ref. Ministry of Education)

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In Karak the distribution of students, teachers and schools is shown in Tables 10-4 to 10-6 below.

Table 10-4 Distribution of Schools in the Kingdom by Directorate, Cycle and Gender 2007/2008 (Ref. Ministry of Education)

Kindergarten Basic. Secondary Directorates Total Female Co. Total Female Co. Total Female Co. Jordan 1,302 1 1,301 3,058412 1,8831,330 312 Karak 8 0 8 71 0 54 41 14 8 South Mazar 18 0 18 55 0 47 28 8 7 Al Qaser 2 0 2 41 1 31 19 6 4

Table 10-5 Distribution of Teachers in Jordan and Karak by Level and Gender 2007/2008 (Ref. Ministry of Education)

Total Kindergarten Basic Secondary Directorates Total Female Total Female Total Female Total Female Jordan 89,512 57,793 5,007 4,995 68,139 44,385 16,366 8,413 Karak 1,942 1,269 61 61 1,499 1,001 382 207 South Mazar 1,534 1,080 79 79 1,290 891 165 110 Al Qaser 923 606 33 33 666 456 224 117

Table 10-6 Distributions of Students in the Kingdom and Karak by Level and Gender 2007/2008 (Ref. Ministry of Education)

Total Kindergarten Basic Secondary Directorates Total Female Total Female Total Female Total Female Jordan 1,598,211 791,221 99,111 47,208 1,311,073 648,212 188,027 95,801 Karak 24,188 11,889 1,250 611 19,792 9,672 3,146 1,606 South Mazar 18,384 8,897 1,628 784 14,459 6,972 2,297 1,141 Al Qaser 10,204 ,5086 666 336 8,267 4,101 1,271 649

Housing

Housing in Jordan varies from small crowded dwellings to large villas, while the total number of housing units in Jordan is estimated at about 1,221,055 in the year 2004. The cost of living in Jordan is still lower than industrially developed and neighboring countries of the Middle East North Africa (MENA) region, with an inflation rate of 6.4% (2006). Regardless of this fact, primary services have increased relatively higher than the previous years. According to the Jordan Government, the utility prices as of December 28th, 2008 were as follows:

Unleaded gasoline 0.35 JD per liter;

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Super unleaded gasoline 0.405 JD per liter; Diesel JD 0.355 per liter; Kerosene JD 0.355 per liter; and Propane gas JD 6.5 per cylinder. Electricity is supplied in Jordan at 220 volts/50 cycles. The water prices and electricity prices are shown in Table 10-7 and Table 10-8, respectively.

Table 10-7 Water Prices (2008)

Water Quantity Without Sewer Service (JD) Including Sewer Service (JD) Household Consumption Less than 21 4.45 5.122 30 7.850 8.970 40 9.250 10.818 50 15.728 19.586 60 21.717 28.288 70 29.018 38.949 80 37.629 51.567 90 48.552 66.145 100 58.786 82.680 110 71.331 101.174 120 85.188 121.627 More than 130 850 fils/ m3 1242 fils/ m3 Non-Household 1 JD/m3 1.56 JD/m3 Consumption (Ref. Water Authority of Jordan)

Table 10-8 Electricity Prices as of March, 2008

Consumption (kWh- Month) Price (fils per kWh-month)

Household Consumption 1-160 32 161-300 71 301-500 85 501 and up 113 Commercial consumption 86 Industrial consumption 49 Agricultural consumption 47 Water supply 41 Hotels 86 (Ref. Jordan Electricity Company)

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Health Services

The standard of health services in Jordan is among the best in the region. As of 2006 there were 13,727 doctors, which represented a rate of 24.5 doctors per 10,000 of population. Other health indicators are included in Tables 10-9 and 10-10.

Table 10-9 Medical Human Resources in Jordan and Karak 2006

Personnel Karak Jordan Doctors 252 13,727 Dentists 35 (MOH Only) 4,597 Pharmacists 19 6,722 Nurses 136 9,578 Assistant Nurses 624 7,382 Legal Midwives 62 1,525 (Ref. Ministry of Health)

Table 10-10 Health Services Distribution in Jordan and Karak 2006

Indicator Karak Jordan Hospitals 6 101 Hospital beds 444 11,046 Clinic 5 58 Primary clinic 34 370 Village clinic 29 243 Maternity centers 37 406 Dental clinics (MOH) 22 274 Pharmacies 41 1,657 Medical supplies 2 252 (Ref. Ministry of Health)

10.3.2 Land Use

This section will cover the major land use in Jordan including Karak Governorate as follows:

Agriculture

Due to the scarcity of water resources, agricultural activities in Jordan are limited.

Jordan is considered one of the ten poorest countries in water resources. Such factor is very important for increasing the total irrigated agricultural area in Jordan. This problem is clear in the agricultural sector which contributed 1.22% to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2005 and used about 61% (501 million m3) of the water resources in Jordan in the same year. This contribution is increased by irrigation and technological advancements in farming methods and the use of other water resources such as treated wastewater in irrigation. The workforce in the agricultural sector is estimated at 10% of the workforce at national level.

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Table 10-11 Distribution of Planted Areas in Jordan, and Karak Governorate, 2005

Crop Total Area in Jordan Total Area in Karak (Dunum)* (Dunum)* Fruit trees 860,583,3 42,906 Grain crops 1,211,627,7 127,790 Vegetables 401,655,8 53,451 *( Dunum = 1000 m2 ) (Ref. Department of General Statistics.)

The total planted area of fruit trees and field crops in the Jordan is 2,473,867 dunums (1 dunum = 1,000 m2) in the year 2005 of which 224,147 dunums is the total planted area in Karak. In addition grazing reserves in Jordan reach about 751,700 dunums of which about 88,100 dunums are in Karak Governorate.

Natural grazing lands, as well as barley and hay production from grains and legumes, comprise the main forage production that sustain livestock during winter season. There are approximately 2,474,100 head of livestock in Jordan, 241,630 head of which are located in Karak Governorate.

Industry

Large-scale industries in Jordan include mining of mineral resources and industrial production of cement, fertilizers and refined petroleum products.

The overall contribution of the industrial sector in Jordan to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for the year of 2005 was about 17%. The value of industrial exports for the same year was about 2,379 million JD which represents about 93.5% of national exports. The number of industrial enterprises is estimated at 21,000 of which the small and medium size enterprises represent 98.7%. Such industry employs more than 173,000 workers representing about 48% of the total numbers of workers in Jordan.

As of March 2007, the Karak Governorate had more than 61 industrial establishments with a capital in excess of 6 million JD. These establishments include mining, cement and calcium carbonate production, textiles, and printing industries.

10.3.3 Infrastructure

The following infrastructure indicators are considered as relevant to establish economic conditions:

Transportation

Different transportation types are available in Jordan and they are categorized as follows:

Air Transportation: Jordan has three airports; two are in Amman (Queen Alia International Airport and the Amman Civil Airport). The third is King Hussein International Airport in Aqaba. Total plane movement in Queen Alia Airport, Amman Civil Airport, and King Hussein Airport; reached in 2005 to approximately 35,089, 4,923 and 4,403 planes in and out, respectively.

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Sea Transportation: Aqaba has the only port in Jordan. Most of the imported and exported cargo is transported through this port. In addition, this port is used for passengers traveling by boat in and out of the country. In 2005 a total number of 2,933 ships moved in and out of Port of Aqaba, carrying total cargo of about 16,383 tons.

Land Transportation: The road network in Jordan has progressed in terms of design, construction and maintenance, where the total length of the network in Jordan was about 7,500 km in 2005, divided into three types of roads (highways, secondary and village roads) as shown in Table 10-12 for Jordan and Karak. Part of that network is a major desert highway that runs between Amman and the Port of Aqaba. It serves as the main route through Jordan to the sea.

Table 10-12 Length of Roads Network in Jordan and Karak, 2005

Particulars Unit Jordan Karak Highway km 3,108 289.2 Secondary km 2,108 176 Village km 3,387 218 Total km 8,603 683.2 (Ref. Ministry of Transportation)

Table 10-13 Number of Vehicles with Respect to Governorate (2005)

Governorate No. of Vehicles Amman 278,045 Irbid 78,173 Zarqa 16,125 Ma'an 9,669 Mafraq 35,420 Karak 17,523 Jerash 31 Aqaba 6,909 Tafilah 16,917 Madaba 14,636 Ajloun 14,000 Ramtha 3,910 Balqa 46,066 Total 569,011 (Ref. Ministry of Transportation)

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Table 10-14 Number of Public Transportation Vehicles During 2005

Governorate Buses Mini Buses Service Cars Amman 5072 1099 3973 Balqa 6 203 17 Madaba 1 80 62 Zarqa 7 546 127 Ajloun -- 60 9 Irbid 18 785 355 Mafraq -- 195 46 Jerash -- 84 21 Karak -- 317 5 Tafilah -- 94 -- Ma'an 1 47 35 Total 469 3510 4650 (Ref. Ministry of Transportation)

Vehicles operating in Jordan have reached about 567,011 in the year 2005, of which the number of operating vehicles in Karak Governorate is estimated to be 17,523 vehicles. Service transportation vehicles in Jordan were about 8,629 as compared with Karak of about 322 vehicles including taxis, mini-buses, and buses.

Railway transport in Jordan is managed by the Hijazi Railway and the Aqaba Railway Corporation. The length of the railways in Jordan is about 452 km. The railway is not currently very effective as a mode of transport, but Jordan is aiming at expanding its railway system and to integrate it with those of the region. Hijaz Railway is used for transporting merchandise between Jordan and Syria in addition to tourism purposes, while the Aqaba Railway (292 km in length) is used for transporting Jordanian phosphate from Hasa to the Port of Aqaba.

A light railway system is under consideration to connect Amman and Zarqa, the second largest city in Jordan. It will be designed mainly for passenger transportation.

Water resources

It is the role of Water Authority of Jordan to manage the distribution of water according to set schedules through 3 main stations. These include Khaw station, Lajjun station, and Lub-Wallah- Heidan station. One of these stations, Lajjun Station, is located in the Lajjun area in Karak Governorate. It is basically designed to produce water from the 8 main Lajjun wells for Amman and Karak Governorate.

In the year 2006, the quantity of the water consumed in Karak Governorate was approximately 11,466,000 cubic meters (approximately 144 liters per day per person). It must be noted that water supply production for the same year in Karak, was about 22,512,000 cubic meters from the Lajjun water station and wells. The surplus of 11,046,000 cubic meters was pumped and transferred to Amman.

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Telecommunication

Jordan has a modern telecommunication infrastructure. Direct dial international phones, mobile cellular phones, pagers, data transmission networks, and facsimile services are available throughout Jordan and to almost all countries. Number of working wired telephone lines in Jordan as of the year 2005 is around 613,000 added to about 3,138,000 cellular phones.

In March 1996, Jordan joined the information superhighway with the launching of on-line Internet services through Sprint Telecommunication. Jordanian companies have been providing Internet services through local network since 1994, and the number of subscribers among individuals and companies are growing very rapidly. The trend has caught on quickly in the country, and many local companies are turning to the Internet as a solution to their communication strategy and for access to the wealth of information available on-line.

Telegram services are available through most of the Kingdom’s post offices. Most of the international express delivery companies have representative offices in Amman and major cities, for door-to-door shipment of documents and small parcels. These include DHL, Aramex, TNT, and Federal Express.

10.3.4 Economy

Jordan’s economy is free market oriented where prices (except for a few subsidized goods), interest rates and wages are generally determined by market forces. The main economic indicators in Jordan for the year 2006 are shown in Table 10-16.

The service sector, which is comprised of financial services, trade, transportation, communication, tourism, construction and education, contributes 79% to GDP and employs two- thirds of the labor force. The remaining 21% is from contributions by the agricultural and industrial sectors.

Table 10-15 Main Economic Indicators for 2006

Growth rate of GDP at fixed producer prices 6.4% Growth rate of GDP at current producer prices 12.2% Total production at fixed prices 10,108.5 MJD Total production at current prices 7,778.7 MJD Inflation rate 6.4% (Ref. Department of General Statistics)

As of the year 2004, the income of 85.6% of the household was less than 3600 JD per year, while 14.4% of the household was more than 3600 JD per year.

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10.4 Public Consultation

10.4.1 Introduction

In order to allow the public to contribute to the environmental assessment process, a scoping session was held in Amman at the Holiday Inn Hotel on October 21st, 2008. The Scoping stage is the first step of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) process and it marks the start of the ESIA study. During this stage stakeholders have the opportunity to participate in the ESIA process and to be introduced to the Project at an early stage. One of the main objectives of the scoping stage is to get the public and the regulatory authorities involved in the course of the ESIA and to denote their concerns and comments about the proposed Project in a formal manner.

10.4.2 Objectives

The following are the main objectives of the scoping stage:

• Identifying the key environmental issues to be included in the assessment. • Identifying the legal requirements and framework for the project through its life. • Identifying the relevant component studies to establish the relevant baseline for the area of the project.

• Finalizing the proposed terms of references (TORs). • Review the findings of the ESIA study.

10.4.3 Methodology

The following procedure and methodology were used to fulfill the above-mentioned objectives:

• The Ministry of Environment (MoE) made a decision to conduct a scoping session for the proposed project in accordance with MoE ESIA regulation.

• A list of potential and relevant stakeholders was prepared and invited by the MoE. It is mainly the responsibility of the Ministry of Environment to specify who will be invited.

• An invitation letter was issued by the MoE which included the date (October 21st, 2008) and place (Holiday Inn Amman) for the scoping session.

• The scoping session was held in due time and place.

The scoping session was held at the Holiday Inn in Amman on October 21, 2008. The list of participants is provided in Appendix A. The stakeholders included representatives of governmental environmental agencies, environmental and development NGOs, academic institutions, municipalities, environmental police, as well as the residents of the local area.

The following activities were performed during the scoping session:

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• A presentation about the Project activities, facilities, and processes was given by the ESIA team. The presentation was supported by Process Flow Diagrams “PFD” highlighting the importance of the Project and the need for identifying potential interactions between the project activities and the Valued Environmental Components “VECs”.

• The participants were asked to review the legal requirements in the proposed TORs, which were shown in a slide presentation.

• The participants were provided with a special form to write down their concerns in the form of questions or comments about the Project and to express their concerns which were subsequently discussed at this session.

• All forms were collected from participants by the MoE Representative (Figure 3-5) and a copy of the forms was provided to the ESIA consultant to prepare the scoping report and to carry out the ESIA.

10.4.4 Public Concerns

As part of the results of the scoping session, the following public concerns were collected and summarized in Table 10-16.

Table 10-16 Public Concerns and Questions

Concerns and Questions Person Agency or Organization The assurance of continuous supply Dr. Hussein Majali Mu’tah University / of natural gas as the main fuel. Some Dr. Abdullah Odeinat Karak attendees were concerned about the

use of distillate oil for extended

periods of time and its potential impact on air quality in the area, if the natural Eng. Abdullah Horani Jordan Engineers Union gas supply ceases in the future. In

other words they needed assurance of clean energy. Jordan Eng. Jameel Ja’afrah Environment Society/ Karak Branch The importance of training local Faisal Hamed Al-Qatraneh residents to be able to be part of the Municipality work force during all stages of the

Project. Tawfeeq Eid Sulieman Al-Hassa Environment and Mowafaq Eid Sulieman Dessertification Combat Society Dr Abed Al-Zaheri Jordan Engineers Union

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Concerns and Questions Person Agency or Organization Employee housing should be proper Reem Al-Ruweis Ministry of Health/ and healthy. Environmental Health Directorate

Jordan Engineers

Union The potential impact of Dr Abed Al-Zaheri electromagnetic fields should be

included within the study. Since that the construction period will Eng. Arwa Adaileh Environment continue for about 22 months, proper Eng. Mohammed Directorate/ Karak practices and control methods should Jawazneh be applied.

The need for proper methods of Al-Hassa wastewater and hazardous Waste Environment and management. Tawfeeq Eid Sulieman Dessertification Mowafaq Eid Sulieman Combat Society Questions were raised about the Eng. Jameel Ja’afrah Jordan agency which selected the site and Environment which approved it. Society/ Karak

Branch

The possibility of changing the site to

other areas and its cost including gas Ministry of supply. Eng. Lama Majali Municipalities

Mu’tah University / Dr. Hussam Hamaideh Karak Dr. Hussein Majali

Rasha Haymour The Royal Society for Conservation of Nature The effect of this Project on ground Dr. Hussein Majali Mu’tah University / water resources. Dr. Hussam Hamaideh Karak Dr. Abdullah Odeinat

Dr Abed Al-Zaheri Jordan Engineers Union

Rasha Haymour The Royal Society

for Conservation of Nature

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Concerns and Questions Person Agency or Organization

The effect of the Project on the closest Faisal Hamed Al-Qatraneh residential areas of the Town of Al Municipality Qatrana including air pollution, dust,

and noise Rasmi Issa Al-Qaisi Karak Governorate

Rare species if any on location must Rasha Haymour The Royal Society be taken into consideration for Conservation of Nature

Jordan Engineers Dr Abed Al-Zaheri Union

Visual Impact Eng. Lama Majali Ministry of Municipalities

Dr Abed Al-Zaheri Jordan Engineers Union

Mu’tah University / Dr. Abdullah Odeinat Karak Dr. Hussein Majali Fire Protection and Emergency Dr Abed Al-Zaheri Jordan Engineers planning Union Persistent Organic pollutants (e.g. Dr. Hussam Hamaideh Mu’tah University / PCBs) Karak Effect of Project on nearby chicken Rasmi Issa Al-Qaisi Karak Governorate farm

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10.4.5 Public Disclosure

Following the completion of the ESIA study, a Public Disclosure presentation was held on March 4, 2009 at Holiday Inn in Amman, Jordan. This second meeting (the first meeting being the Scoping Session held on October 21, 2008) was organized to comply with the World Bank requirements. The propose of the presentation was to disclose the conclusions of the ESIA study to the stakeholders and address their concerns or questions related to the activities that will take place during the construction and operation of the proposed project. The list of participants in the presentation is provided in Appendix A. The questions, presented in Table 10-17, are addressed during the disclosure meeting and incorporated in this report.

Table 10-17 Questions during Public Disclosure

Question Project Response All the construction plans must be approved by The Project Sponsors will submit all the Civil Defense Department prior to the construction plans to the Civil Defense construction. Department for an approval before starting the construction. Did the Project Sponsors take visual impact Yes. The visual impact is assessed in Chapter into consideration? 8 of this report. Is the site big enough for the future expansion? Yes, there are two parcels and the proposed Project will be located on Stage 1 and the Stage 2 is reserved for potential future expansion, as shown in Figure 1-9 in Chapter 1 of this report. Will there be a medical care/first aid station at Yes, proper medical care facilities will be the site? available for the contractor and plant employee workers according to the Jordanian regulations, as given in Section 13.4.6 of this report. Will the Project emissions have an adverse No, as discussed in Chapter 9, adverse impact impact on the slaughterhouse? on local air quality is not expected. Although there are currently no residential The Project is located in an industrial zone. areas near the plant, after the project The neighboring lands are also designated as construction has started, people will come and industrial zone and thus the local governmental live near the plant. How does the project affect authority is not expected to allow people to these new settlements? settle down near the proposed Project site.

