SEPTEMBER -'"'

-' nyENTY- f_IFTH ANNIVERSARY OF THE ) AMERICAN COMMUNIST ORGANizATION ',1 \ BROWDER • I MINOR ' ·' . LANDY • TH~ P-RESIDENTIAL ELECTION'S

FOSTER DENNIS

BUDENZ WILKERSON

1 ~-- CHINA'S' REAL DESTINY \ j FRE DERI CK V. FI ELD • f ' ' ~ ' WALTER LIPPMANN'S (ru. S. WAR AIMS" REVIEWED I , HANS BERGER

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views views on on the the Civil Civil War, War, democracy, democracy, labor , , internationaFsm, internationaFsm, culture, culture, etc. etc.

tion tion from from his his prose _ _ and and poetic poetic writings writings which which throws throws lighr · · on on Whitman's Whitman's \ \

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BY BY SAMUE ! ! SILLEHI SILLEHI

DEM OCRAC't" OCRAC't"

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WAL WAL WHITMAN-POET WHITMAN-POET OF OF AMERICAN AMERICAN i i

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general general staff, staff, the the modern modern industrialists industrialists and and the the criminal criminal Nazi Nazi clique. clique.

background background of of the the plans plans for for world world domination domination hatched hatched by by th e e German German

political political and and military military role role of of the the Prussian Prussian Junkers, Junkers, and and illuminates illuminates 1..... 1..... the the

of of Marx Marx and and Engels Engels on on the the historical historical rqots , , characte r r and and reactionary reactionary

important important An An theoretical theoretical smdy smdy which which assembles assembles the the writings writings and and opinions opinions

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MARX MARX AND AND ENGELS ENGELS · ON ON REACTIONARY REACTIONARY --

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and and the the Ci v il il War. War.

wars wars of of American American h is t ory- the the War War of of Tndependen£e, Tndependen£e, of of the the War War 1812, 1812,

ro ro make make an an illuminating illuminating a nal ysis ysis of of the the ro le le of of morale morale in in the the three three great great

org anizations anizations backing backing up up the the fighting fighting fronts, fronts, all all skillfully skillfully woven woven t og ether ether

and and edito rials, rials, r esolutions esolutions and. and. activities activities of of w orker s' s' other other patriotic patriotic ~d ~d

Ja ckSon ckSon and and lin c o l n , , letters letters from from soldiers, soldiers, contemporary - new s p aper aper articles articles

wealth wealth of of m a ter ial, ial, includ ing ing documents documents and and speeches speeches by by W W ashingron , ,

In In this this new new s tbd y, y, a a distinguished distinguished Ameriean Ameriean histor ian ian bring5 bring5 to to light light a a

BY BY PHILIP PHILIP FONER FONER

MORALE MORALE EDUCATION EDUCATION IN IN THE THE AMElUCAN AMElUCAN ARMY ARMY

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Three Three August August Publications Publications VOL. XXIII, No. 9 SEPTEMBBR, 1944 THE COMMUNIST A MARXIST MAGAZINE DEVOTED TO ADVANCEMENT OF DEMOCRATIC THOUGHT AND ACTION

EARL BROWDER, Editor EUGENE DENNIS, Aaeociate Editor

V. ]. JEROME, Managing Editor

CONTENTS

Labor Day in 1944 An Editorial 771 Some Features of Modern Warfare Maj. Gen. M. Galak­ tionov 773 The Twenty-fifth Anniversary of the Found­ Resolution of the N a­ ing of the American Communist Organi­ tional Convention, zation C.P.A. 778 What Marxism Contributes to America Earl Browder . 782 The Heritage of the .Communist Political Association . Robert Minor . 788 A Lesson in Democracy · A. Landy 798 A Resolute Non · Partisan Policy to Strengthen National Unity Eugene Dennis 806 Notes on the Democratic Convention Louis F. Budenz 813

The Negro and the Elections Do~ey A. WHkerson 819 China's Real Destiny Frederick V. Field 830 A Company Union of Nations? Hans Berger 846 Resolutions Adopted by the National Convention, C.P.A. 857 Historic Documents 862

Ente-red cu second c1cus matte-r Novembe-r 2, 1921, at the Post Otlice a New York, N. Y., under the Act of March 3 1879. THE COMMUNIST u published Monthltl btl Worke-rs LibTaTJI Publbhe-rs, Inc., at 832 BroadtDIItl> New York 3, N. Y. (mail address, P. 0. Boz 148, Station D), to whoM subscriptiona, pavments and correspondence should be sent. Subscriptfotl rate: $2.00 a vear; $1.00 for N: months; foreign and Canada, $2.50 a v••· Single copiea 20 cnts...... On the War and the J944 Elections

YOUR STAKE IN THE 1944 ELECTIONS, by Adam Lapin ------'------$.05

The issues in the coming Presidential el'ections ·analyzed by a veteran political journalist.

THE ROAD AHEAD, by Earl Browder______.I 0

Speeches by the President of the Communist Political Aisociation at its constituent convention.

IS DEWEY THE MAN?, by Sender Garlin ______.05

An expose of the record of the G.O.P. presidential nominee, the forces backing him and their connections.

WHAT DOES THE C.T.A.L. MEAN? by Vicente Lombardo Toledano ------'------.I 0

The history, structure, role and program of the powerful Confederation of Latin American Workers, outlined by in president.

SOVIET FARMS AND THE WAR, by Anna Louise Strong ------·-···------.I 0

How Soviet agriculture met the stern test of the war as told by one of the foremost authorities on Soviet life and culture . •

WORKERS LIBRARY PUBLISHERS P.O. Box 148, Sta. D (832 Broadway), New York 3, N.Y. LABOR DAY IN 1944

AN EDITORIAL

N THIS Labor Day American cies, would help speed victory over O organized labor indeed faces a fascism and the establishment of a most crucial period in the life of lasting peace; whereas, behind the the labor movements of our nation candidacy of Dewey and Bricker and of the world. The hard war are the most reactionary forces in against the fascist aggressor powers American life, those that would is rapidly approaching a victorious break down the work of Teheran climax for the United Nations. As and commit our country to a reck­ these lines are being written, Paris less policy of imperialist adventure. has just been reported liberated; Undoubtedly, the vast majority of the American, British and French the people stand behind the Roose­ forces are advancing toward Ger- velt policies, and, if they can be many's borders from the north and brought out to vote in November south of France; and on the East- they will return the present Admin­ ern Front the Red Army has dealt istration to office. The chief hope of Hitler another staggering blow by the Dewey forces is to keep as many knocking Rumania out of the war as possible of the great democratic as a Hitler satellite. In the Pacific, masses away from the polls, by lull­ too, the war is going ahead success- ing them into believing that there fully, as indicated by the ever-in- is a basic "area of agreement" on creasing cries of alarm coming from all major issues between the two the frightened war lords in Tokio. parties, by disfranchising the sol- In our own country, the Presidi:m- diers from voting, by preventing the tial election is speeding on to its registration of war workers, and by November climax. This historic similar maneuvers. election will determine whether or The first great thing is to help not the United States Government win the war, quickly and decisively. will put its great power behind the This means to keep war production fulfillment of the decisi.ons· of the at the maximum; which also means Teheran conference, with an· their the strict enforcement of the no­ national and international implica- strike pledge of organized labor. All tions. Supporting the candidacy of attempts to break down this pledge, Roosevelt and Truman are massed whether from the provocative ac­ those great democratic forces which, tion of reactionary employers or on the basis of the Teheran poli- from the propaganda of treasonable 771 772 LABOR DAY IN 1944

Lewisit~s ·and Trotskyites, must be In facing up to the huge tasks of completely defeated. There are the period lying before it, organ­ also the big tasks of organiz· ized labor stands in urgent need of ing the peace, not the least of unity, nationally as well as inter­ which is the great job of reconvert­ nationally. But the controlling ing our industries. Here the central leaders of the A. F. of L. still task is to enact into law the pro· cling to the harmful notion visions of the Murray-Kilgore Bill that they have to fight the in order to prevent wholesale un­ C.I.O., rather than to cooperate employment in the change-over pe­ with it. Thus, in a recent letter to riod immediately after the defeat all A. F. of L. affiliates, William of Germany. It is also necessary to Green called upon them to "cease keep the Hoover-Dewey reaction­ and desist" from collaboration with aries from exploiting the possible the C.I.O. politically. This order is widespread unemployment political­ outdone by the fulminations in a ly, by trying to panic the people recent issue of the A. F. of L . .News with the demagogy that President Letter, charging the C.I.O. with try­ Roosevelt has plunged the country ing to "buy" the elections, and de­ into an economic crisis. nouncing it as "the strongest anti­ The outcome of all these tasks labor force" in the country. It is depends on the efforts of labor and fortunate, however, that such atti­ the people to secure victory in the tudes and ideas , do not represent Presidential elections by the re-elec­ the sentiments of the mass of the tion of Roosevelt and a win-the-war A. F. of L. members, who are large­ Congress. The organized labor move­ ly aware of the folly of fighting the ment must display greater political C.I.O. and want to cooperate with activity than ever before in its his­ it for the election of Roosevelt. tory. And this is what it is now be­ The winnihg of the war, the smash­ ginning to do, especially the C.I.O. ing of fascism, the elaboration of a The A. F. of L. Executive Council post-war organization to keep the has, however, refused to endorse peace, the consolidation of a truly Roosevelt, under the. pretext of con­ democratic government in the tinuing the non-partisan policy of United States, will open up to the Gompers. The Executive Council's trade unions and to the whole Amer­ non-endorsement policy is contrary ican people opportunities for free- to the wishes of the great bulk . dom and prosperity such as they of the A. F. of L. members. have never had before. But if labor Many of the biggest A. F. of L. fails to meet its responsibilities in unions, state federations and local achieving these great goals, then, in labor councils, totaling a decisive common with the rest of our peo­ majority of the whole Federation ple, it will stand exposed to reac­ membership, have declared their tionary dangers of the gravest sort. support for Roo.sevelt's re-election. WILLIAM z. FOSTER. SOME FEATURES OF MODERN WARFARE*

BY MAJ. GEN. M. GALAK.TIONOV

,..-,HIRTY years ago piratical Ger­ but the victors failed to reap the .1. man imperialism unleashed the full fruits of their decisive triumph . First World War, with world dom­ The "appeasement" tendencies ination as its aim. The rulers of im­ which at one time dominated West perial Germany and their general European policy enabled the Ger­ staff made long and careful prepa­ mans to prepare for and launch a rations for that war and reckoned second World War. on terminating it swiftly by defeat­ Hitler and his clique, whose aim ing France, Russia and England in was to bring all human society un­ quick succession. However, even in der German domination, first turned the first few months a fatal defect their war machine against the coun­ of German strategy was revealed, tries of Western Europe and regis­ namely, crass overestimation of tered a number of major successes. Germany's strength and underesti­ Then Hitler Germany treacherous­ mation of the strength of her op­ ly attacked the Soviet Union. The ponents. Red Army administered a series of The Battle of. the Marne and the defeats to the German-fascist Russian offensive in East Prussia armies which radically changed the led to the collapse of the Germans' course of the war. By the combined plans and the protraction of the blows of the Red Armies and the war. This in turri led to an increas­ Allied Armies, Nazi Germany has ing change in relative strength in been brought to the brink of dis- favor of the Allies and to the detri­ aster. ment of Germany, which began to The second World War is nearing feel all the handicaps of a war on its end. In the past thirty years we two fronts. have known two world wars, the In 1918 the German army, large experience of which furnishes a forces of which were contained in foundation for the modern science the East by Soviet Russia, was de­ of warfare. But the question arises: feated by the combined armies of is it right to draw general conclu­ England, America and France. Ger­ sions from two wars that in many many was vanquished in the field, respects differ so radically? In other words, how instructive .are the les­ *Reprinted from Kramaya Zyezda (Red Star) of August I. sons of the first World War today? 773 774 SOME FEATURES OF MODERN WARFARE The answer to this question was ing machine-gun nests in the forests furnished in the course of this war. of Caillet, on the heights dominat­ The Nazi adventurers, while they ing the approaches to Fort Veau, exploited for their criminal war a kept the Germans besieging Verdun number of advances in armaments at bay for several months. The pill­ -advances which, incidentally, did box or concrete flrepost likewise not originate in Germany-actually originated in Verdun. For many speaking, had no scientifically weeks German artillery was unable grounded system for conducting to . locate and destroy these tiny operations. points. Machine-gun fire was sup­ plemented by artillery barrage. Failure of Blitzkrieg The attacking infantry sustained immense losses and in many cases The Nazis rejected positional war­ was unable to reach the enemy's fare in favor of blitzkrieg. But the first line of trenches. German armies, attacking with the aim of inflicting lightning defeat on War Assumes Positional Character the Soviet Union, were beaten by the Red Army. Thereupon the Hit­ The effect was to create solid and lerites changed their line, rejected stable fronts traversing the entire blitzkrieg and espoused positional theater of hostilities and behind warfare. Again the Germans were which the infantry and artillery defeated by the Red Army. These were ensconced. The war assumed fluctuations, incidentally, show that a positional character. Both bellig­ Hitler and his clique crudely mis­ erent sides sought persistently for a interpreted the lessons of the war of way of breaking through into the 1914-18. open and passing to the tactics of But to show where they blun­ movement. An attempt was also dered, we will deal with some of made to adapt fire power for offen­ the features of the first World War. sive purposes, especially the faculty The first distinguishing feature, of artillery for demolishing defenses which :(ll.anifested itself in the very and op~ning the road for the at­ early stages of the war, when it still tacking infantry. Thus arose the bore a maneuvering character, was tactics of break-through. the fire power resulting from quan­ Considerable experience was ac­ titative and qualitative development cumulated in the war of 1914-18 in of artillery and firearms of all types. the art of preparing for the carry­ Most striking of all was the use of ing out of break-throughs. The fire power as a means of defense, concentration of powerful artillery largely due to the development of forces,· artillery preparation, new automatic firearms. The heavy ma­ methods of firing and creeping bar­ chine gun, with its faculty for rag_e were all evidences of the swift creating a solid and impenetrable development of this powerful arm. zone of fire, became the chief means In the first World War consider­ of defense of fortified fronts. Flank- able difficulty was encountered in SOME FEATURES OF MODERN WARFARE 775 developing tactical success into ing war. This explains why mobility operational success. But here, too, and weight of numbers in fire power the beginnings of a solution were and maneuver are properly com­ found, the full development of bined in the Red Army, why its ar­ which, however, remained a matter tillery received such all-round de­ for the future. In 1916 the first tank velopment and why the fire power appeared on the battlefield, and in of the Army increased generally, 1918 the Allies launched their of­ and why such importance is at­ fensives with the help of hundreds tached to the infantry. The first of tanks and the support of "air World War was not exclusively a divisions." war of position; it originated the German war doctrine failed to modern maneuver. The second understand these features of mod­ World War is principally a war of ern warfare. It was extremely one­ maneuver, but maneuver combined sided. The Germans' conception of with powerful fortified fronts. This the difference between the first and difference in the character of the second World Wars is very primi­ two wars was properly appreciated tive: They held that the first war by the Stalin school of strategy. was exclusively one of position, but Now that we can look back on that the second was a war of ma­ five years of the second World War, neuver in which fortified fronts we are able more deeply and cor­ play only a secondary role. They rectly to appreciate the experience overlooked the fact that a fortified of the last war. Fire power, forti­ front, and hence fire power, artil­ fied fronts and the break-through­ lery and infantry, played an out­ those three principal features of the standing part in the first war and war of 1914-18-have been pre­ that these features would be in­ served in this war. This war fur­ herited by the second. They be­ ther developed these features which, lieved that the decisive factor of in fact, are · characteristic of mod­ this war would be mobile forma­ ern warfare generally. tions. It was already held in the first The Red Army drew the correct World War that the break-through, conclusions from the experience of when exploited and consummated, the first World War. Stalin's. school leads to the war of maneuver. This of strategy taught that the form of has been corroborated in the pres­ maneuver that arose in the first ent war, not by the Germans, how­ World War would be broadly de­ ever-who gained their victories at veloped; hence the place of honor a time when the features of the assigned to tanks and aircraft in pres.ent war had not yet fully mani­ our Army. On the other hand, it fested themselves-but by the Red taught that such features of the first Army in its grand offensive in war as fire power, fortified fronts 1942-44 when fortified fronts al­ and the necessity of breaking ready existed. through these fronts would also The tank owed its inception to play a prominent part in the com- the positional warfare of 1914-18. 776 SOME FEATURES OF MODERN WARFARE Its armor was designed to protect more, strong points and fortified · troops from machine guns and its lines were prepared deep in the tracks·· for movement over battle­ rear. fields criss-crossed by trenches, This powerful defense system was pitted with shell craters and cov­ smashed by the Red Army. Of the ered with barbed wire entangle­ many achievements of the Soviet ments.. The tank became the instru­ science of war, special mention ment of maneuver in its new and should be made of the supreme skill higher form. The development of of our troops in penetrating the tank and mechanized troops capable enemy defenses. The. prime part in of exploiting a break-through and this is played by the artillery. A conducting maneuvering operations new feature compared with the last in depth is a new feature of this war is the combination of fire power war as compared with the last. and mobility which enables the ar­ Another new feature is the ex­ tillery to escort attacking troops tremely rapid and ff!r-reaching de­ into the depths of the enemy's de­ velopment of aviation which, being fenses. Another new feature is the able to cross fortified lines, attack combination of massed artillery and the adversary's deep rear and strafe air attacks. Soviet infantrymen installations and troops on the bat­ armed with tommy guns and light tlefield, is radically changing the machine guns and escorted by tanks, methods of warfare. guns and mortars, solve with con­ The gigantic fortified front summate skill the most difficUlt stretching from the Barents Sea to problems which arise in the course the Gulf of Finland, from the Baltic of attack and exploitation in depth. to the Carpathians and from the Penetrating a defense zone to a Carpathians to the Black Sea is in depth of 10 or 15 kilometers on the itself convincing evidence that the first day of an offensive has become fortified line which appeared in the the customary rate of advance of first World War retains all its sig­ our gallant troops. nificance today. Moreover, the front Brilliantly executed break- of the German defenses now pierced throughs on a number of sectors of and .. demolished by the Red Army the German front served as a prel­ was constructed in accordance with ude to that magnificent cascade of all the rules of field fortification, operations which has astonished the which have made big strides as world. One's attention is baffled by compared with the first World War. the swiftness of the Red Army's Fire power has been increased many westward march and is unable to times over. Pillboxes and bunkers register all the landmarks in the have been supplemented by anti­ triumphant onward sweep. The tank guns, minefields and obstacles mind therefore fails to appreciate of diverse types. Defense zones now the grandeur of the problems solved measure scores of kilometers in by Soviet troops in their great of­ depth instead of only a few kilo­ fensive.· meters as in the last war. Further- And in connection with this anni- SOME FEATURES OF MODERN WARFARE 777 versary it would be well to remem­ neighboring sectors of the enemy's ber that the Red Army is accom­ defenses by attacks from the front, plishing what no other army has flank and rear; successive. develop­ hitherto succeeded in doing, name­ ment of operations in depth with ly, destroying a powerfully forti­ the object of surmounting the fied front of a vast extent. This is a enemy's rear defense lines and sur­ . strategical, not a tactical, achieve­ rounding and destroying his forces. ment, and by no means an easy one. The simultaneous development of Nor should it be forgotten that the powerful attacks along the front and main forces of the German army, in depth, drives in various direc­ equipped with all modern arma­ tions, continuous harassing of the ment, are still stationed in our enemy's flanks and rear, tense fight­ theater of hostilities. ing to overcome his fierce resistance As we have already said, the idea -all demand high strategical skill of exploiting a break-through in on the part of the Command so as order to turn positional warfare to lend the mobile operations spread into maneuvering warfare was al­ over vast areas a systematic and ready contemplated in the last war. organized character. But this was only a general idea, It is impossible to recount here which failed to take account of the even the most important details of difficulties involved. For in order the majestic ·picture of the Red to shatter enormous enemy forces Army's offensive operations in the stationed along the whole front, an summer of 1944. But one thing can intricate combination of operations be said, namely, that in this offen­ of diverse kinds is require<;l, which sive are combined to perfection the will lead to the demolition of the advantages of tank and mechanized enemy's entire front and to the de­ troops and aviation, adapted to the feat of his army formations both in peculiarities of a war waged on the front and rear. And it is pre­ wide fortified fronts and in power­ cisely such a combination of suc­ ful defense zones. Bold and im­ cessful operations governed by a petuous maneuvering by mobile • single strategical plan that we ob­ forces is combined with methodical serve in the Red Army's present and systematic demolition of the offensive. enemy's front and secure consolida­ Let us generally and briefly tion of the successes gained on lines enumerate these operations. They carried far to the west. include break-through and its ex­ Stalin's strategy is based on deep ploitation in depth by mobile forces understanding of all features of simultaneously on a number of sec­ modern . warfare. It embodies-in tors; disruption of the enemy's rear the immortal victories of the Soviet communications and encirclement regiments-the thoroughly digested of his fbrces .pn the main front line and scientifically elaborated experi­ and in the rear; demolition of ence of the two World Wars.

778 778

torical torical backwardness; backwardness; when when from from ganjzation ganjzation drives drives in in the the basic basic indus-

decade decade it it overcame overcame its its relative relative his- labor labor movement movement into into the the great great or­

working working class, class, when when in in a a span span of of a a party party helped helped to to stir stir the the American American

rious rious heroic heroic story story of of the the American American of of the the Communist Communist movement, movement, the the

two two and and a a half half decades. decades. is is the the glo- cies, cies, since since the the early early It It formative formative years years

American American labor labor movement movement of of the the past past By By virtue virtue of of its its far-sighted far-sighted poli­

, , ganization ganization is is also also the the history history of of the the cratic cratic forces. forces.