Did you make an assessment on water Yes, the water related discussions are included resources? Is there enough water to meet the in Chapter 5 of this report. During the operation requirement of the plant? of the plant, the quantities of water to be supplied by a dedicated WAJ water pipeline as per agreement with WAJ and will not impact the availability of water to other users in the area and there is sufficient water to meet the Project requirements. Is there a mechanical wastewater treatment No. Other than the oil/water interceptor and plant instead of evaporation pond at the site? separators, the wastewater (other than the domestic/sanitary wastewater) will be directed to the evaporation pond.

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10.5 Impact Evaluation

10.5.1 Issues and Concerns

This study will cover all phases of the project including construction, operation and decommissioning. These phases will include the following issues:

Construction Operation Decommissioning Issues Phase Phase Phase Employment and benefits √ √ Land value √ √ √ Business prosperity √ √ Stress on infrastructure √ √ Local community support √ New business √ √ √ Training √ Visual impact √ √ √ Public opinion √ √ √ (opposition) Employee housing √ √ Employee transportation √ √ Employee housing √

10.5.2 Evaluation of impact

Summary of the evaluation of potential impacts on socio-economic conditions is presented in Table 10-18 as follows.

Table 10-18 Evaluation of Residual Impacts on Socio-economic Conditions

) ID ( Impact Geographic Extent Level Frequency Duration Direct (D) Indirect Reversible (R) Irreversible (IR) Likelihood Significant +/- Remarks Employment and Mitigation measures H L H H D - M Yes + benefits are required Mitigation measures Business prosperity M M M H ID - M Yes + are required Local community H H H H D IR H Yes + support New Business Training Public opinion Employee Housing

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Employee

Transportation Mitigation measures Stress on infrastructure H M H H D R M Yes - are required Land value M L M H - - L No - - Mitigation measures Visual impact M M H H D R H Yes are required

Significance criteria: Geographical L: Limited to project M: May reach outside the H: Will reach outside the Extent: site. project site. project site. Level: L: Will not change M: Will change existing level H: Will change existing level existing level. slightly. severely. Frequency: L: Occurs only once M: Occurs during abnormal H: Occurs continuously. / rarely. conditions. Duration: L: During specific M: During construction H: During operational phase activity. phase. continuously. Likelihood: L: Impact is not M: May occur. H: Will occur. likely to occur.

Employment

The construction phase the proposed plant will employ a maximum of about 600-700 construction workers at its peak with an average of about 500. At the start of construction activities, a limited number of skilled workers and engineers will be dispatched to the site by the construction contractor to prepare for the large scale mobilization of the workforce. Throughout the construction phase there will be a number of expats at the Project site. In addition to recruitment in the local area, the majority of the workers and engineers need to be recruited from the surrounding areas including Amman. The category of skilled workforce will include welders, carpenters, electricians, masons, among other trades. In addition there will be a substantial number of engineers (civil, mechanical, electrical) that need to be recruited form the local and surrounding communities including Amman.

During the operation phase, the Project will employ approximately a workforce of 75 technical and skilled workers and engineers.

Land Value

The location of the Project is about 1.5 km Southwest of Town of Al Qatrana. An electrical power substation and a poultry slaughterhouse are located across the road from the proposed site. In addition the area shows a growth of demand in establishing cement factories. Therefore the proposed Project is not expected to increase or decrease the value land in the area.

Business Prosperity

It goes without saying that during the construction phase of the Project, substantial amount of capital will be injected in the economies of not only Karak and Al Qatrana but also in the

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surrounding communities. The expenditures by such a large workforce will undoubtedly provide a boost to the income of local stores, shops and service providers.

It is expected that construction subcontracts related to the Project site preparation, installation of infrastructure, construction of internal roads and such works will be awarded to local contractors. However, it is expected that contracts of highly skilled and technical in nature of building the plant itself will be let to specialized foreign contractors and firms. It is anticipated that the unskilled construction labor force will be about 40% of the total work force. Therefore there will be good opportunities for local employment from the local population during the construction phase.

Potential Impact on infrastructures

The employment of approximately 30 people within the Governorate of Karak will not in all likelihood present any additional burden on the existing infrastructure. Because these people already live within the Governorate of Karak and currently using the services such as health, education, water, local supplies etc. The remaining permanent staff (approximately 45) will be commuting from the communities within the greater Amman municipality as such would continue to use the services they are currently using. There will be only minor impact on traffic due to the minibuses that will be transporting these individuals daily basis. For additional discussion about this subject please refer to Chapter 14 of this report “Associated Infrastructure and Cumulative Impact”.

Local community support

The Project will increase employment in the local community. This is a positive effect which will lead to improvement in life styles in the area. The Project will be a step toward in the modernization and transformation of the area into a stronger economic and industrial region which will eventually lead to availability of improved services. During the operations period, the Project will continue to consult with the local community in order to capture their needs and develop a potential “corporate social responsibility” program.

New Business

It is expected that the Project will result in creation of a number new enterprises and services to accommodate the needs of the workers during the construction phase and the operation phase. While the new business activities during the construction phase will be of limited in duration, they will, however, result is substantial injection of expenditure in the local economy. The new businesses might be established for cleaning, security, welding, painting, catering, vehicle maintenance, food stores and restaurants, etc.

On the other hand creation of new businesses such as security, catering, vehicle maintenance, gas stations, food stores and restaurants, etc. during the operation period while less intense will be for a far longer period of 25 years.

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Training

Due to the size of 600-700 workforce necessary for the construction phase comprising of semi- skilled and skilled workers, the construction company in all likelihood would want to recruit from the immediate community and therefore must set up training programs within the early stages of the construction phase. These disciplines include welding, carpentry, operating heavy construction machinery, concrete form setting, electrical wiring, etc.

Visual Impacts

This component is discussed in Chapter 8 of this report “Visual Impact Assessment”.

Public Concerns

During the scoping session all public concerns were discussed and listed. All these concerns were discussed by the ESIA team and are incorporated in this report. The Project Sponsors have organized a second public disclosure meeting in compliance with the requirements of the World Bank.

Employee Housing

There will be no housing community for the permanent operation and maintenance staff at the Project site. However there will be a temporary dormitory style accommodation at the site for operation and maintenance staff during the testing and commissioning of the Project.

Employee Transportation

Construction staff will be encouraged to either car pool, utilize local transport or use mini bus services to move staff to and from the proposed Project site. Permanent staff during the operation will be brought to the plant with minibuses from various locations in the area. This should ensure that there is minimal impact on local traffic and infrastructure. Such matters are discussed further in Chapter 9 “Traffic and Infrastructure”.

10.6 Mitigation Measures

The Project will have a positive impact on the local economy and will lead to an increase in the income of local population involved in all works of life such as shop keepers, vehicle maintenance garages and eateries. As such monitoring programs and mitigating measures will not be required for the Project.

Furthermore, the Project will provide a boost to the local employment during the construction phase because many of the tasks during this stage can be handled by local population. It is expected that as many as 30 of the estimated 75 permanent workforce during the operation phase of the Project can be hired and trained from the local areas surrounding the Town of Al Qatrana.

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To protect the roads, trucks which will be used for transportation of goods and equipment should have a gross weight within the permissible axial load. A site closure plan will be prepared prior to the decommissioning of the Project to identify the mitigation measures for rehabilitation procedures necessary to allow for any intended future use of the project site.

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CHAPTER 11: ECOLOGY

11.1 Existing Environment

11.1.1 Introduction

In this section, existing flora, fauna and sensitive habitats are discussed and potential impacts associated with the proposed power plant project on the following biological resources are assessed:

1. Flora: This includes vegetation communities and rare and endangered vascular plant species.

2. Fauna: These groups are large and small mammals, birds, specially the conservation important resident species and conservation important reptiles.

3. Sensitive Habitats: Includes protected areas, national parks, range land reserves, important bird areas, wetlands defined under the Ramsar agreement, unique habitats and ecosystems and isolated natural sites (biodiversity islands).

11.1.2 Methodology

Various methods are used to assess the existing biological environment aspects in the Project area and the surrounding habitats to evaluate the potential impacts.

Methods included the following:

• Literature Review: Available data and information relevant to the Project area were collected and reviewed. Data and information sources were the libraries, institutions such as Ministry of Environment (MoE), Royal Society for Conservation of Nature (RSCN), local university academicians from the local universities.

• Field Work Survey: This survey was completed to collect site specific data. Several techniques were used in the field to assess the biological environment as indicated below: a. Line Transects: NE – SW oriented transects were implemented to survey the flora and fauna species in the Project and the surrounding area. The following fauna groups are surveyed with this technique: Reptiles, birds and mammals.

o Spot Count: This technique randomly selects a spot within the Project area in order to count birds that are found or pass through this spot in a fixed period of time. For this study a circular area with a radius of 20 m was selected and the researcher was located in the center for a period of 15 min; it is a useful technique to estimate the birds' density as well as diversity in the study area.

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• Consultation: This is basically consulting with the local residents in the proposed Project area. The consultation is generally performed verbally and recorded by the field surveyor.

11.2 Environmental and Conservation Measures

11.2.1 General

Although Jordan’s size is limited, the landscape reveals great diversity within short distances. Jordan's flora is rich and highly diverse.

Around 2,500 species of vascular plants have been recorded, belonging to 152 families, representing about 1% of the total flora of the world. One hundred species are endemic, forming about 2.5% of the total flora of Jordan, which is considered high in world standards. Many species are considered rare or threatened, but the status of many plants remains unknown, especially concerning the globally threatened ones. 349 plant species recorded in Jordan are considered to be rare, 76 threatened species, in addition to 18 species listed on the IUCN lists (RSCN, 2009).

78 species of mammals have been recorded in Jordan, belonging to 7 orders and 26 families. The Jordanian herpetofauna consists of 102 species. They are comprised of five amphibians and 97 reptile species. More than half of these reptiles are lizards, nearly 55 species; whereas there are 37 species of snakes, of which only 7 are poisonous. 425 species of birds were recorded in Jordan most of which are migrants (RSCN, 2009).

The significant biodiversity of Jordan was greatly depleted in the second half of the last century. Many of the species became extinct from their natural habitats. Also many ecosystems were degraded severely due to a variety of reasons such as rapid population growth and unplanned urbanization, lack of land use policies, overgrazing, hunting and unsustainable land management.

Recently the need to preserve and protect the biodiversity has been made a priority mission of many governmental and non-governmental organizations. In addition to the local laws and regulation, Jordan also signed the following international conventions and agreements to protect its environment and biodiversity:

• Convention on Biological Diversity (Rio de Janeiro, 1992), Ratified 1996. • Convention on the Conservation of the Migratory Species of Wild Animals (Bonn, 1979). • Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, Cites of Wild Fauna and Flora (Washington, DC, 1973) - Ratified.

• Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitats (Ramsar, 1971) - Ratified.

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11.2.2 Topography

The proposed Project site is a bare flat area in the highlands region. The highlands region covers Um Qais in the north, Ajlun Mountains, the hills of Ammon and Moab regions, and the Edom mountain region. In the highlands region, there are many valleys where surface waters drain from the hills from north to south and feed into the Jordan River, Dead Sea and Wadi Araba. Variety of vegetation types and their density is higher in the northern highlands region that is relatively higher than the southern highlands which is poor in terms of vegetation types and their density. In the south, the desert continues from the northwest of Saudi Arabia. Ecologically the proposed Project site is included with Wadi Araba since there is high similarity in terms of topography, soil types, annual rainfall and other environmental factors.

11.2.3 Soil Type

At the proposed location of the Project, the soil types are Loess and Calcareous soils. These soil types are found in the Irano-Turranian zone.

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Figure 11-1 Project Location According to the Topographic Regions

11.3 Evaluation of the Biological Environment

11.3.1 Flora

11.3.1.1 Biogeographic Zone

The proposed Project site is located in the Irano-Turanian bio-geographic zone. This zone, phytogeographically, is a narrow strip of variable width that surrounds all the Mediterranean ecozone except the north. The vegetation is mainly of small shrubs and bushes such as Anabasis Syriaca and Artemisia herba-alba.

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The Irano-Turanian region is indistinguishable zoogeographically from other bioclimatic ecozones. In Jordan, it is a transitional zone between the Mediterranean ecozone and the surrounding ecozones. This ecozone does not have its own entity since it does not possess specific fauna as other ecozones in Jordan. None of the species is restricted to this region and all the species found here originally came from the surrounding ecozones. Moreover, the width of this region varies from year to year in relation to the amount of rain.

Altitudes usually range from 500-800 m, and rainfall ranges from 150-300 mm. Soil is mostly calcareous or transported by wind. Vegetation is mostly dominated by Chamaephytes. The plant species common in this bio-geographic zone are Salsola Vermiculata, Anabasis Syriaca, Noaea mucronata, Hammada eigii, Artemisia herba-alba and Retama raetam.

Figure 11-2 Bio-geographical Regions in Jordan

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11.3.1.2 Ecosystem

The proposed Project area is located in one of the three ecosystems found in Jordan namely the Eastern Desert Ecosystem.

This type of ecosystem consists of three bio-geographic zones: Oriental, Saharo-Arabian and Afro-tropical. This area extends from the northeastern part of Jordan down to Aqaba area and to the Red Sea bordering Saudi Arabia. This ecosystem comprises the Eastern three-quarters of the country and is continuous with the Arabian Desert of Syria, Iraq and Saudi Arabia. It is a gently undulating plateau with an elevation of 500 m to 900 m. Four broad habitats or types can be distinguished in the ecosystem:

1. Hammada: smooth, gravel plains, which stretches from Ras Al Naqab toward the Iraqi border in the northeast. 2. Harrat: black boulder-fields of basalt rocks, which extends from southern Syria through northeast Jordan, and onwards to Saudi Arabia. 3. Extensive sand dune desert that occurs in the southern part of the country. 4. Clay pans lying at the bottom of closed drainage basins in the desert can become flooded after heavy rains, with the water persisting for several months rather than draining. The Badia is the main rangeland of Jordan, thus the range quality is deteriorating due to heavy grazing and widespread plowing for cultivation of rain fed barley, which has led to loss of plant cover and accelerated soil erosion and degradation through wind and water erosion. Additional impact include, over exploitation of water resources and illegal hunting and persecution of its main fauna.

11.3.1.3 Vegetation Type

Steppe Vegetation

Steppe Vegetation is dominant in the Irano–Turanian biogeographic zone. The composition of steppe vegetation depends on the climatic and soil conditions this biogeographic zone. This vegetation is affected by the Mediterranean conditions in the West and the Sahara conditions in the East. Shrubs and bushes are the common features of the steppe vegetation. The tree vegetation is not common in this biogeographic zone. The common species are Retama raetam, Artemisia herba-alba, Anabasis syriaca, Pistacia atlantica, Ziziphus lotus, Noaea mucronata, Urginea maritime, Ferula communis, Salsola spp. and Tamarix spp.

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Figure 11-3 Vegetation Types in Jordan

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11.3.2 Fauna

11.3.2.1 Reptiles and Amphibians

The diversity of reptiles and amphibians is related to the climate, soil composition and vegetation covers. Reptiles and amphibians as other fauna groups need its special bioclimatic condition to grow and reproduce but sometimes there are exceptions due to factors related to suitability of climate and habitats. There is no specific or special reptile species related to Irano-Turanian bio- geographic zone but this zone represents a transitional region between the Mediterranean and other surrounding zones. These species can be distinguished in the Irano-Turanian bio- geographical zone: Bufo viridis, Malpolon monspessulanus, Eirenis rothi, Ophisops elegans.

11.3.2.2 Mammals

The mammals of the Project area are almost representing one of the zoogeographic zones in the country. This zone is: Saharo – Sindian Zone (also referred to as the Saharo-Arabian and Irano- Turanian phytogeographic region by Zohary 1973).

This zone is located to the East of the mountain ranges, extending from south of Jordan to northeast of the country in Mafraq area; it is another sub region within the Palearctic and includes the Sahara desert and the Arabian Desert. The majority of the Project’s mammals are belonging to this zone. Important and under conservation Sahro-Sindian mammals are Paraechinus aethiopicus, Hemiechinus auritus, Corcidura suaveolens, Canis aureus, Canis lupus, Vulpes cana, Vulpes rueppelli, Felis caracal, Felis silvestris, Felis margarita, Hyaena hyaena, Vormela peregusna, Mellivora capensis, Procavia capensis, Capra ibex, and Hystrix indica.

11.3.2.3 Birds

Jordan is located on the main migration route for birds between Europe and Africa and has wide diversity of bird habitat. The 425 bird species recorded in Jordan belong to 58 families (RSCN, 2009). Of which more than 300 are migrant, 95 are resident with definite breeding records, 111 are winter visitors, 202 are passage migrants, 81 are vagrants, and 63 are different summer visitors. The important breading birds in the Irano-Turanian bio-geographic zone are Falco naumanni, Gypaetus barbatus and Parus caeruleus. The important migrant bird species in this zone are Aquila heliaca, Aquila nipalensis, Aquila nipalensis, Buteo buteo and Pernis apivorus.

The proposed Project site is not considered among the main routes for migration of raptors in the country.

11.3.3 Sensitive Habitat

The results showed there are no important bird areas in close proximity of the proposed Project area. On the other hand, the results showed there is a protected area within about 7 km from the Project site referred to as Abu Rukbeh Reserve. Figures 11-4 -11-6 show the proposed Project site and sensitive habitats.

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Figure 11-4 Existing and Proposed Protected Areas

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Figure 11-5 Rangeland Reserves

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Figure 11-6 Important Bird Areas (Birdlife, RSCN 2000)

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11.4 Biodiversity Assessment of the Proposed Project Area

A biodiversity baseline study at the proposed Project site and the surrounding area is performed during the environmental and social impact assessment study. The following subsections provide the finding of this study.

11.4.1 Flora

The vegetation cover of the proposed Project site is highly degraded. The natural vegetation found is mostly Steppe vegetation of the type provided in Table 11-5 below. The conservation status of these species is “common” denoting that these species are quite common in Jordan and not under any protection.

Table 11-1 Recorded Plant Species

Species Conservation Status Anabasis syriaca Common Salsola vermiculata Common Noaea mucronata Common

11.4.2 Fauna

Fauna at the site has been altered due to human practice in the area, such as hunting, livestock grazing, roads networks, quarries, and livestock husbandry. Diversity of conservation important fauna species is very poor due to the fact that most of the fauna species found in the area are of the Saharo – Sindian origin which do not exist naturally.

11.4.2.1 Reptiles and Amphibians

Neither reptiles nor amphibians species were recorded at the proposed Project site. This group has low diversity due to the poor vegetation cover at the proposed Project area.

11.4.2.2 Mammals

No mammal species were noted during the study period but two types of species were reported by the local residents of the area. These species are listed in Table 11-6.