The The history history of of the the Communist Communist or- worker worker and and farmer farmer and and other other demo-

class class and and the the nation. nation. ing ing closer closer cooperation cooperation between between

interests interests of of the the American American working working lation lation for for social social insurance, insurance, promot­

great great vision vision and and bold bold thought thought the the ing ing of of the the era era of of progressive progressive legis­

has has been been that that of of representing representing with with erans' erans' aid, aid, etc., etc., heralded heralded the the oncom­

as as the the highest highest form form of of democracy, democracy, ment ment insurance, insurance, farm farm relief, relief, vet­

ple ple will will establish establish a a socialist socialist society society years. years. the the struggle struggle for for unemploy­

the the majority majority of of the the American American peo- Party, Party, initiating initiating in in the the Hoover Hoover crisis crisis

nists, nists, who who believe believe that that eventually eventually The The policies policies of of the the Communist Communist

riod riod the the special special role role of of the the Commu- whole. whole.

participated. participated. Throughout Throughout this this pe- ment ment with with those those of of the the nation nation as as a a

struggles struggles in in which which it it has has actively actively ests ests of of the the American American labor labor move­

and and a. a. half half decades decades of of great great social social ditions ditions for for merging merging the the best best inter· inter·

ing ing class, class, attained attained its its maturity maturity in in two two own, own, thus thus also also creating creating the the pre-con­

organic organic part part of of the the American American work- American American labor labor to to come come into into its its

The The Communist Communist organization, organization, as as an an working working class, class, has has been been helping helping

held held European European continent. continent. a a vanguard vanguard detachment detachment of of the the

through through the the invasion invasion of of the the Nazi- science science of of Marxism, Marxism, functioning functioning as as

entire entire nation nation girds girds itself itself to to carry carry organization organization equipped equipped with with the the

war. war. occurs occurs at at a a time time when when the the ganized ganized It It workers. workers. The The Communist Communist

rives rives at at a a supreme supreme moment moment in in the the giant-like giant-like stature stature of of 13,000,000 13,000,000 or­

..l ..l the the Communist Communist organization organization ar- American American industries, industries, it it attained attained the the

rJ"HE rJ"HE twenty-:t'l.fth twenty-:t'l.fth anniversary anniversary of of 3,000,000 3,000,000 organized organized workers workers in in

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Associqtion Associqtion held held May May 20-23, 20-23, 1944, 1944, at at New New York. York.

Resolution Resolution adopted adopted by by the the National National Convention Convention of of the the Communist Communist Political Political

COMMUNIST COMMUNIST ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION

THE THE FOUNDING FOUNDING OF OF THE THE AMERICAN AMERICAN

THE THE TWENTY-FIFTH TWENTY-FIFTH ANNIVERSARY ANNIVERSARY OF OF RESOLUTION ON TWENTY-FIFTH ANNIVERSARY 779 tries. By their yeoman's services other victims of reaction, the Amer­ and self-sacrificing organizational ican Communists have worked to activities the Communists in the safeguard our democratic liberties shops, led by Foster, Browder and and helped to place on our statute Johnstone, helped to crash the gates books the right to organize and bar­ of the company-union towns and to gain collectively. set labor free to organize into the Since the very first days of its present mighty industrial unions in existence the Communist Party the basic industries. With political battled for Negro rights. No social­ steadfastness and with trade union political movement in the United 11nity as a goal, the American Marx­ States since the Abolition move· ists have helped the labor move­ ment can match the contributions ment to turn the erstwhile open­ of the Communists in initiating the shop forces into citadels of trade great modern Negro movement for unionism. And today the organiza­ social equality and the enforcement tion of the unorganized has enabled of the 13th, 14th and 15th Constitu­ labor to become the backbone of tional Amendments. national unity and the spearhead in The battles waged for freedom the battle against fascism. of the Scottsboro boys, against dis­ It is indeed fortunate today, crimination and Jim Crow, pre· when national unity and the elim­ pared the way for the inclusion of ination of every vestige of partisan­ millions of Negroes into the trade ship are the supreme issues for the unions. And it is the growing unity guarantee of victory, that American between organized labor and the labor, by virtue of its present eco­ Negro people which has brought the nomic and political strength, is in greatest advance toward Negro a position to discharge its historic equality since the Emancipation responsibility of helping to unite Proclamation. the nation for victory and peace, The alliance of the Negro ~eople for the realization of the objectives and the labor movement will also of Teheran. pry loose the "white supremacy" History will record everlasting stranglehold with which the South­ credit to the American Communist ern Bourbons attempt to hold back movement and Marxian thought in the advance of democracy in the the United States for their share in South and in the nation. Above all, contributing to the great patriotic the struggles for Negro equality role of American labor in our na­ have helped the Negro people, de­ tion's war for the defeat of fascism, spite continued injustices and dis­ in the strengthening of the inter­ crimination, to rally behind our national labor and anti-fascist ties Commander-in-Chief in this great of our country. war for national liberation. And the Through the battles for civil gains made in these struggles are rights, to smash the frame-up sys­ the forerunners of still greater vic­ tem, in the fight to free Tom tories yet to be achieved in the full Mooney, Sacco and Vanzetti, and integration of the Negro people on 780 RESOLUTION ON TWENTY-FIFTH ANNIVERSARY. a basis of complete equality in the struggles for a correct foreign pol­ democratic life of a free and united icy and international labor solidar­ America. ity. In all the vicissitudes of our The rise of Nazism-fascism has country's foreign policy of the past from its inception imperiled the na­ years, neither physical nor ideologi~ tional interests and safety of our cal terror could swerve the Com­ Republic. Our national security has munists from the program of col­ rested :fir~?t of all on the develop­ lective security, the path of work­ ment of a correct foreign policy, ing:class internationalism, of merci­ expressing the true national inter­ less struggle against fascism. ests of the country. The , Commu­ The Communist Party became an nists pioneered in awakening the important public factor in the life American people to the menace of of the country through years of fascism in the defense of China, struggle to overcome its own sec­ Ethiopia and Spain. They cham­ tarian weaknesses, cementing its pioned the struggle against Munich­ ties with the working people from ism and for collective security­ whom it draws its strength. the main vehicle for the realization It has learned to accept the high­ of an effective foreign policy to stem est test, demanded by the science of the Berlin-Tokyo Axis drive for scientific socialism from the van­ world conquest. guard of the working class, that Basing themselves on the national Marxism is a guide to action and interests of the country, the Com­ not a dogma; that while firmly ad­ munists have steadfastly promoted hering to the tested scientific prin­ the friendship and collaboration of ciples of Marxism, those principles the United States and the great land must be constantly enriched of socialism, the Soviet Union-that through self-criticism and living, mighty anti-Hitler alliance which changing reality. has now become the keystone of It has performed a service ·to the wartime and post-war unity of the labor movement and the nation by freedom-loving peoples and nations. waging an uncompromising strug­ The Communists have championed gle against the Trotskyites, Love­ the unity of action of world labor stoneites, and other fifth column and the democratic nations, and groups and their agents, as well as have helped the American people against reactionary anti-Soviet cir­ to participate in bringing about cles of Social-Democracy. the triumph of the policy of collec­ The history of the Communist tive security, which has now Party is the epic of the great trans­ emerged in the mighty coalition of formations in the political life of the lfnited Nations, of the com­ the nation during the past quarter radeship-in-arms of the United of a century. States, the Soviet Union and Great It is the history of how well the Britain. Communists learned to meet those No "foreign agent" cry could changes, not only to recognize them deter the Communists from their at the moment of their occurrence, RESOLUTION ON TWENTY-FIFTH ANNIVERSARY 78.1 but in time to project needed resolved to relinquish their status changes in policy and organization. as an electoral party and have or­ Thus they have been able to stimu­ ganized themselves as the Commu­ late great mass movements which nist Political Association, continuing have helped the working class to their Marxist activities as a work­ realize its creative capacities, to ing-class political-educational asso­ overcome its sectarianism toward ciation. They will thus be better other historically progressive social able to make their maximum con­ groupings, and to emerge as a great tribution toward welding the anti· national factor in the life of the fascist unity of the nation to nation. enable America consistently to The emergence of the Communist fulfill its great role in the organization as a mature and infiu­ war and the peace. In doing so, ential factor in the labor movement the Communist organization is con­ and life of the nation is inseparably tinuing the Marxist practice of associated with the leadership of adapting organizational forms to the Earl Browder. Under his sterling needs of a changing political situ­ leadership the Communist organiza­ ation. It .is carrying forward and tion has learned how to apply consolidating nearly a century's Marxist scientific method to living efforts to establish a firmly-rooted reality, to foresee events and keep American working-class organiza­ pace with them, and, above all, to tion of Marxists, inspired by our pursue a correct and steady course. nation's democratic tradition and Under his leadership, the party dedicated to the national interests became united and grew strong, and democratic aspirations of the able to orient itself, effectively and American people. in time, to unprecedented historical The delegates assembled at this events. Earl Browder has given Convention resolve to build the the Communist organization a Communist Political Association profound understanding of Ameri­ into a powerful political-educational can history and democratic tradi­ , organization of Communists which tions, and how to develop the great will aid the nation and its working democratic achievements of J effer­ class to speed victory over barbaric son and Lincoln into living instru­ German and Japanese imperialism, ments for continued social progress. destroy fascism, and strengthen the He has enriched American: life with alliance of the United States, the Marxian thought. U.S.S.R., Great Britain, and the On the threshold of the twenty­ other United Nations for a just and fifth anniversary of the Communist stable peace and democratic prog­ organization, the Communists have ress. WHAT MARXISM CONTRIBUTES TO AMERICA

BY EARL BROWDER

[On the occasion of the twenty-fifth it contributes seriously· to that pur­ anniversary of the founding of the pose it is correct, if it fails in that Communist organization, we publish purpose it is incorrect. here this highly clarifying chapter Since this bqok has expounded from Earl Browder's Teheran, Our the merits of our policy in terms of ·Path in War and Peace.-The Edi­ the world situation, and America's tors.] position in it, we can afford to give the last word to the question: "What ANY commentators, each with has Marxism to contribute to Amer­ M his 'own ax to grind, have in­ ica?" In the answer to that question terpreted the policy being developed is the answer to those who say that by American Marxists as the aban­ Marxism has been abandoned. donment of Marxism. Those who Marxism is the application of sci­ have been most hostile to Marxism ence to the solution of political in the past now rush to its defense problems. It takes up such prob­ against the "treason" of the Marx­ lems as particular points in the proc­ ists to their own doctrine. Even the ess of history as a whole, which it dignified old New York Times said assumes follows certain principles it had lost its last shred of confi­ of development, certain laws of mo­ dence in the Communists who had tion, which can be observed and betrayed their own teachings. charted and understood. It sets itself This touching concern for the the task, on the basis of such an fate of Marxism, on the part of understanding of the principles of those who formerly, to say the least, history, better to equip mankind to sadly neglected it, is very interest­ control and guide history-in-the­ ing. It deserves an answer from the making today, which for us is made Communists. up by America's decisions on our The present policy of American current national problems. If Marx- Communists is directed single mind­ . ism is truly a science in this sense, edly to the solution of America's it must today first of all correctly problems in the major crisis of all answer the problems posed by the history. It should be discussed pri­ war. marily from that point of view. If A gentleman recently remarked 782 WHAT MARXISM CONTRIBUTES TO AMERICA 783 to me: "I can understand your policy orthodox, in the sense of following as one designed solely for winning an established pattern, that would the war; but I don't understand be proof that it was wrong; if it is what, as a result, has become of unprecedented that only means it Marxism." I answered him that I may be correct. was glad he understood what was Whether our policy is correct must necessary to win the war but that I be proved by an examination of its was sorry he misunderstood Marx­ merits in relation to the situation ism as a theory of how to lose the as we find it. And the final proof war. must be found in action, by its suc­ Marxism is today, for America, cessful application in life. first of all a guide to victory in the It is the supreme purpose of war. Since victory is the supreme Marxism to guide the emergence necessity for the American people, of unprecedented programs of ac­ Marxism will stand or fall by its tion. Marxism is not a set of contribution to victory. If Marxism dogmas, and all who try to reduce did not help, if it were even an ob­ it to that are trying to destroy stacle to victory, then indeed we Marxism. That is why Karl Marx could ask: "What has become of himself once declared in a mo­ .Marxism?" But if Marxism proves ment of impatience with some of the greatest help, then it has passed his disciples: "I am no Marxist." the highest test and it has a great Marxism produces orthodox pro­ future about which we need not grams only for "orthodox" situ­ worry. e.tions. But the most decisive mo­ The program presented in this ments of history are the unprece­ book for America is a product of dented ones for which an orthodox Marxist training and thought; it is program spells failure. guided throughout by the principles Marxism sees history as a proc­ 6f Marxism. If that program is ess of constant change. That is sound, it is a victory for Marxism, why real Marxists, not dogmatic and is "orthodox" in the sense of ones, are usually the first to recog­ being true to basic Marxian princi­ nize and correctly evaluate a new ples. situation. It is true, of course, that this is The gi-eatest contribution Marx­ not an "orthodox" Marxian program ism has to make to American in the sense that it reproduces old thought is to help it escape the policies and formulas • used by fetters of dogmatism. I make that Marxists in the past for different statement in the full consciousness historical situations. No, it is un­ that most American liberals will precedented and therefore unortho­ greet it with ridicule, for our dox. But if we are living in an un­ liberals believe it is they who have precedented situation, it follows in­ the free minds and that it is the evitably that a scientifically correct Communists who have mental fet­ policy for it must be an unprece­ ters. The issue is worth a deeper dented policy. If the policy were investigation.

A A most most interesting interesting example example of of the the practical practical problems problems of of life. life. is is It It

munists munists themselves themselves have have to to say. say. odds odds can can it it produce produce the the solution solution to to

hide hide and and distort distort what what the the ·Com­ only only by by chance chance and and against against great great

always always

take take the the greatest greatest pains pains to to such such freedom freedom is is a a pure pure illusion, illusion, for for

at at length length about about the the Communists. Communists.

low low any any caprice caprice of of the the moment. moment. But But

radio, radio, etc., etc., while while speaking speaking often often and and

any any guidance; guidance; they they are are free free to to fol­

papers, papers, magazines, magazines, books, books, lectures, lectures,

the the questions questions of of mankind mankind without without

own own publications. publications. All All others, others, news­

about about the the plurality plurality of of answers answers to to

tion, tion, . . excl!pt excl!pt

in in the the

Communists' Communists'

minds minds are are free free because because they they hover hover

nists nists say say about about any any important important ques­

for for plural plural answers. answers. They They

think think

their their

slightest slightest idea idea of of what what the the Commu­

dictory dictory dogma dogma of of equal equal authenticity authenticity sible sible in in America America to to obtain obtain the the

only only substitute substitute for for it it the the contra­ to to Communists. Communists. is is practically practically impos­ It It

single single dogma dogma of of authoritarianism, authoritarianism, fication fication of of the the real real position position of of the the

method. method. The The liberal liberal has has rejected rejected the the only only by by an an equally equally elaborate elaborate falsi­

degree degree of of success success as as any any other other the the Communists, Communists, and and is is maintained maintained

sible sible answers answers will will furnish furnish as as high high a a of of the the ones ones who who use use it, it, and and not not of of

that that drawing drawing lots lots among among the the pos­ up up the the surprise surprise and and embarrassment embarrassment

them them free free from from special special interest, interest, elaborate elaborate pretense pretense is is used used to to cover cover

can can do do is is obtain obtain a a choice choice among among barrassed barrassed by by everything everything new. new. This This

every every question, question, that that the the best best we we turn turn and and quirk quirk of of events, events, as as em­

dozen dozen equally equally valid valid answers answers for for being being taken taken by by surprise surprise by by every every

lieve lieve that that there there are are from from two two to to a a picture picture the the Communists Communists as as always always

widely widely as as possible; possible; the the liberals liberals be­ strained strained effort effort of of the the newspapers newspapers to to

should should be be energetically energetically spread spread as as public public life life in in America America is is the the

certainable, certainable, and and when when discovered discovered One One of of the the comic comic features features of of

Marxists Marxists believe believe that that truth truth is is as­ tion. tion.

tween tween Marxism Marxism and and liberalism. liberalism. The The prises prises for for which which it it has has no no prepara­

states states the the philosophical philosophical issue issue be­ with with a a constant constant succession succession of of sur­

American American fad fad of of "wisecracks," "wisecracks," the the human human mind mind is is not not confronted confronted

erations erations ago. ago. That, That, in in terms terms of of the the not not yet yet come come into into existence, existence, so so that that

message message they they received received some some gen­ the the ·anticipation ·anticipation of of that that which which has has

had had come come from from God God since since the the last last of of motion, motion, which which makes makes possible possible

was was the the idea idea that that any any word word at at all all world world in in motion, motion, and and of of tpe tpe laws laws

that that what what the the liberals liberals objected objected to to is is the the understanding understanding of of the the It It

I I answered answered that that it it seemed seemed to to us us known known out out of of the the old old and and known. known.

and and don't don't like like to to have have them them around. around. which which projects projects the the new new and and un­

embarrassed embarrassed by by the the Communists Communists the the method method of of scientific scientific theory theory

plained. plained. why why liberals· liberals· and and others others are are method method of of blind blind trial trial and and error error by by

ference ference with with God," God," and and that that ex­ politics. politics. is is the the substitution substitution of of the the It It

though though they they had had just just been been in in con­ is is the the introduction introduction of of science science into into

"Communists "Communists in in general general act act as as ism ism has has to to make make to to American American life life

he he complained complained The The highest highest to to me me contribution contribution that that PM PM Marx­

an an editor editor of of the the liberal liberal newspaper newspaper method. method.

In In a a recent recent discussion discussion I I had had with with the the opposite opposite of of the the scientific scientific

784 784 WHAT WHAT MARXISM MARXISM CONTRIBUTES CONTRIBUTES TO TO AMERICA AMERICA WHAT MARXISM CONTRIBUTES TO AMERICA 785 this was the treatment given my Communists, there cannot be any book Victory-and After published sound public opinion about any in 1942. There has been literally not problem. It is not a question of one single attempt made in print claiming that the Communists are to analyze and criticize the thesis always right, or even that they are of that book. The few pretenses right about any particular thing. made in that direction (American The point is that the method of Economic Review, September, 1943; thinking about the Com;munists is and Annals of the American Acad· such that it falsifies the whole body emy, March, 1944), use the old de­ of national thought and distorts the vice of assuming that the book, be· whole course of American public cause it was written by a Commu­ life. nist, is nothing but apologetics for Just suppose- dread thought­ the Soviet Union, and then ignor­ that the Communists might hiappen ing everything except what could to be correct about one important be twisted in that direction. Every point! Even according to the theory expression of recognition that the that the Communists are usually Soviet Union is a major factor in wrong and to be combated most en­ the world is taken as a substanti· ergetically, it still remains possible ation that the Communists' "con­ that they might be correct once. But cern for the future of Russia" makes according to the prevailing attitude them opposed or blind to the in· in America, that would be disas· terests of America. The mere stat­ trous for it would mean that thereby ing of the formula is to dispose of the country as a whole is automatic­ our viewpoint with finality. ally excluded from taking the cor· i can already predict the content rect position on that point. Unless of almost all reviews of this present this is changed, the only way the book. Its obvious character, which Communists could contribute to the is a sharp demand for American welfare of their country would be leadership in the world, and an ex· through the expedient of always positi.on of how that leadership can carefully taking .the wrong position, be exerted practically, will be en· in the hope that the country would tirely l;lidden under the formula: thereby be left free to take the cor­ Browd$!r glorifies Teheran because rect position, if by accident some­ Stalin was there; he refused to one else might bring it forward! glorify Quebec because Stalin was This is a well-developed theory in absent; Q.E.D., Browder is merely American intellectual life, known a stooge of Stalin, so don't pay any and honored under the name of the attention to what he says. Such is "Kiss of Death." Even the most the degeneracy of American public worthy cause becomes anathema, discussion concerning the viewpoint once it has received the "Kiss of of the Communists in our own coun­ Death" of approval and support try. from the Communists! The journal· So long as this approflch domi­ istic unmentionable, Frederick Wolt­ nates the public attitude to the man, issues public orders to some '786 WHAT MARXISM CONTRIBUTES TO AMERICA of the most powerful men and wo­ am the author of this lampooning men in America-and they jump to grotesquerie, allow me to refer them obey him with an alacrity they to the rules of the United States would never display to an order Civil Service Commission on how to from the President of the United locate subversive elements for re­ States! moval from the public service; there The Marxists, by their very exist­ they will find that "anr advanced ence, make an invalua.ble contribu­ degree of patriotism" is enough to tion to America by revealing the bring one under suspicion. It seems presence of this intellectual poison that it is only Marxists who sys­ gas which can destroy America. If tematically draw all the logical con­ the Marxists did not exist, it would clusions of a "war fo:r: survival," be necessary for the nation, in its and therefore it becomes dangerous own interest, to invent them. One for anyone else to do so. It is the Marxist among ten thousand other American parallel of the situation citizens will infallibly reveal by his in China, where students, suspected presence the degree to which that of being Communists and therefore society is endangered by the cult in danger of the concentration camp, of irrationality, of obscurantism­ throw off suspicion by neglecting the breeding ground of Hitlerism­ their work and going to bawdy for it will all stir into virulent rec­ houses, which at once clears them ognizable activity at a single Marx­ in the eyes of the Chinese F.B.I. ist touch. Without the Marxist, the and establishes them as safe and poison gas proceeds to do its deadly sane respectable citizens. work, silently and unrecognized un­ It is a formidable task which til it is too late. American Marxists have undertak­ When Americans have once en: to educate their country to an learned to deal with Marxists, with understanding that Communists are ·the Communists, rationally and human beings much like all their without hysteria, and consider their fellow men except that they have views on their merits like those of found some interesting new methods all other citizens-to be accepted or of thinking. rejected without regard to their The task must be accomplished, point of origin-this will indeed be however difficult it may be, because a red letter day in the progress of -above and more immediately than our country and the world. in questions of domestic policy­ Under present conditions, it is America will find itself entirely in­ dangerous even to speak of a "red capable of solving its problems of letter day," for that word "red" foreign policy if it is hysterical at will already have done its dirty the cry of "Communist." The Com­ munists are an inescapable part of work and the "day" is one for Mar­ the world picture now, and if tin Dies and his Congressional Com­ America is going to play a serious mittee to investigate! role in this world, we will find it If anyone should suspect that I necessary as a nation to deal with WHAT MARXISM CONTRIBUTES TO AMERICA 787 Communists of other lands without to a high art, and flexibility to the growing purple in the face, scream­ level of principle. They never play ing, kicking the floor, swooning, or with the concept of revolution, as displaying other signs of irrational some sort of interesting adventure fear. There is no better place to or parlor game; and they always begin to learn this lesson than right base all considerations of policy here at home with our own domestic squarely on the foundation of the species of Communists. national interest. And with it all In the course of dealing sanely, the Marxists have a system of think­ objectively, with Communists both ing which throws a new and deeper at home and abroad, America will light upon the problems of all the gradually and painfully begin to peoples of the world, a light which unlearn all its false indoctrination all can share regardless of how they about what is Marxism; we will think, if only they will try to think learn that the picture of wild-eyed, straight. sentimental, extremist, unbalanced, America's greatest necessity, in destructive, blood-thirsty, intolerant, this period of world crisis which dogmatic agitation for revolution-at­ places every nation to the test, is all-costs without regard for national to learn how to think straight and interest or patriotism-the picture fast. If we continue to base our that has been pounded into their political thinking on ,myths and prej-. brains by a generation of high-pres­ udices, or if we learn the realities sured all-persuasive propaganda-is of the modern world too slowly to false and the opposite of the truth. keep pace with history, then nothing They will find that the Marxists, can ·save the America we know from the Communists, are very calm and a long period of catastrophe. sane. Rather than sentimental, they If we can face realities without are reasonable. Rather than extrem­ flinching, and revive in modern ist, they are realistic. Rather than terms the grand tradition of Jeffer­ unbalanced, they have learned how son, Paine, and Lincoln, then Amer­ to keep their balance amid earth­ ica can face the world united, as· quakes and storms. Rather than de­ suming a leading and indispensable structive, they have learned how to part in the collective task of the build in the very midst of chaos. salvation of mankind, as set forth Rather than bloodthirsty, their at Teheran. whole philosophy and practice are Teheran showed us our path in an expression of the brotherhood of war and peace. We must learn how man. Rather than intolerant and to travel that path, without devia­ dogmatic, they have raised patience tions, to its glorious end. THE HERITAGE OF THE COMMUNIST POLITICAL ASSOCIATION *