Table 11-2 Possible Mammal Species

Species Conservation Status Vulpes vulpes Common Hyaena hyaena Nationally threatened

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11.4.2.3 Birds

Birds in the proposed site are most abundant target group of fauna. Birds are very sensitive to human disturbance. The proposed project area has been previously disturbed by industrial activities which reflected diversity and abundance of bird in the area.

A total of 3 bird species were recorded as indicated in Table 11-7 below. Galerida cristata and Eremophila bilopha are common to the area and live on steppe vegetation, rocky and desert terrain. Passer domesticus is also common to the area and live generally in agricultural fields and pasture lands.

Table 11-3 Recorded Resident Bird Species

Species Conservation Status Passer domesticus Common Galerida cristata Common Eremophila bilopha Common

11.5 Impacts Assessment

The purpose of this study is to evaluate and assess the potential impacts of activities on the biodiversity within and around the proposed Project site during construction and operation phases.

11.5.1 Impacts during Construction

11.5.1.1 Impact on Flora

The vegetation cover is extremely poor (almost does not exist) and include only three species which have no conservation status at the proposed Project area. Thus, the potential impacts of the construction activities are none to negligible on the biodiversity of the area.

11.5.1.2 Impact on Fauna

The lack of the natural vegetation cover has reduced the possibility of any mammal species onsite. Therefore, construction activities are not expected to impact any local reptiles or resident breeding birds. During the survey, no important species under conservation were recorded. Therefore, minor mitigation measures will be needed during the construction phase.

11.5.1.3 Impact on Habitats

No special habitats were found in the Project area. Due to the small size of the Project site, potential impact is not expected to occur during construction since the accumulative impact of construction is insignificant to the habitats status. The small patch of trees in the vicinity of the Project site is not a natural habitat for the birds identified in the Project area.

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11.5.1.4 Mitigation Measures during the Construction Phase

• Avoid removal or collecting plants for construction activities when not necessary; • Use the existing access roads in the area for the construction activities and do not construct additional side roads;

• Prohibit hunting of animals and collecting ground nests for resident birds if found. Removal of bird nest should be done with the coordination of the Royal Society for Conservation of Nature (RSCN);

• Limit working hours at night as much as possible to decrease disturbance on wild life in the area;

• Working areas during construction will be fenced out; • Collect all solid and liquid wastes during construction and dispose them in the nearest disposal sites to decrease the impact on fauna;

• Report any accidental killing of animals to the Ministry of Environment and RSCN documented with photos.

11.5.2 Impact during Operation

11.5.2.1 Impact on Flora

The proposed activities of the Project during operation phase will not have any significant impact on flora. Also using natural gas as the main source of fuel will have minimal impact on wildlife. The use of existing access roads to the plant will eliminate removal of vegetation cover (if any) within and around the proposed Project site.

11.5.2.2 Impact on Fauna

During operation phase, the low abundance of fauna in the area and the lack of important fauna species under conservation status in the proposed site will make the impacts on biodiversity during operation phase negligible.

11.5.2.3 Impact on Habitats

The proposed activities at the proposed Project site during operation phase will not have an impact on habitats.

11.5.2.4 Mitigation Measures during Operation

• Replant native plants species (if any); • Emissions of pollutants to the air and noise will be controlled according to the mitigation measures described in Air Quality and Noise.

• Prohibit hunting at and around the project site by the workers; • Reduce machinery movement as much as possible during the night time.

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• Fence the entire Project site to prevent carnivores from entering it. • Report any accidental killing of animals in the Project site to the Ministry of Environment and RSCN (documented with Photos).

• Adjacent habitats will be protected from disturbance by the operational workers by fencing off of unused areas, warning signs and training of workers.

• Ensure that vehicle movement will be restricted to the existing roads that connect the proposed Project site with the surrounding areas.

• Landscape proposals for the site will seek to provide opportunities for enhancing the nature conservation value of the site and provide new habitats in the longer term.

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CHAPTER 12: CULTURAL HERITAGE

12.1 Introduction

An archaeological assessment was conducted at the proposed site to allow for identification of any archaeological remains on the site or in the surrounding area that could be impacted by the construction and operation of the proposed plant.

It was concluded that there were no obvious or likely archaeological remains that would be impacted and that due to the nature and history of the site, the potential for an impact on archaeological would be minimal. In the unlikely event of discovering any archaeological structures, the Department of Antiquities will be contacted to organize proper procedures for protection of such finds.

12.2 Assessment Methodology

The purpose of the survey was to minimize the impact of Project activities at the site to local cultural resources as well as to locate any potential archaeological sites at or in the vicinity of the proposed Project site. The survey was conducted on foot, at distances of 20-30 m for each round. In addition to the field survey a library search and the Jadis Search / Department of Antiquities of Jordan were carried out.

12.3 Legal Framework

12.3.1 Legal acts

The survey took into consideration the relevant Jordanian legislation regarding the protection of archaeological remains (Archaeology Act (No.32, 2004)). In conducting the impact assessment consideration was also made to the Guidance of the World Bank “Guidance Note 8: Cultural Heritage”.

12.3.2 Archaeological Chance Find and Excavation

If any archaeological site were to be found by chance during the construction phase that could be damaged by construction activities, the nearest police station will be immediately notified to take necessary precautions to protect the site and the construction activities will be halted around that point. Subsequently, the Department of Antiquities will be informed to assess the discovered remains in coordination with the representatives of the Project Sponsor and the construction contractor.

It is the responsibility of the construction contractor to obtain all information available from the supervisor of the Cultural Resources Management Office of the Department of Antiquities regarding the location of any known archaeological site in the construction area.. If any known sites will be threatened by construction, agreement must be reached with the Department of Antiquities in order to minimize damage to the site. It is also the construction contractor's

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responsibility to notify the supervisor of the Cultural Resources Management Office of the Department of Antiquities of any antiquities that are encountered in any era during construction, and Article 27 of the General Conditions must be closely observed as well as specifications set forth in Article 15 of the Antiquities Law no. 21 (1988).

If any site were to be found during the construction that may be damaged by construction activities, the Department of Antiquities will assess the discovered remains and may carry out an emergency excavation during construction phase.

All designated salvageable material shall be removed (without causing unnecessary damage) and in sections which may be readily transported and shall be erected by the construction contractor at approved locations for later use or taking over by the Department of Antiquities.

12.4 Impact Assessment

12.4.1 Surface archaeology

The investigation at the proposed Project site revealed no archaeological sites in the area of the Project which could be affected by field activities. There was no registered archaeological site within the surrounding area and within the proposed site area and the survey did not reveal any indication of archaeological sites. The Project therefore complies with the Archaeology Act with regard to protected archaeological sites.

The only concern regarding this issue would be the unseen sites or archaeological remains that may be discovered by chance during the construction activities.

12.4.2 Sub surface Archaeology

The desk-based studies have not identified any known sub surface archaeology at the proposed site. There is however the potential for sub surface archaeology to exist at the site and there is a potential for the Project to impact on sub surface archaeology yet to be identified.

The assessment concluded that there was no obvious or likely on site archaeological remains that would be impacted upon by the plant and that due to the nature and history of the site the potential for an impact on archaeological is extremely low.

In the event that the construction activities uncover artifacts of archaeological interest, as set forth above in 12.3.2, the Department of Antiquities will be invited to assess the discovered remains and may decide to carry out an emergency and appropriate salvage excavation.

12.5 Mitigation and Monitoring

In case of any archaeological chance find, the procedures mentioned above will be followed.

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CHAPTER 13: HEALTH AND SAFETY

13.1 Introduction

Health and safety impacts can occur during all phases of the Project. This section identifies the primary activities that have the potential to cause significant health and safety impacts during construction, operation, and decommissioning of the proposed Project. The section also provides a detailed analysis of potential impacts and specifies mitigation measures that will be used to eliminate or minimize health and safety impacts. This analysis is performed based on the conceptual plant design discussed previously in this report.

The proposed Project will comply with the following occupational and public health and safety legislation of Jordan: Public Health Law (2008), Labor Law (2002), Civil Defense Law (2003). Most particularly the following regulations on workers health and safety will be complied during construction, operation and decommissioning: Regulation on Workers and Working Environment Protection due to Occupational Hazards (1998) and Regulation on Prevention and Safety from Industrial Machines and Equipment (1998).

In addition to the Jordanian health and safety laws and regulations, the proposed Project will also comply with the International Finance Corporation (IFC) Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) guidelines: General EHS Guidelines : Section 2.0 Occupational Health and Safety; and Thermal Power Plants HES Guidelines: Section 1.2 Occupational Health and Safety.

13.2 Hazards Assessment

The scoping session participants have identified the below mentioned health and safety hazards that will face the plant employees as well as the neighborhood population.

Public Health

Construction Operation Decommissioning Issue Phase Phase Phase Dust and gaseous √ √ emissions Solid waste √ √ √ Noise √ √ √

Hazardous waste √ √ Accidents risks √ √ √

Wastewater √ √ √ (Domestic & Industrial) Chemical Handling √ √

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Occupational Health and Safety

Construction Operation Decommissioning Issue Phase Phase Phase Medical care √ √ Dust √ √ √ Noise √ √ √ Accidents √ √ √ Gaseous emissions √ √ Availability of emergency √ √ plan Wastewater and solid √ √ √ wastes Chemical Handling √ √

13.3 Evaluation of Residual Impacts Level Extent Impact Duration Positive/ Negative Remarks Direct (D) Likelihood Frequency Significant Indirect (ID) Geographical Reversible (R) Irreversible (IR)

Mitigation measures are Dust & Emissions H M M L ID R M S _ required Are discussed within water Solid waste ------resources impacts Are discussed within water Noise ------resources impacts Mitigation measures are Hazardous Waste L L L L D R L S _ required Mitigation measures are Accidents L L L L D R L S _ required Wastewater (domestic Mitigation measures are L L L L D R L NS _ & industrial) required Mitigation measures are Medical Care L L L L D R L S _ required Emergency cases Mitigation measures are L M L H D R L S _ and planning required Mitigation measures are Chemical Handling L L L H D IR M S _ required Significance criteria: May reach Geographical Limited to Will reach outside the L: M: outside the H: Extent: Project site. Project site. Project site. Will change Will not change Will change existing level Level: L: M: existing level H: existing level. severely. slightly. Occurs during Occurs only Frequency: L: M: abnormal H: Occurs continuously. once / rarely. conditions. Duration: L: During specific M: During H: During operational phase

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Level Extent Impact Duration Positive/ Negative Remarks Direct (D) Likelihood Frequency Significant Indirect (ID) Geographical Reversible (R) Irreversible (IR)

activity. construction continuously. phase. Impact is not Likelihood: L: M: May occur. H: Will occur. likely to occur.

13.3.1 Emissions

Air emissions are expected to evolve during all phases of plant construction, operation and decommissioning. Emissions during the first and final phases will consist mainly of dust that will evolve due to excavation and demolition activities that will take place. During operation, the expected emissions will depend mainly on the fuel type. The primary fuel will be natural gas. DFO will be used at times of interruption to the natural gas supply. Air quality baseline as well as expected impacts is discussed in Chapter 9 of this report.

13.3.2 Electromagnetic Fields

Electromagnetic fields will be produced during plant operation inside the plant premises and also around the power lines connected to it. For about two decades, there has been some concern about the health effects of electric and magnetic fields produced by power plants and transmission lines. Recent studies have heightened this concern. Health effects research is still preliminary and inconclusive.

These fields are created by the electric charges that are transmitted by the power system and are referred to as electromagnetic fields.

In recent years questions have been raised concerning possible direct effects of the fields on health, though none has yet proved real, despite extensive studies.

Under these circumstances it is a common practice to set an achievable management guideline that will produce a significant reduction in health effects.

13.3.3 Noise

Noise will be one of the major environmental and occupational hazards associated with the plant construction, operation and decommissioning phases. Workers and surrounding neighborhood will be exposed to this hazard which will arise from the equipment that operate at the site during the construction phase. In addition plant employees and the neighborhood may be exposed to noise produced during the operation of the plant if necessary control measures are not taken into consideration and applied properly. Noise baseline and impact is discussed in detail in Chapter 7 of this report.

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13.3.4 Hazardous Wastes

During construction phase, some used oil as well as oil filters will be generated from the vehicles and heavy equipment operating at the site. During the operation phase, chemicals and chemical contaminated substances that are used at the plant will include hydrochloric acid, distillate fuel oil, sodium hydroxide, lubrication and hydraulic oil, transformer oil, used ion exchange resins, water treatment chemicals and used gas turbine air intake filters.

Large volume chemicals such as hydrochloric acid, distillate fuel oil and sodium hydroxide solution will be stored in tanks to be constructed at the site. Other smaller volume chemicals such as lubricating oils and transformer oil will be stored in their original containers. Some chemicals will be exhausted due to their use such as the ion exchange resins and some parts of the equipments will be contaminated with chemicals during their use such as the filters. These chemicals, chemical wastes and chemical contaminated products if not handled properly will cause harmful health effects to the employees and the neighboring population. Thus, all liquid waste will be stored in tanks or drums placed on concentrate grounds and there will be secondary containment structures to prevent adverse impact on health and subsoil impact.

13.3.5 Wastewater

Water required by the plant will be supplied by WAJ. Supplied water will be used for all of the Project’s needs but has to be treated and demineralized on site for use in the closed loop system of HRSGs.

The wastewater discharged from the Project will comprise of the effluent from the water treatment plant and HRSG blowdowns. Domestic sanitary discharges will be generated as result of human activities at the plant. The impacts as well mitigation measures are discussed in Chapter 5 of this report.

13.3.6 Solid Waste

Some solid waste will be produced during the construction, operation and decommissioning phase. The bulk of solid waste that will be produced during construction phase will consist of excavation debris. Solid waste produced during operation phase will consist of domestic household type waste produced from employees’ activities and office solid waste. It should be taken into consideration that the use of natural gas to generate electricity does not produce any significant amount of solid waste. The impacts as well as mitigation measures are discussed in Chapter 5.

13.3.7 Accidents

Employees may be exposed to accidents during all phases of the Project due to excavation, working in confined spaces, working at heights, working around cranes, hoists, etc. With proper training of personnel and work permit system, the accidents will be decreased as much as possible.

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13.3.8 Heat

Occupational exposure to heat occurs during operation and maintenance of combustion units, pipes, and related hot equipment. Recommended prevention and control measures should be employed to control the exposure.

13.3.9 Fire Hazards

Flammable substances such as natural gas and DFO will be used at the plant in addition to lubrication and transformer oils. Fire could be a hazard that may happen leading to loss of property, equipment and life.

13.3.10 Emergency Plan

Due to the nature of activities at the plant and presence of certain material and chemicals, emergency situations may arise at any time. As such emergency plans will be in place, updated on regular intervals and employees will be trained to deal with emergency situations.

13.3.11 Medical Care

Plant construction contractors and plant employees may be exposed to accidents, injuries and illnesses during the construction, operation and decommissioning phases. Accidents and injuries are the main issues during the construction and decommissioning phases, while exposure to chemicals and general illnesses may occur during the operation phase.

13.4 Mitigation Measure to Be Taken For Hazards

13.4.1 Electromagnetic Fields

To protect the plant employees and the neighborhood from the harmful effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields, Directive 2004/40/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 29 April 2004 on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents electromagnetic fields attached in the annexes will be used as a guideline by the Project administration. Exposure limits and action values (the magnitude of directly measurable parameters, provided in terms of electric field strength (E), magnetic field strength (H), magnetic flux density (B) and power density (S), at which one or more of the specified measures in this Directive must be undertaken. Compliance with these values will ensure compliance with the relevant exposure limit values of such guideline which is listed below.

The action values referred to in Table 13-2 are obtained from the exposure limit values according to the rationale used by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) in its guidelines on limiting exposure to non-ionizing radiation (ICNIRP 7/99).

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Table 13-1 Exposure Limit Values As Listed in Directive 2004/40/EC (W/m2) SAR (W/Kg) (limbs)(W/Kg) (mA/m2) (rms) Localized SAR head and trunk head and Power density S Frequency range and trunk) (W/Kg) and trunk) Current density for Whole body average Localized SAR (head Up to 1 Hz 40 ------1-4 Hz 40/f* ------4-1000 Hz 10 ------1000 Hz-100 KHz f/100 ------100 kHz-10 MHz f/100 0,4 10 20 ------10 MHz-10 GHz ------0,4 10 20 ------10-300 GHz ------50 - *f is frequency in Hz.

Table 13-2 Action Values As Listed in Directive 2004/40/EC

eq (mA) (mA) L (mA) C I (W/m2) density, S wave power Electric field Magnetic flux Limb induced Magnetic field density, B (uT) current I Contact current, strength H (A/m) Equivalent plane strength, E (V/m) Frequency range 0-1 Hz ---- 1,63x 105 2x105 ------1,0 ----- 1-8 Hz 20000 1,63x 105 / 2x105/f2 ------1,0 ------f2 8-25 Hz 20000 2x104/f 2,5x104 ------1,0 ------0,025-0,82 kHz 500/f 20/f 25/f ------1,0 ------0,82-2,5 kHz 610 24,4 30,7 ------1,0 ------2,5-65 kHz 610 24,4 30,7 ------0,4f ------65-100 kHz 610 1600/f 2000/f ------0,4f ------0,1-1 MHz 610 1,6/f 2/f ------40 ------1-10 MHz 610/f 1,6/f 2/f ------40 ------10-110 MHz 61 0,16 0,2 10 40 100 110-400 MHz 61 0,16 0,2 10 ------400-2000 MHz 3f0.5 0,008f0.5 0,01f0.5 f/40 ------2-300 GHZ 137 0,36 0,45 50 ------

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Plant administration will apply the following measures to protect the employees and neighborhood population:

• The level of exposure to electromagnetic fields can be most effectively reduced by incorporating preventive measures into the design of workstations and by selecting work equipment, procedures and methods somas to give priority to reducing risks at source. Provisions relating to work equipment and methods will contribute to the protection of the workers involved. Therefore, taking account of technical progress and of the availability of measures to control the risk at source, the risks arising from exposure to electromagnetic fields shall be eliminated or reduced to a minimum.

• Limitation of the duration and intensity of the exposure. Adherence to the exposure limits and action values, as listed in Tables 13-1 and 13-2, should provide a high level of protection as regards the established health effects that may result from exposure to EMF.

• Medical and surveillance programs to measure and/or calculate, and monitor the exposures of the public and workers.

• Conducting a program of measurement and monitoring of sources of EMF on location. • Provision of proper protection equipment and gear for workers. • Where exposure in areas accessible to the public exceeds the EMF Exposure Limits, measures necessary to restrict public access and/or reduce the EMF emissions from a source or sources contributing to the exposure will be taken.

• The owner of an installation shall ensure that workers who are exposed to EMF at work, and who are to be classified as trained workers, receive any necessary information and training relating to their exposure and are made aware of any mitigating measures needed to comply with EMF exposure limits.

• Appropriate maintenance programs for work equipment, workplaces and workstations. • The plant shall maintain a record of exposure measurements made by, or on behalf of him.

13.4.2 Hazardous Chemicals and Wastes

Plant administration will take all required necessary actions mentioned below to protect the employees.

• Material Safety Data Sheets for all chemicals used at the plant will be available at site and in easy reach to concerned employees. Employees will be trained on the proper handling of chemicals and be informed of their hazards. Such material data sheet is included within a safety manual for this operation.

• Proper and approved Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) will be provided to all employees handling chemicals and will be trained on their use and maintenance.

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• Up to 30 tones of 33 per cent hydrochloric acid (HCl) will be stored on site in a single tank within an impermeable containment area of 110% volume of the storage tank. In the event of leakage of the tank the acid will be pumped out to a road tanker to be reused or disposed of in a safe and approved manner. If such facilities are not available the HCl solution will be neutralized and then discharged to the evaporation pond.

• It should be noted that the total volume of the tank is 30 tons. The Plant requires 24 kg/week of HCl. Stored amount will be sufficient for 24 years. Therefore, it is advisable to build such a big tank.

• Up to 30 tones of 46 per cent caustic soda (NaOH) will also be stored in a single heated tank within an impermeable containment area of 110% volume of the storage tank. In the event of leakage of the tank the acid will be pumped out to a road tanker to be reused or disposed of in a safe and approved manner. If such facilities are not available the NaOH solution will be neutralized and then discharged to the evaporation pond.

• It should be noted that the total volume of the tank is 30 tons. The Plant requires 9 kg/week of NaOH. Stored amount will be sufficient for 6 years. Therefore, it is advisable to build such a big tank.

• Due to the reason that small amounts of NaOH will be used and also the possibility that NaOH may deteriorate on long storage period and also a safer procedure is to purchase the sodium hydroxide in solid form and dissolve it in water when required.

• Liquid chemicals, such as Hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide and distillate fuel oil DFO storage tanks will be constructed of appropriate materials and appropriate manner suitable for the material to be stored in them. Tanks will be surrounded by containment area which can hold 110 % of the total volume of the tank. If a group of tanks to be surrounded by a single containment area it should contain 110% of the largest volume tank it surrounds.

• All transformers will be oil filled and the oil used will be PCB free. Each transformer will be provided with a containment pond that will contain all the transformer oil in the event of a spillage which will be pumped to an oil separator after that. Collected waste oil will be stored in tightly closed container to be disposed after that in accordance with the Ministry of Environment (MoE) regulations.

• Lubricating oils will be stored on the site within steel tanks in an impermeable contamination area. The oils are used to lubricate the gas and steam turbines bearings. All waste oil and oil filters produced by vehicles and equipment during construction and operation phases will be stored in tightly closed containers in secured place on site awaiting proper disposal in accordance with Jordanian regulations.

• An oil water separator unit will be available at site to separate any oil contamination from wastewater.

• Used gas turbine air intake filters will be returned to the supplier or will be disposed of in accordance with MoE regulations.

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• Used ion exchange resins will be returned to the supplier or will be disposed off in accordance with MoE regulations.

13.4.3 Accidents

The Project administration and its contractors shall provide adequate first aid facilities as may be required or permitted during all phases of the Project. Key personnel are to be trained in first aid and have a valid training certificate. First Aid stations should be clearly marked and regularly checked by the plant administration and its contractors.

The Project administration and its contractors shall report all accidents to the responsible authorities. All serious or potentially serious accidents/incidents are to be thoroughly investigated and written reports produced indicating the proposed remedial actions.

Actions to be taken to protect the employees and general population from the previously mentioned accident sources are as follows and will be included in the safety manual (a separate document):

• Excavations and Openings. All excavations and openings shall be maintained with adequate structural support, access and egress and provision of fences and handrails. Lights shall be used to mark the edge of excavations and openings at night. Services clearance must be obtained before any excavation commences.

• Abrasive wheels. All necessary precautions to avoid the risk of fire due to flying spark. Necessary measures to ensure that no person in the area is exposed to the risk of eye or other injury from sparks, dust or other flying debris.

• Working in Confined Spaces. Supply of all safety equipment including all portable gas detection devices, escape breathing apparatus, harnesses and other escape equipment and safety equipment must be in good order. Staff who enter a confined space must be formally trained and hold an up to date certificate of competence. "Enclosed spaces." This paragraph covers enclosed spaces that may be entered by employees. It does not apply to vented vaults if a determination is made that the ventilation system is operating to protect employees before they enter the space. Entries into enclosed spaces will be conducted in accordance with the permit-space entry requirements. Plant administration shall ensure the use of safe work practices for entry into and work in enclosed spaces and for rescue of employees from such spaces. Employees who enter enclosed spaces or who serve as attendants shall be trained in the hazards of enclosed space entry.

• Working at heights. A safe working platform with secure edge protection, intermediate guard rails and safe means of access shall be installed. In instances where this cannot be achieved alternative arrangements must be made to prevent persons or materials falling to the ground. Adequate containment measures shall be included to ensure that tools or materials cannot fall, or barriers are to be erected to keep people away from areas where overhead work is being carried out. Fixed scaffolds and mobile scaffold towers comply fully with all statutory requirements before and during use.

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• Cranes, Hoists, Platforms. The contractor shall ensure that all lifting equipment is of an approved type and used in the approved. Lifting equipment and plant should be tested, inspected and examined at specified intervals and that records of the examination are maintained. Any lifting equipment showing signs of wear or damage to safety critical parts shall be taken out of service immediately. Lifting Tackle, ropes etc. shall be of an approved type to the relevant standards. Any temporary platform shall be securely attached or fixed. It shall have handrails, intermediate guard rails and toe boards to prevent persons or materials falling from the platform. If the platform is attached to hydraulic or rope operated plant then in the event of a hydraulic power failure a "fail safe device" shall be fitted to the item of plant.

• Compressed gas cylinders. All such cylinders must be supported at all times. Only trained and authorized personnel may use compressed gas. Flammable gases and oxidizing gases must be kept strictly separate.

• The contractor shall ensure that all tools and distribution equipment including cables, plugs etc. are complete and examined for signs of damage or wear prior to use. All employees should be adequately trained on the issues of electrical safety. 13.4.3.1 Heat

Control measure that will be taken by plant administration to minimize employees’ exposure to heat will include:

• Regular inspection and maintenance of piping. • Provision of adequate ventilation in work areas to reduce heat and humidity. • Reducing the time required for work in elevated temperature environments and ensuring access to drinking water.

• Shielding surfaces where workers come in close contact with hot equipment, including generating equipment, pipes etc.

• Use of warning signs near high temperature surfaces and personal protective equipment (PPE) as appropriate, including insulated gloves and shoes.

• Providing cold water sources for employees working in elevated temperature areas.

13.4.4 Fire Hazards

To protect the plant from fire hazards the following actions will be taken into consideration:

• All plant drawings plans will be approved in advance by Jordan Civil Defense Directorate. • Fire fighting systems and equipments will be in compliance with Jordan Civil Defense Directorate.

• Fire fighting systems and equipment will be maintained regularly.

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• Employees will be trained on the use of fire fighting systems and equipment and periodic refresher training courses will be organized in cooperation with Jordan Civil Defense Directorate.

• Fire alarm system will be installed in accordance with Jordan Civil Defense Directorate requirements.

13.4.5 Emergency Plan

Emergency Plan refers to the steps that the plant should take to protect their assets, essential services, operations and functions. In Appendix B, an Emergency Response Plan for handling and transportation of chemicals and DFO is presented.

13.4.6 Medical Care

Proper medical care facilities will be available for the contractor and plant employee workers according to the Jordanian regulations. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation and first aid training on this issue will be available for employees performing work on or associated with exposed lines or equipment energized at 50 volts or more.

First aid supplies will be available and at easy reach of contractor workers and plant employees. Each first aid kit shall be maintained, shall be readily available for use, and shall be inspected frequently enough to ensure that expended items are replaced when required.

Clinic, doctors or nurses will be available in accordance with Jordanian regulations.

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CHAPTER 14: TRAFFIC AND INFRASTRUCTURE

14.1 Transportation Infrastructure

A variety of transportation types are available in Jordan and they are categorized as follows:

14.1.1 Land Transportation

The road network in Jordan has progressed in terms of design, construction and maintenance. Total length of the network in Jordan was about 8,603 km in 2005 divided into three types of roads (highways, secondary and village roads) as shown in Table 14-1 for Jordan and Karak.

Part of that network is a major Desert Road which runs between Amman and the Port of Aqaba serves as the main route through Jordan to the sea and is used to transport goods for export as well as import.

Figure 14-1 Roads Network in Jordan and Karak, 2005

Particulars Unit Jordan Karak Highway km 3,108 289 Secondary km 2,108 176 Village km 3,387 218 Total km 8,603 683 Number of vehicles operating in Jordan reached to approximately 567,000 in the year 2005, of which the number of operating vehicles in Karak Governorate was about 17,523 vehicles (see Table 14-2). In addition public service (small cars on specified routes) vehicles were about 8,629 in Jordan as compared with Karak which had about 322 vehicles including taxis, mini-buses, and buses (See Table 14-3).

Figure 14-2 Number of Vehicles with Respect to Governorate (2005) Governorate No. of Vehicles Amman 278,045 Irbid 78,173 Zarqa 16,125 Ma'an 9,669 Mafraq 35,420 Karak 17,523 Jerash 31 Aqaba 6,909 Tafilah 16,917 Madaba 14,636 Ajloun 14,000 Ramtha 3,910 Balqa 46,066 Total 569,011 (Ref. Ministry of Transportation)

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Figure 14-3 Number of Public Transportation Vehicles During 2005

Governorate Buses Mini Buses Service Cars Amman 5,072 1,099 3,973 Balqa 6 203 17 Madaba 1 80 62 Zarqa 7 546 127 Ajloun -- 60 9 Irbid 18 785 355 Mafraq -- 195 46 Jerash -- 84 21 Karak -- 317 5 Tafilah -- 94 -- Ma'an 1 47 35 Total 469 3,510 4,650 (Ref. Ministry of Transportation)

Railway transport in Jordan is managed by Hijazi Railway and Aqaba Railway Corporation. The length of the railways in Jordan is about 452 km. The railway is not currently very effective as a mode of transport but Jordan is aiming at expanding its railway system so that it integrates with those in the region. Hijaz Railway is used for transporting merchandise between Jordan and Syria, in addition for tourism purposes, while Aqaba Railway (292 km in length) is used for transporting Jordanian phosphate from Hasa to Aqaba.

A light railway system is under consideration which will be connecting Amman and Zarqa, the second largest city in Jordan; it will be designed mainly for passenger transportation.

14.1.2 Air Transportation

Jordan has three major airports: Queen Alia International Airport; Amman Civil Airport in Amman; and King Hussein International Airport in Aqaba. In 2005 total plane movement in Queen Alia airport, Amman Civil airport and King Hussein airport were, respectively, 35,089, 4,923, and 4,403 planes in and out.

14.1.3 Sea Transportation

Aqaba is the only port in Jordan and most of the imported and exported cargo is transported through this port. In addition, the Port of Aqaba is used for passengers traveling by boat in and out of the country. In 2005 the total number of ships in and out of the Port of Aqaba was 2,933, carrying total cargo of about 16,383 tonnes.

14.2 Road Network in Project Area

The site of the Project is located at Al Qatrana, approximately 90 km South of Amman, and approximately 250 km from the Port of Aqaba on the Red Sea. The Project site is located about (1.5) km from the Town of Al Qatrana, near the road interchanges to Desert–Karak highway. The Project will be built near an interchange of two roads, which will serve the Project during the construction and operation phases. The road interchange is shown in Figure 14-1.

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The ultimate weight and maximum dimension regulations for tankers and trucks are registered under Law no. (42) of the year 2002. It is the main regulation that controls and dictates the specifications of vehicles in Jordan. These regulations include:

• Max. width of vehicle not more than 2.60 m • Max. Height of vehicle 4.20 m.

• Length of vehicles varied between 12 m to 18 m.

Vehicle weights must not exceed 60 tons. For transport of heavy equipment (transformers, electrical generators, gas turbines and steam turbines) special multi-axial vehicles must be used in order to comply with maximum load limits.

Figure 14-4 Road and Highway Interchange Close to Site

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14.3 Environmental Impacts

14.3.1 Impacts during Construction

As previously mentioned, the Project site is located at major roads: Desert Road and Karak highway. These roads will serve the Project during construction and operation. The Desert Road is a double lane carriage way, with each side consisting of two lanes and a shoulder of approximately 3 m wide. The other road leading to Karak is a two-way road with a shoulder of 1.5 m. All vehicles during the construction phase will use the Desert Road for delivering all materials and equipment delivered to the Port of Aqaba for the Project.

The construction phase will tend to increase traffic volume in the area. Heavy loads will be required to deliver the required equipment such as gas and steam turbines, electric generators and transformers. Necessary permits will be obtained from the relevant agencies prior to the transportation of heavy and wide loads.

The number of construction workers, reaching to about 600-700 at its peak, will require public and private transport vehicles to and from the site on daily basis and the number is expected to reach about 50-60 vehicles per day. The construction personnel will be encouraged to use public and/or company provided minibus services for the transportation. Considering the existing road conditions, additional 50-60 vehicles will not create an adverse impact on the existing transportation infrastructure and the local traffic.

14.3.2 Impacts during Operation

During the operation phase, about the staff of approximately 75 personnel will be working at the Project, in three shifts. Thus, the impact on the local transportation infrastructure and traffic will be minimal. The operations personnel is expected to use public or company sponsored minibus services which in turn will decrease the number of vehicles on the existing road to less than 10 per day.

In cases of natural gas interruption the plant will be required to operate on DFO. On-site DFO storage will be sufficient for a period of 14 days of operation at full load. The utilized DFO need not be replenished immediately during the operation on DFO and can be carried in a longer periods of time. The number of road tankers delivering the DFO to the site above and beyond the stored fuel will depend on the length of natural gas interruption. It is estimated that about 5 tankers (40-tonne capacity) per days will be needed to refill the entire volume of the storage tanks in a few weeks. DFO is expected to be transported from the Jordan Petroleum Refinery. Considering the existing road conditions, such an increase in tanker traffic is not expected to create a significant impact on the transportation infrastructure.

14.3.3 Impacts during Decommissioning

Traffic volume during this phase will be similar in many ways to the construction phase but smaller in size and less frequent.

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14.4 Mitigation Measures

Even though the impact of transportation activities due to this Project will be negligible on the local traffic, the following mitigation measures will be implemented:

• Safety and traffic signs will be clearly placed near and around the Project site on the Desert Road as well as the Karak road.

• Prescribed routes for construction traffic will be agreed with the appropriate authorities, particularly with respect to tanker traffic and special heavy loads.

• Special loads will adhere to prescribed routes to be agreed with the appropriate authorities - these will be scheduled to avoid peak hours on local roads and published well in advance to minimize possible disruption.

• DFO will be replenished throughout several weeks. • Road safety training and adherence to speed limits will be stressed to all drivers. • Minibuses or buses will be encouraged and used to transport construction workers to and from the site during construction period.

• Entrance to the site will be clear and properly designed. • A Traffic Management Plan will be prepared. • An Emergency Response Plan and Oil Spill Contingency Plan will be prepared and implemented for the operation phase. In this report, a draft ERP for DFO transportation is provided. This plan will be finalized prior to the operation phase.

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CHAPTER 15: ASSOCIATED INFRASTRUCTURE and CUMULATIVE IMPACT

15.1 Existing Environment

The Project will require the use or installation of a supporting infrastructure. These include:

• Water pipeline connecting to the Water Authority of Jordan’s existing main pipeline along the main Desert Road, East of the Project site;

• Natural gas pipeline connecting to the existing Arab Gas Transmission Pipeline or in the alternative a 22 km new pipeline; and

• A132 kV transmission lines approximately 300 m in length to connect the Project to the existing NEPCO substation across the road from the Project site. 15.2 Water Pipeline

15.2.1 Existing Water Pipeline Infrastructure

WAJ will supply raw water for all the Project’s needs through a connection to an existing water pipeline in the shoulder and parallel to the main road to Karak. This line is 600 mm in diameter and is connected to 1000 m3 reservoir located about 1-1.5 km West of the site. It is fed from the Lajjun water pumping station (one of the three main water pumping stations in Jordan) with an average flow rate of 250-300 m3/hr and a maximum flow rate of 1000 m3/hr.

15.2.2 Operation of the Water Pipeline

The pipeline will be protected from external corrosion by a coating applied to the pipe. Inspection of the pipeline would not be necessary except in the event of a leak. The pipeline will be tested to ensure that it can withstand the water pressure it will be operating under.

It is anticipated that there will not be any impacts on air quality, noise, traffic and infrastructure, visual amenity, hydrology, flora and fauna, socioeconomics or cultural heritage during the operation of the water pipeline.

15.3 Natural Gas Pipeline

15.3.1 Construction of the Natural Gas Pipeline

During normal operation, the Project will use natural gas that will be supplied via a dedicated gas pipeline that will tee in to Arab Gas Transmission Pipeline which carries natural gas from Egypt to Jordan. The supply of natural gas to the Project will be through a connection to the main gas pipeline outlet/ connection station (see Figure 15-1) in Al-Sultani area which is about 22 km to the South of the site and about 10 km from Town of Sad Sultani. This connection outlet is about 1 km West of the main Desert Road as shown in Figure 15-2. A 12 inch new pipeline will run in parallel to the existing main gas pipeline.

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The new pipeline will be buried at a depth of 1 m and will be located about 3-6 m alongside the main pipeline. It will be made of rolled plated carbon steel with a thickness of between 0.375-0.5 inches. This pipeline will run North of the outlet station with the gas pipeline shown in Figure 15- 3. It will mainly go through Government land toward the Al Qatrana except for a limited length of about 3-4 km behind the Town of Sad-Sultani. Acquisition of land will be required within that span as was done previously prior to the construction of the existing main gas pipeline. The required land acquisition will be about 6 m (3 m on each side of the intended pipeline).

Construction of such pipeline will basically require about 12 m of working area around the pipeline location. The construction will involve heavy machinery, welding equipment, testing compressors, and transporting vehicles. Such operation will require an average of 50 workers including skilled labor for a period of 6 months. The contractor that will perform these works is Petrojet, a specialized contactor who works with Al-Fajr Gas Company.

Figure 15-1 Natural Gas Supply Outlet Station at Al-Sultani Area

Figure 15-2 Main Road Site from the Connection Gas Outlet of Al Sultani

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Figure 15-3 Main Gas Pipeline from the Outlet Station at Al Sultani

The natural gas connection facilities at the supply point of connection will likely include automatic isolating and pressure control valves. The gas connection facilities at the plant side will include metering, pressure control and automatic isolation valves. Natural gas will be supplied to a flanged terminal point, at a pressure in the range of 40 - 60 bar (g).

Construction of the gas pipeline will be the responsibility of the Al-Fajr Gas Company. The detailed procedure for the construction of the pipeline includes: fencing off; removal of vegetation, if any; removal of topsoil; excavation of pipe trench; laying of the pipe along the route; welding of the pipe; weld inspection; quality assurance that welding is in accordance with applicable standards; coating of the welded joints; initial backfilling; lowering of pipeline into the trench; controlled backfilling; pipeline testing; and reinstating the land to its original levels and condition.