BY ROBERT MINOR

I. tion to the magnitude and to the form of the most modern giant in­ The Tocsin Is Sounded in the 1860's dustries, and would develop a great mass political movement of the HE Communist Party, founded T workeri, flowing with and shaping, in Chicago a quarter of a cen­ by its size and character, the history tury ago, has honorably performed of the nation itself. its duty to our nation and our labor The founders of the modern labor movement. movement, back in its earliest days, The forces that brought the Com­ held that "The first great step of munist movement into existence are importance for every counti-y newly the deepest, the strongest, the most, entering into the movement is al­ permanent forces in American his­ ways the organization of the work­ tory. This land of the most highly ers as an independent political developed economic system and cor­ party, no matter how, so long as it respondingly the most · powerful is a distinct workers' party," * as capitalist state- the largest and Engels said in writing to America. strongest capitalism the world has Such a workers' party did not come ever known- has within it more into existence, however, and two compelling social causes for a Com­ generations of Philosophers and munist movement than any other economists wrote on the question: country. Our United States is not a "Why is there no Socialism in baby among nations, not a weakling America?" of history. The very fact that its Peculiar features of our country's huge capitalist development has life retarded the development of achieved such stature and strength such a labor movement. First of is the guarantee that the United these retarding influences was States would have a correspond­ slavery, which in our country per­ ingly large, powerful and highly sisted centuries after it had ceased developed labor movement. That it to be a system of production in all would have trade unions in propor- other ·advanced countries. As- Marx

• Selection from a report to the nationa!- ~on· said, "every independent movement vention of the Communist Political AsSOCiation, held on May 20-23, 1944, at New York. The of the workers in the United States report was made on behalf of a Commtttee f~ was paralyzed so long as slavery the Twenty-Fifth Anniversary of ~e Commun~st Party. The Communist Party had. JUSt been dlS.· solved, mal::ing way for the foundtng ~f .the new, • Engels, The S

*Marx, C!tpital, Kerc edition, Vol. I, p. 329. * Engels, The S.lectCommunist International. the Socialist Party had 26,000 mem­ Eugene V. Debs, its foremost popu­ bers left. The Communist Party was lar leader, pronounced himself founded by the majority of the "from the crown of my head to the members of the Socialist Party ex­ soles of my feet a Bolshevik"-and pelled for voting "yes" in the refer­ Debs was quickly sent to prison for endum on whether the Socialist having opposed the war, as were Party should join the Communist many other Socialist leaders. Morris International. Hillquit and his group in control of Earl Browder was in prison at the the Socialist Party were coldly op­ time of the convention that founded posed to the mass desire, but sought the Communist Party, but sent word to retain control of the organization. that he would adhere to the Com­ They declared themselves in favor munist Party. Debs did not. of joining the Communist Interna­ tional, but with a few "reservations" Struggles of American Workers which they said could be "easily at the Root of It explained" if only the comrades abroad would hold in abeyance the It would be a false picture, bely­ question of support of the revolu­ ing the nature of such political tion until peace came. The majority events, if we were to describe the of the Socialist Party-the Left formation of the Communist Party wing-was led by the young Ohio simply as something that happened leader Ruthenberg. Many who within the walls of a convention shared the leadership with Ruthen­ halL Mass resentment of the impe­ berg are here today-Earl Browder, rialist character of the war of 1914- who was a very young man then, 1918 and of the callous plundering Ella Reeve Bloor and Alfred Wagen­ of the workers during the war, to­ knecht. gether with disillusionment in t):le All of the younger members of character of the treaties in which its our movement should be reminded results were recorded, became mani­ that in 1919 the Socialist Party, by fest in a worldwide ferment of a great majority, votgd to join the labor, from which the United States Communist International. But the was not immune. During the very National Executive Committee un­ days when the party was being der Hillquit sat continuously during formed, the great industries were HERITAGE OF THE C.P.A. 795 being shaken by convulsions of post­ Communist Party. With him came a war discontent. number of the foremost young lead­ The mass of workers in the steel, ers of the trade unions of the time. coal, railroad and other basic indus­ I always felt that these facts were tries raised their voices. For the first a sort of a pledge of history that our time in many years the steel work­ Marxist political movement would ers, of whom 367,000 were organized eventually, without the slightest by a committee of the A. F. of L. doubt, achieve political influence whose Eecretary-treasurer and lead­ among those great masses. er was William Z. Foster, carried A word about Foster. Many peo­ on a heroic struggle which lasted ple like to speak of him as a para­ three and a quarter months. The ter­ gon of "pure practice," separate and rorism of the coal and iron police apart from theory. But that is not was used to break the movement. and could not be true. Foster has It was a defeated strike, but it was fulfilled great practical tasks, it is one of that kind of defeats in which true, but the real quality of leader­ the battle had to be fought-defeat ship that he brought to our party or no defeat-and the valiant con­ was precisely the combination of duct of the fight would guarantee at practical knowledge with the most least a future victory. advanced generalizations of the ex­ The lessons of the steel strike and perience of the labor movement of railroad, coal and other porten­ over the whole world, especially as tous struggles at the time were those generalizations are made by brought home with a clear theo­ Lenin. This will be completely un­ retical and practical explanation derstood if we see, as Lenin pointed through the Trade Union Education­ out, that the industrial form of al League headed by Foster and unions is an absolutely inevitable Browder. Tens of thousands in the product of modern giant industry, steel towns and the coal fields, on and not a matter of someone's the railroads and on the ships at sea, happy "invention" or personal taste. became convince!f that. the battle Foster showed that the solution of for organization would be fought the problem of trade unionism in again in a better way, in the light America, and particularly in the of the lessons of modern trade mass production industries, was to unionism, of the necessity of the be found, not in the invention of a industrial form of organization in "Father Hagerty's wheel of for­ such fields, and that then the battle tune," as he used to say-not by would be won. scrapping .the existing unions in fa­ All of the predictions have come vor of schematic diagrams of what true. When we look over America's ideal unions ought to be--but by scene of industry today and see the participation in the work and strug­ powerfully effective unions, we re­ gles of the existing unions, clarify­ call those early days. ing through day-to-day practice, as Foster's revolutionary steadfast­ well as by teaching theoretically, ness, his intelligence, his loyalty to the scientific principles which are his people, led him inevitably to the far removed from syndicalism.

Lovestone- by by headed headed opportunists, opportunists, taking taking were were we we when when moment moment very very

"Right" "Right" of of the the at at group group the the of of overcome overcome development development organization-were organization-were

the the and and expelled; expelled; "illegal" "illegal" an an were were as as and and Party Party prosecution prosecution its its and and

· · Communist Communist 1922 1922 the the in in Party Party against against conspiracy conspiracy Communist Communist a a the the of of ship ship

in in exposed exposed were were America America in in herents herents leader­ entire entire the the practically practically of of rest rest

ad­ ar­ Trotsky's Trotsky's the the as as 1928 1928 In In test. test. verest verest difficulties-such difficulties-such Many Many

se­ the the to to put put was was else else anything anything two. two. the the

in in faith faith anc;I anc;I dollar," dollar," the the before before low low between between breach breach the the cover cover to to signed signed

bowed bowed world world the the "all "all when when time time as­ was was Browder Browder which which by by motion motion

a a was was it it other other illusion; illusion; the the an an was was made made I I movement movement Committee; Committee; litical litical

labor labor the the and and Po­ the the in in socialism socialism of of later, later, and and success success of of slates; slates; faction faction

the the on on vote vote the the taking taking hope hope before before any any that that mittee mittee omnipotent, omnipotent, was was tal tal

capi­ of of power power Com­ the the National National though though as as the the to to seemed seemed unanimously unanimously

it it said, said, Foster Foster someone someone elect elect as as to to and, and, agree agree War, War, should should factions factions

World World the the two two of of tlte tlte that that devastation devastation Ruthenberg, Ruthenberg, nomic nomic by by ported ported

sup­ motion, motion, a a made made I I eco­ 1922 1922 the the in in from from Party Party countries countries capitalist capitalist in in

recovery recovery certain certain a a Communist Communist was was the the there there of of Hoover Hoover convention convention split split

and and Dawes Dawes and and faction­ the the In In Coolidge Coolidge of of work. work. years years union union trade trade

the the of of head head the the at at was was those those In In Foster Foster where where country. country. own own our our tivity tivity iii iii

ac­ virulent virulent a a office office show show to to Chicago Chicago the the began began and and state, state, Ruthenberg, Ruthenberg,

socialist socialist by by the the of of headed headed overthrow overthrow York, York, the the at at New New in in ing ing quarters quarters

aim­ enemies, enemies, head­ party party foreign foreign the the its its with with between between nected nected gap gap tional tional

con­ and and fac­ the the Union, Union, across across Soviet Soviet link, link, the the within within connecting connecting a a of of

conspiracies conspiracies role role the the supporting supporting played played twenties, twenties, kharinites, kharinites, his his in in still still

Bu­ the the and and Trotskyites Trotskyites as as known known then then Browder, Browder, Earl Earl that that significant significant

elements elements quite quite corrupt corrupt me me to to the the is is of of death. death. movements movements his his after after It It

worldwide worldwide the the 1920's 1920's later later the the In In and and to to up up divided divided remained remained party party

slowly. slowly. the the very very which which grew grew into. into. party party the the factions factions But But warring warring

world. world. western western the the in in newspaper newspaper the the together together hold hold to to required required was was

important important most most personality personality the the great great his his of of perspective perspective strength strength

this this in in is is the the 'all 'all But But The The question. question. people. people. beyond beyond Worker Worker Daily Daily

American American the the of of history history the the in in mark mark leader leader party's party's the the was was party, party, the the of of

chapter­ a a was was alone alone This This founder founder the the as as prestige prestige his his Worker. Worker. and and ity ity

the the of of founding founding the the of of made made Daily Daily capac­ political political great great his his with with berg, berg,

was was step step advance advance enormous enormous the the 1924 1924 Ruthen­ unions. unions. trade trade the the and and party party

In In Party." Party." (Communist) (Communist) "Workers "Workers the the between between and and party party the the within within

legal legal fully fully the the as as relationships relationships party party our our the the all all of of with with ment ment interfered interfered

establish­ the the for for sources, sources, such such occasion occasion from from the the into into arising· arising· character, character,

converted converted were were themselves themselves tions tions unprincipled unprincipled an an of of Factionalism Factionalism

prosecu­ very very The The attack. attack. legal legal the the factionalism. factionalism. and and sectarianism sectarianism with with

overcome overcome to to sufficient sufficient were were workers workers Party Party Communist Communist new new the the plague plague to to

the the of of forth forth solidarity solidarity of of came came instinct instinct Party Party the the to to Socialist Socialist old old the the

appeal appeal its its in in and and and and prestige prestige movement movement party's party's labor labor the the the the in in past past

Already Already unions. unions. trade trade the the on on based based the the of of weaknesses weaknesses the· the· Inevitably Inevitably

party party labor labor a a of of formation formation the the for for

campaign campaign great great a a in in steps steps first first our our Browder Browder to to Ruthenberg Ruthenberg Leadership: Leadership:

C.P.A. C.P.A. THE THE OF OF HERITAGE HERITAGE 796 796 HERITAGE OF THE C.P.A. 797 not essentially different from the words the main characteristic of Trotskyites, but more immediately Browder, I would say it is political related to the opportunist trend of courage. This explains the great Bukharin-became evident shortly stature of Browder and is insepara­ afterward. ble from his great clarity of mind The death of Ruthenberg in in theory and practice. Political March, 1927, was the heaviest blow courage includes but is something to the party. Ruthenberg had been more and bigger than just the cour­ the very symbol of the life and age of an isolated individual. It is a unity and ideals of the party. His kind of courage that seeks out and death left us in the worst possible finds a similar courage in the peo­ situation, due to the long-standing ple. There are .lots of leaders who factional division. This factional di­ have personal courage standing as vision made it impossible to prevent individuals above the masses. The the rise of the adventurer Lovestone peculiarity about the old Jacobins to virtual control of the party for ,a of the French Revolution was that period of many months which they not only had personal courage ended, as all such struggles invari­ but also knew li:ow an equal courage ably ended, with the expulsion of could be found deep down among this second group of opportunist ad­ the people. The Communists are the venturers in 1929. modern Jacobins. Their courage proves in the end to be the courage The Leadership of Earl Browder of the people, incorporated in such The history of our movement a man as Browder. shows that every crisis in the na­ With the comJng of the leadership tional situation, every turn in his­ of Browder and the serious engage­ tory resulted for us in a test and ment in mass struggles the Commu­ strengthening of leadership. Ruthen­ nist Party achieved real unity for berg stood the test as the founder of the first time. It was only through our Communist Party. Two and a discarding the rotting sectarian ele­ half years after his death we came ments, the non-Communist adven­ to the great tum, the economic crisis turers, and bringing forward of of 1929. A tremendous reorientation strong, , Marxist leadership and the had to be made, new leadership corresponding sound policy, that the brought forward, mass struggles led. party was able to perform its duty A "tribune of the people" had to in the great struggles of 1929 and be found. He was found, and has the '30's for social insurance, for measured up to the highest test. His organization and support of the name is Browder. many tremendously effective demon­ Lenin said: "Not a single class in strations of the unemployed move­ history ;has achieved power without ment, for the veterans' bonus producing its political leaders, its march, etc. A milepost marking a political representatives able to or­ new period of national policy was ganize a movement and lead it." passed when the first unemployment Such a man is Earl Browder. If you relief measures were adopted as a iisk me to define in a couple of result of the people's struggles. A LESSON IN DEMOCRACY

ON THE OCCASION OF THE 25TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE COMMUNIST MOVEMENT OF THE UNITED STATES

BY A. LANDY

N ,SEPTEMBER 1, the Ameri­ munists. For, after all, the only ref­ Ocan Communist movement will uge from the deleterious effects of celebrate its twenty-fifth anniver­ a bogey, as Earl Browder has re­ sary. There was a time when this peatedly pointed out, is to get ac­ might have been of interest to only quainted with the real thing. a small part of the American peo­ And yet, Hitler's use of this "Com­ ple. But ever since Hitler tried to munist bogey" is only a negative, camouflage his drive for world con­ though plainly urgent, reason for quest with the "bogey of commu­ being better informed about the true nism" an intelligent understanding character of the Communist move­ of the character of the Communist ment. The positive reasons go much movement became a historical and deeper and, if grasped, provide a practical necessity for the entire na­ better preparation for meeting the tion. For Hitler who, like Dante's realities of the present world. wild beast, was more hungry after 1. The American Communist each meal, used the "menace of movement is a historically estab­ communism" as his chief political lished and socially vital force, rep­ weapon for dividing his prospective resenting the views and ideals of a victims, nation from nation, and democratic political current actu· each J;lation within itself. To deprive ally over one hundred years old; him of this weapon and to strength­ its influence is too deeply rooted in en national unity against predatory the social aspirations and struggles' fascism, it was essential to under­ of the American working class and stand the real character of the Com- the vital needs of the nation to be munist movement, which did not dismissed as of :tao consequence. mean imposing on the country 2. The Communists have been the study and discussion of commu- making a signal contribution to the nism or compelling agreement with country's war of survival, precisely its principles; but it did mean because of the strength of their in­ making a serious effort to acquire fluence in the labor movement; the objective knowledge about the Com- nation cannot ignore this contribu- 798 A LESSON IN DEMOCRACY 799 tion and its significance without is that a man of Lippmann's caliber weakening all the driving forces of and background can project a per­ its democratic development. spective of war between the United 3. The Communists will be an im­ States and the Soviet Union at a portant factor in the post-war re­ time when these two countries, to­ lations of our country to the rest of gether with Britain, are putting into the world. practice an agreement which pro­ vides for a post-war era of endur­ A Strange Proposal ing peace and while the common If a correct attitude toward the war against Hitler is still in prog­ Communist movement is necessary ress. It betrays a desire to restrict for national unity to assure victory the influence and role of the Soviet in the war, it is equally necessary Union in the post-war .period, a po­ for national unity in the interest of sition at complete variance with the an orderly democratic advance after premises enfbodied in the Teheran the war. The urgency of this is ap­ Agreement, and perspectives of full parent from the fact that there are and equal cooperation. How Lipp-• persons in the . United States who mann could arrive at this thesis as want to win the war and assure a his main conclusion from all that durable peace- and yet predicate has happened in the world in the this peace on the abolition of the past eleven years, and especially Communist movement all over the from the Anglo-Soviet-American col­ world. Nothing need be said of the laboration on. the field of battle, is morality of such people, who are not for us to explain. And yet the willing to secure victory in coopera­ fact remains that Lippmann, an able tion with the Communists every­ thinker, starting from the correct where, but who would like to de­ premise that the fear of commu­ stroy them as soon as the job is nism must be eliminated for the done. sake of world peace, arrives at the But this is exactly what such a false and dangerous conclusion that competent journalist and supporter this requires the elimination of the of the war as Walter Lippmann pro­ Communists on pain of war against poses in his latest book, U. S. War the Soviet Union. It is an indication Aims. Stated briefly, Lippmann's of the terrible consequences which thesis declares: can follow from ignorance regard­ That the Soviet Union is a totali­ ing the character of the Communist tarian dictatorship; movement. That the United States can remain We can,. of course, dismiss Lipp­ at peace with the Soviet Union only mann's fiat declarations about the if the latter adopts "democracy," character of the Soviet Union as ut­ that is, the American way of life, terly worthless and arrogant, remi­ and agrees to the suppression of the niscent of the idiocies perpetrated Communist movements in Europe against that country during the dis­ and America. graceful "Communazi" days of Au­ What is startling about this thesis gust-September, 1930. At this late 800 A LESSON IN DEMOCRACY stage, suddenly to insist on judging arising in Europe. In asking for the Soviet democracy by the standards destruction of the Communist Par­ of American capitalist democracy is ties, Lippmann, therefore, is asking not only irresponsible national arro­ for a reversal of the existing rela­ gance, but highly suspicious be­ tions in the anti-Hitler camp of Eu­ havior. To question the democratic rope and the world. But to ask for character of the land of socialism this is to ask for civil war in Eu­ after the matchless performance and rope and for scrapping the Teheran countless sacrifices of its entire peo­ Agreement and its perspectives of ple against Hitlerism in the service order· and peace. That is the real of all humanity is 'unworthy of an substance of Lippmann's thesis. honest man. Judged by the test of J:lerformance in the war, both A Lesson from France in its military and diplomatic phases How far removed Lippmann's -and, in the last analysis; there is speculations are from the real trend no more effective or mote practical of developments produced by the test today-the Soviet Union is out­ war is shown by what is taking standing as a democratic power. place in the flesh-and-blood struggle Lippmann talks glibly about dis­ in Europe. In the countries of Eu­ solving the Communist movements rope, devastated and tortured by the of Europe and America-as if all Nazi conquerors, the prejudices ~hat were involved were the closing and divisions sedulously cultivated of a bank account. For some strange against the Communists during, the reason, he selects little Switzerland past quarter century have been as the model to follow in such an ac­ swept away by the torrents of blood tion. But the world remembers the which the patriots of all classes have more notorious example of Hitler poured out in resistance to the com­ Germany where the suppression of mon enemy. A profound change has the Communist movement was only occurred in these countries in the the preliminary to the destruction of relation of the nation to the Com­ the whole labor movement and the munists; and this change, so incal­ institution of a regime of bloody ter­ culable in its significance for the ror, followed by a drive for world future, is a much more accurate in· conquest. If Lippmann's thesis has dication of what is happening in a familiar ring to it, it is because the world than the illusions and the world has had ample opportun­ misrepresentations which generally ity to become acquainted with it in pass for facts in the American press. the form originally advanced by Some idea of this change can be barbarous German imperialism. gotten from a stirring little volume The Communist Parties are not on the French underground by only playing a magnificent role in . Joseph Kessel, just translated into the destruction of fascism and win­ English under the title of Army of ning the war; but, as a result of Shadows. "I should like you to un­ this, they are being welcomed into derstand me once and for all," a the new democratic governments non-Communist engineer declares to A LESSON IN· DEMOCRACY 801 a fellow prisoner in a French con­ False .PTemises centration camp. "There are no long­ er suspicions, hatreds or barriers of From the American viewpoint, any sort between communists and there are two false assumptions others. Today we are French. We underlying Lippmann's thesis: (1) are all in the same fight. And it is that American citizens do not have the communists against whom the the right to hold Communist views enemy is most rabid. We know it. or belong to a Communist organiza­ And we know that they are as brave tion, and, by so doing, place them­ as the bravest and better organized. selves beyond our democratic Con­ They help us and we help them. stitution; (2) that the Communist They like us and we like them. movement is incompatible with de­ Everything has become very simple. mocracy. ... I don't know a man in the re­ These assumptions have been ef­ sistance who does not speak of the fectively disposed of, both legally communists with a special quality and theoretically, even by the in his voice and expression, a deeper United States Supreme Court in its gravity." decision on the Schneiderman case In the United States everything in June, 1943. This decision recog­ has not become ·so simple and crys­ nized that American citizens hold­ tal clear yet; the United States has ing Communist views or member­ not suffered from the horrors of ship in the Communist organization Nazi occupation. But the great les­ are acting within the framework of sons of the war are being reflected the Constitution. It based this on even in our more limited experience, the principle that the Constitution and the profound changes which are is no straitjacket on progress and transforming all relations in Europe on future generations and that so­ and the Far East and etching the cial, economic and political changes pattern of the future are slowly but produce changing needs. It refused surely being registered here too. to restrict the concept of freedom We do not know for whom Lipp­ of thought, either to a majority or mann speaks besides himself or what to a minority, or in the range or forces other than the most reaction­ in the extremity of the thought, ary he expects will sponsor and pro­ and consequently to the ·exclusion mote such a policy. But it is evident of fundamental revolutionary that he is not speaking in the spirit change. It refused to regard Com­ of the Teheran agreement, which munist proposals for ultimate social and the best . in­ embodies the will change as incompatible with the terests of world democracy. Surely he must know that peace for gen­ political philosophy of the Consti­ erations can be achieved only by the tution and the democratic tradition. victory of the democratic forces who It acknowledged that the Commu­ will insist on policies assuring a nist movement represents a demo­ democratic course of development cratic political current in American of the world. life-a fact underscored by the 802 A LESSON IN DEMOCRACY signal contribution of the Commu­ and democratic agitation in mon­ nists to our nation's war effort. archic Prussia. They were part of The assumption that the Com­ the university group of Young munists are not and cannot be an Hegelians which supplied the per­ integral part of the democratic de­ sonnel of the German democratic velopment of the nation is also con­ press in 1840-1842. Confronted by trary to the democratic origin, the social question, and inspired by ideals and practical achievements French communism and English of the Communist movement. The Chartism, the contemporary form modern Communist movement had of the labor movement of these its origin in England, France and countries, they began to study the the United States. It arose within working of modern capitalist so­ the great bourgeois-democratic rev­ ciety. olutions of the seventeenth and They came to the conclusion that eighteenth centuries, expressing the political democracy alone was in­ desire of the most consistent demo­ sufficient and that the industrial crats in these revolutions for the proletariat of the cities, with its de­ energetic defense and development mand for social equality, had be­ of the newly established republics come the core of all modern de­ against monarchic counter-revolu­ mocracy, the petty bourgeoisie and tion and for the extension of the the peasantry depending entirely benefits of these republics to the on its initiative. "When the prole­ common people. "The first appear­ tarian parties of various nations ance of a really active Communist unite," Engels wrote in 1845, "they party," Karl Marx declared, "may are quite right in inscribing the be placed within the period of the word 'democracy' on their banners." middle-class revolution, the moment The new Communist party, organ­ when constitutional monarchy was ized by Marx and Engels at this abolished." The Communist move­ time, was outspoken about its demo­ ment was the organized' expression cratic aspirations. In 1847, for ex­ of the desire of labor and the com­ ample, the Communist Journal took mon people to liberate themselves Karl Heinzen, a bourgeois radical, from exploitation and oppression to task for distorting the Communist and to achieve equality and abun­ po~ion on democracy. "Either Karl dance for alL Heinzen is completely ignorant of Marxism, the defining character­ the meaning of communism," it istic ot present-day communism, declared, "or he has allowed his per­ also arose within the modern demo­ sonal antagonism to certain Commu­ cratic movement for the abolition of feudal conditions in Germany. nists to prejudice his judgment of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, the party which stands in the front the men who placed communism on ranks of the armies fighting for de­ a scientific basis, were active mem­ mocracy." The official Manifesto of bers of the German democratic the Communist Party, written by camp which carried on republican Marx and Engels in 1848, called for A LESSON IN DEMOCRACY 803 winning the battle of democracy The Test of War which would require the attainment of political power by the working It is no accident, therefore, that ·class. in two of the great wars which have Marx and Engels fully appreci­ been fought to determine the fate of our country as a free and independ­ ated the significance of the existence ent nation, the Civil War of 1861 ·of democracy in the United States. and the present war, the Commu­ In 1845, when they began the strug­ nists have demonstrated their demo­ gle to place the Communist move­ cratic devotion to the nation and ment on a scientific basis, they took the people in self-sacrificing deeds. issue with such German Commu­ In the Civil Warof 1861 the leading .nists as Herman Kriege, who had Marxists volunteered in the Union -come to the United States that year armies and because of their valor .and tried to set up a ·secret society and initiative received officers' com­ along the old pattern prevailing in missions from President Lincoln. the Communist movement before Joseph Weydemeyer, friend and fol­ Marx and Engels came forward. lower of Karl Marx, even became a 'They insisted that the task of Ger­ general in charge of the St. Louis man immigrants in the United district. Karl Marx himself, residing States was to become fully American in London, rallied the workers of .and that, as Communists, they must England and Europe in support of immediately associate themselves the United States government, for with the real American labor move­ which Lincoln expressed the grati­ ment which, at that time, assumed tude of the American people. In the the form of a struggle for free land present war against fascism the con­ .and was known as the Agrarian or· tributions of the Communists are a National Reformers. In 1847 they matter of public record. Humanity reiterated their stand that, since the has never asked any more positive 1Jnited States has a democratic Con­ proof than this. But to the advocate stitution, the Communists must of the abolition of the Communist make common rause with those movement this apparently does not who are utilizing this Constitution constitute proof. He wants the Com­ in the interests of the working class munists to prove themselves not by .and the .people in the struggle what they do in the course of their against the bourgeoisie. They con­ existence, but by going out of exist­ trasted the conditions in Europe and ence altogether! Obviously this is the United States, and expressed the not a demand for proof; it is proof opinion that because of the exist­ of an utterly irrational demand. .ence of democracy in America, The history of the Communist which gave political rights to labor, movement, especially during the the social transformation of society past eleven years, has been inter­ in the New World might take place woven with issues and develop­ by peaceful means as part of the ments of the greatest magnitude in democratic process. the life of our nation. An unpreju-

nation. nation. the the of of history history and and of of power power the the power-obviously power-obviously of of

life life the the in in country country the the of of section section realities realities brutal brutal and and terms terms hard hard the the

great great that that of of role role the the in in change change in in only only thinks thinks he he realist; realist; ruthless ruthless

fundamental fundamental

a a to to leading leading is is which which a a as as himself himself regards regards Lippmann Lippmann

movements movements democratic democratic and and labor labor

facts. facts. clusive clusive

modern modern the the to to South South the the opening opening

ex­ mutually mutually

two two

concepts, concepts, exclusive exclusive

in in pioneered pioneered Communists Communists The The 4. 4.

mutually mutually two two are are Hitler Hitler over over victory victory

nation. nation. our our in in democracy democracy for for

and and issue issue this this For, For, war. war. the the in in tory tory

factor factor powerful powerful a a as as emerge emerge to to them them

vic­ of of out out arise arise will will which which issue issue the the

enabling enabling in in and and equality, equality, for for gle gle

period period post-war post-war the the for for projects projects he he strug­ their their in in movement movement labor labor the the

which which issue issue the the is is Nor Nor nation. nation. our our of of support support the the win win people people Negro Negro

of of destiny destiny the the guiding guiding forces forces ble ble the the helping helping in in role role decisive decisive and and ing ing

responsi­ the the of of those those not not are are views views lead­ a a played played Communists Communists The The 3. 3.

States. States. United United the the of of history history Lippmann's Lippmann's the the that that in in is is difference difference only only

time time first first the the for for labor labor American American of of The The ones." ones." real real created created had had they they

strength strength political political and and economic economic ent ent dangers dangers imaginary imaginary escape escape to to ing ing

independ­ the the crystallize crystallize to to helping helping striv­ "By "By democracy: democracy: of of fears fears their their

in in all, all, above above and, and, democracy; democracy; can can of of some some of of said said Fathers, Fathers, Founding Founding

Ameri­ of of bulwark bulwark main main the the stitutes stitutes our our of of contemporary contemporary and and publicist publicist

con­ which which strong, strong, million million fourteen fourteen French French great great the the Turgot, Turgot, what what is is this this

now now movemelit, movemelit, labor labor a a and and unions unions of of say say can can one one All All century. century. teenth teenth

industrial industrial mighty mighty of of building building the the six­ the the in in capitalism capitalism of of rise rise the the

in in workers; workers; America's America's of of millions millions since since ever ever society society modern modern of of history history

unorganized unorganized the the of of organization organization the the the the in in again again and and time time met met have have we we

in in pioneered pioneered Communists Communists The The 2. 2. which which democracy" democracy" of of "fear "fear notorious notorious

security. security. social social and and the the of of form form the the in in is is it it thesis, thesis, his his in in

relief relief unemployment unemployment for for fight fight and and expression expression finds finds it it that that extent extent the the

organize organize to to how how Americans Americans of of lions lions To To democracy. democracy. of of practice practice the the nor nor

mil­ taught taught Communists Communists The The 1. 1. theory theory the the with with neither neither concerned concerned

is is Lippmann Lippmann that that truth truth the the But But is is themselves: themselves: for for speak speak facts facts The The

. . development? development? and and existence existence shallow. shallow. than than w:orse w:orse is is it it

democratic democratic our our of of forces forces driving driving development, development, democratic democratic country's country's

main main the the of of creation creation the the and and tion tion our our of of forces forces main main the the of of standing standing

na­ the the of of welfare welfare the the to to tributions tributions under­ an an as as But But sufficient. sufficient. be be may may

con­ signal signal but but these these are are else else What What this this questions, questions, complicated complicated about about

freedom. freedom. and and independence independence thinking thinking of of need need the the with with pense pense

national national for for war war biggest biggest and and third third dis­ to to way way facile facile and and convenient convenient

its its history, history, its its crisis crisis greatest greatest the the in in a a As As issue. issue. an an is is time time this this during during

meet meet to to country country our our enabling enabling ward ward contributed contributed have have Communists Communists the the

contribution contribution decisive decisive a a to­ made made all all that that imply imply to to prefers prefers Lippmann Lippmann

have have generally, generally, forces forces progressive progressive But But outcome. outcome. their their determining determining in in

the the and and people people Negro Negro the the among among role role influential influential and and positive positive a a played played

movement. movement. labor labor the the in in fluence fluence has has movement movement Communist Communist the the

their their by by Communists, Communists, in­ The The 5. 5. that that show show would would evaluation. evaluation. diced diced

IN IN DEMOCRACY DEMOCRACY LESSON LESSON A A 804 804 A LESSON IN DEMOCRACY 805 imperialism. But because his eye is tice. Were Lippmann to base him­ focused on the wrong power, he self on the "realities" and the power sees the wrong "realities." The ac­ of the democratic driving forces tual realities are moving along a emerging out of the war, the con­ different path, a democratic path of tradiction inherent in his thesis development, as the whole course would disappear; the considerations of the war is demonstrating; and it of morality · and reality would is this democratic path which will merge; for the policies and interests assert itself as the inexorable logic of the democratic forces, in contrast of victory in the war. And the sur-· to imperialist interests, are pro­ est guarantee of this is the power foundly moral, for they are pro­ of the democratic forces which have foundly just and in full harmony been brought forward by the war with the progressive interests of all and which is exercised through the nations and peoples. alliance of the United States, the The trouble with Lippmann is Soviet Union and Great Britain. that he operates with abstract cate­ This is the reason Lippmann's gories and overlooks the real forces thesis also fails the moral test. The of democracy, the forces of the peo­ contradiction between morality and ple whose needs are inseparably as­ the "brutal realities" of power in sociated with the over-riding neces­ Lippmann's position, which leads sities of economy and national in­ him to dismiss moral considerations terest. Order, peace, democracy, altogether, arises from the fact that national interest-all the things in he operates with the wrong "real­ the name of which Lippmann ad­ ities," the "realities" of imperialist vances his thesis, can be realized power politics. By clinging to the only by the assertion of these forces. premise of imperialist pow.er rela­ These are the realities; and here lies tions which are devoid of any moral the power; not where Lippmann sees content, his only refuge is to dis­ them. The science of thought ~as miss moral considerations alto­ never .consisted in presenting pass­ gether, not as a more adequate sub­ ing facts as eternal verities. And stitute but rather as a cover for the there is no room in the new world total abandonment of such consid­ arising out of the war for Hitler's erations, which, in the last analysis, scale of values regarding the Com­ are essentially considerations of jus- munist movement.

806 806

is is a a great great patriot patriot and and the the the the Communist Communist foremost. foremost. Political Political Association. Association.

emocratlC emocratlC Party, Party, but but at at Chicago, Chicago, because because a a he he Midwest Midwest conference conference of of leaders leaders of of

to to

* * D D · · Selection Selection from from a a report report delivered delivered on on July July 27 27

Democrat Democrat and and the the candidate candidate of of the the

be be supported supported not not because because he he is is a a

port port the the re-election re-election of of the the President. President. to to make make clear clear that that Roosevelt Roosevelt must must

majority majority of of the the Negro Negro people people to to sup­ is is necessary necessary now now as as never never before before

Only Only such such a a policy policy can can influence influence the the Therefore, Therefore, among among other other things, things, it. it.

torate-and torate-and a a most most decisive decisive part. part. of of reconversion reconversion and and reconstruction. reconstruction.

comprise comprise over over 25 25 per per cent cent of of the the elec­ the the peace peace and and solving solving the the problems. problems.

bulk bulk of of the the independent independent voters voters who who Soviet-British Soviet-British coalition, coalition, for for securing. securing.

ceed ceed in in influencing influencing and and rallying rallying the the war war collaboration collaboration of of the the American­

non-partisan non-partisan election election policy policy can can suc­ needed needed to to help help strengthen strengthen the the post­

siderations siderations it it is is clear clear that that only only a a tions tions after after the the war. war. This This is is equally equally

In In terms terms of of practical practical election election con­ most most stable stable internal internal political political rela­

policies. policies. being being launched launched and and for for insuring insuring the­

the the government's government's war war and and post-war post-war the the final final military military undertakings undertakings now now

porting porting the the Commander-in-Chief Commander-in-Chief and and solidate solidate the the unity unity of of the the nation nation for· for·

in in November November for for the the coalition coalition sup­ a a supreme supreme necessity necessity in in order order to to con­

in in this this way way can can victory victory be be assured assured in in a a spirit spirit of of national national unity. unity. This This is is

For For only only tion tion of of a a victory victory Congress. Congress. really really conduct conduct the the election election campaign campaign

elec­ election election of of Roosevelt Roosevelt and and the the well well as as all all patriotic patriotic RepublicanS',. RepublicanS',.

and and party party affiliations affiliations for for the the re­ labor, labor, the the Roosevelt Roosevelt Democrats, Democrats, as. as.

to to classes classes work. work. unite unite patriots patriots of of all all the the nation's nation's war war effort effort require require thaL thaL

to to non-partisanship non-partisanship in in the the elections, elections, fact fact that that the the most most vital vital interests interests of of

sary sary to to steer steer resolute resolute a a course course of of siderations siderations as as these these is is the the cardinal cardinal

Browder Browder has has stressed, stressed, it it is is neces­ No No less less important important than than such such con· con·

more more than than ever ever before, before, as as Earl Earl partisan partisan considerations. considerations.

ing ing labor labor and and national national unity. unity. Now Now adherents adherents of of Willkie Willkie to to rise rise above­

ventions, ventions, is is the the need need of of strengthen­ influence influence tens tens of of thousands thousands of of the· the·

the the Republican Republican and and Democratic Democratic con­ try. try. And And only only such such an an approach approach can can

opments, opments, including. including. the the outcome outcome of of who who have have entered entered into into war war indus­

latest latest political political and and election election devel­ tion tion the the millions millions of of new new workers­

which which must must

be be draWn draWn frorri frorri the the draw draw into into progressive progressive political political ac­ O

NE NE of of the the central central conclusions conclusions Only Only such such a a policy policy can can influence influence andt andt

BY BY EUGENE EUGENE DENNIS DENNIS

STRENGTHEN STRENGTHEN NATIONAL NATIONAL UNITY* UNITY*

A A RESOLUTE RESOLUTE NON-PARTISAN NON-PARTISAN POLICY POLICY TO TO A RESOLUTE NON-PARTISAN POLICY 807 leader of the national interest and fascist forces behind Dewey and of the national coalition dedicated Bricker. to victory. Roosevelt must be re­ elected to ensure the continuation * * of his leadership as the vital and In applying the policy of national successful head of our nation's mili­ unity in the elections, greater at­ tary effort, and as one of the great tention needs to be given to the architects of the American-Soviet­ correct presentation of general is­ British alliance, of the Moscow, sues and to the organization of non­ Cairo, and Teheran conferences, partisan committees of the Negro which guarantee the way toward people, of independent voters, of victory, a durable peace, and post­ Willkie Republicans, etc., in support war security. of the Government's victory pro­ On the other hand, it must be gram, of a Congress pledged to this made clear that labor and the popu­ program, and of the re-election of lar forces oppose Dewey not because the President. However, special con­ he is a Republican, which he is­ sideration should also be given to nor because he is a fascist, which he singling out a number of specific is not. issues around which broad,· non­ Dewey is opposed because his elec­ partisan election movements can be tion would bring into governmental developed. Among such issues are power reactionary and defeatist those pertaining to the soldiers' forces that would impede the prose­ vote, registration, and the enact­ cution of the war and the attain­ ment of the principles of the Kil­ ment of complete victory. His elec­ gore Bill. tion, therefore, would advers\.!ly af­ For instance, in respect to the fect America's relations with our various campaigns now being Allies. It would obstruct the reali­ launched to enable the members of zation of measures designed to pro­ the armed forces to vote, far great­ mote maximum production and em­ er attention must be given to or­ ployment after the war. It would ganizing this movement on an all­ engender unprecedented internal party basis. The campaign for the disunity and conflict and would aid soldiers' vote cannot be organized the pro-fascists and the advocates on the widest and most effective of a "compromise" peace. scale if it is projected and conducted simply as a partisan campaign to Furthermore, it must be made defeat Dewey and Bricker. clear that the election of a Governor It is necessary, of course, that 1 Thye or a Governor Baldwin must labor and all other patriotic forces be opposed in spite of their per­ should systematically expose the in­ sonal integrity and win-the-war in­ famous role of Dewey and the Re­ tentions, because a vote for them publican-Bourbon coalition in ·Con­ would bring strength to the Repub­ gress in denying the soldiers the lican Presidential ticket, and there­ right and opportunity to vote. But fore to the reactionary and pro- this exposure must be supplemented

a a developed developed progressives progressives the the and and committees committees non-party non-party broad, broad, form form

labor labor that that time time high high is is it it elections, elections, to to necessary necessary is is Democrats. Democrats. the the It It

the the of of and and interests interests labor labor the the of of in in campaign campaign sion, sion, registration registration and and

reconver­ of of dislocations dislocations and and ties ties the the supplement supplement to to necessary necessary is is it it

difficul­ the the reducing reducing of of interests interests the the unity, unity, national national of of camp camp the the for for tions tions

in in ofT, ofT, laid laid workers workers the the of of needs needs the the elec­ the the in in victory victory about about bring bring to to

and and nation nation the the of of interests interests the the In In essential essential so so is is which which millions millions of of tens tens

Roosevelt. Roosevelt. of of porters porters of of registration registration mass mass a a secure secure To To

sup­ the the among among and and movement movement labor labor voters. voters. undecided undecided and and stay-away stay-away

the the within within passive, passive, the the division division of of and and nor nor content content workers, workers, war war the the

dis­ create create of of to to bulk bulk and and the the of. of. voters, voters, government government velt velt non-registered non-registered

Roose­ the the the the on on of of situation situation majority majority this this the the for for of of bility bility voting voting and and

registration registration the the about about bring bring responsi­ not not the the will will place place and and try try to to is is and and

been been has has motives motives themselves themselves their their in in of of One One activities activities sion. sion. these these that that

evident evident already already is is it it reconver­ of of Nonetheless, Nonetheless, period period the the during during ers ers

work­ war war extended. extended. demobilized demobilized and and the the protect protect supported, supported, tinued, tinued,

would would which which con­ be be must must legislation legislation and and of of should should actment actment campaigns campaigns

en­ the the These These obstructed obstructed vote. vote. has has the the out out Congress Congress get get in in and and register register

bloc bloc Republican-Bourbon Republican-Bourbon the the far, far, So So to to campaign campaign serious serious a a begun begun has has

schedules. schedules. war war Party Party in in shifts shifts Democratic Democratic and and the the backs backs areas areas some some In In

cut­ to to due due year year workers. workers. this this of of war war quarter quarter register register last last to to munities munities

the the during during com­ displaced displaced certain certain be be in in will will campaign campaign workers workers effective effective

war war million million fairly fairly a a one-third one-third and and conducting conducting two two is is some some C.I.O., C.I.O., the the

estimates, estimates, reliable reliable . . to to According According especially especially Labor, Labor, registration. registration. of of tion tion

:veterans. :veterans. and and workers workers war war bilized bilized ques­ the the to to respect respect in in Similarly, Similarly,

demo­ for for benefits benefits insurance insurance ment ment in-Chief. in-Chief.

unemploy­ extended extended Commander­ and and the the around around increased increased unity unity tional tional

secure secure will will which which and and conversion conversion na­ strengthen strengthen to to and and lines lines party party

re­ of of problems problems the the to to to to approach approach all all cross cross possible possible be be will will It It port. port.

over­ an an for for provide provide which which measures measures sup­ Republican Republican substantial substantial 1luence 1luence

those those of of support support in in particularly particularly Bill, Bill, in- and and enlist enlist to to possible possible be be will will it it

Kilgore Kilgore the the then then of of York, York, principles principles New New in in the the for for been been has has it it as as

support support widest widest the the mobilizing mobilizing of of way, way, this this in in developed developed is is vote vote diers' diers'

urgency urgency the the is is basis, basis, non-partisan non-partisan a a sol­ the the for for campaign campaign the the If If velt. velt.

on on developed developed and and up up taken taken be be must must Roose­ for for support support greater greater enlist enlist to to

likewise likewise which which importance, importance, great great of of thereby thereby and and ballot, ballot, soldiers' soldiers' federal federal

one one but but issue, issue, of of kind kind different different A A workable workable and and uniform uniform a a of of sence sence

democracy. democracy. ab­ the the for for Congress Congress in in publicans publicans

fighting fighting a a in in citizens citizens patriotic patriotic of of all all theRe­ and and Green, Green, Dwight, Dwight, Dewey, Dewey,

obligation obligation wartime wartime a a as as registration registration of of role role the the unmask unmask to to be be will will and and

of of question question the the place place and and drives, drives, is is approach approach and and campaign campaign a a such such · ·

registration registration community community and and civic civic of of by-product by-product An An essential essential vote. vote. to to

concerted concerted launch launch will will which which leaders, leaders, . . opportunity opportunity an an with with servicemen servicemen all all

civic civic and and Negroes, Negroes, unionists, unionists, trade trade provide provide to to campaign campaign unity unity national national

Democrats, Democrats, Republicans, Republicans, embracing embracing the the with with broad, broad, a a of of organization organization