15.3.2 Operation of the Natural Gas Pipeline

The pipeline will be protected from external corrosion by a coating applied to the pipe and supplemented where necessary by cathodic protection. Inspection of the pipeline will be a mixture of visual and machinery based inspection. The inspection of the line will be the responsibility of Al-Fajr Gas Company which is usually done on daily basis as is the case of the main gas pipeline. The pipeline will be tested to 150 percent of its design pressure prior to use. In the unlikely event of a leak on the pipeline, automatic isolating valves at each end of the pipeline will close.

15.3.3 Cumulative Impact

The gas pipeline bringing natural gas to the proposed Project and the connection to the gas transmission network will need to be completed 90 days before the start of the commissioning phase of the Project.

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15.4 Substation and Transmission Lines

The electricity generated by the plant will be evacuated to the Jordanian national grid network via a 132 kV substation that is constructed, owned, and operated by NEPCO and located adjacent to the Project. The overall area of this substation is 100,000 m2.

This substation forms part of the Jordanian interconnected transmission system which connects the electrical network of Jordan with the electrical networks of Egypt and Syria. The substation is expected to expand to accommodate the connection to the Project. The existing substation has two voltage levels: a 400 kV section which connects power generation plants in the Port of Aqaba to the load centers in central Jordan, and a 132 kV level which connects the substation with various other load centers. The equipment at the existing substation is manufactured according to national and international standards. There is no rotating machinery or fuel burning at the substation. The extension of the substation is for the addition of five 132 kV circuits: 3 for generators of the proposed Project and two for overhead lines.

15.4.1 Construction of the Transmission Connection

Connection from the plant to the existing substation will be through a short (approximately 300 m) overhead line which will be located in a corridor at the Western boundary of the Project site.

The existing 132 kV line is located on the Project site and NEPCO is currently in the process of relocating this line in a corridor further to the Western boundary of the Project site. Figure 15-4 shows one of the towers that have been erected for this purpose.

The impact on the atmosphere during construction would be limited to some generation of airborne dust during earth moving activities and exhaust fumes from vehicles and machinery. This impact will be negligible and temporary.

The impact of the proposed connection on hydrology will be negligible.

Noise levels during construction would be limited to that generated by earth moving activities and from vehicles and machinery and erection of the steel tower sections. All potentially noisy machinery would be fitted with appropriate silencers.

There will be some disturbance of soil in the immediate area around the transmission towers due to excavation. In addition there will be some compaction of soils as a result of construction vehicles etc.

There will be short term visual impact during construction due to the presence of construction equipment including vehicles such as cranes and the machinery associated with erection of the transmission towers and the fitting of the cables.

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Figure 15-4 New Towers for the 132 kV line Along Western Border of Site

15.4.2 Operation of the Transmission Network Connection

The transmission towers will be constructed of galvanized steel. The transmission line will be operated and maintained by NEPCO.

It is not anticipated that there will be any significant impacts on air quality, noise, traffic and infrastructure, hydrology, socio-economics, visual or cultural heritage during the operation of the transmission line.

15.4.3 Cumulative Impact

The transmission line between the Project and the adjacent substation will need to be completed 90 days before the start of the testing and commissioning of the Project to allow for evacuation of electricity from the proposed plant to the substation. Cumulative impact would be minimal in terms of construction, as the construction of the transmission line would be of a short duration.

15.5 Cumulative Impact with Other Existing Projects

The only industrial project near to the Project site is a poultry processing facility. It is owned by the National Poultry Company and receives chicken from 11 farms in the area. It has a capacity of processing 9000 chickens daily. The Project is not expected to have any effect on the poultry operations. The proposed Project will be equipped with 55 m high stacks which will result in satisfactory dispersion of stack emissions as not to have any adverse impact on the poultry operations (please refer to Chapter 9 on Air Quality Modeling).

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CHAPTER 16: PROJECT ALTERNATIVES

16.1 Site Selection

The proposed Project is expected to help Jordan to meet the increasing regional demand for electricity. Due to this demand, MEMR selected the proposed Al Qatrana site for the establishment of a new power plant. During the site selection process six potential sites were visited and evaluated. The following considerations were taken into account in addition to the minimum area requirement for the technical, administrative and social facilities of the Project:

• Proximity to power consumption centers and access to grid system; • Existing environmental setting; • Proximity to a natural gas pipeline; • Proximity to transportation facilities; • Potable and process water supply; and • Land acquisition requirements. MEMR with participation of NEPCO and the Electricity Regulatory Commission (ERC) conducted site visits for the alternative locations for the power generation project for the years 2010-2011.

The site visits included six alternative locations for this project. A summary description of these locations is provided below and the comparison is given in Table 16-1:

1. North of Rihab Gas Generation Station Site

This alternative site is about 9 km from the Rihab power plant on the Rihab-Irbid road. Sufficient land space is available. The site is located near transmission lines and the flat topography is suitable for the project. The site is about 9 km from the natural gas line. The location is far from populated locations and is environmentally clean. The location is suitable in terms of possibility to connect to the national grid.

2. Zinah Village Site

This alternative site is located in Mafrak Governorate, midway between Samra generation station and Rihab power plant. Sufficient land space is available with flat topography. The site is about 2.5 km from high voltage lines (132 kV), and 1.7 km from the natural gas line. The site is environmentally clean. The site is not suitable in terms of connecting to the existing grid as it cannot be connected to the 132kV line passing in this area because it is midway between two major generation stations (Rihab and Husain). The potential plant cannot be connected to the 400 kV lines passing towards the Samra station either.

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3. Amman East Site (Al Manakher)

With respect to the current site for the IPP1, it turned out that it cannot be expanded because a major part of the site is used by the existing IPP1 project. Also the 100 m-wide street deformed the shape of the land and made it irregular. Alternative parcels of land adjacent to that site were found as follows: adjacent parcel to the East of the current site cannot be used because all transmission lines pass over that parcel; adjacent parcel to the West of the current IPP1 site is suitable in terms of land space and topography. This site is suitable in terms of connecting to the national network but will be very costly because it will require 400kV cables.

4. Al Qatrana Site

This site is located near the Al Qatrana substation (400/132 kV). Sufficient land space is available to the North of the substation. The topography is flat and the site is about 50 m from the natural gas line. The site is environmentally clean as there are no industrial facilities. The site can be connected to a 132 kV substation by expanding it, and does not require building a new substation. The site is ideal because there are no power plants nearby. The site is very suitable for connection to the grid through connection with the 132kV of the Al Qatrana transmission station as there is sufficient space required for making expansion to connect that station. Furthermore such connection will not have a significant effect on the loads of the Aqaba-Amman 400 kV connection line. Moreover, the Al Qarana substation may in the future be connected to the Dead Sea area either by the 132 kV or the 400 kV to meet the increased loads required in the Dead Sea area.

5. Um Rasas Site

This site is located about 30 km to the Southeast of the City of Madaba, near the Um-Rasa juncture. Sufficient land space is available with flat topography. The site is environmentally clean and is far from populated areas. The site is not suitable to connect to the Al Qatrana – Airport 132 kV network, as the connection only allows for a generation station not exceeding 300MW, cannot be expanded in the future, and its connection to a 400 kV will be very costly.

6. The Airport Site:

This site is located near the airport substation to the Northwest. Sufficient land space is available for the project. The site is about 200 m from the gas line. The site is environmentally clean. The land price will be relatively high compared to the other sites as it is closer to Amman. The site is suitable in terms of connection to the Airport substation, but such connection cannot be enhanced with the network in other directions because of concentration of housing projects. It will also increase the short circuit levels in the middle of the Kingdom specially in the South Amman substation.

Among these alternative sites, MEMR selected the Al Qatrana site for the proposed Project by taking into consideration all the criteria mentioned above.

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Table 16-1 Comparison of Alternative sites

Location Site number Site number (2) Site number Site number Site number Site number (1) Zinah Village (3) (4) (5) (6) North of East Amman Al Qatrana Um Rasas The Airport Location Rihab gas – Al Details generation Manakher station

Sufficient Land Available Available Available Available Available Available Space

Land Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat Topography

Land ownership Government Government Government Government Government Government owned owned owned owned owned owned

Land Price JD 11/sqm JD 8/sqm JD 20/sqm JD 3/sqm JD 6/sqm JD 40/sqm

Accessibility On Zraqa – On paved road On a 100m- On the On two paved On a paved Irbid Road 3 Km off Zraqa wide street Qatrana- streets street off the – Irbid Road Karak Road between the Desert Desert highway highway and Madaba

Proximity to gas 9 km 1.7 km 200 m 50 m 300 m 200 m line

Proximity to Parallel to 3km off the 7km off 400 m off the 200 m off the 350 m off the transmission Rihab-Irbid Zarqa- Rihab Amman north- Qatrana- Qatrana- Airport-south lines transportation transportation south line Airport line Airport line of Amman line line line

Environmental Clean Clean Clean Clean Clean Clean condition of site

16.2 Alternative Technologies

The selection of a “natural gas-fired combined cycle gas turbine” technology for the Project was made after a comparative assessment of technical characteristics, fuel requirements and economic aspects of the following representatives:

• Fuel Oil-Fired Steam Turbine Generators • Coal-Fired Steam Turbine Generators

• LPG-Fired Combined Cycle Gas Turbines A brief description of the major points considered for each of these technologies and the rationale for their rejection in favor of a natural gas-fired combined cycle gas turbine plant are outlined below.

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16.2.1 Fuel Oil-Fired Steam Turbine Generator Plant

A similar capacity fuel oil-fired thermal power generating facility will have a turbine generator and steam boiler. Such a facility will require approximately 3 to 4 million tons of fuel oil per year.

Because of the relatively high sulfur content of fuel oil, the amount of SO2 from the combustion exhaust gas of the boiler need to be controlled by a flue gas desulfurization (FGD) unit. Without an FGD unit, emissions from these plants will result in high levels of SO2. In addition, electrostatic precipitators (ESP) will be required to control ash and dust emissions at a fuel oil- fired power generation facility. Associated with the emission control units, limestone supply and storage systems, ash, gypsum and solid waste disposal areas will be required for fuel oil-fired power plants. These additional units will require extra land.

Fuel oil must be delivered by road tankers from a refinery or via a pipeline from an off-loading jetty. Additionally, since the facility must be designed to store sufficient amount of fuel oil for approximately 30 days of operation, appropriate storage units must be constructed for approximately 30 days of supply hence requiring additional land.

When environmental and land requirements of a fuel oil-fired power plant are compared with those of a natural gas power plant, we can observe the following disadvantages associated with a fuel oil-fired power plant :

• High levels of SO2 if a control technology is not deployed; • ESP units will be needed to comply with emission standards; • More land will be required for FGD units, fuel-oil and limestone storage and solid waste disposal from the FGD unit;

• A new pipeline for fuel-oil supply, and off-loading jetty and/or dealing with heavy tanker truck traffic. Thus, the option of a fuel oil-fired thermal station was not found suitable for the site near the Al Qatrana Region.

16.2.2 Coal-Fired Steam Turbine Generator Plant

Hard coal requirement of a 373 MW coal-fired station is approximately 2-3 million tonnes per year. The station itself would have to be much larger than a natural gas-fired plant because the sizes of the coal-fired boiler units are much larger than those deployed for natural gas. In addition, the land necessary for coal handling areas and ash disposal facilities accounts for the major difference in land requirements between a coal-fired power plant and a natural gas-fired plant.

The site selected for the proposed natural gas-fired station in Al Qatrana has an area of approximately 218,000 square meters. Therefore, it is not adequate for the installation of a coal- fired power plant and associated coal and ash handling facilities. Additional land would be needed for a coal fired power plant. Acquiring such properties into industrial use would result in

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expropriation of land and cause undue burden on the residents of Al Qatrana. Consequently, the option of a coal-fired thermal station was found unsuitable for this project.

Comparison of a natural gas-fired and a lignite-fired power plant, which have same installed capacities, for CO2 emissions, which lead to climatological changes, are given below:

Total energy to be produced by a 373 MW thermal power plant assuming 7000 hours of operation in a year is calculated as:

373 Mj/sec × 7,000 hr/yr × 3,600 sec/hr = 9,400 Tj/yr

Similarly, amount of CO2 can be calculated by the following formula:

CO2 emission (Gg) = Produced Energy (Tj) x OCC x CEF x [CO2/C] x 1E*3 (Gg/ tonnes)

OCC: Oxidized carbon content (lignite: 0.98, natural gas: 0.995)

CEF: Carbon emission factor (lignite: 27.6 tonnes /Tj, natural gas: 15.3 tonnes /Tj)

CO2/C: Molecular mass of carbon oxides / elemental mass of carbon (44/12)

Thus, amount of CO2 generated by a 373 MW lignite-fired power plant operating for 7,000 hours / year is calculated as 932,215 tonnes/yr and;

Amount of CO2 generated by a 373 MW natural gas-fired power plant operating for 7,000 hours / year is calculated as 524.703 tonnes/yr.

It can be concluded that, amount of CO2 to be generated by a lignite-fired power plant is approximately two times that of a natural gas-fired power plant (IPCC, 1997).

Thus, for the following reasons a lignite-fired coal power plant was not selected as the technology for this Project:

• high levels of SO2, particulate matter (PM) and CO2 will result; • Additional units will be needed to comply with emission standards; • More land will be required for coal handling and storage, limestone storage and solid waste (ash) disposal if an FGD unit is installed or CFB boiler is used;

• Heavy truck traffic will be resulted in for the transportation of coal to inland location if the power plant is not located by the coast.

16.2.3 LPG-Fired Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Power Station

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is a mixture of propane and butane, the proportion of which is altered at the refinery to modify the boiling point for various climates. Normally, LPG has a calorific value three times that of natural gas (methane). Therefore, its application in gas turbines

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necessitates fuel system modifications to accommodate lower volumetric flows, compared with those using Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), required by the combustion turbine.

Unlike natural gas, LPG, along with a wide range of refinery waste and coal-derived gases, has a high fraction of hydrogen content that leads to complications in fuel handling and preparation, as well as in gas turbine options.

The difficulties of handling LPG make its application as a fuel source for gas turbine generators problematic. There are no significant utility-type operational data and no statistics from utilities available to enable a proper judgment on the reliability of LPG field gas turbines in the capacity ranges similar to the proposed Project. Because of the uncertainty on the techniques for handling LPG and the lack of satisfactory utility operation statistics for its use as a fuel source for gas turbine power plants, the option of using LPG as fuel in the Al Qatrana power plant was rejected.

16.3 Alternative Designs

The design of the proposed Project takes into account key technical, economic and environmental issues. Key design features of the Project which is related to the avoidance or minimization of environmental impacts.

16.3.1 Stack Height

The stack can be a range of heights. Dispersion is improved by increasing the stack height, but engineering requirements, for example, structural support and foundations, and associated costs also increase with stack height. The stack height will be designed to comply with the Jordanian and World Bank ambient air quality standards and optimized with respect to engineering requirements.

16.3.2 Air Pollution Control

There is a range of technologies which may be used to minimize emissions from the power plant, which can be divided into two categories:

• fuel combustion controls; • “end-of-pipe” gas cleaning. The most effective approach is to control combustion of the fuel such that the production of pollutant emissions is minimized, obviating the need to use gas cleaning equipment (which addresses the results rather than the source of emissions). End-of-pipe solutions are also expensive compared to combustion controls. The proposed Project will utilize natural-gas fired combined cycle gas turbine technology which is the most efficient generating system and minimizes emissions per unit of electricity generated. The combustion turbines will be equipped with dry low-NOx burners, minimizing emissions of NOx which is the key pollutant associated with combustion of natural gas.

Air pollution control systems will ensure compliance with the applicable Jordanian emission standards and World Bank emission guidelines.

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16.3.3 Cooling System

There are four generic cooling systems which may be used:

• direct (once-through) water cooling; • indirect water cooling using evaporative cooling towers; • air cooling via air cooled condensers; and • natural draft air cooling towers or equivalent. Direct water cooling requires large quantities of cooling water and the construction of intake and outfall infrastructure. Evaporative cooling tower systems use less water than direct cooling, but are associated with visible plumes of water vapor which causes drift and can cause ground fogging. Although cooling towers use less water, they results in a net water loss by evaporation which needs to be compensated by make-up. Forced draft air cooled condensers do not require water, but noise impacts are higher than for the other options due to the use of mechanical fans to circulate air within the cooling system. Natural draft air cooling towers require relatively small quantities, if any, of water, and provide cooling through a passive system avoiding the need for mechanical fans. Natural draft air cooled condensers do not have associated noise impacts although visual impacts will be greater.

Since there are no large water bodies near the proposed Project site, direct water cooling was not considered. Since the proposed Project is located inland indirect (cooling tower) cooling system has been rejected on the grounds of water consumption. The natural draft cooling towers have the benefit of reducing water consumption and noise generation, although visual impacts will be greater. Air-cooled condenser system is chosen in this Project due to economic and environmental reasons. The most important potential environmental impact is noise associated with the air-cooled condenser systems; however, there were no sensitive receptors located in close proximity of the Project that could be impacted adversely from the noise.

16.3.4 Water Supply

There is a range of potential sources of water supply

• local groundwater; • city water from a municipality. Abstraction from local groundwater may potentially impact on the availability of water for other users, depending on the depth of the groundwater resources used and its characteristics. Jordan is poor in terms of groundwater resources. Thus, water supply from local groundwater resources was eliminated for this Project. WAJ will supply raw water for the Project via a pipeline connecting the existing public water supply system to the plant.