POLICY POLICY NON-PARTISAN NON-PARTISAN RESOLUTE RESOLUTE A A 808 808 A RESOLUTE NON-PARTISAN POLICY 809 real crusade to provide for the "hU­ port in behalf of such Republicans man factor" in demobilization. Here, as Burdick, Welch, Bennett, etc. what is most needed is the organiza­ However, it must be stated that tion of a non-partisan campaign and not only the A. F. of L., but even movement involving trade unions, the most progressive wing of or­ government agencies, community ganized labor, the C.I.O., has not and industrial leaders, in support of yet freed itself from partisanship the principles of the Kilgore Bill, in its election activity. Labor as a .to ensure full social security, rapid whole has not yet succeeded in pre­ re-employment and expanded pro- senting· and furthering its election duction. · program, which champions tne na­ Before leaving this principal tional interests and victory, as a point, it would be well to consider non-partisan matter, as a question at least two other aspects of the of strengthening national unity. problem of how most effectively to In matters of sponsoring, selecting apply the policy of national unity and endorsing Congressional and lo­ in the current election .situation. We cal candidates, in questions concern­ must understand that an effective ing the organization and official non-partisan election policy requires .leadership of various public cam­ something more than the organiza­ paigns, electoral and otherwise, the tion of non-partisan committees for C.I.O. and P.A.C., as well as the the re-election of R,oosevelt, as well A. F. of L., in many instances, do as for the election of Congressmen not yet evidence the necessary who will consistently support the statesmanship, understanding and nation's program for. victory, secur­ initiative to forge the broadest labor ity and a durable peace. It requires, and national unity. Frequently among other things, that all win:-the­ many C.I.O. and A. F. of L. organi­ war organizations employ and mas­ zations and leaders are too con­ ter a non-partisan approach and tac­ cerned with narrow considerations tics. This is particularly true in of prestige and organizational con­ regard to the trade unions. trol. They often confuse the basic There can be no question but that question of strengthening labor's po­ many sections of labor, especially litical influence and positions with the C.I.O., are displaying greater that of capturing posts, securing understanding of the need and im­ nominations and dominating com­ portance of applying a policy of mittees. They often fail to see that national unity. This is evidenced by broadening and sharing leader­ in part by the position of the A. F. of ship with labor's allies and collabo­ L. state organizations in Pennsylva­ rators, that labor's own welfare and nia, Ohio and Illinois, by the pro­ strength, as well as the national in­ gram of P.A.C. and the efforts of terest, can and will be advanced. the C.I.O. to establish joint action Moreover, quite frequently wherl with the A. F. of L., the Negro representatives of labor or pro­ organizations, the Democrats, etc. It labor candidates are nominated, the is evidenced by labor's united sup- trade unions wage a narrow and 810 A RESOLUTE NON-PARTISAN POLICY sectarian labor campaign in their and women's organizations, and with behalf, primarily on the basis of the fraternal and nationality groups. calling for the election of labor and pro-labor candidates. Labor often * * * loses sight o,f the fact that the nomi­ Finally on this point, on the con­ nees who are trade unionists are the crete application of the policy of representatives and candidates of national unity in the elections, the the nation, the community and a question is posed: is it still correct consistent victory program, that pre­ or possible for labor and the people cisely as trade unionists they to follow a policy of national unity can most loyally and effectively in view of the fact that the largest serve the interests of the nation at aggregation of finance and industrial war and in the peace. capital is supporting the Republi­ Clearly, to apply effectively' and can Presidential ticket? Time does not permit a full and fully a policy of non-partisanship, of genuine national• unity, it is nec­ comprehensive answer to this im­ essary to understand that more is portant question. Therefore I would like to confine my remarks to cer­ required than a non-party approach. tain limited aspects of the problem. .Thius, labor must rise above nar­ In approaching this question it row, partisan, trade union interests is necessary to remember, first of and considerations. Labor, in its own all, that influential and powerful interests and that of the nation and monopoly and financial interests, victory, must understand that nar­ such as are represented by Stet­ row, one-sided labor political action tinius, Taylor and Baruch, Lehman will divide labor's ranks and repel and Nathan Strauss, not only sup­ and frighten labor's win-the-war and port the government's victory pro­ post-war allies.' gram, but are part of the Roosevelt This basic lesson and tactic needs Administration. This is a fact, and to be learned and mastered every­ existing collaboration with these where, especially by some of the sections of Big Business in support C.I.O. forces in New York, Michi­ of the Government's victory policies gan, Minnesota, and Pennsylvania. can and must be continued. This will enable the C.I.O. and Secondly, it should be borne in P.A.C. and the pro-Roosevelt forces mind that the Democratic Party, in the A. F. of L. to strengthen la­ which rests upon, and is influenced bor's political role and influence, by, labor's support and growing in­ .and rapidly to extend the joint and fluence within the Administration parallel political activities of the and within the Democratic Party it­ C.I.O., A. F. of L. and Railroad self, is composed of a coalition which Brotherhoods. It will enable labor embraces powerful financial, indus­ to' establish closer working relations trial, and sectional group interests, and cooperative ties with the Roose­ as well as a series of local and state velt Democrats, Willkie Republicans, machines having vested financial with the Negro people, the veterans' and partisan interests. The Demo- A RESOLUTE NON-PARTISAN POLICY 811 cratic Party as a whole is not yet a the selfish and shortsighted partisan people's party. It is a bourgeois and group interests which determine party - albeit a liberal-bourgeois the policy of the New York Herald party-pledged to the government's Tribune crowd. It is imperative to war and post-war policies, and sub­ show how a Republican victory ject to the influence of labor and would not only jeopardize and ne­ the political re-alignments in the gate the foreign policy which they country. espouse, but would endanger the It is a fact that labor is cooperat­ very economic and class interests, ing with the Democratic Party na­ the trade, capital investment, and tionally and with those win-the-war profit interests which they desire to sections of capital in and around it. advance. In some areas labor is a part of Further and most important, it is or in close alliance with it. Cer­ necessary to bear in mind that the tainly, no clear-thinking worker and position of such capitalists as Eric advocate of national unity can ques­ Johnston and Thomas Lamont, in tion the need of continuing and de­ the final instance, will not be set­ veloping this collaboration on the tled either by their subjective inten­ basis of supporting and implement­ tions or by election arguments. Their ing the Administration's anti-Axis position is and will be determined program and the victory platform by pressing considerations of post­ adopted by the national Democratic war trade, commerce, and capital convention. exports, and, in the first place, by Next, we should keep in mind the relation of forces, internation­ that those powerful reactionary and ally and within the country. conservative sections of Big Capi­ In respect to the latter, to the in­ tal supporting and comprising the ternal political situation, the posi­ leadership of the Republican Party tion of organized labor and of our are not one homogeneous whole, Association can be influential, and They do not represent a solid, un­ in some respects, decisive. This may breakable grouping. be so if we make clear our position Obviously, it is necessary to ad­ and program on national unity in minister a decisive electoral defeat the post-war period as well as dur· to these forces and their Presiden­ ing wartime, to help achieve a last­ tial and Congressional ticket. But to ing peace and to solve the problems accomplish this it is necessary to of post-war production, employment· distinguish between those forces and security in the common national represented by the Chicago Tribune interest, and if we adhere firmly to and those around the New York labor's no-strike policy and develop Herald Tribune. It is necessary to this policy further in accord with differentiate between the fascists the nation's post-war needs. and pro:fascists in and around the If all this is done, much can be G.O.P. and those influenced by them. achieved to break up the unstabl.e At the same time it is necessary coalition now supporting Dewey and sharply and consistently to expose Bricker and to influence important 812 A RESOLUTE NON-PARTISAN POLICY sections of Big Business now lined demn and reject this reactionary up behind the G.O.P. to participate and pro-fascist move of the G.O.P. in, or go along with, the camp of and to win wider sections of the national unity after the elections. people in support of Roosevelt. Further, there should be an active * * * response to the latest developments affecting the Poles. The rifts and In our everyday election work differentiations now taking place in we sometimes get bogged down in the Polish Government-in~exile on a ro14tine and neglect to react to the basis of the Red Army's ad­ big issues and events which often vances and the liberation of Polish could open the doors to achieving soil, and the formation of the Po­ wider unity and a greater mobiliza­ lish National Liberation Council, can tion of all win-the-war forces. For and must be utilized to help bring instance, D-Day provided an oppor­ about a new, anti-Hitler alignment tunity and necessitated a new ap­ among Polish-Americans. proach to reach and rally additional Labor Day should also be ap­ forces-A. F. of L., Republican, etc., proached in a new way, along the in active support of the Commander­ lines of organizing broad commun­ in-Chief and our nation's war pro­ ity actions to participate in labor's gram. Yet insufficient attention was salute to the armed forces and to given to utilizing D-Day for this our Commander-in-Chief. patriotic purpose. In other words, it is necessary to , Suffice it to say that more politi­ approach all occasions, all events, cal alertness is required on our part big and small, 'in a new and fresh to make use of all issues and events manner so as to find new allies and to forge and strengthen national supporters who can establish com­ unity for victory in the war and the mon action on one or another point elections. of common interest, so as to stimu­ For example, there should be an late and foster greater unity of aU immediate reaction to Bricker's win-the-war forces on a non-partisan statement on Gerald L. K. Smith, so basis around Roosevelt and for the as to contact and influence the Will­ election of a Congress pledged to kie Republicans, A. F. of L. workers, support the government's war and Jewish people, and others, to con- post-war policies. NOTES ON THE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION

BY LOUIS F. BUDENZ

HE Democratic National Con· platform, the Democratic Party as T vention adopted a platform that a whole rejected the counsels of its begins with these words: "The most reactionary and defeatist ele­ Democratic Party stands on its rec­ ments. Neither the convention, nor ord in peace and war." It is in fact the ticket, nor the platform made the record of President Roosevelt any concession to them on the cen­ himself, and of those legislators tral issue: unqualified support for who supported him, which the plat· the grand strategy and all auxiliary form claims for the · party as a measures for winning the war; full whole, and to which the whole party endorsement of all war and post· now becomes piedged. The record war commitments already made to of Wheeler, Byrd, Bilbo, Reynolds, our allies-in other words, it ac­ Cotton Ed Smith, Dies, Rankin, cepted the Teheran concord as the Cox, et al., was in effect, repudiated guide both to victory and peace. by the convention, and the .Demo· Th struggle over the nomination cratic Party in this election stands of Vice-President Wallace was in on the record of its dominant, win· no sense a conflict on this central the-war and most forward-looking issue. Despite their success in pre­ section. This is the answer to those venting his renomination, the anti· "liberals" who fear that the reac· Roosevelt Democrats were not able tionaries have taken over control of to name a man of their own for the Democratic Party. It is also the second place on the ticket, nor even reason why millons of Republicans seriously to bring such a candidate and independent voters, making up before the convention. Senator their minds on the basis of men and Byrd, the unreconstructed rebels, issues and rejecting partisan con- and their Northern co-conspirators siderations, can be won for the were obliged to take what cold Roosevelt-Truman ticket. comfort they could get from the For with the nomination of Presi- pyrrhic victory of Wallace's defeat, dent Roosevelt, and of the pro- won at the cost of themselves vat­ Roosevelt and win-the-war Vice- ing for Senator Truman, whose Presidential candidate Senator throat under happier circumstances Harry Truman, as well as in its they would have been glad to cut. 813

terests terests of of the the nation nation as as a a whole. whole. acy." acy."

tendencies tendencies which which represent represent the the in­ Hitlerite Hitlerite stigma stigma of of "white "white suprem­

expression expression of of those those movements movements and and to to cleanse cleanse itself itself at at last last from from the the

tion tion because because became became a a dynamic dynamic it it spurred spurred by by the the war war against against fascism fascism

decision. decision. A A national national unity unity conven­ per. per. is is the the South South which which is is being being It It

the the war. war. dominated dominated its its every every major major retire retire Lister Lister Hill Hill and and Claude Claude Pep­

because because the the war war and and the the needs needs of of way way from from office, office, and and that that refused refused to to

of of national national unity. unity. A A war war convention convention Cotton Cotton Ed Ed Smith Smith and and Hattie Hattie Cara­

tion tion and and by by and and large large a a convention convention Talmadge Talmadge and and Dies Dies and and Starnes Starnes and and

This This was was decidedly decidedly a a war war conven­ voice voice of of the the South South that that has has retired retired

Roosevelt Roosevelt forces. forces. for for the the Negro Negro people. people. This This was was the the

divisions divisions that that still still exist exist among among the the poll-tax poll-tax and and called called for for full full equality equality

Roosevelt Roosevelt and and help help in in overcoming overcoming had had unequivocally unequivocally condemned condemned the the

man man can can cement cement their their alliance alliance with with didate"-and didate"-and he he spoke spoke after after Wallace Wallace

candidate candidate of of all all these these groups, groups, Tru­ time time to to go go to to Munich Munich to to pick pick a a can­

his his contribution contribution to to the the war. war. As As the the a a poll-tax poll-tax state, state, said said that that "this "this is is no no

ord, ord, his his loyalty loyalty to to the the President, President, and and of of Florida. Florida. Gov. Gov. Arnal, Arnal, governor governor of of

know know and and respect respect him him for for his his rec­ Georgia Georgia and and Senator Senator Claude Claude Pepper Pepper

gressive gressive Wallace Wallace supporters supporters also also lace lace made made by by Gov. Gov. Ellis Ellis Arnal Arnal of of

chines. chines. The The C.I.O. C.I.O. and and the the most most pro­ nomination nomination of of Vice Vice President President Wal­

farmers, farmers, and and the the Democratic Democratic ma­ stirring stirring speeches speeches seconding seconding the the

the the A. A. F. F. of of L., L., small small business, business, the the tional tional Convention, Convention, especially especially in in the the

to to the the ticket. ticket. He He has has the the support support of of confidently confidently in in this this Democratic Democratic Na­

Senator Senator Truman Truman brings brings real real strength strength . . The The New New South South spoke spoke out out more more

their their disappointment disappointment was was conspicuous conspicuous in in his his by by defeat. defeat. its its absence. absence.

overcome overcome spected" spected" any any apathy apathy Joseph Joseph threatened threatened Stalin. Stalin. Red-baiting Red-baiting by by

spire spire ·his ·his most most ardent ardent supporters supporters and and of of her her "much "much revered, revered, world world re­

the the clarity clarity enemy enemy and and vigor vigor and and praise praise needed needed for for to to the the in­ leadership leadership

he he will will campaign campaign tion tion to to for for the the the the defeat defeat ticket ticket of of with with the the common common

creased creased stature, stature, and and it it is is clear clear that that knowledgment knowledgment of of Russia's Russia's contribu­

the the poll-tax poll-tax the the issue, issue, contrary, contrary, emerged emerged there there with with was was in­ repeated repeated ac­

Munichism Munichism or or anti-Soviet anti-Soviet compromising compromising poison. poison. stand, stand, particularly particularly On On on on

by by his his principled principled lowed lowed was was fight fight there there and and any any his his open open un­ or or hidden hidden

deaths deaths much much exaggerated. exaggerated. Wallace, Wallace, in in this this speech speech nor nor in in any any that that fol­

the the wake wake high high was was . . tribute tribute premature premature to to all all and and our our the the allies. allies. Neither Neither

convention, convention, Governor Governor But But Kerr Kerr it it soon soon paid paid became became apparent apparent that that

Party Party itself. itself. men" men" battlecry battlecry of of the the Republican Republican

tion tion Committee, Committee, China. China. and and In In the the answering answering Democratic Democratic the the "tired "tired old old

of of Wallace, Wallace, Great Great the the Britain, Britain, C.I.O. C.I.O. the the Political Political Soviet Soviet Ac­ Union Union and and

collaboration collaboration of of the the tears tears United United as as they they States, States, mourned mourned the the "passing" "passing"

faith faith in in victory victory and and press press the the and and post-war post-war radio radio in in a a sea sea of of crocodile crocodile

Pegler Pegler to to velt velt Upton Upton record, record, Close, Close, and and drowned drowned an an affirmation affirmation the the of of

vigorous vigorous endorsement endorsement of of commentators, commentators, the the ary ary Roose­ from from Westbrook Westbrook

Robert Robert S. S. Kerr Kerr of of Oklahoma Oklahoma corded, corded, the the was was nation's nation's a a most most reaction­

When When the the second second ballot ballot was was re­ The The keynote keynote speech-jof speech-jof Governor Governor

NOTES NOTES ON ON THE THE DEMOCRATIC DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION CONVENTION 814 814 NOTES ON THE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 815 The emergence of this New South only the candidate of the Democratic -signalized currently by the voting Party, though that is the agency of 5,000 Negroes in the latest Arkan­ through which his candidacy is put sas primary-is a matter of hope to forward. His is signally a non-parti­ the whole nation, including specific­ san candidacy, in which the inde­ ally the Negro people. The ambigu­ pendent voters are also a part, in· ous provision of the Democratic plat­ eluding progressive-thinking Repub­ form in regard to Negro rights was licans, the C.I.O., and the A. F. of far from being what it should be, L. unions who were represented so and exemplified the fact that the well at the convention by President battle between the Bourbons and Daniel Tobin of the Internatiomil the anti-fascist South is still on. But Brotherhood of Teamsters. the presence of the New South in The Democratic platform "cites the convention, the desperation of action." It is an affirmation of faith the Bourbons and polltaxers in the in the perspectives for a world of "revolts" they are staging, the fact security and international amity that these revolts are against the en­ opened up at Teheran. In its own lightened policies of Franklin D. words--"To speed victory, establis~ Roosevelt for the F.E.P.C. and for and maintain peace, guarantee full an end to the poll tax, the alliance employment and provide prosperity of the Hoover-Taft-Dewey Republi­ -this is the platform." And because cans with the polltaxers, all bring the platform "cites action," because home to progressive America and to it stands on a record already writ­ the Negro people where the issues ten in deeds, the bright promise is lie. They emphasize that it is around not empty but carries real possibili­ the re-election of the President and ties of its fulfillment. The Demo­ the implementation of the Teheran cratic platform acclaims and accepts provisions that the hope for a demo­ all the steps already taken by Presi· cratic future for all America will be dent Roosevelt-from the Atlantic realized. Charter to Teheran-to win and shorten the · war, bring a lasting * * * peace within reach, and further the The Democratic platform as a realization of the perspectives of whole is a national unity platform. Teheran. The platform declares, "It It is pronouncedly free of those par­ [the Administration] gai:ned for our tisan and mutually contradictory country, and it saved for our coun­ appeals to social groups which have try, powerful allies. When war came, clogged so many such declarations. it succeeded in working out with While this does not eradicate some those allies an effective grand of its all-too-obvious weaknesses, the strategy against the enemy. It set weight of Roosevelt policies and the that strategy in motion, and the tide strength of Roosevelt interpretations of battle was turned." can be relied upon to make this doc­ The platform is strong and clear ument one that can meet the test on the United Nations and its lead­ of the times. The President is not ing coalition of the United States, 816 NOTES ON THB D~OCRATIC CONVENTION the Soviet Union and Great Britain; the Good Neighbor policy, and ex­ equally strong on the grand strategy tend the trade policies initiated by of coalition warfare planned at Casa­ the present administration." For blanca, Moscow, Cairo and Teheran Latin America, the guarantee that and since set in motion by the suc­ this · pledge will be fulfilled lies cessful invasion of Europe, the tri­ partly in the record, but even more umphal surge of the Red Armies in the main content and direction of toward Berlin, and the Pacific vic- the platform-its assurance that the , tories over Japan. The platform also victory over fascism will be com­ endorses, and pledges to continue plete, that :the three great powers of and improve, the other war mea­ the anti-Hitler Coalition will con­ sures initiated by Roosevelt and tinue and .deepen their friendly co­ adopted over the bitter opposition operation, and that expanding trade of anti-Administration Republicans in a stable world will bring indus­ and Democrats--lend-lease, ration­ trialization and democracy to all the ing and price control, selective serv­ countries of the western hemisphere. ice, the G.I. Bill of Rights, and Our 130,000,000 neighbors to the other like issues. South have no vote in our Novem­ The platform does not offer a de­ ber elections. But we cannot ignore tailed blueprint of post-war interna­ the voice of their needs and desires,. tional organization. It correctly sees for they are a· sizable section of such an organization being forged those hundreds of millions of cus­ in the process of winning the war tomers around the world whose itself. The platform says: "The good-will and purchasing power Will primary and imperative duty of the be decisive for our own prosperity. United States is to wage the war The Good Neighbor policy, despite with every resource available to weaknesses, has gone some distance final triumph over our enemies, and toward undoing the harm done by we pledge that we will continue to the dollar diplomacy and Yankee fight side by side with the United imperialism of Harding-Coolidge­ Nations until this supreme objec­ Hoover. The whole of the Demo­ tive shall have been attained and cratic platform, as well as its Good thereafter to secure a just and last­ Neighbor plank, is a pledge to con­ ing peace." Thus it accepts the tinue and expand policies which will United Nations, and its leading coali­ not only strengthen hemisphere tion; as the only possible foundation unity and further the interests of for a post-war international organi­ the other Americas, but realize zation. And the platform then Latin America's vast potential for pledges the Democratic Party, with- contributing to full production and . out reservation, to support what­ full employment in its countries and ever further action, military and po­ in the United States. litical, may be determined upon by In dealing with Puerto Rico, that the existing alliance in accord with key to Latin American confidence the exigencies of the war and peace. in the future good faith of our policy The platform promises to "uphold toward the other Americas, the NOTES ON THE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 81'Z Democratic platform falls short of vention-and took a most terrible what is needed. It does however, at beating. This wonderful paradox least by implication, take into ac­ did not at all confound those who count the strong and growing de­ adopted it and who prefer it to the mand of the Puerto Ricans for their unpleasant truth that the C.I.O., independence. Where the Republican Philip Murray, the Political Action platform offers the reactionary, un­ Committee, and Sidney Hillman popular and specious solution of neither dominated nor went down to "statehood," the Democratic plat­ defeat, but merely participated as form favors "enactment of legisla­ spokesmen for a large and organ­ tion granting the fullest measure of ized section of the population which, self-government." That is not, un­ like most of the delegates, wants fortunately, a pledge of the inde­ speedy victory in the war, a lasting pendence implicit in the Atlantic peace, post-war prosperity, and the Charter and the Declaration of Te­ guarantee of their attainment heran. But the Puerto Ricans cannot through the re~election of President hope to win independence by junk­ Roosevelt. Since the convention, the ing the Charter and the Declaration, "terrible defeat" part of the para­ or by leaving th.eir destiny in the dox has been pretty well abandoned. hands of those who, like the Repub­ Now the press (and the Dewey licans in the present Congress, are strategists) are all out to save the recorded as opposing even the right Democratic Party from "C.I.O.-Com· to elect the Governor of Puerto Rico munist rule." P.A.C. and the Na­ as proposed by President Roosevelt. tional Citizens Political Action Com­ The platform cites with justifiable mittee are being credited with astro­ pride the record of labor and social nomical slush funds, unlimited legislation which saved the Ameri­ power, and secret treaties with can economy from the near fatal Roosevelt which will turn over the sickness to which twelve years of country to them lock, stock, and Old . Guard Republican rule had barrel-unless Dewey rides up on a brought it. That record need not be white horse to save us all in No­ reviewed here. It is a record of vember. progressive measures adopted over Such wily means are designed to the bitterest opposition-from Re­ frighten many business, middle publicans and anti-Roosevelt Demo­ class, farm, and A. F. of L. elements crats. away from the Roosevelt-Truman The C.I.O. with its Political Action ticket. Sidney Hillman's recent de­ Committee was only one of .the nunciation of this "endeavor to di­ many representatives of the new vide the unity of the pro-Roosevelt popular political activity of the forces with the distorted accusation masses present in the convention, that the P.A.C. seeks to capture the though it was one of the best or­ Democratic Party and Congress" is ganized and certainly the most pub­ therefore most timely and salutary. licized. According to the news­ It is to labor's credit that its in­ papers, P.A.C. dominated the con- fluence in the Democratic conven- 818 NOTES ON THE DEMOCRATJC CONVENTION tion was exerted in the interest of from "can unite'' to "have united." the whole nation, not to further And that is a task that requires of narrowly the interests of the 'work­ all of us that we rise above narrow ers alone. Labor took its bearings party considerations, appealing on a from the star of Teheran. In the wholly non-partisan basis to all same way the contribution of the Americans who see in Roosevelt the Negro people was more than a de­ leader of a nation rather than the fense and furthering of the special titular head of a party, and who interests of an oppressed minority­ will choose among candidates those it was a contribution to the unifica­ of whatever party who have proved tion of the majority of the nation their willingness and ability to sup­ for victory and an insistence on the port the Roosevelt program for vic­ solution of problems which obstruct tory, lasting peace, and prosperity. the fullest mobilization of the na­ In this great task there is no ques­ tion's energies and hamper its rela­ tion of labor, and least of all the tions with its allies. P.A.C., "taking over" the Democratic While this was true politically and Party or displacing the machine programmatically, it did not find full which is still a fact of American organized expression, even among political life that must be realistic­ all of the popular forces in the con­ ally accepted by anybody who car­ vention. Failure of the A. F. of L., ries on an election campaign with C.I.O., Negro, and farm delegates to the intention of winning it. The work more fully together and pool Democratic machine is committed to their strength in completely organ­ the Roosevelt-Truman ticket. There ized fashion retarded their full ef­ are many Republicans, even some fectiveness. The broader unity being machine Republicans, who can be welded in states and localities has won to that ticket. And in the proc­ still to be achieved on a national and ess of uniting all those forces, even broader scale. Democrats, Republicans, independ­ Nevertheless, many old prejudices ents, trade unionists, farmers, busi­ were shed or weakened at the Demo­ nessmen big and little, and the Ne­ cratic National Convention, which gro people, we shall be building a itself carried the spirit of Teheran "machine" new to American politics a step fartherinto our national life. -the machine of unity for victory It demonstrated that forward-look­ and lasting peace. That machine can ing victory-minded folk of all groups become a bandwagon for all who and classes can unite in a supreme want Roosevelt in the driver's seat effort to reach the common goal. these next four crucial years. And Now that the.Republican and Demo­ we must help to make it so by ask­ cratic conventions are over, it re­ ing no more of any American will­ mains to realize fully all that is in­ ing to ride with us than, "Going herent in that possibility-to move our way?" THE NEGRO AND THE ELECTIONS

BY DOXEY A. WILKERSON

HETHER we move forward to tie will mean little unless they are W complete victory in this war, consolidated by policies and pro­ and to the achievement of that en­ gram consistent with the goals for during peace and world security which we fight. To assure that pur promised at Teheran, indeed, country will continue to promote whether there shall continue to be such policies and programs requires a free and democratic America, may the election of the Roosevelt-Tru­ be decisively determined by the man ticket and a progressive win­ votes of Negro citizens on Novem­ the- war, win· the- peace Congress. ber 7. Likewise, whether the notable And this, in turn, requires the con­ wartime gains of the Negro people tinued support of the vast majority shall be consolidated and extended of Negro voters for the Roosevelt in the period after the war will be Administration. decisively determined by the out­ come of the Presidential and Con­ Potential Balance of Power gressional elections this fall. The majority of the Negro voting It is from both of these points of population outside of the South is view that the masses of all Ameri­ concentrated in a small number of cans must now be led to understand great industrial cities-New York, the crucial role of the Negro people Philadelphia, Chicago, Detroit, in the wartime elections of 1944. Cleveland, and a few others. As has been repeatedly demonstrated dur­ I ing recent years, this is politically a highly mature group of voters, es­ The military phase of the war pecially alert to issues of especial hastens to its conclusion during the concern to the Negro people. More­ height of the election campaign. over, this Negro vote is strategically Both are a part of the same struggle located in states where the election -for the destruction of fascism and contest is most closely drawn. It the building of abiding peace and may well hold the balance of power security for all men. Both, there­ in the coming elections. fore--on the battlefield and the Despite some of the misleading home front-must tie decisively inferences of PM's recent analysis won. of "The Negro Vote in November" Our vtctories on the field of bat- (August 13), its tabulations of po- 819 820 THE NEGRO AND THE ELECTIONS tential Negro voting strength in se­ ing support of Roosevelt (in increas­ lected · states correctly define the ing proportions during 1932, 1936 crucial importance of the Negro and 1940) to majority support for vote in the coming elections.· That Dewey. Despite the defections of a analysis showed that in each of few large Negro papers, there is no eight states which could prove de­ evidence of such a general shift in cisive in November (New York, the Negro voting population. The Pennsylvania, .Illinois, Ohio, Mis­ truly outstanding leaders of the Ne­ souri, New Jersey, Michigan, and gro people are overwhelmingly for Indiana), the potential Negro vote is the Roosevelt-Truman ticket, and larger than the margin of votes be­ pro-Roosevelt sentiment among the tween Willkie and Roosevelt in the masses of Negro workers is even 1940 elections. These eight states more pronounced. control 202 electoral votes, more Yet it would be a grave error for than three-fourths the number nec­ Roosevelt supporters to assume that essary to decide the Presidential the decisive Negro vote is "in the contest. bag." That vote is increasingly non· It is by no means an exaggera­ partisan and independent. It can be tion, therefore, to assert that the guaranteed for Roosevelt and Tru­ Negro vote may elect the next Pres­ man only if serious attention is giv­ ident of the United States. And con­ en to correcting the outstanding sidering the decisive role of our grievances of the Negro people and country in the war and post-war re­ to clearing up the confusions being construction, it is equally true that created by Republican propaganda. for the whole new perspective There are several main issues opened up to the world by the An­ around which such efforts must glo-Soviet-American concord at Te­ center. heran the vote of Negro Americans First, the recurring brutality of on November 7 will be a determin­ military and civilian police to Negro ing factor. soldiers in the South, together with Thus, Negro voters in 1944 are still existing and flagrant discrim­ not merely "another" group to be inations in the armed forces them­ considered. They constitute one of selves, must quickly be stopped. the most important sectors of this There is no issue which more angers electorate. As Eugene Dennis point­ the Negro people than this. Despite ed out in "The Decisive Three the notable improvements the Months" (Daily Worker, August Roosevelt Administration has made 12): "As never before the Negro in this regard, and despite the limi­ vote will be one of the decisive fac­ tations which would face any ad­ tors in the elections." ministration at this time, clever propagandists can, and will, use What Will Win the Negro Vote? this legitimate grievance of the · Partisan propaganda seeks to Negro people as a means of chan­ build up the myth of a great shift neling their political allegiance of the Negro vote-from overwhelm- away from the administration in THE NEGRO AND THE ELECTIONS 821 power. The Roosevelt Administra­ latent anti-Negroism among back­ tion must act, through both execu­ ward elements of their membership tive and legislative means, to re­ which lays organized labor and the move this festering sore from the nation open to such enemy- attacks body of national unity. Progressive as in the recent transit strike in groups, and espe~iafiy labor, must Philadelphia. Thus can the unions place agitation to this end in the best unify their own ranks against very forefront of their programs. the plots of race-baiting disrupters, Second, special measures must be and at the same time greatly en­ adopted to meet the special prob­ hance their bargaining effectiveness lem faced by Negro workers during for all workers. Thus can the trade - the period of reconversion. Most of union movement most surely enlist the million or more Negro war the support of the Negro people in workers have only limited seniority the campaign for the election of because of the racial bars that kept Roosevelt and Truman. Thus, truly, them from employment during the can labor rise unitedly in the dis­ early stage of the war. For these charge of its responsibilities as the Negroes, "the last hired" again to backbone of the national unity. become "the first fired" when cut­ Fourth, the anti-Negro poll-taxers backs are more general would be in the Democratic Party must con­ truly disastrous. This threat to their sistently be attacked as common en­ living standards might well lead to emies of the Roosevelt Administra­ conflicts which would split the trade tion and the nation. The concessions unions wide open on the racial issue, made to them by the Democratic to riots and bloodshed in great in­ National Convention must be frank­ dustrial areas, and to a serious shift ly admitted, and then counterbal­ of Negro voting support from the anced by the more substantial de­ Roosevelt Adminil!tration. In its feats they there received and own interests and in the larger in­ others they must r.eceive in the terests of the nation, the trade union months ahead. Their unholy Con­ movement must come to grips with gressional alliance with Hoover­ this problem and take the initiative Dewey Republicans must at every in its solution. Some means must be stage be revealed and assailed. devised, preferably through labor­ Their vicious attacks upon the Ne­ management-government action, to gro people in the halls of Congress prevent Negro workers from bear­ must be answered with such vigor ing a disproportionate share of the and such consistency that they no unemployment which the transi­ longer come to pollute the atmos­ tional period of reconversion is phere of our national legislature and bound to bring. sorely offend the Negro people and Third, the trade union movement all decent Americans. must throw its whole power into These tasks are but illustrative of the destruction of Jim Crowism on the necessary approach to assuring the job and in the community. Thus overwhelming Negro support for the can the unions best wipe out that Roosevelt-Truman ticket in the fall 822 THE NEGRO AND THE ELECTIONS elections. This is no program here cratic people's state governments set forth solely "for th,e advance­ the South has ever known. ment of the Negro people." This is Then came the reaction of the a program which now must be late 1870's. Under the newly elected viewed as absolutely necessary for President Hayes, the Republican the continued advancement of our Party betrayed the democratic revo­ nation and the world. It must be lution which the forces around Lin­ undertaken as such by labor and coln had won, abandoning the Ne­ the progressive forces generally who gro people to violent and "legal" realize how basically essential the subjugation by the leaders of the victory of Roosevelt in the fall elec­ defeated Confederacy. The long and tions is to assure that destruction of evil decades which followed left the fascism and that enduring peace and Negro landless, disfranchised, thor­ security which the triumph of Allied oughly Jim Crowed, barred from all arms on the field of battle have now but the most menial and degrading brought almost within our grasp. employment, ·and with little or no opportunity for education. II The first real "break" in this semi-feudal oppression came during What the coming elections mean and after World War I, when one for the future of Negro freedom and and three-fourths million Negroes security can best be understood in left the South for the freer society the light of those influences which and unprecedented industrial oppor­ have advanced and retarded the tunities of the North. But even the Negro's struggle for this historic new spark of hope then engendered goal since the Civil War. Especially was soon extinguished by post-war revealing are the Negro's experi­ mass firings, race riots, lynchings, ences during the past (Roosevelt) and the spread· of Jim Crowism decade. throughout the country. Even the inconsequential Republican Party of Slavery, Freedom-Then New the South, through which Negro pol­ Forms of Oppression iticians dispensed patronage when For more than three hundred the national G.O.P. was in power, years the Negro people have been was then purged of all but a few struggling to destroy the bonds of its Negro leaders by the "lily­ which make them less than free white" policy revived by President men. They fought back in numerous Hoover. ways during the two and one-half These setbacks for the Negro peo­ centuries of slavery. They were a ple were greatly intensified by the major force in preserving the Union economic crisis of 1929. Three suc­ and winning their own freedom dur­ cessive Republican administrations ing the Civil War. Together with had sought to pyramid profits for new white allies in the progressive the corporations at the expense of days of Reconstruction, they set out the living standards of the people, to build the first and only demo- with the result that disaster con- THE NEGRO AND THE ELECTIONS 823 :fronted the nation as a whole, and cially in the South, but they def­ the conditions and perspectives of initely decreased it. Thereby, they the Negro people became exceed­ enormously enlarged the Negro's ingly grave indeed. share in public services and estab­ principle The Period of the Depression lished the all-important that Negro citizens, even in the Not until the do-nothing policies South, are entitled to share equi­ of "Hooverism'' were supplanted by tably in the benefits of such federal the Roosevelt "New Deal" was there programs. any reversal of this downward trend Second, the Roosevelt Adminis­ for the Negro people. Ever since tration greatly advanced the educa­ then the Negro's march toward free­ tional opportunities of the Negro dom and security has moved for­ people. W.P.A.'s gigantic adult edu­ ward at an accelerating pace. cation program taught 400,000 Ne­ The policies of President Roose­ groes to read and write and gave velt during the depression years profitable employment to many tremendously weakened and began thousands of Negro teachers, for the disintegration of the over-all en­ whom it tried (with some success) crusted pattern of American caste, to require salary scales equal to thereby laying the basis for the those of white teachers in the South. rapid advances of the Negro peoples P.W.A. spent $7,000,000 in Negro today. It is well to summarize the school building construction in the main achievements of the Roosevelt South, a tremendous advance de­ Administration during this period, spite the fact that white schools got for they are highly relevant to the proportionately more. Many thou­ election campaign of 1944. sands of Negro youth were enabled First, the Roosevelt Administra­ to continue their education through tion greatly relieved what would the highly equalitarian program of otherwise have been the unbearable the N.Y.A., and Negro graduate stu­ economic plight of the Negro people dents were provided special schol­ during the period of the depression. arship grants of a type not avail­ Millions of Negro citizens, who were able to white students. The Agri. hardest hit by unemployment cultural Extension Service, the and its attendant ills, obtained Farm Security Administration, , and jobs, direct relief, decent hous­ other agencies made similar sub­ ing, and home and farm secu­ stantial contributions to the educa­ rity through such programs as tion of the Negro people. (Incident­ P.W.A., W.P.A., N.Y.A., C.C.C., ally, what would have been the A.A.A., U.S.H.A., and F.S.A. More· crowning achievement in this re­ over, every one 1 of these federal gard-passage of the federal aid-to­ agencies introduced, with varying education bill proposed by the degrees of effectiveness, the explicit President's Advisory Committee on policy of no discrimination on ac­ Education, with absolute safeguards count of race. They were unable to for Negro schools-was prevented stamp out all discrimination, espe- only by the legislative trickery of 824 THE NEGRO AND THE ELECTIONS Senator Taft and his Republican foundations of" Bourbon rule. Thou­ colleagues.) sands of federal appointees have Third, the Roosevelt Administra­ brought a new type of public ser• tion markedly increased the em­ vant to the South, men and women ployment of Negroes in federal serv­ of education and ·training whose ice. · Not only were appreciable primary concern is not to "keep the gains made in white-collar and other Negro in his place," but to advise higher paid categories, but (revers­ and help him to a better life. The ing the policies of the preceding political influence of the poll-taxers Republican administrations) unprec­ on national policy (although still edented numbers of well-qualified dangerous) has been lessened in nu­ Negroes were appointed, on the ba­ merous ways. Negroes and organ­ sis of merit, to important adminis­ ized labor play an ever-increasing trative and policy-making positions role in Southern politics. One by in the federal government. one, the most reactionary Southern Fourth, the Roosevelt Adminis­ diehards (Garner, Talmadge, Smith, tration introduced other basic social Dies, Starnes, Reynolds, Caraway, reforms of immense importance to etc.) are being eliminted from pub­ the Negro people. Federal social se­ lic life; and such new and progres­ curity and minimum -wages - and - sive Southerners as Pepper, Hill, hours legislation brought benefits of Arnall, and Fulmer are emerging major significance to the tradition­ into political prominence. The South ally underpaid and insecure masses is now in the process of a new Re­ of Negro workers. Guarantees of construction, and the policies of the collective bargaining rights and Roosevelt Administration during the other enlightened labor policies fos­ depression laid the very foundations tered the growth of union member­ of this most salutary development ship from 3,000,000 to 14,000,000, for the Negro people. furthered the integration of Negro These are basic and far-reaching workers into the labor movement achievements. It is no wonder that (especially C.I.O.) - which has Gunnar Myrdal's An American Dil­ proved to be the staunchest ally of emma (the most fundamental and the Negro people-and made pos­ comprehensive study yet made of sible the increasing progressive in­ the "Negro problem'.') concludes: fluence of labor on the political life of the nation. "It can be generally ascertained Fifth, the Roosevelt Administra­ that, as a result of the relative tion gave birth to a new labor and growth of the federal budget and the increased responsibility for and progressive movement in the South, control of public services by fed­ which is destined yet to destroy the eral agencies, discrimination has centuries-old feudalistic controls been decreasing during the New that have so long oppressed the Deal" (p. 331). great masses of Negro Americans. Inaustrialization and agricultural And again: reform are undermining the very "Not overlooking the considuable THE NEGRO AND THE ELECTIONS 825 discrimination against Negroes in in the Merchant Marine, Navy, Air the local administration of New Corps, WACS, and Army Nurse Deal measures in the South, we Corps. Those that remain must be must see that the New Deal has fought against with all the power made a lasting break in Southern the progressive forces of our na­ racial practices" (p. 463). tion can muster. Not pnly ought they go, but with the strengthening The Period of the People's War of the Roosevelt Administration For the first time since the Hayes· they can be wiped off the face of G.O.P. betrayal of 1876,, the policies America. of the first two Roosevelt adminis­ Traditional Jim Crow bars in pub­ trations brought a decisive and sus­ lic places are being subjected to tained upward sweep of the curve tremendous strain, even in the of social progress for the Negro South. A Negro is appointed White people. The trend then initiated has House Correspondent, another to been tremendously accelerated by the staff of the United Nations Re­ the win-the-war policies of the third lief and Rehabilitation Administra­ Roosevelt administration during the tion, another as Assistant National Pfriod of the anti-Axis war. Chairman of the National Democrat­ A million or more N ~gro men and ic Party. The "white primary" has women now earn good' wages in war been declared unconstitutional by jobs in most of which only white the U. S. Supreme Court, and a workers were employed before. The veritable political renaissance is un­ unprecedented and bitterly fought der way among Negro voters in the Fair Employment Practices Commit­ South. A Negro Communist is tee (F.E.P.C.) continues to pry open elected to the City Council of New new employment opportunities for York, and another New York Negro the Negro people--and, as during wins primary election contests for the recent transit strike in Phila­ nomination to Congress on the tick­ delphia, is backed up solidly by ets of the Democratic Party, the Re­ President Roosevelt in every one of publican Party, and the American its successive crises. Equal Negro­ Labor Party! white wage scales have been estab­ There remain many dastardly lished by W.P.B. Hundreds of thou­ slave survivals still to be destroyed. sands of Negro unionists are forging Negro boys in uniform still suffer new. bonds of comradeship with gross indignities and abuse. Racial their white fellow workers on the barriers to employment still abound. production lines and in the political The rotten Bourbon oligarchy which arena. controls the South still fights des­ Despite still existing discrimina­ perately to bolster up its tottering tions and abuse, Negroes are fighting rule, even to the extent of trying to gloriously for their country in every destroy F.E.P.C. and challenging branch of the armed services. Pro­ the decree of the highest court of gressively, the most flagrant dis­ the land that Negroes must be al­ criminations are being destroyed- lowed to vote in the. heretofore 826 THE NEGRO AND THE ELECTIONS "white primaries" of the southern hasten victory and lay a solid basis states. Complete freedom still lies for a cooperative United Nations far ahead, and can be achieved only world organization which has both through firm unity and struggle of the will and the power to guarantee the Negro people in alliance with la­ enduring peace and progressively bor and other pro-Roosevelt forces enlarged freedom for all men (with­ of the nation. But the truly substan­ out which there is no possibility of tial gains which the Negro people freedom and security for the Negro have made under the wartime people); Roosevelt Administration are the 3. Increased federal planning and most significant strides forward administration over such social since that brief and promising dec­ functions of government as full ade following the Civil War. post-war employment, unemploy­ ment insurance, public housing and The Elections and the Post-war health services, etc. (the only prac­ Period tical means of preventing the grosS' Now, as this war hastens to its anti-Negro discrimination which conclusion, the Negro stands on the control of these programs by south­ threshold of a new era of freedom ern states would surely bring); and security. For the first time in 4. Strengthening the labor unions the history of our country, it is now as the backbone of democratic na­ possible to foresee in the near fu­ tional unity, and (quoting Earl ture the achievement of full demo­ Browder's Teheran--Our Path in cratic rights for the Negro people. War and Peace, p. 85) "further Will that perspective actually be uniting them, and securing their realized in the years immediately participation in all public affairs up ahead? This is a basic issue which to and including national and inter­ the fall elections will do more than national policy-making and adminis­ anything else to decide. tration" (thus giving added power What are the alternatives which to the staunchest ally of the Negro confront Negro voters in the fall in his struggle for full democratic elections? rights); On the one hand, they can con­ 5. Further stimulation of southern tinue their support for the Roose­ industrialization and agricultural velt Administration and the poli­ reform (which will destroy the eco­ cies with which it is identified. nomic base of the oppressive feu­ Those policies include: dalistic oligarchy now in control of 1. The speedy defeat of our Axis the South); enemies and the complete destruc­ 6. Support for the growing labor tion of fascism (the basic require­ and progressive movement in the ments for peace in the world, and South (which is necessary in order especially for the very survival of to retire from public life the poll­ minority racial groups): tax enemies of both the President 2. The strengtherung of the An­ and the Negro people); glo-Soviet-American coalition to 7. Extension of the franchise in THE NEGRO AND THE ELECTIONS 827 the South (by enforcement of the would be identified. Those policies Supreme Court "white primary" include: ban and Congressional repeal of the 1. Narrow partisan disruption of poll-tax barriers in the immediate the war effort with probable ap­ future); peasement and "negotiation" with 8. Progressive elimination of anti­ our fascist enemies (which is what Negro discrimination in the armed brings Dewey the support of such forces (despite the strenuous oppo­ native pro-fascists as Hearst, Mc­ sition with which the major steps Cormick, and Gerald L. K. Smith); already taken were met); 2. Disruption of the Anglo-Soviet­ 9. Continued strengthening of American coalition on the phony F.E.P.C. and other direct anti-dis­ pretext of protecting the interests crimination policies and .programs of "small nations" (which would (which the Roosevelt Administra­ thus strengthen t.he hand of the tion first introduced into twentieth­ most reactionary sections of Amer­ century America-with inestimable ican .imperialists who seek to dom­ benefit to the Negro people); and inate the world, and who would pre­ cipitate thereby another and even 10. FurTher extension and expres­ more disastrous world war) ; sion of the fundamental principle 3. State control over unemploy­ that the primary function of govern­ ment insurance, social security and ment is to safeguard and promote other social functions of govern­ the welfare of the common man. ment (which is the thing that en­ It is precisely this philosophy of dears Dewey to the southern poll­ government and these policies taxers who stop at nothing in order which revived the forward march of to defeat Roosevelt and return the the Negro people during the period Negro to his pre-New Deal subjec­ of the New Deal, and which gave it tion); added impetus and strength during 4. Weakening the influence of or­ the period of the anti-fascist war. It ganized labor in public affairs and is Roosevelt, the author of these in collective bargaining (thus assur­ policies, and the progressive labor ing greater profits for the corpora­ and other groups by which he is tions, lowered living standards for supported that can best be counted the workers, and added strength for on to consolidate ' and extend the the pro-fascist forces within our recent progress which the Negro country); people have made toward their his­ 5. Maintaining a feudalistic South toric goal of full democratic rights. (which can serve as a sort of semi­ On the other hand, the Negro colonial source of cheap raw mate­ people can swing their support to rials for the industrial North); Dewey and the policies with which 6. Strengthening the Bourbon (insofar as can be determined from poll-tax rule in the South (as a the character of his backers and his means of defeating the "New Re­ ultra-cautious and contradictory pro­ construction" set into motion by the nouncements) his administration Roosevelt Administration);