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Appendix A

List of Participants in Public Consultation Meetings

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List of Participants in the Scoping Session (October 21, 2008)

Person Agency or Organization Dr. Hussein Majali Mu’tah University / Karak Dr. Abdullah Odeinat Dr. Hussam Hamaideh Eng. Abdullah Horani Jordan Engineers Union Dr Abed Al-Zaheri Eng. Omar Al-obweini Eng. Jameel Ja’afrah Jordan Environment Society/ Karak Branch Faisal Hamed Al-Qatraneh Municipality Sakher bani Ateiah Tawfeeq Eid Sulieman Al-Hassa Environment and Dessertification Mowafaq Eid Sulieman Combat Society Reem Al-Ruweis Ministry of Health/ Environmental Health Directorate Eng. Arwa Adaileh Ministry Of Environment Directorate/ Karak Eng. Mohammed Jawazneh Eng. Lama Majali Ministry of Municipalities Eng. Nessrin Nasser Imad Al-Qudah Rasmi Issa Al-Qaisi Karak Governorate Rasha Haymour The Royal Society for Conservation of Nature Eng. Izzat Abu Hamra Ministry of Environment / EIA Division. Eng. Imad Dea’awi Eng. Ahmad Hammad Ministry of Energy and Minerals Eng. Mahmoud Al-Eis Mohammed Khaled Dughush Eng. Mohammed Al-Hassan Ministry of Transportation. Major. Sami Baj Environmental Police Major Omar Al-Sharairi. Major Fadi Al-Matarneh Eng. Ahmad Al-Jazzar Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation. Dr. Zuheir Sharman Ministry of Agriculture Dr. Abul-Samee Abu Dayeh Department of Antiquities Eng. Mohammad Alawneh Water Authority of Jordan Dr Samih Abu Bakr University of Balqa. Eng. Abeer Azzam Ministry of Industry and Trade Eng. Munir abu Aloush Department of traffic Eng. Mohammad Al-Shawabkeh Mr. Fereydoon Abtahi Xenel Industries Ltd. Mr. Gurkan Kuntasal AECOM Environment Eng. Hamed Ajarmeh Rawabi for Energy & Environment Eng. Yanal Abeda

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List of Participants in the Public Disclosure Session (March 4, 2009)

Person Agency or Organization Dr. Zuhair Shurman Ministry of Agriculture Dr. Basim Bani Hani Ministry of Health Mr. Abdullah Heyasat Ministry of Health Mr. Jamal Shihab Water Authority of Jordan Mr. Abdulla Hourani Engineers Association Dr. Ahmed Mahadein Ministry of Health Eng. Izzat Abu Humra Ministry of Environment Eng. Wafa Al Bakri Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Eng. Mustafa Khatib Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Eng. Ahmed Aldohni National Electric Power Company (NEPCO) Arch. Maram Al Ayoub Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities Eng. Balqes Harb Al Qabai Civil Defense Eng. Abeer Abu Azzam Ministry of Trade and Industry Eng. Tamara Merza Ministry of Municipalities Affair Mr. Hussein Hussam Mohsen Royal Society for Conservation of Nature Mr. Saadat Malawy Ministry of Health Mr. Hamed Khaleady Ministry of Health Mr. Rasmi Eesa Al Qis Al Karak Municipality Mr. Said Jamous National Poultry Company Maj. Hani Al Tahhan Environmental Police Eng. Doaa Al Anani Ministry of Environment Eng. Qais T. Qaqzeh Ministry of Transportation Mr. Osama Gazal Ministry of Water and Irrigation Mr. Saleh Al Oaran Ministry of Water and Irrigation Mr. Mohammad Daghash Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Dr. Husam Al Hamaiedh Mu’tah University Dr. Hussein Al Majali Mu’tah University Dr. Abdullah Al Odienat Mu’tah University Eng. Ahmed Abu Saleem Balqa University for Applied Sciences Eng. Mohammad H. Maaitah Al Karak Directorate of Environment Eng. Hamed Ajarmeh Al Rawabi for Energy and Environment Eng. Yanal Abeda Al Rawabi for Energy and Environment Eng. Gurkan Kuntasal AECOM Environment Dr. Fereydoon Abtahi Xenel Industries Ltd.

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Appendix B

Emergency Response Plan for “DFO Handling and Storage at the Facility”

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EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN for DFO HANDLING AND STORAGE AT THE FACILITY

1. PURPOSE To prepare emergency system in order to clearly define the essentials dealing with emergencies at every level of chemical and distillate fuel oil (DFO) transportation and handling operations. The system will also provide a framework for integration between the power plant and local governmental emergency organizations by providing clarity of responsibilities.

2. PRINCIPLE This Emergency Response Plan (ERP) will support transportation operations to prepare management plan. Operators will act upon this guidance. The plan in this guide will to ensure that roles and responsibilities are defined in the support functions in each case. This plan will be tested through regular exercises in order to measure its effectiveness and to provide training for the response organization.

3. AIM This plan will ensure rapid and uninterrupted communication in an emergency case such as a near-miss, accident or incident that could occur during operational activities of which this issue has crucial importance for health, security and the environment.

4. SCOPE All employees including staff and drivers employed by contractors involved in transportation activities are within the scope of this plan. This plan covers all facilities, equipment, training and personnel necessary to protect the workforce, customers, public, environment and reputation in the event of an incident.

5. ESTABLISHMENT This plan shall be based on the potential risks that impact operations. This plan will:

• Explain people’s positions matching with the risks involved. • Arrange outsourced (if required) organizations and/or emergency phones for towing or lifting the vehicle by providing long term contract to identify equipment for response (tested and available). • Keep plans current and focus efforts on protecting people, the environment, property and operation. • Ensure that plans are reviewed to reflect changes in the identified hazards. • Maintain suitable and sufficient resources (physical and human, external and internal) to implement the plan literally. • Carry out emergency response exercises. • Carry out drills regularly to check people response in information flow chain in case of emergency including liaison with and involvement of external organizations. • Prepare documentation that is accessible, clearly communicated and aligned to the system.

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• Train relevant personnel regularly to provide periodic updates of plans and training are used to incorporate lessons learned from previous incidents and exercises.

6. INFORMATION FLOW (Attachment 3 - Information Flow) In all incidents or accidents, the first numbers to be dialed are local organizations (Police, Fire etc.), followed by supervisors and / or other numbers. During the calling process, dialing order shall be observed to the extent possible. If one of the phones could not be reached, the next person in line should be called to ensure uninterrupted flow of information. A voice mail message is not an acceptable form of notification. Notification is defined as “in-person” notification or “phone” contact with a person. (Attachment 3)

6.1. Transport Emergency Card (Attachment 2) To facilitate communication regarding incidents, phone numbers of contact persons for Company, Contractor and other necessary parties must have been written on an Emergency Card which will be prepared and distributed to related personnel in the operation. Concise information and list of emergency phone numbers can be found in the table. This card should be placed in an easily accessible and visible place inside the driver’s cabin.

6.2. Emergency Notification Recoding Form (Attachment 2) This form will guide people how to collect information. It is extremely important to report the information on a timely basis.

• In low-risk incidents or minor accidents, the person notified of the incident shall further notify the relevant people, thus continuing the notification chain initiated by the driver. • In high-risk incidents or major accidents, the person notified of the incident shall further notify the Transport Manager immediately and then to the Operations Manager.

7. CLASSIFICATION OF ACCIDENTS/INCIDENTS 7.1. Comprehensive Immediate Action Required Immediate notification is required for the following categories of accidents:

• Death or fatal injury • Material damage: o more than 150 litres of product spillage in the plant, on the road or at the unloading dock o traffic accidents with more than USD 10,000 in damages o burning or rolling-over of the tanker truck • Loss of work time: o product spillage resulting in a fire at the facilities o product spillage resulting an interruption of operations at the facilities

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7.2. Local action is required • Injury: o cause absence of employee o victim can continue work after receiving first-aid • Material damage: o less than 150 litres of product spillage at the power plant or on the road o traffic accidents with less than USD 10,000 in damages • Loss of work time: o product spillage resulting in an interruption of operations o traffic accident resulting in an interruption of operations

8. RESPONSIBILITIES Driver or related personnel shall act upon instructions in the Driver Operational & Safety Manual and knowledge they have acquired in the emergency exercises for safety precautions.

8.1. Driver’s Responsibilities The driver is responsible for the condition and safe handling of his vehicle. The driver’s duty is to combine safe driving practices with the responsibility of a timely response. He should make daily pre-trip inspections of his vehicle before commencement of the work and report vehicle defects. Other defects that he observes during operation shall be reported to the Fleet Manager.

8.2. Staff Responsibilities Company and Contractor’s staff involved in transport of liquid chemicals or DFO are responsible for the implementation of systems-in-place to achieve compliance with these emergency procedures.

Staff shall immediately notify the related persons by following the instructions of information flow as soon as they observe or become aware of:

• Personal injury/fatality; • Vehicle accident; • Chemical/DFO Spill; and • All kinds of vehicle defects or driver negligence. 8.3. Contractor’s Responsibilities Contractor must agree and the staff and drivers of the Contractor must acknowledge with these initiatives and all must certify their intentions to enforce compliance with these initiatives. In case of emergency, the Contractor shall ensure

o related personnel are under way;

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o response team such as repairmen or mechanics are activated; and o outsourced organizations are notified.

9. EMERGENCY SITUATIONS AND PRECAUTIONS It is critical to the plant that full compliance with emergency procedures be implemented. Emergency response situations are defined as those situations where life, property, or the environment is directly in danger. When securing a scene of accident or spillage or assisting the casualties, safety must always be the primary consideration of the responders. Emergency situations include:

• Vehicle breakdown; • Road accidents; • Product spills; • • Fire; and • Other unsafe conditions observed at regular or spot controls of drivers and vehicles

9.1 Vehicle Breakdown Purpose This procedure intends to establish uniform implementation in heavy transport vehicles, road tankers and light vehicles. When vehicles are broken down or for any other reason inoperable (such as headlight failure at night or windshield wipers failure during rainy weathers) drivers must immediately pull the vehicles on the side of the road and stop.

Requirements 1. Road tankers and heavy transport vehicles must carry 6 safety cones with reflecting straps and at least 50 cm in height; 2. Light vehicles are recommended to carry 2 safety cones30 cm in height; 3. Safety warning triangles with reflectors; 4. Blinkers; 5. Heavy transport vehicles must have self adhesive reflecting tapes at the rear. Safety Apparatus Placement Guide The diagram below indicates method of placing safety cones, blinkers and reflectors:

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PARKED TRUCK 1 metre Trafik

Last signs should be seen at least 150m

Trafik Reflectors

50 cm

10m 10m 10m 5m Mesafe

Açıklama Cones

Triangle Flashing Lights There should be 6 cones for each Traffic HGV

Driver’s Responsibilities 1. Driver has to take care when getting out of the cabin; 2. Driver must have on his clothing or uniform reflecting tape at all times of day or night; 3. The first action of the driver is to set up the safety triangle at approximately 30 m from the back of the vehicle. 4. General rule for stopping on a curved road is that the approaching vehicles should be able to see the safety triangle at a distance of 150 meters form the stopped vehicle. 9.2 Road Accidents Steps 1. Stop immediately. Secure your vehicle. 2. Warn on-coming traffic, use emergency equipment set-up that gives other drivers adequate warning. 3. Help the injured. Do not render first aid unless you are trained. Use phone to call a doctor or ambulance if necessary. 4. Make sure that the person affected from the accident is in safe condition. 5. Do not argue, accuse anyone, make any admissions or blame or apologize for the accident. 6. Don’t change the position of the vehicle, but observe safety rules. 7. Separate pedestrians from vehicle traffic (if possible), limit access to the site 8. Call the law enforcement (police, gendarme etc.) 9. Call your Supervisor. Use Emergency Card to inform related people. 10. Obtain information from the witnesses and preserve accident evidence. If possible, take photographs. 11. Do not leave the place of the accident. 12. Do not talk to media.

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9.3 Product Spill Emergency measures should be taken in case of product spill or leakage in order to minimize the risk of fire and other dangers to people and the environment. Spill Prevention • Valves shall be closed firmly to stop draining or dripping. • Road tankers shall be equipped with overfill system. • Valve and hose connections shall have proper gaskets. Immediate Actions after Spills 1. Stop all operations. 2. Close all valves if safe to do so. 3. Seal the source of the leak with appropriate compound in the Emergency Kit. 4. Stop the product from entering drains or streams by sand or earth. 5. Use absorbents in the spill kit to soak up the spilled product. 6. Observe all safety precautions (e.g. no smoking). 7. Remove all sources of ignition. Product Spills inside Power Plant 1. Learn beforehand the emergency procedures of where you are and where the emergency shutdown switches and valves are situated. 2. Stop the filling operations. 3. Inform power plant authorities and your manager. 4. Until the spilled product is cleaned, do not allow the vehicles around the spill area to be started. 5. Implement the Power Plant Emergency Plan. Product Spills on the Road 1. If any spill occurs in the tanker due to a crack or a failure in the equipment, immediately park the vehicle in a safe place and take parking safety measures. 2. If you are already parked, do not move. 3. If product spillage is so big that it cannot be taken under control with the existing material in the vehicle, request emergency help from fire brigade or police. Product Spill at Unloading Area 1. Stop product flow through hoses by using emergency shutdown button on the tanker and also prevent product outflow from the tanker by closing adapter valve. 2. Ask for help from the authorities at the discharge place. Equipment • Loose absorbent media;

• Absorbent sheets, pads, and mats;

• Absorbent booms;

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• Mops with wringers;

• Brooms;

• Protective gloves, rubber boots, disposable coveralls, face shields, safety glasses and other types of appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE);

• Plugging cones for pipes and hoses; and

• Special pre-packaged kits for responding to spills of hydrocarbons, acids, caustics, and other types of dangerous/hazardous/toxic substances.

10. EARTHING and BONDING The truck must be earthen and bonded during product loading and unloading in order to reduce the risks of static energy. Earthing lines should be attached to the tanker before starting any kind of loading and unloading operation.

11. UNLOADING OPERATION FROM ROLLOVER TANKER 11.1 Pumps Pumps suitable for handling DFO must be used during unloading operation from the rollover tankers.

11.2 Open a Hole in the Tanker in Case of an Emergency For pumping the DFO from the tanker, it may be necessary to open hole in the truck. For such cases, hand drill should be use and the hole diameter should be between 3” to 4”.

12. WASTE MANAGEMENT 12.1 Description of Wastes Likely to be Generated During Spill Responses and Clean up Efforts The wastes that are likely to be generated during a spill response, clean up, and spill site remediation efforts include but are not limited to the following:

• Absorbent materials (loose absorbents, absorbent sheets/pads/mats/booms) contaminated with hydrocarbons (e.g., DFO, vehicle fluids, solvents, etc.); • Absorbent materials contaminated with other substances (e.g., acids, caustics, herbicides, pesticides); • Soil contaminated with hydrocarbons; • Soil contaminated with other substances; • Vegetative material contaminated with hydrocarbons; • Vegetative material contaminated with other substances;

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• Miscellaneous debris (e.g., disposable PPE, brooms, shovels, mops, containers/wrapping from spill response/clean up equipment, etc.) contaminated with hydrocarbons; and • Miscellaneous debris contaminated with other substances. 12.2 Waste Management Procedures for Spill Response/Clean up Wastes All wastes/debris generated as a result of responding to and cleaning up spills and remediation of spill sites will be managed in accordance with the waste management plan.

Spill-related wastes/debris will be recovered and deposited in appropriate waste receptacles – such receptacles include:

• Steel or plastic drums equipped with sealable lids; • Large heavy plastic bags that can be securely closed; and • Steel bins/dumpsters.

13. HEALTH, SAFETY AND SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS RELATED TO SPILL RESPONSE AND CLEAN UP 13.1 Hazard Identification Process (Safety and Occupational Exposures Considerations) The Spill Response Team Leader will be responsible for ensuring that all safety and occupational health risks and hazards associated with a particular spill site have been identified and assessed and that all personnel working on a spill site have been:

• made aware of the identified safety and occupational health risks and hazards at the site; • issued with personal protective equipment (PPE) that is appropriate in view of the site’s identified safety and occupational health risks and hazards; • instructed as to the site’s mandated safe work procedures; and • instructed regarding the minimization of personal exposures to hazardous/dangerous/ toxic materials on-site. The safety and occupational health risks associated with a particular spill site will be identified and assessed by the Spill Response Team Leader and the Team’s assigned assisted as necessary by one of the Safety Supervisors.

During a spill, the Spill Response Team will obtain copies of the Material Safety Data Sheet(s) (MSDS(s)) for the spilled substance(s). All on-site personnel will be made aware of the existence of these MSDSs and the location(s) where they will be made available for consultation.

13.2 Personal Protective Equipment for Spill Response/Clean up Personnel As was mentioned above, all personnel working on a spill site will be provided with PPE that is appropriate in view of the site’s identified safety and occupational health risks. The

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PPE that must be made available at a spill site for use by on-site personnel will include the following:

• Disposable coveralls; • Full-length neoprene/nitrile gloves (standard weight); • Face shields (swing-back type); • Organic vapor filter masks; and • Organic vapor filter cartridges for oral/nasal-type respiratory protection masks.

14. TRAINING OF SPILL RESPONDERS RE: EXPOSURE MITIGATION As was mentioned above, all personnel working on a spill site will be instructed regarding procedures to minimize personal exposures to hazardous/dangerous/toxic materials on the site. This training will be provided by the HSE Manager assigned to the Spill Response Team, supported as necessary by one of the Contractor’s Safety Supervisors. Particular attention will be paid to avoiding dermal contact, ingestion, and inhalation of spilled substances. The correct use of the provided personal protective equipment will be demonstrated and practiced during these training sessions.

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Attachment 1

EMERGENCY CARD

Contact Telephone Name

Fire Brigade : Police : Ambulance : Doctor : Power Plant : Supervisor : Transport Manager : Operations Manager : HSE Manager : Mechanics : Tire Repairs : Environmental Authority : Local Government : HSSE Authority : Towing or Lifting Company :

Contact your Supervisor directly or use this Emergency Card depending on the severity of the Accident / Incident

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Attachment 2

EMERGENCY INFORMATION RECODING LIST This list will be used by assigned person to write down information about the incident.

Incident Data Date: Place: Incident Time: Informing Time: Duration: Ended: Continuing:

Incident Type Fire: Explosion: Spill: Road Accident: Other:

People Informed by: Transportation Company: Driver Name: Driver started shift at: Supervisor Name: Authority name at the place: Authority telephone number:

Vehicle Truck Plate No: Trailer Plate No: Number of compartments in the tanker: Tanker departed from (Terminal, Garage, Depot etc.): Tanker destination (Terminal, Garage, Depot etc.): Tanker location: Tanker position:

Road Accident (to be in case of road accident) • Route of the tanker (highway, direction etc): • Any other vehicle involved in the accident: • Speed of the vehicle at the time of the accident: • Road conditions at the time of the accident (wet, dry, icy etc.): • Climate conditions at the time of the accident (rainy, sunny, fogy etc.): • Condition of Vehicle after the accident (could be driven, must be repaired/towed) • Towing support is required (from fire brigade, police, gendarme, contractor) : • Equipment support is required (repair mechanics,, additional equipment) :

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• Brief description of the Accident : • Fatality or Injury: • Spill (product name, volume): • Damage to the environment (type, intensity): • Visual evaluation of the condition of the tires: • Visual evaluation of the damage to the vehicle: • Precautions taken:

Product Spills (to be filled in case of spills) Place of Spill (at unloading dock, on the road, at depot): Name of the authority at the place of spill: Telephone of the authority: Reason for the spill (overfill, leakage from valve, hole/tear in the tank or the hose): Product spilled to (ground, canal etc.): First response to control the spill (absorbents, soil etc.): Damage to the environment (type, intensity):

Recorded by Name and job title of the recorder: Place of the recording (office, vehicle, home etc.): Date and Time of the recording:

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Attachment 3

EMERGENCY INFORMATION LIST

List of contacts, their telephone numbers and prepare communication flow of chart.

General Manager

Team Leader

External Spill Response Potentially Impacted Notifications Local Inhabitants HSE Manager

In the event that a reportable spill occurs/is identified, the Spill Response Team Leader is responsible for notifying:

• The HSE Manager; and • Depending on the nature of the spill, local inhabitants that may be detrimentally impacted by the spill.