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effective effective until until strengthened strengthened be be to to progressively progressively government government of of power power

is is world world the the and and nation nation our our in in ing ing the the use use to to and and general, general, in in Americans Americans

emerg­ now now trend trend democratic democratic sive, sive, of of masses masses the the for for security security nomic nomic

progres­ strong strong the the if if won won be be eco­ and and democracy democracy strengthen strengthen must must to to

it it ticket-'-and ticket-'-and Roosevelt-Truman Roosevelt-Truman the the purpose purpose unswerving unswerving his his decade decade a a

for for can can won won be be actually actually vote vote gro gro . . than than more more of of strated strated period period a a over over

Ne­ decisive decisive This This friend. friend. demon­ staunchest staunchest has has Roosevelt Roosevelt D. D. Franklin Franklin

their their be be to to proved proved has has which which ership ership abuse. abuse. and and degradation degradation

lead­ national national that that support support to to is is tion tion of of decades decades long long seven seven to to people people

inclina­ normal normal Their Their construction. construction. Negro Negro the the consigned consigned which which 1876, 1876,

Re­ following following days days dark dark the the since since of of betrayal betrayal Republican Republican the the 1945 1945 in in

influence influence any any repeat repeat to to than than upon upon relied relied freedom freedom be be gro gro could could and and

Ne­ advance advance to to more more done done have have port port Hayes, Hayes, President President a a of of quaiifications quaiifications

sup­ major major gains gains it it which which from from ment ment the the all all has has Dewey Dewey E. E. Thomas Thomas

move­ labor labor the the and and Administration Administration rights. rights. democratic democratic full full of of goal goal toric toric

Roosevelt Roosevelt the the his­ that that Negro's Negro's know know the the They They toward toward tions. tions. trend trend rent rent

elec­ cur­ coming coming the the the the in in reverse reverse camp camp sharply sharply Truman Truman and and check check

Roosevelt­ the the would would ·in ·in that that belong belong support, support, his his to to naturally naturally rally rally now now

voters voters Negro Negro which which million million reaction reaction three three of of These These forces forces sinister sinister

more more even even the the and and disaster. disaster. Dewey, Dewey, own own like like men men

their their to to them them guide guide to to seek seek now now who who of of ambitions ambitions big big and and stature stature small small

hacks hacks the the party party is is Negro Negro war. war. the the for for the the after after contempt contempt and and during during It It

but but nothing nothing security security have have and and they they and and freedom freedom bought; bought; toward toward ress ress

be be cannot cannot prog­ vote vote their' their' continued continued of of double-talk; double-talk; by by prospects prospects Negro's Negro's

fooled fooled be be the the longer longer no no endanger endanger can can They They seriously seriously turity. turity. most most which which

ma­ political political of of level level high high a a to to them them policies policies these these and and government government

brought brought before!-have before!-have tions-and tions-and of of philosophy philosophy this this precisely precisely is is It It

Administra­ Roosevelt Roosevelt wartime wartime damned. damned. the the be be people people

the the of of rest rest the the and and wealth-and wealth-and Deal" Deal" tion's tion's "New "New the the during during ences ences

na­ the the own own who who those those experi­ of of whose whose benefit benefit people people a a for for speak· speak·

will will 7 7 the the for for November November on on government government ballots ballots their their rough-rider rough-rider a a of of

cast cast who who policy policy Negroes Negroes of of Hoover Hoover the the masses masses of of The The Revival Revival 8. 8.

vain. vain. in in been been have have to to and and back); back); the the in in ishes ishes

this this all all prove prove will will elections elections coming coming ·cher­ he he that that all all and and Negro Negro the the ing ing

The The G.O.P. G.O.P. knif­ the the to to effectively effectively services services are are their their for for supporters supporters his his

obtain obtain may may and and they they Dewey Dewey of of rewards rewards deeds deeds other other the the or or (while (while ple ple

material· material· whatever whatever for for mission mission social social peo­ Negro Negro the the of of lot lot the the improving improving

their their about about prostitute prostitute papers papers double-talk double-talk Negro Negro tain tain Demogagic Demogagic 7. 7.

ELECTIONS ELECTIONS THE THE AND AND NEGRO NEGRO THE THE 828 828 THE NEGRO AND THE ELECTIONS 829 come inseparably merged. Each is has ever been a controlling premise dependent upon the other, and both underlying the program of the Com­ are fundamentally at stake in the munist organization. fall elections. It is important that Now, as these national elections the Negro people be led fully to un­ and this anti-Axis war of which derstand that the continued national they are a part hasten to their con­ leadership of the Roosevelt Admin­ clusion, our country has greater istration is absolutely essential for need than ever before for the full· the consolidation and extension of est possible expression of the prin­ their wartime gains. It is even more ciple of Negro-white unity in the important that labor and the other interests of winning the war for the pro-Roosevelt forces of the country utter destruction of fascism. And it come quickly to understand that is the Marxists within the camp of the attainment of the democratic national unity who must assume it goals which they seek now requires as a major responsibility to help all vigorous and incessant struggle, in the democratic forces of the nation firm unity with the Negro people, to translate that principle into life. destroy the Jim Crow curse on The task we now face is far America which in this period of his­ greater than was Scottsboro or the tory has come to imp~ril the peace hundreds of other instances in and security of the entire world. which Communists have struggled against the Jim-Crow threat to the The Task of the Communists welfare of all Americans. The task of uniting the Negro people with The national and world impor­ labor and the progressive move­ tance of assuring maximum support ment generally to assure that the for the Roosevelt-Truman ticket in Roosevelt policies of national and the fall elections by the crucial mil­ United Nations unity will continue lions of Negro voters poses a special to guide our country is now the task task for Marxists. It is a task which of guaranteeing that the whole new gains added significance from the perspective that this liberating war fact that it comes just at the twen­ and the concord of Teheran have ty-fifth anniversary of the founding brought into being is actually , of the Communist organization in achieved in the difficult period of our country. struggle ahead. Marxists have always understood Let Communists approach the better than any group in our so­ question of "The Negro and the ciety the fundamental necessity of Elections" with full appreciation of unity between white and Negro the crucial importance of the con­ Americans for the freedom and se­ tribution they, of all others, are best curity of both and of the nation as equipped to make. There could be a whole. The famous Civil War dic­ no more fitting way to observe the tum of Karl Marx-"Labor with a twenty-fifth anniversary of the white skin cannot be free where founding of the Communist organ- . labor in a black skin is branded"- ization in the United States. CHINA'S REAL DESTINY

BY FREDERICK V. FIELD

[We are pleased to present to our Admiral Nimitz and General Mac­ readers the following article written Arthur were breaking through the by an authority on Far Eastern Af­ island fortress with which Japan fairs, formerly Secretary of the had surrounded itself. American Council, Institute of Pa­ The President's conclusions ac­ cific Relations, and at present a cording to the New York Times cor­ member of its Executive Board. Mr. respondent were "that the Japanese Field is the author of two volumes strategic situation was not very and many articles on the Far East. good, but he [the President] again -The Editors.] called attention to the fact that Chi- nese resistance had not been very WO months ago, as China en- great." T tered upon the eighth year of The failure of the Chinese forces organized resistance to the Japanese to stop the spring and summer invader, the great strategic city of drive of heavily outnumbered Jap­ Changsha had fallen to the enemy. anese troops down the railway which Japanese columns were spreading bisects China north and south and south along the railway to Canton runs from Peiping through Cheng­ and outward to deny the defenders chow, Hankow, Changsha, Heng­ the use of bases from which the ex- yang and on to Canton has caused tended supply routes could be sue- grave concern, not only in China, cessfully attacked. but among China's allies as well. It was under such circumstances And this concern has not been les­ that at his press conference last sened by the complacency of the July 7 President Roosevelt ex- Chungking bureaucracy or by the pressed the view that the war in official news releases of Chinese China was not going well. Reporters military successes which have been conveyed the impression that the disproved before the words that President felt confident of the long- conveyed them have been read by term outcome.. The Japanese were foreign readers. It has become wide­ being pushed from the toehold in ly known, for instance, that half a India, key points on the supply million Kuomintang troops in the routes from Burma into China were immediate vicinity of the Loyang­ being recovered, the foe's shipping Chengchow area, where the current facilities were being crippled at a campaign for the north-south rail­ higher rate than replacements, and way line began, failed to engage the the victories of the forces under enemy until too late. And why? Be- 830 CHINA'S REAL DESTINY 831 <:ause the task as well as inclination the Chinese people; the ending of o0f their commander, General Hu the state of disunity whose contin­ Tsung-nan, was not to resist the ued existence strengthens the Jap­ fascist invader but_ rather to block­ anese invader. What is at stake is ade the spread of democracy and the speedy, efficient conclusion of oOrganized resistance to the Japanese the war. The issue is whether or not from the Chipese guerrilla base in China shall play the full, vigorous, the Northwest Autonomous Border and essential role in the Allied mili­ Region. General Hu's chief of staff, tary effort on which speedy and de­ Lo Tse-kai, who was interviewed by cisive victory depends; whether or American correspondents on their not China shall play a positive role way to the guerrilla capital, Yenan, in the post-war reconstructive tasks attempted to divert foreign atten­ of the Allied coalition. In the proc­ tion from the true nature of the sit­ ess of participating in victory will uation by blaming the Communist China achieve genuine national in­ troops for the Japanese success. dependence? Will she emerge from His miscalculation was the simple the trial of battle a free and inde­ o0ne of not realizing that the Ameri­ pendent nation, unified within, and -can correspondents already had in prepared to play a leading role in their possession information as to the final stages of the wa: (as she the continued and heroic activity of did in its early stages) and in the the Communist-led troops against establishment of the peace? Or, will the enemy as well as knowledge China emerge as a semi-colony, bur­ that these particular Kuomintang dened by internal dissension, by the troops had never yet in the seven remnants of a bureaucratic feudal­ years of war engaged the Japanese. ism, economically and politically dependent upon and subject to the The Issues Involved capitalist powers? The issue raised by the current These are not questions which, as military crisis in China is not that certain Chungking apologists would of the valor of the Chinese soldier, have us "Qelieve, involve merely a o0r his willingness to face the enemy "family quarrel." They are infinite­ regardless of the odds; nor is it the ly more serious than that. The issue question of the eagerness of the presented by the Chinese situation Chinese people, civilian and mili­ is one which involves American tary alike, to serve their nation in boys dying on the battlefields of this fatal hour of decision. The Asia and the Pacific, it is one which -courage and patriotism of the Chi­ jeopardizes victory over Japan, it is nese people are already recorded in one which threatens the ability of the pages of history, in the world­ the United Nations to establish post­ wide struggle to smash fascism, in war security, it is one which en­ the hearts of their millions of allies dangers the possibility of an ex­ in the United States, in Great Brit­ panding world economy and conse­ ain, in the Soviet Union. quently the question of domestic The issue is the national unity of employment in the United States. 832 CHINA'S REAL DESTINY Just as surely a11 the political threat is incumbent upon us to analyze and now being made within our country understand the nature of the Chi­ by isolationist-imperialists is the nese crisis. Only then can we gauge concern of Englishmen, Russians, the problem of ,American policy to­ and Chinese, so is the internal con­ ward our Chinese ally. dition of China the concern of all There are three main roads which the rest of us. the Chinese nation c~ follow in the Pursuing this point a further step, immediate future. One leads in the consider the relation of the future direction of greater unity, greater Chinese economy to American jobs. democracy, an enhanced war effort In Teheran-Our Path in War and for the speedy defeat of Japan, ·a Peace, Earl Browder writes: more positive military and political "It is a demonstrable fact that the role in the coalition of the United economic policies characteristic of Nations. A second leads in the oppo­ 'Kuomintang' China today are oper­ site direction and would involve a ating to defeat America's interest in consolidation of the already power· an expanding Chinese market, while ful position of reaction. A third and the economic policies of 'Commu­ hardly less disastrous alternative nist' China are those most favorable than the second would see the vir­ and conducive to an exp.anding mar­ tual collapse of central authority ket. The anti-democratic, authoritar- and a breaking up of the nation into . ian internal regime of 'Kuomintang' China is based upon economic poli­ a semi-feudal regionalism. What are cies which cultivate landlordism, the trends in the relationship of speculation, market monopoly, forces within China? usury, and all sorts of profit-seeking Bureaucratic Feudalism not through expanding the economy but by parasitically preying upon Since China has been at war a economy. The democratic internal change has occurred in the relation­ regime: of the Northwest Border ship of forces supporting the na­ Region, the so-called 'Communist' tional government and the leader­ China, is based upon economic poli­ cies which limit and reduce landlord ship of the Kuomintang and from exploitation, prohibit speculative this change has arisen the critical hoarding and 'cornering of markets,' situation in which the country now give free play to economic enter­ finds itself. Almost all else that has prise in productive fields, defeat happened in China in the last four usurious practices, and encourage or five years can be traced directly profit-seeking only through the ex­ to this basic alteration in the bal­ pansion of production and in forms ance of forces. which raise the economic level of The national government and the entire community" (p. 48-49). Kuomintang of pre-1937 China rep­ Mr. Browder asks: "Is this, then, resented a combination of what has in reality a 'purely domestic issue' been loosely called the "old" and of China, toward which America is the "new" China. The big landown­ not entitled to have a policy?" ers, the money-lenders- usurers­ Being very much our business, it and the feudal bureaucracy had a CHINA'S REAL DESTINY 833 sort of tacit working agreement Soong as President of the Bank of with the new bourgeoisie, China's China in a move which was widely modern bankers and industrialists, heralded as marking a significant the new generation of capitalists. consolidation of reactionary power. And this working agreement found For it was after the latter part of expression in the role of the Kuo­ 1938 that the balance of forces in mintang. With the growth of Chi­ the government began to shift back nese participation in modern com­ to the feudal bureaucracy and Kung merce and manufacturing, activities swung with them. which in the nineteenth century had Why did this shift take place? Be­ been virtually monopolized by for­ cause the Japanese systematically eign imperialists, the balance within and thoroughly destroyed the physi­ the ruling circles naturally tended cal base of Chinese capitalism and in their direction and away from the the center of the Chinese govern­ most reactionary agricultural land­ ment withdrew geographically, po­ ,lordS. T. V. Soong, the Harvard litically, and economically to the graduated twentieth-century busi­ heart of the feudal hinterland. Prac­ nessman, became symbolic of the tically every factory, large or small, new capitalist class; his rise to posi­ was occupied or destroyed. The tions of great importance in the treaty ports, which in recent years government reflected the growing had increasingly become the centers power of those he represented. H. H. of an emerging indigenous capital­ Kung, one of the largest feudal land­ ism, were one by one taken over. lords of North China, whose home Tientsin, Tsingtao, Shanghai, Han­ was a veritable medieval fortress kow, Canton in falling to enemy -serfs, armed guards, personal hands were lost to the economic and retinue, and all-for a time spanned political structure of the Chinese the gap between the undeveloped government. back country and the modern treaty The new political base from ports, centers of the new trend. which the government operated and Kung's political oscillations between support from which retained it in reaction and progress, if charted, power was the feudal bureaucracy would be found to correspond to an of old China. The relationship of extraordinary extent with the forces in this reactionary economy changing balance of forces between has been ably set forth by the Chi­ feudalism and capitalism in the gov­ nese scholar Hsu Yung-ying, now ernment, the over-all trend being un­ associated with the Institute of Pa­ til the end of 1938 toward the latter. cific Relations. Writing in the sum­ It was he, indeed, who in that year mer issue, 1943, of the magazine contributed $10,000 to the guerrilla Ame.rasia Dr. Hsu said: forces in the north who then as now " ... the body economic of China represented the most advanced so­ has been traditionally dominated by cial elements of the country. And it landlords and bureaucrats, who live was Kung, likewise, who in the off the people, mainly the farmers, spring of this year replaced T. V. but have no , moral obligation to 834 CHINA'S REAL DESTINY participate in production. The bu· producing farmers, craftsmen, la.· reaucracy itself, moreover, is merely borers, and agricultural and indus­ a form and creature of landlordism. trial employers, as well as those Since landlordism is too nakedly ex­ engaged . in transport and trade, posed to the discontent of the peas­ have to support thE!' war and an ex­ ants, the bureaucracy lives upon panding military, civil, and party collective land rent in the form of bureaucracy in addition to the old­ taxes and thus serves to cloak the time gentry and landlords who have ugly appearance of landlord para­ not been directly incorporated into sitism. It constitutes a sort of com­ the new regime." munal landlordism, which is also That able characterization of the enabled to mobilize greater political and military power for the suppres­ increasingly dominant forces in the sion of mass discontent." Chungking government explains its inability to meet the economic, so­ How does such a feudal bureauc­ cial, political, or military needs of racy function during the war? The the war against the Japanese ag­ same author tells us: gressor. The requirements of the "When the mask of bureaucracy war are progress toward unity, to­ is torn off by modern knowledge ward democracy, the stimulation of and the social reform movement, it modern enterprise, private and co­ is quite natural for this social force operative, land reform and the sub­ which has dominated the nation for stitution of scientific for medieval centuries to seek further cover. It methods of agricultural production. is for this reason that such persis· The derivatives of a feudal bureauc­ tent efforts have been exerted to enlarge the government and semi· racy are the very opposite: hoard­ government personnel under the ing, speculation, paternalism, the pretense of mobilizing the country's choking off of the very private initi­ economic forces for defense and pre­ ative called for by the scarcity of paring the nation for socialism or production and the introduction of state capitalism. Elaborate systems parasitic, inefficient and often cor­ and plans of 'economic control,' rupt state monopolies. 'price stabilization,' 'state industry,' Official expression to the aspira­ 'industrial reconstruction,' and even tions of the reactionaries has been a program for the development of 'democracy' in the local districts, given by no less a person than the have been instituted. These mea­ President of China, Generalissimo sures present a fine appearance to Chiang Kai-shek, in a volume en­ those who are uninitiated in the so­ titled China's Destiny, which ap­ cial and economic structure of peared under his authorship early China, and are accordingly ap­ in 1943. The most notable analysis plauded. On the whole, however, of China's Destiny appeared in the the net result has been deterioration January, 1944, issue of this magazine of the country's economy and a pro­ in the translation of a brilliant crit- gressive weakening in the striking power of the armies under the Cen­ icism published in Yenan by the tral Command, while local and cen­ Chinese Communist leader Chen tral institutions have become more Pai-ta. complex and less democratic. The The thesis of China's Destiny is a CHINA'S REAL DESTINY 835 denial of internal democracy, a plea Since the first publication of the for a return to feudalism under the book, much has happened to over­ authoritarian dictatorship of the come Chinese resentment. There Kuomintang, a repudiation of inter­ have taken place, most conspicu­ national cooperation or contact on ously, notable victories against the any basis whatsoever, a demand for enemy, the historic exploits of complete isolation in a Chinese Dark American airmen at the service of Age. The very fact that it appeared the Chinese ground troops, the deci­ under such distinguished patronage sions or the Moscow and Cairo con­ and was made compulsory reading ferences. Not only the hope, but the in , the nation's educational system fact of improved relations among in the midst of China's most desper­ the Allies was at hand. Under such ate struggle for national existence circumstances, the publication early tragically bespeaks the power of re­ this year of a new edition of Cltina's action in the Chungking govern­ Destiny in which no significant ment. changes in political outlook may be It was argued a year ago with discerned is evidence that any chari­ some justification that the tone and table interpretation of the early edi­ content of Chiang Kai-shek's book tion was ill-founded. reflected the long and deep bitter­ The arch enemy of a feudal bu­ ness of many Chinese over the in­ reaucracy consists of all those ele­ excusable treatment they had ments in the economic, social, received at the hands of their sup­ political and military life of China posed allies, the United States and which are required to bring about a Great Britain. There had been the speedy victory over Japan. It is notorious period of appeasement of inherent in the nature of a back­ Japan, the almost non-existent aid ward landlord economy that it re­ to the brave Chinese defense, the sists industrialization, land reform, unspeakable closing of the Burma new agricultural techniques, capi­ supply route. Then had come Pearl talist initiative, democratic political Harbor and a joining in the war institutions, education and self-reli­ effort; but to mimy Chinese this had ance among the troops, trade union­ meant in the initial stage only the ism, representative government, collapse of "western" defenses in independent political parties, frater­ the southwest Pacific and southeast nal relations between soldiers and Asia. To the world, indeed, this had peasants, close relations with for­ meant the sorry spectacle of putrid eign allies. Its function is to turn colonialism in the hour of great­ history backward· upon itself and in est crisis. There had been, too, so doing to deny progress and vic­ the conspicuously second-class treat­ tory. If the reactionary feudalists ment of the Chinese in the early were successfully to consolidate counsels of the United Nations. their power it would be as if in the There was justification, surely, for United States the Rankins, Bilboes, bitterness and disappointment on an.d Dieses, supported by the the part of many Chinese. Hearsts, McCormicks and Patter-