In the event that a reportable spill occurs/is identified, the HSE Manager is responsible for notifying:

• The Contractor’s General Manager • Other external entities that are deemed to require notification

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PRIMARY RESPONSIBILITIES AND ACTION CHECKLIST

GENERAL MANAGER

Reports to: General Manager Location: Qatrana Electric Power Company - Jordan Primary • Provide status reports to Company Chairman Responsibilities: • Point of contact with Incident Team Leader • Determine strategic priorities • Support the ERT Leader in determining resources & finance • Assist in the preparation & dissemination of information to: o News Media, The Public o Holding statement to Corporate/Subcontractor ERT • Approve expenditure of emergency funds & the acquisition of resources to support the emergency response • Appoint a team to manage the recovery process • Liaise with the Contractor Senior Management Support Support the all necessary parties in notification. Responsibilities: Supplies: Telephone communication & mobile phone. PROCEDURESE TIME/DATE EMERGENCY RESPONSE ACTIONS CHECKLIST 1. When aware of and informed of any emergency or pending emergency, which may affect or impact Company or Corporate properties, personnel and/or operations, determine the level of and type of information required following discussions with the Company Chairman. 2. Obtain as much information as possible about the emergency in discussions with the ERTL to identify the following: ƒ Primary event or cause of the emergency ƒ Status of activities (continuous operations) ƒ Current overall situation 3. Activate the necessary personnel to support the ERT 4. Request regular updates from the ERTL as the emergency situation develops. 5. Based on the information and advice from the ERTL, determine the capability of the Company ERT resources to address the overall response. If this likely to be exhausted, determine the best sources for additional resources, or mutual assistance. If mutual assistance is requested, determine the following: • Type of assistance needed • Location • Tasks & duties to be performed • Food, water, Sanitation & Lodging Resources available for support 6. Assist Public Information and internal communications. Coordinate regarding the release of information with Medical Centers and other hospitals as appropriate. Provide and staff for 24-hour ERT operations if needed Begin the development of a transition plan to support recovery and resumption of normal operations

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DEACTIVATION/RECOVERY 1. Plan for the transfer of response operations to normal procedures. Develop a transition and recovery plan, which allows for the

resumption of normal operations and business support to Company operations. 2. After consultation with the Company ERTL, plan for the deactivation

of the ERT and release personnel, as able. 3. Attend the Emergency debriefing with the ERT and support personnel regarding the emergency response and recovery process. Ensure that key lessons learnt and opportunities for improvement are incorporated into the Company Emergency Response Plan, training programs and facilities

PRIMARY RESPONSIBILITIES & ACTION CHECKLIST EMERGENCY RESPONSE TEAM LEADER

Reports to: General Manager Location: Qatrana Electric Power Company - Jordan ƒ Assume overall responsibility for the Company Emergency Primary Response Team Responsibilities: ƒ Activate and deactivate the ERT ƒ Mobilize relevant ERT and support personnel ƒ Notify and liaise with the General Manager ƒ Priorities and manage the response efforts and develop overall strategy for site response ƒ Keep the ERT informed of team activities and emergency situation ƒ Develop the ‘After-Action’ Report ƒ Ensure information relayed and displayed is accurate ƒ Identify expenditure of emergency funds and the acquisition of resources to support the emergency response ƒ Provide information to General Manager on emergency status and injury & damage assessment Support ƒ Act as back-up to the General Manager Responsibilities: ƒ Make recommendations for mutual assistance needs and resources Telephone communication & mobile phone, access to fax, access to Supplies: runners and message deliverers. PROCEDURES TIME/DATE EMERGENCY RESPONSE ACTIONS CHECKLIST 1. Sign in on ERT attendance register. Immediately obtain a report on emergency location, conditions and situation. Begin a log of your activities keeping it current throughout the emergency response 3. Activate the ERT and ensure that all functions are represented, if not mobilize alternative resources. 4. Notify the General Manager, advise him of the situation & that the ERT has been mobilized. 5. Provide regular update & status to the General Manager. 6. Ensure that initial contacts are made and contact HSE Manager to conform that ERT has been mobilized and that the ERR is operational. 7. Work with team members to gather information about emergency conditions and situations and begin assessing communications reports as they arrive at the ERR. Have team members identify major incidents (concerns) involving their functions and potential resources in the field.

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8.Ensure that site maps and status boards are displayed and accurate. 9. With the General Manager, evaluate conditions and develop an overall strategy for response, based on the following priorities, or as directed by the General Manager: I. Safety of life – protection of lives and care of the injured II. Protection of the environment III. Protection of property/equipment from further damage IV. Containment of hazards – protection of personnel and public Restoration of Networks and Information Systems 10. Ensure that emergency team members are able to communicate with their nominated point of contact. 11. Keep track of all field resources and activities. Ensure coordination from the scene of the emergency of Health, Safety & Environment matters. 12. Ensure that personnel details have been verified as accurate before being sent to authorities or used by other ERT members. 13. Ensure that the Switchboard/receptionist is aware that the Emergency Response Team has been mobilized and knows how to handle calls, namely: ƒ Block all non-essential calls coming into the office ƒ Restrict calls to the emergency location to those from the ERT only ƒ Only transfer genuine telephone calls to the ERT 14. Brief the ERT regularly and continually (calling ‘time-outs’ when necessary) ensuring the following: ƒ Maintain the status of all personnel at the emergency location ƒ Identify logistical support involving emergency services etc. ƒ Ensure personnel/technical support persons are available as required ƒ Verify all necessary emergency and statutory notifications have been made ƒ Ensure the Personnel coordinator is keeping records of the names and locations of all personnel at the emergency location ƒ Ensure that the On-Scene Company Representative is kept informed of all relevant emergency activities ƒ Call in representatives from main contractors with staff or technical involvement in the incident to ensure co-operation and support ƒ Ensure replacements for the ERT are available to avoid team members working excessive hours or suffering from stress 15. Continue to staff the ERR as long as the emergency situation continues DEACTIVATION/RECOVERY 1. Direct and manage the overall repair, restoration clean-up, and salvage efforts as necessary and the transition to normal operations

2. Collect reports from team members; collate all logs and records to ensure accurate compilation of investigation report and development of ‘After-Action’ Report. 3. Discuss development of ‘After-Action’ Report with General Manager and agree content prior to issue. 4. Continue to co-ordinate post-earthquake operations as needed, even after the Emergency Response is deactivated

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PRIMARY RESPONSIBILITIES & ACTION CHECKLIST HEALTH SAFETY & ENVIRONMENT MANAGER

Reports to: Emergency Response Team Leader Location: Qatrana Electric Power Company - Jordan ƒ Advise ERT Leader on health, safety and environmental (HS&E) issues ƒ Ensure that external emergency services, i.e. medical, have been Primary contacted/mobilized. Responsibilities: ƒ Liaise with all medical organizations to ensure suitable resources.

ƒ Establish priorities for oil spill control operations

ƒ Monitor and evaluate ongoing hazardous conditions or potential

unsafe conditions

ƒ Liaise as necessary with HS&E contractors (e.g. oil spill response)

and provide assistance in developing plans for deployment of

personnel or equipment

ƒ Prepare any reports or documentation required per

company/regulatory requirements

ƒ Ensure that emergency workers have adequate safety supplies

and equipment and that they are assigned within the limits of their training and qualifications. ƒ Inform potentially impacted local inhabitants ƒ Support the ERTL in determining priorities and developing Support response strategies Responsibilities: ƒ Support the emergency site HS&E Contractor in sourcing any medical, emergency services or materials etc. Telephone communication & mobile phone, Oil Spill Response Plans, Supplies: medical contact list (within ER Plan), access to fax PROCEDURES TIME/DATE EMERGENCY RESPONSE ACTIONS CHECKLIST 1. Report to the ERR and sign in with the ERT. Immediately get a report on emergency conditions and situations from the ERT Leader. Relay all information regarding HS&E personnel on site. Provide the relevant detailed information for posting maps and status boards 2. Begin a log of your activities and keep it current throughout the emergency response 3. Assess the incident and advise the ERT Leader on the safety, environmental and regulatory aspects of the incident 4. Priorities hazards and make recommendations for safety response. Assist the ERT Leader in determining priorities for response and developing strategies for safety 5. Ensure that relevant government agencies are notified as necessary (e.g. oil spill) 6. Establish communications with appropriate external organizations, i.e. medical 7. Liaise with on-site HS&E contact & ensure that suitable medivac sources have been mobilized (where relevant) 8. Any medivac evacuation shall be based on the following: ƒ Nature of injury to the person(s) ƒ Availability of a close & appropriate medical facility ƒ Operational capability of the nearest hospital facility to receive patient(s) & to render necessary aid ƒ Distance & travel time for transport by an emergency vehicle to the closest emergency medical facility ƒ Weather conditions 9. Determine the option for transport to a medical facility following consultation with On-Scene HS&E contact or medic

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10. If it is suspected that a major hazardous material release has occurred, develop an action plan for Spill Control Operations 11. Do not release information regarding hazardous materials incidents to anyone outside of the ERT. Refer all enquiries to the ERTL 12. Ensure that the Company has established control over the site where an oil spill or hazardous material release has occurred. Assist when requested by the On-Scene ERTL or HS&E focal point on site DEACTIVATION/RECOVERY 1. Deactivate your position in the ERR as directed by the ERT Leader. Keep copies of all your logs, reports, messages, and other documents you used and received in the ERR. Use all these records plus those of the ERT to develop a ‘lessons learnt’ dossier and develop refresher training for ERT as necessary. 2. Provide a summary report of hazardous materials incidents, actions taken, and coordination with other support agencies and related information for inclusion into the ‘After-Action’ Report 3. Continue to follow-up investigative actions as required. Report the status of safety situations to the ERT Leader.

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Appendix C

Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan

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As outlined in Appendix C, the EPC contractor in collaboration with the O&M operator, beginning 90 days before commercial operation, will put in place a comprehensive monitoring and supervision of the EMP. This plan will include the EMP implementation, reporting and accountability, annual review and auditing arrangements, training and capacity building plans and annual budgetary planning.

The following table lists environmental management and monitoring plan during the construction and operations phases.

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COST COST IMPACT SUBJECT MEASURE MITIGATION INSPECTION INSPECTION FREQUENCY MONITORING MONITORING / ISSUE/IMPACT ISSUE/IMPACT SIGNIFICANCE SIGNIFICANCE RESPONSIBILITY RESPONSIBILITY ENVIRONMENTAL

WATER AND CONSTRUCTION SOIL QUALITY Site Drainage Low to Engineered site drainage Contractor Visual Daily and as Construction cost Moderate systems will be provided during inspection to required for the system construction to collect, balance, ensure the installation. Staff treat as required and control the effectiveness of cost (1 hr per discharge of site run-off; the mitigation week) measure Waste Low to Spoil from construction activities Contractor Visual Weekly Construction cost Moderate will be monitored and controlled; inspection of for disposal. Staff waste materials which are construction cost for monitoring unsuitable for reuse on-site will grounds for and inspection (1 be disposed at an appropriately potential stains hr per week) licensed sanitary landfill site; and inspection of the oil/water separator Groundwater Moderate Construction management of Contractor Visual Staff cost for Contamination excavations will avoid the inspection monitoring and generation of drainage pathways inspection during to underlying aquifers; excavation (0.5 hr . per day) Site Drainage Moderate System of drainage swales and Contractor Visual Weekly Construction cost and Surface ditches will be provided; inspection to build. Staff cost

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Water and (1 hr per week) for Soil monitoring and Contamination inspection. Groundwater Moderate Temporary fuel storage tanks will Contractor Visual Weekly Construction cost and Soil be located on an impervious inspection to install. Staff Contamination base and have secondary cost (1 hr per containment structures holding week) for at least 110% of the contents of monitoring and the storage tanks with valves inspection and couplings normally within the bunded area; Groundwater Low to Small pumps/plant will be placed Contractor Visual Daily during Construction cost and Soil Moderate on drip trays or bunds and any inspection excavation to install. Staff Contamination collected wastewater pumped to cost (0.5 hr per a bowser for off-site disposal; day) for monitoring and inspection Surface Water Low to Vehicle washing effluents will be Contractor Visual weekly Construction cost and Soil Moderate routed through a solids inspection to to install. Staff Contamination settlement area and then via an ensure the cost (1 hr per oil/water interceptor prior to effectiveness of week) for discharge; the mitigation monitoring and measure inspection Groundwater Low to Spillages and contaminated run- Contractor Visual Weekly Construction and and Soil Moderate off will be collected in a inspection to operation cost. Contamination temporary site drainage system ensure the Staff cost (1 hr per incorporating of sediment traps, effectiveness of week) for oil/water interceptors and the mitigation monitoring and inspection manholes measure inspection Groundwater Low to Sanitary wastewater from the Contractor Construction cost and Soil Moderate workers camp will be treated by to build tanks. Contamination a sealed septic tanks; Groundwater, Low to Siting and bunding of temporary Contractor Inherit in Design Surface Water Moderate fuel and oil storages will take into cost.

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and Soil account proximity to water Contamination resources Wastewater Low to An oil spill contingency plan will Contractor Visual Weekly Part of best and Moderate be prepared and implemented inspection to working practice. Groundwater ensure the Staff cost (2 staff Contamination effectiveness of weeks) to prepare the mitigation the plan. Staff cost measure to implement, train and practice (1 hr per week)

OPERATION

Groundwater, Moderate Bunds or blind sumps will be Operator Visual Daily Inherit in Design. Surface Water to High installed to isolate areas of inspection to Construction cost and Soil potential oil or other spillages ensure the to install. Staff Contamination effectiveness of cost to monitor the mitigation and inspect (0.5 hr measure per day) Groundwater, Moderate Oil storage tanks and chemical Operator Visual Daily Inherit in Design. Surface Water to High storage tanks, such as the acid inspection to Construction cost and Soil and caustic storage tanks, will ensure the to install. Staff Contamination have secondary containment effectiveness of cost to monitor structures that will hold more the mitigation and inspect (0.5 hr than the contents of the storage measure per day) tanks and have drainage valves that are normally closed; Groundwater, Low to Areas for unloading hazardous Operator Visual Weekly Inherit in Design. Surface Water Moderate chemicals will be isolated by inspection Construction cost and Soil curbs and provided with a sump to install. Staff Contamination equipped with a manually cost to monitor operated valve, to collect storm and inspect (1hr water run-off per week) Groundwater Moderate Transformers will be provided Operator Visual When Inherit in Design.

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and Soil to High with pits to retain 110% of the inspection required Construction cost Contamination coolant capacity of the to install. Staff transformers; cost to monitor and inspect (1hr per month) Groundwater Moderate Storm water run-off from Operator Visual Weekly Inherit in Design. and Soil to High equipment slabs that may be inspection Construction cost Contamination subject to oil contamination will to install. be collected and directed Operational cost through an oil/water interceptor for O&M. Staff prior to discharge; cost to monitor and inspect (1hr per week) Drainage and Low to Storm and rainwater run-off from Operator Visual Weekly Inherit in Design. Groundwater Moderate hard-standing and roads will be inspection Construction cost Contamination collected in a contained site to install. drainage system and passed Operational cost through an oil/water interceptor for O&M. Staff prior to discharge cost to monitor and inspect (1hr per week) Drainage and Low to Storm water discharge from the Operator Visual Weekly Inherit in Design. Groundwater Moderate operational site will utilize inspection Construction cost Contamination dispersion aprons, level to install. spreaders, or other energy- Operational cost dissipating devices at the for O&M. Staff discharge locations to the cost to monitor environment, to prevent scour and inspect (1hr and erosion; per week)

Waste Low A qualified contractor will dispose Operator Visual Monthly O&M cost. Staff Disposal of the domestic wastewater from inspection cost to monitor the septic tank to the nearest and inspect (1hr wastewater treatment plant in per month)

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Karak; Waste Moderate A qualified contractor will dispose Operator Visual Monthly O&M cost. Staff of the waste oil to the nearest inspection cost to monitor treatment plant in Jordan and inspect (1hr per month Groundwater Moderate The evaporation pond will have Operator Visual Weekly Inherit in Design. and Soil to High proper liner and secondary inspection Construction cost Contamination containment to prevent potential to install. leakages in to subsoil Operational cost for O&M. Staff cost to monitor and inspect (1hr per week) Groundwater Moderate Emergency Response Plan and Operator Part of best and Soil to High Oil Spill Contingency Plan will be working practice. Contamination prepared and implemented Staff cost (2 staff weeks) to prepare the plan. Staff cost to implement, train and practice (1 hr per week)

NOISE CONSTRUCTION

Moderate Exhaust mufflers will be Contractor Daily inspection Daily Construction cost. employed on engine-powered with a Sound Staff cost for construction equipment and Meter monitoring (0.5 hr vehicles per day)

Moderate All vehicles will be driven Contractor Daily inspection Daily Part of best responsibly and below 30 km/h with a Sound working practice. within the construction site Meter Staff cost for monitoring (0.5 hr

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per day) Moderate Construction traffic will not be Contractor Visual Daily Part of best to High permitted to use the roads inspection to working practice. through Qatrana town ensure the Staff cost for effectiveness of monitoring (0.5 hr the mitigation per day) measure High Steam cleaning will only be Contractor Daily inspection Daily Part of best undertaken during daytime hours with a Sound working practice. Meter Staff cost for monitoring (0.5 hr per day) Moderate night-time construction activities Contractor Daily inspection Daily Part of best will normally be restricted to with a Sound working practice. relatively quiet activities Meter Staff cost for monitoring (0.5 hr per day) Moderate All mechanical and engine Contractor Daily inspection Daily Part of best powered equipment should be with a Sound working practice. maintained regularly to minimize Meter Construction noise generation maintenance cost. Staff cost for monitoring (0.5 hr per day) Moderate The use of trucks during Contractor Daily inspection Daily Part of best to High construction will be optimized as with a Sound working practice. much as possible to reduce Meter Staff cost for number of trucks and thus reduce monitoring (0.5 hr the potential for traffic noise. per day) Moderate All major compressors will be Contractor Daily inspection Daily Part of best to High sound reduced models with lined with a Sound working practice. and enclosed to reduce noise Meter Construction cost impacts for purchasing the equipment. Staff

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cost for monitoring (0.5 hr per day) Noise monitoring should be Contractor Noise Monthly Part of best conducted regularly to assure Monitoring working practice. compliance around the Staff cost for construction monitoring (8 hrs boundaries per month) during daytime and nighttime

OPERATION

Moderate Noise mitigation measures will be Contractor Noise Annual Inherit in Design to High incorporated into the design of Monitoring and Construction the power plant, including: around the costs. Staff cost - high efficiency baffle mufflers construction for monitoring (2 and filters on the gas turbine boundaries weeks per year) inlets during daytime - acoustic enclosures around the and nighttime gas turbines, steam turbines and generators - attenuation of the noise from the gas turbine exhausts by the HRSGs - sound barriers around the main power transformers - low noise specification for fuel gas metering and control systems, motors, pumps, etc - inlet and exhaust mufflers on the cooling fans - Silencers on all steam reject pipes.

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Moderate The use of distillate fuel tankers Operator Inspection to Part of best to High during operation will be optimized ensure the working practice. to reduce number of trucks and effectiveness of Staff cost for thus reduce the potential for the mitigation monitoring (1 hr traffic noise. measure per event) Noise monitoring should be Operator Noise Annual Staff cost for conducted regularly to assure Monitoring monitoring (2 compliance around the weeks per year). construction Cost $20K-$25K boundaries per monitoring during daytime event and and nighttime reporting.

LANDSCAPE- CONSTRUCTION VISUAL Waste Moderate All debris and wastes will be Contractor Visual Daily Part of best Management collected, stored, and transported inspection working practice. in an orderly manner to prevent Construction any adverse visual impact on the maintenance cost. surrounding area. Staff cost for monitoring (0.5 hr per day) Moderate Construction camp site will be Contractor Visual Daily Part of best compact, kept clean and well inspection working practice. maintained. Building material at Construction the camp will be well maintained maintenance cost. and newly painted to match with Staff cost for the local environment. monitoring (0.5 hr per day). Moderate Project equipment storage area Contractor Visual Daily Part of best will be maintained properly to inspection working practice. prevent adverse visual impact. Construction maintenance cost.

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Staff cost for monitoring (0.5 hr per day). Moderate Construction camp site and Contractor Visual Daily Part of best equipment lay down area will be inspection working practice. reinstated to original after the Construction construction. maintenance cost. Staff cost for monitoring (0.5 hr per day).

OPERATION

Moderate The design of the buildings and Contractor Inherit in Design to High installations and the architectural and Construction vision of the plant will be simple cost. and clean. Natural earth colors will be used to match background environment in painting buildings. Moderate Attention will be paid to color Contractor Inherit in Design to High treatment, finishes and choice of and Construction materials to ensure the use of cost. paling colors on elevated structures and thus reduction in their impact on the skyline. The lights will be directional and Contractor Inherit in Design will not point outward to the and Construction highway and the town. cost. Moderate Local flora species will be planted Contractor Inherit in Design to High for landscaping and Construction cost.

C-11 March 2009 Al Qatrana Power Project ESIA

AIR QUALITY CONSTRUCTION

Dust Moderate Where possible, the contractor Contractor Visual Daily Part of best will select equipment designed to inspections working practice. minimize dust emissions Construction cost. Staff cost for monitoring (1 hr per day) Moderate Activities that produce significant Contractor Visual Daily and Staff cost for to high dust emissions will be monitored inspections when high monitoring (1 hr during periods of high winds and winds per day and per dust control measures event) implemented as appropriate. Moderate Stockpiles of soil and similar Contractor Visual Daily Staff cost for materials will be carefully inspections monitoring (2 hrs managed to minimize the risk of per day or per windblown dust, e.g. water spray event) dampening soils and spoil and during delivery and dumping of sand and gravel during periods of dry weather. Moderate Where possible, drop heights for Contractor Visual Daily Part of best material transfer activities, e.g. inspections working practice. unloading of friable materials, will Staff cost for be minimized and carefully inspection (0.5 hr managed. per day) Moderate On-site and access roads will be Contractor Visual Daily Part of best well maintained through inspections working practice. mechanical means (sweeping or Construction vacuuming) or spraying with maintenance cost. water. Staff cost for inspection (0.5 hr per day)

C-12 March 2009 Al Qatrana Power Project ESIA

Dust Moderate Access road will be resurfaced Contractor Construction cost Moderate Vehicle speeds on un-surfaced Contractor Visual Daily Part of best roads will be limited to 30 km h-1; inspections working practice. Staff cost for inspection (0.5 hr per day) Moderate Lorries used for the transportation Contractor Visual Daily Part of best of friable construction materials inspections working practice. and spoil off-site will be Staff cost for covered/sheeted. inspection (0.5 hr per day) Low to Engines will be switched off when Contractor Visual Daily Part of best moderate not in use inspections working practice. Staff cost for inspection (0.5 hr per day) Low to All vehicles and engines will be Contractor Visual Daily Part of best moderate properly maintained to reduce air inspections working practice. emissions. Construction maintenance cost. Staff cost for inspection (0.5 hr per day)

OPERATION

High Natural gas will be used as the Operator Stack Continuously Inherit in Design. primary fuel, with significantly emissions will O&M cost. $100K- lower pollutant emissions than be monitored $200K (CEMS other fossil fuels continuously for cost). $10K-$15K NOx and O2 (O&M and with CEMs. monitoring) High Dry low-NOx combustors will be Operator Inherit in Design used which are designed to and Construction

C-13 March 2009 Al Qatrana Power Project ESIA

minimize NOx emissions. Cost. Emissions and air quality will comply with the local Jordanian and World Bank guideline limits. High Stack height, flue gas exit Contractor Inherit in Design temperature and velocity will be and Construction selected to ensure adequate Cost. dispersion of emissions in the air. High When available, relatively low Operator O&M cost sulfur distillate fuel oil will be used during gas supply interruption

ECOLOGY CONSTRUCTION

Flora and Moderate The existing access roads in the Contractor Part of best Fauna area will be used for the working practice. construction activities and additional side roads will not be constructed. Flora Moderate Plants will not be removed or Contractor Inspection to Part of best to High collected when not necessary. ensure the working practice. effectiveness of the mitigation measure Fauna Moderate Hunting of animals and collecting Contractor Inspection to Daily Part of best to High ground nests for resident birds ensure the working practice will be prohibited effectiveness of Staff cost (0.5 hr the mitigation per day) measure Fauna Moderate All solid and liquid wastes during Contractor Inspection to Weekly Part of best to High construction will be collected and ensure the working practice. disposed in the nearest disposal effectiveness of Construction sites to decrease the impact on the mitigation maintenance cost.

C-14 March 2009 Al Qatrana Power Project ESIA

fauna measure Staff cost (1 hr per week) Fauna Low to Adjacent habitats will be Contractor Inspection to Part of best Moderate protected from disturbance by the ensure the working practice. construction workforce, e.g. by effectiveness of Construction fencing off of unused areas, the mitigation maintenance cost. warning signs and training of measure Staff cost (1 hr per workers week)

OPERATION

Fauna Moderate Prohibit hunting at and around Contractor Inspection to Part of best Project site by the workers ensure the working practice. effectiveness of Staff cost (1 hr per the mitigation week or per event) measure Flora and Moderate Ensure that vehicle movement Contractor Inspection to Part of best Fauna will be restricted to the existing ensure the working practice roads that connect the proposed effectiveness of Staff cost (1 hr per Project site with the surrounding the mitigation week or per event) areas measure

CULTURAL CONSTRUCTION HERITAGE Moderate Construction works will be Contractor Inspection to Daily Part of best monitored for archaeological ensure the working practice. remains and chance-find effectiveness of Staff cost to procedures prepared the mitigation monitor daily. measure Moderate An approval will be obtained from Contractor Inspection to Daily Part of best the Department of Antiquities ensure the working practice. before the removal of any chance effectiveness of Staff cost of 1 day find. the mitigation if needed.

C-15 March 2009 Al Qatrana Power Project ESIA

measure

TRAFFIC - CONSTRUCTION INFRASTUCT URE Moderate Safety and traffic signs will be Contractor Inspection to Part of best clearly placed near and around ensure the working practice. the project site on the Desert effectiveness of Maintenance cost. road as well as the Karak road. the mitigation measure Moderate Scheduling of traffic will be Contractor Inspection to Part of best undertaken to avoid the peak ensure the working practice hours on the local road network effectiveness of Maintenance cost. wherever practicable. the mitigation measure Moderate Special loads will adhere to Contractor Inspection to Part of best to high prescribed routes to be agreed ensure the working practice. with the appropriate authorities - effectiveness of Staff cost of (1hr these will be scheduled to avoid the mitigation per day during the peak hours on local roads and measure event) published well in advance to minimize possible disruption Moderate Road safety training and Contractor Inspection to Part of best adherence to speed limits will be ensure the working practice. stressed to all drivers. effectiveness of Staff cost for the mitigation training (1 hr per measure week) Moderate Prescribed routes for construction Contractor Inspection to Part of best traffic will be agreed with the ensure the working practice. appropriate authorities, effectiveness of Staff cost of (1hr particularly with respect to tanker the mitigation per day during the and truck traffic and special measure event) loads.

C-16 March 2009 Al Qatrana Power Project ESIA

Moderate Entrance to the site will be clear Contractor Inspection to Part of best and properly designed. ensure the working practice. effectiveness of Maintenance cost. the mitigation measure Moderate To protect the roads, trucks which Contractor Inspection to During the Part of best will be used for transporting ensure the activity working practice activities should have a gross effectiveness of weight within the axial the mitigation permissible load measure Moderate Minibuses and buses will be Contractor Inspection to During the Part of best encouraged and used to ensure the activity working practice transport construction workers to effectiveness of and from the site during the mitigation construction period. measure

OPERATION

Moderate Road safety training and Operator Inspection to Part of best adherence to speed limits will be ensure the working practice. stressed to all drivers effectiveness of Staff cost for the mitigation training (1 hr per measure week) Moderate Safety and traffic signs will be Operator Inspection to Part of best clearly placed near and around ensure the working practice. the project site on the Desert effectiveness of Maintenance cost. road as well as the Karak road. the mitigation measure

Moderate To protect the roads, trucks which Operator Inspection to Part of best will be used for transporting ensure the working practice activities should have a gross effectiveness of weight within the axial the mitigation permissible load measure

C-17 March 2009 Al Qatrana Power Project ESIA

Moderate A Traffic Management Plan, an Operator Inspection to Part of best to High Emergency Response Plan and ensure the working practice. Oil Spill Contingency Plan will be effectiveness of Staff cost to prepared and implemented for the mitigation prepare plans, the operations measure training and implementation (1 hr per week)

SOCIO- CONSTRUCTION and OPERATION ECONOMY Moderate The project company will Contractor Minimal and part to High encourage seeking local and of best working contractors for construction works Operator practice related to project site excavation and leveling, construction of buildings and internal roads. Moderate Job vacancies will be Contractor Minimal and part to High preferentially advertised in Al and of best working Qatrana area and the nearby Operator practice towns maximizing the opportunity for local people to eapply for skilled and non-skilled construction and operation jobs Moderate The Project company will include Contractor Minimal and part to High an apprentice system or similar and of best working approach to help local manual Operator practice. Staff cost workers to gain additional skills. to implement (1 week per month) Moderate Local vehicle maintenance Contractor Part of best to High workshops at Al Qatrana area will and working practice be used during both construction Operator and operation phases of the plant Moderate Various contractors will be Contractor Part of best

C-18 March 2009 Al Qatrana Power Project ESIA

to High encouraged to source supplies, and working practice food, beverage and spare parts Operator from local stores in the Al Qatrana area during construction and operation phases of the plant Labor Law No. 51, 2002 will be Contractor Continuously Part of best applied and complied. and working Operator

HEALTH AND CONSTRUCTION and OPERATION SAFETY (ON SITE) Noise Moderate Heavy machinery that used in the Contractor Inspection to Daily Part of best construction activities will be ensure the working practice. provided with good rubber effectiveness of Construction cost insulation for windows and doors the mitigation to buy the proper to protect the drivers. measure machines. Noise Moderate Ear protection equipment will be Contractor Inspection to Daily Part of best used in all areas of a potential ensure the working practice. source of high noise. effectiveness of Staff cost for the mitigation monitoring and measure inspection (1 hr per week) Noise Moderate Office and management buildings Contractor Indoor noise Per six Part of best will be isolated as far as possible monitoring months working practice. from noise sources and insulated Construction cost. to prevent the noise from harming people and workers. EMF Moderate Directive 2004/40/EC of the Operator Measurement Annual Construction and to High European Parliament and the and monitoring O&M cost. Council of 29 April 2004 on the of sources of minimum health and safety EMF requirements regarding the

C-19 March 2009 Al Qatrana Power Project ESIA

exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents electromagnetic fields attached in the annexes will be used as a guideline Hazardous • Material Safety Data Sheets Operator Inspection to As O&M cost. Chemicals for all chemicals used at the ensure the necessary and Waste plant will be available at site effectiveness of and in easy reach to the mitigation concerned employees. measure Employees will be trained on the proper handling of chemicals and be informed of their hazards. Such material data sheet will be included within a safety manual for this operation.

Hazardous • Proper and approved Construction and Chemicals Personal Protective O&M cost and Waste Equipment (PPE) will be provided to all employees handling chemicals and will be trained on their use and maintenance.

• Hydrochloric acid (HCl) will Construction cost. be stored on site in a single above ground tank within an impermeable secondary containment area of 110% volume of the storage tank. In the event of leakage of the

C-20 March 2009 Al Qatrana Power Project ESIA

tank the acid will be pumped out to a road tanker to be reused or disposed of in a safe and approved manner. If such facilities are not available the HCl solution will be neutralized and then discharged to the evaporation pond.

• Caustic soda (NaOH) will be Construction cost stored in an above ground tank within an impermeable containment area of 110% volume of the storage tank. In the event of leakage of the tank the acid will be pumped out to a road tanker to be reused or disposed of in a safe and approved manner. Hazardous If such facilities are not Chemicals available the NaOH solution and Waste will be neutralized and then discharged to the evaporation pond.

• Liquid chemicals, such as Hydrochloric acid, sodium Construction cost hydroxide and distillate fuel oil DFO storage tanks will be constructed of appropriate materials and appropriate manner suitable for the material to be stored in them.

C-21 March 2009 Al Qatrana Power Project ESIA

Tanks will be surrounded by secondary containment area which can hold 110 % of the total volume of the tank. If a group of tanks to be surrounded by a single containment area it should contain 110% of the largest volume tank it surrounds.

• All transformers will be oil Construction and filled and the oil will be PCB O&M cost free. Each transformer will be provided with a containment pond that will contain all the transformer oil in the event of a spillage which will be pumped to an oil separator after that. Hazardous Chemicals • Lubricating oils will be stored Construction and and Waste on the site within steel tanks O&M cost in an impermeable contamination area. The oils are used to lubricate the gas and steam turbines bearings. All waste oil and oil filters produced by vehicles and equipment during construction and operation phases will be stored in tightly closed containers in secured place on site awaiting proper disposal in

C-22 March 2009 Al Qatrana Power Project ESIA

accordance with Jordanian regulations. Accidents Moderate The plant personnel and its Operator Inspection to As O&M cost. to High contractors will be provided with ensure the necessary adequate first aid facilities as may effectiveness of be required or permitted during all the mitigation phases of the Project. Key measure personnel will be trained in first aid and have a valid training certificate. First Aid stations will be clearly marked and regularly checked by the plant administration and its contractors.

Accidents A Safety Manual will be Operator Inspection to As O&M cost. prepared for the construction ensure the necessary and operation activities. The effectiveness of Safety Manual will include the mitigation excavations and trenches, measure abrasive wheels, confined spaces, working at height, lifting equipment and compressed gases. Heat Moderate The following control measures will Operator Inspection to As O&M cost. to High be taken to minimize employees’ ensure the necessary exposure to heat: effectiveness of the mitigation • Regular inspection and measure maintenance of piping. • Provision of adequate ventilation in work areas to reduce heat and humidity. • Reducing the time required for work in elevated temperature

C-23 March 2009 Al Qatrana Power Project ESIA

environments and ensuring access to drinking water. • Shielding surfaces where workers come in close contact with hot equipment, including generating equipment, pipes etc. • Use of warning signs near high temperature surfaces and personal protective equipment (PPE) as appropriate, including insulated gloves and shoes. • Providing cold water sources for employees working in elevated temperature areas.

Fire Hazards Moderate • All plant drawings plans will Operator Inspection to As O&M cost. to High be approved in advance by ensure the necessary Jordan Civil Defense effectiveness of Directorate. the mitigation • Fire fighting systems and measure equipments will be in compliance with Jordan Civil Defense Directorate. • Fire fighting systems and equipment will be maintained regularly. • Employees will be trained on the use of fire fighting systems and equipment and periodic

C-24 March 2009 Al Qatrana Power Project ESIA

refresher training courses will be organized in cooperation with Jordan Civil Defense Directorate. • Fire alarm system will be installed in accordance with Jordan Civil Defense Directorate Medical Care Proper medical care facilities will Operator Inspection to As O&M cost. be available for the contractor ensure the necessary and plant employee workers effectiveness of according to the Jordanian the mitigation regulations. Clinic, doctors or measure nurses will be available in accordance with Jordanian regulations.

HEALTH AND CONSTRUCTION and OPERATION SAFETY (OFF SITE) The plant will be located within a Contractor, Inspection to As Inherit in design security fence ensuring to prevent Operator ensure the necessary and construction trespass or accidental entry of the effectiveness of cost. site by local people. The plant will the mitigation also be fitted with security measure cameras. The transport of raw materials Contractor, Inspection to As Part of best and the transport and disposal of Operator ensure the necessary working practice. waste will be undertaken in an effectiveness of O&M cost

C-25 March 2009 Al Qatrana Power Project ESIA

appropriate manner. the mitigation measure Project vehicles and equipment Contractor, Inspection to As Part of best will be well maintained with Operator ensure the necessary working practice. project related traffic will be effectiveness of requested to travel no faster than the mitigation the speed limit. measure

C-26 March 2009 Al Qatrana Power Project ESIA

Appendix D

Environmental Quality Monitoring Program

D-1 March 2009 Al Qatrana Power Project ESIA

ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM

Subject Description Parameters Sampling Evaluation Responsibility Annual Cost Frequency Criteria

AIR EMISSIONS Pollutant emissions NOx and O2 Annual Jordanian and World Operator $100K-$200K at each stack will be Bank Emissions (CEMS cost) monitored with Standards Continuous $10K-$15K (O&M Emissions and monitoring) Monitoring (CEMS) system

Pollutant emissions NOx and O2 Annual Jordanian and World Operator $25K-$30K at each stack will be Bank Emissions monitored with Stack Standards Testing during Natural Gas firing

Pollutant emissions NOx, SO2, TSP, Once during firing of Jordanian and World Operator $25K-$30K at each stack will be PM10 DFO Bank Emissions monitored with Stack Standards Testing once during DFO firing during gas interruption as indicative monitoring

AIR QUALİTY Ambient air quality NO, NO2 and NOx Monthly average per Jordanian and World Operator $20K-$25K will be monitored at: season (monitor Bank Emissions the site, Al Qatrana, during the first year Standards and 3 locations and if the gas inside 50 x stack composition and height (2.5 km) emissions values do diameter with not change, monitor

D-2 March 2009 Al Qatrana Power Project ESIA

Passive Samplers once every three years)

WASTEWATER Effluent will be pH, TSS, Oil and Monitor during the Jordanian and World Operator $25K-$35K collected in an Grease, total first year and then Bank Emissions evaporation pond residual Chlorine, every three years Standards with zero discharge total Chromium, depending upon to environment. Copper, Iron, Zinc project However, effluent to circumstances the pond will be monitored

STORMWATER Stormwater after the pH, TSS, Oil and Monitor during the Jordanian and World Operator $10K-$15K oil/water interceptor Grease storm event first Bank Emissions will be monitored year and then every Standards prior to discharge three years depending upon project circumstances

NOISE Monitor at plant Leq, Lmax, Lmin, Monitor during the Jordanian and World Operator $20K-$25K boundary and at Ldn first year and then Bank Emissions residential and every three years Standards sensitive receptors depending upon project circumstances

D-3 March 2009