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' ' 836 836 DESTINY DESTINY REAL REAL CHINA'S CHINA'S CHINA'S REAL DESTINY 337 and towns and enjoys a precarious peared, has nevertheless ably sum­ hold upon the major lines of com­ marized the conclusions which any munication. From some fifteen bases honest observer would reach. What in this region the Eighth Route he has to say is currently being sup­ Army, guerrilla detachments, local ported by the dispatches appearing militia and village self-defense units in the New York Times, the New have during the war engaged more York Herald Tribune, the Christian than 40 per cent of all the Japanese Science Monitor, and other news­ forces in China and accounted for papers from the first foreign corre­ enemy casualties in men and sup­ spondents who have been permitted plies out of all proportion to their to visit the Border Region since the relative strength in the scheme of beginning of the war. Mr. Bisson Chinese defense. writes: Under natural conditions worse "The key to the successful mobi­ than those facing "Kuomintang lization of the war potential of so­ China" and with all the obstacles of called Communist China lies in the a primitive agricultural economy extent to which its leaders have and landlordism a genuine Chinese thrown off the feudal incubus which democracy is being forged in the has .weighed China down for cen­ midst of war and for the express turies. No single measure can be purpose of winning the war. An pointed to as the open sesame which admirable and up-to-date report of has increasingly achieved this objec­ tive. Economic reforms have been this work has been made available intertwined with political reforms, in this country and in Great Britain the one supporting the other. Basic by Michael Lindsay, son of the to the whole program has been the Master of Balliol College, Oxford, land reform -which has freed the and a former teacher at Yenching peasant-the primary producer in University, who on the day of Pearl these areas, and, indeed, over most Harbor escaped to the guerrilla areas of China-from the crushing weight where he has stayed ever since. In of rent, taxes and usurious interest this country his complete report, charges as levied ·by a feudal econ­ omy. which deserves careful study, ap­ "But the ingenuity of this reform, peared in the March 31 and April without which it would hardly be 14 issues of Amerasia. Other frag­ made to work, is that the newly mentary accounts of "Democratic introduced procedures of local de­ China" have been given by other mocracy serve as the final sanction. foreigners who have passed through The landlord and entrepreneur are these centers of resistance during not excluded from this process, but the war, and a limited amount of neither are they permitted to domi­ Chinese material from Yenan has nate it. Tax assessment committee's. for example, are controlled by a found its way through the Kuomin­ majority of local members and exer­ tang censorship. Mr, T. A. Bisson, cise a strictly local jurisdiction. writing in the Fa-r Eastern Surveil Farmers know well what their of July 14, 1943, before Michael neighbors own. Lindsay's comprehensive report· ap- "Over wide areas of this new 838 CHINA'S REAL DESTINY China, elected councils - village, ago one of the most responsible' town and district-and elected exec­ spokesmen for the Chungking reac­ utive officials have completely sup­ tionaries as well as a prominent planted the old autocratic system of Kuomintang general accused these feudal agrarian China. These coun­ heroes of the Border Region of sabo­ cils and officials are either unpaid or receive mere pittances which leave taging the war. them no better off economically Kuomintang-Communist Relations than their fellow citizens. "It is this democratic process, fi­ It is plain that it is not commu­ nally, which permits a large mea­ nism that is being blockaded. Com­ sure of free competition to operate munism does not exist in North over the whole of the economy. China today. It is not brought for­ Bureaucratic price controls are not ward as an immediate program by attempted. They are as unnecessary any organized group. Michael Lind­ in this society as they would be in a say, himself not a Communist, refers New England town meeting. No briefly to Mao Tse-tung's New De­ landlord or merchant, with the mocracy. Unfortunately the volume watchful eyes of his neighbors upon him, can engage in hoarding or has not yet penetrated through un­ speculation. Within limits set main­ friendly Chinese censors; but the ly by local democratic checks, the following sentences from Mr. Lind­ individual landlord or entrepreneur say's report indicate the Communist is free, and is even encouraged, to Party's political and economic per­ expand his operations, and many spective. Mao's book, writes Mr. are doing so. Lindsay, "recognizes that under "By no stretch of imagination can present Chinese conditions a com­ this be termed Communism; it is, in munist system would be unwork­ fact, the essence of bourgeois democ­ racy, applied· mainly to agrarian able and looks forward to a long conditions. The leaders in Yenan see period of development under capi­ in this program more than the an­ talist democratic institutions . with swer to China's immediate problem only a certain amount of govern­ of efficiently mobilizing her re­ ment control and participation in sources for the war against Japan. key industries. This program con­ They see in it also the means of forms to the facts of the situation." throwing off China's feudal shackles, If it is neither communism nor the. transition to modern nation­ the specter of communism which is hood." being blockaded, what practices and Yet this is the China which is cut institutions of the guerrilla bases off from the rest of the nation by are so much feared in Chungking? an armed blockade. These are the They are nothing more nor less than troops who have not received a gun democracy. For democracy is the or a bullet, a bandage or a pill enemy of a feudal bureaucracy and from their government for four therefore cannot be tolerated by it. years. These are the millions of But is it an accident that democracy brave Chinese whom a handful of is also the one way in which China vicious bureaucrats in Chungking can achieve unity, nationhood, and try to castigate. Only a short time victory? CHINA'S REAL DESTINY 839 For some time it has been hoped Chungking government, including that at least formal progress would freedom of speech and assembly, be announced in the resolution of and the granting of legal status to the difficulties between Chungking all political parties. and Yenan. Since the middle of May As reported by the Associated parleys have been going on in Press from Chungking, Chiang Kai­ Chungking between representatives shek's counter-proposals on behalf of the Kuomintang, including of the government stipulated that Chiang Kai-shek himself, and Lin the government did not object to Tsu-han, chairman of the Border granting legal status to the Com­ Region government. These conversa­ munist Party; that the government tions have been based upon a pre­ agreed to the enlargement of the liminary agreement negotiated in Eighteenth Group (Eighth Route) Sian. As late as July 1, however, Army on . the understanding that Chou En-lai told American corre­ they would be subject to orders spondents in Yenan that "there still from Chungking; that the Commu­ is considerable distance between the nist area in northern Shensi should Government's proposals and our be placed under direct administra­ suggestions. The Central Committee tion of the Executive Yuan; that of our party is considering its reply taxation and currency in the Com­ to these proposals, hoping that a ra­ munist arQa no longer be indepen­ tional solution will be found. By a dent of the national system; and rational solution is meant one bene­ that the Kuomintang, Getleral ficial to unity in the war of resis­ Chiang's own Nationalist Party, tance and to the promotion of de­ would run the government for the mocracy, and under this principle, duration of the war, but that after our party is glad to conduct any the war there would be absolute discussion." Late in July the Chi­ equality among parties and free nese Minister of Information, Liang participation in the government. Hancchao, announced in Chungking It is evident that these govern­ that the Communists' suggestions ment counter-proposals are unac­ had been rejected. ceptable. If agreed to, they would The proposals made to the gov· place the Kuomintang bureaucracy ernrrient by Lin Tsu-han were re· in a position to destroy the Commu­ ported in the July issue of Amerasia nist Party and its armies and to as follows: first, that the regular obliterate the democratic institu­ Coirununist forces should be incor­ tions developed in North China. porated into the Chinese national Under such circumstances the prom­ army and granted equal treatment ise of equality among political par: as regards equipment, pay, and sup­ ties after the war is worthless. In plies; second, that political prison­ this connection it should be espe­ ers' should be released and the cially noted that one of the govern­ blockade against the guerrilla areas ment demands is to place the area lifted; third, that democratic re­ of northern Shensi under its .direct forms should be instituted by the administration, a point which loses 840 CHINA'S REAL DESTINY its subtlety when it is recalled that those carried on in North China. the Communist capital, Yenan, is They nevertheless constitute a very situated in that particular region. important part of the political poten­ There can be no reconciliation until tial of the country; for it is these the Kuomintang recognizes during democratic groups who in coopera­ the war the democratic institutions tion with the Communist Party will essential to whining the war and ' eventually liberate the nation from unifying the nation for the trying the stranglehold of reaction. It is post-war period of reconstruction, therefore important that we should rehabilitation and leadership among note them. the· United Nations. There is a common but mistaken notion that there are only two politi­ Democratic Forces in Kuomintang cal groups in China, the Kuomin­ China tang and the Communists. From this While the Chungking bureaucracy has derived the belief that the Kuo­ has diligently sought to prevent any mintang's insistence on one-party news from North China guerrilla rule was directed solely against the bases reaching the foreign world challenge of ·the Communists. The and has simultaneously issued its ruling group in the Kuomintang has own falsehoods regarding the ac­ nurtured that belief. On that false complishments of the Communists premise it has been possible for the and guerrillas, enough information reactionaries to spread the lie, with is a'-'ailable, as suggested abQve, to some effect, that the internal strug­ give us a balanced picture. It gle of the nation was simply one would, however, be a distortion of between the government and the the actual situation to picture the Reds. border regions as the only cham­ The real struggle in China is not pions of democracy and genuine between the Kuomintang and the anti-fascism in China. Communists. It is a struggle be­ The Chinese Communist Party is tween a small, but momentarily dom­ certainly the most powerfully or­ inant, pro-feudalist clique within ganized group now actively engaged the Kuomintang, on the one hand, in spreading and deepening Chinese and, on the other hand, the great democracy and spurring the war mass of Chinese people, including effort. But it is not alone in this role. very large sections of the Kuomin­ Throughout "Kuomintang . China" tang membership itself and, of there are forces striving to over­ course, the Communists. The reason throw the clique of Chungking re­ the reactionary clique is able to re­ actionaries so that progress can be tain power against such apparently made toward democratizing the war overwhelming opposition is that effort and speeding victory. in the democratic camp only the The suppression of democratic Communists have sufficient strength rights has been so drastic that these and organizatoin and enjoy a geo­ struggles in "Kuomintang China" graphical position that permits them have not achieved the success of to retain an organizational integrity. ~ CHINA'S REAL DESTINY 841 In Kuomintang China the opposition task of blockading and 'guarding' to reaction is scattered, unorgan­ the guerrilla areas, by the fact that ized, and often confused. some still hold private profit above Within the Kuomintang, opposi­ the national interest, by the oppres­ sion of the peasantry, and by the tion to the bureaucracy has in re­ absence of a true labor movement in cent months been boldly expressed most of our territory." * by Sun Fo, .a high official of the government and son of the revered In addition to such individual Father of the Chinese Revolution, leaders-and there are many others Dr. Sun Yat-sen. He has spoken -there exist within Kuomintang strongly in favor of close and friend­ China a number of minor political ly relations with the Soviet Union, a parties of conservatives, liberals, policy which cannot be advanced and intellectuals united on the without concurrently releasing the issue of democracy and na­ forces of democracy within China, tional unity for the war. During am~ he has spoken p.rith equal fervor the early months of 1939, when re­ against internal reaction. It is not action was again setting in after a necessary to give exaggerated period of developing national unity, weight to Sun Fo's own role as a Liang Shu-ming, Rural Reconstruc­ liberal leader to see the significance tionist leader and member of the of his position. People's Political Council at One of the truly heroic figures of Chungking, set about to bring China, Madame Sun Yat-sen, widow together for a joint effort the sev­ of the Father of the Revolution, eral small political groups which in­ speaks from a non-partisan point of dependently were ineffective. By the view calling for unity and democracy close of the year the United Nation­ to win the war. That she speaks as al Construction League, later known openly as she does indicates the as the Federation of Chinese Demo­ strength of those for whom she cratic Parties, was formed around speaks. The feudalist reaction dares the Young China Party, the Nation­ not eliminate her from the political al . Salvation Association, the Na­ scene. Last January in a message tional Socialist Party, the "Third addressed to American workers, Party," the Rural Reconstruction­ Madame Sun had this to say: ists, and the Vocational Education Group. "The Chinese people are strong in In March of 1940 the League in­ defense of their own soil as proved tervened with . the government on by their .resistance through seven the occasion of an armed clash be­ years. But reaction and fascism are tween Central Army and Eighth strong also. This is proved by the Route Army troops. In January, betrayal of Wang Ching-wei and of 1941, after the New Fourth Army many army generals, by the in­ creased ease ·with which the Japa­ Incident, in which government nese can operate in different parts troops under virtually fascist orders of our country, by the diversion of • Chungking, Dec. 15, 1943, by air mail, dis­ part of our national army to the tributed by Allied Labor News,. Januar~ 27, 1944.

and and will will rid rid be be done done itself itself mainly mainly of of treacherous treacherous by by the the elements elements

disunity disunity influence influence and defeat. defeat. the the The The Chinese Chinese job job government government can can to to

victory victory over over the the enemy, enemy, the the minority minority and and we we forces forces must must of of politically politically

be be org'anized org'anized to to be be and and actively actively strengthened strengthened engaged engaged in in for for destroying destroying

length length and and are are breadth breadth actively actively of of engaged engaged China China or or can can who who wish wish

tential tential spread spread must must give give throughout throughout material material aid aid the the to to those those who who

day day life, life, is is how how this this democratic democratic po­ policy policy can can be be simply simply expressed: expressed: we we

people people are are struggling struggling The The guiding guiding in in their their principles principles every­ of of our our war war

question question with with part. part. which which How? How? the the Chinese Chinese

own own interests interests must, must, icans icans also also and and play play China's China's a a other other allies,- the the

·The ·The question question the the United United which which States, States, faces faces can, can, Amer­ and and in in their their

lem lem China's China's allies, allies, and and particularly particularly

Actually Actually Aid Aid to to Those Those Who Who

Fight Fight

come? come? In In the the solution solution of of this this prob­

within within Kuomintang Kuomintang China. China. minable minable length length and and uncertain uncertain out­

a a part part of of the the democratic democratic potential potential and and decisive, decisive, or or will will it it be be of of inter­

ers ers and and component component groups groups constitute constitute will will the the defeat defeat of of Japan Japan be be quick quick

in in and and out out of of China. China. Today Today its its lead­ establishing establishing world world security. security. In In short, short,

theless theless gained gained widespread widespread prestige prestige tion tion ready ready to to play play a a leading leading role role in in

Harbor Harbor the the from from Federation Federation battle battle a a scarred scarred had had never­ but but united united na­

Hongkong. Hongkong. defeat, defeat, By By the the whether whether time time of of she she Pearl Pearl will will emerge emerge

most most of of whom whom were were self-exiled self-exiled in in role role in in bringing bringing Japan Japan to to an an early early

tributed tributed and and to to harass harass its its leaders, leaders, China China will will be be able able to to play play a a positive positive

of of the the Federation Federation from from being being dis­ The The problem problem remains remains whether whether

ing ing this this declaration declaration and and the the work work China. China.

to to prevent prevent all all information information respect­ plete plete their their greatest greatest contribution contribution to to

The The policy policy of of the the Kuomintang Kuomintang was was Far Far East, East, are are making making and and will will com­

army army must must be be made made truly truly national. national. Soviet Soviet Union Union and and with with China China in in the the

made made truly truly democratic, democratic, and and the the ropean ropean phase phase of of the the war war with with the the

be be basic: basic: political political power power must must be be and and Great Great Britain, Britain, allied allied in in the the Eu­

which which two two points. points. were were declared declared to to it it is is here here that that the the United United States States

ciples ciples in in the the autumn autumn of of 1941 1941 in in feat feat of of the the Japanese Japanese invader. invader. And And

called, called, issued issued a a declaration declaration of of prin­ Chinese Chinese scene scene of of course, course, is, is, the the de­

The The Federation, Federation, as as it it was was now now The The overmastering overmastering factor factor in in the the

the the internal internal conflict conflict failed. failed. victory. victory.

ished. ished. Their Their efforts efforts at at reconciling reconciling ward ward or or away away from from democracy democracy and and

the the one-party one-party dictatorship dictatorship be be abol­ decisive decisive in in turning turning the the balance balance to­

nese nese officials officials arrested, arrested, be be and and that that States States in in particular particular may may even even be be

Northwest Northwest be be lifted, lifted, that that pro-Japa­ allied allied nations nations and and by· by· the the United United

tion tion paid, paid, that that the the blockade blockade of of the the ably. ably. The The policies policies pursued pursued by by the the

prisoners prisoners released, released, and and compensa­ future future either either favorably favorably or or unfavor­

culprits culprits of of the the Incident Incident be be punished, punished, war war of of coalition coalition will will modify modify China's China's

all all such such attacks attacks be be stopped, stopped, that that the the allies allies in in the the course course of of fighting fighting a a

China, China, the the League League demanded demanded that that But But the the policies policies adopted adopted by by China's China's

the the Communist-led Communist-led forces forces in in Central Central not not done done be be just just from from the the outside. outside.

attacked attacked and and destroyed destroyed a a section section of of Chinese Chinese people people themselves. themselves. can­ It It

842 842 CHINA'S CHINA'S REAL REAL DESTINY DESTINY CHINA'S REAL DESTINY 843 and put an end to the scandalous Or, take an example from the ex­ situation which has its most noto­ treme other end of China. In the rious expression in the blockade of area between Hongkong and Can­ the northern guerrilla areas. If ton there exists an organization followed courageously and consist· known as the Kwangtung People's ently, a policy guided by that prin· Anti-Japanese Guerrilla Corps, ciple will render immeasurable aid whose achievements since the fall to all Chinese patriots. of Canton in 1938, though little · In this connection let me quote known, deserve the widest recogni­ a paragraph from Michael Lind· tion. Although for over two years say's report on the guerrilla bases the Japanese have controlled both in North China, for it illustrates in ends of the Canton-Kowloon (the specific terms what can and should Hongkong terminal) Railway they be done: · have not been able to run a single through train. In the spring of 1940 "If the Chinese had better sup· Central Government troops were plies of ammunition," he writes, sent against these guerrillas, and "the whole situation in North China again in the spring of 1942 Chung­ would be changed. A few light ma­ king organized two divisions for a chine guns or even extensive rifle punitive campaign against them; fire could make the communication but a corps that now numbers over lines in the mountains impassable ten thousand still harasses the en­ except by large forces, and the new emy in that strategic sector. When motor roads on the plain with a deep blockade ditch on either side it is recalled that the declared strat­ would be death traps for any small egy of Admiral Nimitz's forces is to Japanese forces if the Chinese could establish a beachhead on the south­ use cross fire from machine guns. east coast of China in order to open The usual small garrisons would be an ocean supply route to the inte­ practically useless if their patrols rior, the importance of strengthen­ and raiding parties, which usually ing such fighters as the Kwangtung consist of only 15 to 20 men, could guerrillas already operating in that be subjected to continual sniping by sector becomes apparent. the Chinese troops or the local vil· lage militiamen. The usual Japanese There are many other cases of fort is a tower two or three stories fighting strength remammg in high which can resist rifle fire but China. All suffer from lack of sup­ which would be useless against any plies, most are sabotaged by the form of artillery. If, therefore, the reactionary clique in Chungking, Chinese forces had a good supply and most have no direct contact of cartridges and a number of light with China's allies. Another such mountain guns, the Japanese would force, with a long record of magnifi­ lose all that they have managed to cent military achievement, is the gain in North China, and their con­ trol would again be restricted to the New Fourth Army which operated main railway lines which would be in Central China until evicted by subject to frequent interrup­ Chinese traitors but which has now tion. , ••" re-e,merged in greater strength in 844 CHINA'S REAL DESTINY Kiangsu, .Aahwei, Honan, and Hu­ and bring victory much quicker. peh. There are, moreover, many We would establish American mili­ units of the regular army, such as tary and consular representation ih the large body of troops now en­ the China Northwest Autonomous Border Region; we would insure gaged in successful fighting ·against that a share of American lend:lease the enemy on the Salween. River aid, proportionate to their share of front in China's southwest, which the fighting, reached those arqlies; deserve high priority in receiving we would urge, in the spirit of Te­ foreign aid when lend-lease mate­ heran and the Atlantic Charter, the rials really begin to flow. Chungking regime to respond to the The policy of rendering material oft-repeated appeals that have come aid to China's fighting forces must from the Chinese Communist lead­ be accompanied by consistent and ers for national unity and the be­ ginnings of a democratic regime. persistent · political pressure de­ "The Teheran concord. is already signed to liberate. the nation's maxi­ in the process of solving the many mum war effort. Americans and stubborn problems of Europe which Britons, no more than Chinese, can are, in essence, of the same nature no longer suffer the machinations of as the problem of China." the feudal bureaucratic clique The Promise of the Four-Power which blocks the development of Leadership democracy and stands in the way of victory. The promise of Teheran,. of Mos­ To sum up this aspect of our cow, of Cairo cannot be fulfilled un­ analysis, medical aid, liaison, tech­ less the United States and Great nical aid, at first small arms and Britain succeed in aiding China to ammunition, and later the materials rid herself of the incubus of feudal­ for large-scale offenSives--these are ism and develop national strength the ways in which those groups in under the stimulant of democracy. China now actively engaged in For in order to stabilize the peace, fighting the enemy can be given as­ in order to make good the military sistance. Every step that is taken victory that will be won, it is neces­ to strengthen them will not only ad­ sary that the leadership of the vance the date of victory over the United States, Great Britain, the So­ Japanese but it will also serve to viet Union, and China be a reality. weight the internal Chinese bal­ Not that there is any magic quality ance in favor of the democratic ele­ in the number four nor that there is ments. In this connection it is well a sentimental value in boosting to pay heed to the words of Earl China to a position of artificial lead­ Browder in Teheran-Our Path in ership. The issue is an entirely War and Peace: practical one. The security of the Far East, as well as a speedy and "If we would begin to apply the principles of the Teheran concord decisive victory, demands a strong, to the Far East, as eventually we democratic Chinese nation. It is not must, we would save the lives of a matter of choice, it is one of ne­ untold numbers of American boys cessity. CHINA'S REAL DESTINY 845 VVhat is called for today is the the fundamental right of presently exact reverse of the disastrous im­ dependent Asiatic. peoples to self­ perialist policy of the pre-war government, and the early adoption perio.d. That was a policy which not of measures in the political, eco­ only subjugated China but played nomic and social fields to prepare those dependent peoples for self­ a substantial roie in strengthening government within a specified prac­ Japanese fascism. The utterly tical time limit.'' shameful spectacle of .the arming of Japan by the United States and Emphasis is placed here and else­ Great Britain ~rom 1931 to almost where in the joint declaration upon the day of Pearl Harbor was the the ·importance of "mutual under­ logical, if disgusting, climax of dec­ standing" between China and the ades of mistaken policy. Soviet Union, and during his trip Signal steps have been taken in the Vice President emphasized that making amends for past errors re­ the U.S.S.R. and China were friend­ specting China. The Cairo and Mos­ ly neighbors. These statements have cow conferences gave ·formal recog­ done much to counteract the vicious nition to China's leadership. The propaganda of those Soviet-baiters renunciation of extraterritorial who claim in the same breath that rights and the repeal of discrimina­ the Soviet Union has "forsaken" tory immigration laws gave tangible China and that it is planning the recognition to the principle of equal­ forcible sovietization of that coun­ ity. A further step in recognizing, try. China's importance was the recent Through the historic agreements official visit of Vice President VVal­ of Moscow, Teheran, and Cairo we lace who directly represented Presi· have at hand the framework of the dent Roosevelt. In a }oint statement future organization of the world. issued by him and by Generalissimo China's place in that organization Chiang Kai-shek at the conclusion of has been given formal recognition. the visit these significant words ap­ It remains to make it a functioning peared: "Cognizance was taken of reality. To secure their own stake the cornerstone position of China in in regional and world security, the Asia and of the importance of China Allied nations, particularly the in any structure for peace in the United States, Great Britain and the Paciac area." Dominions, must see to it that China is enabled to assume this leader­ ship. To defeat ·Japan quickly and "Enduring peace in the Pacific " unconditionally we must ally our­ the statement said, "will depedd selves with and support the vast upon: (1) effective permanent de­ majority of the Chinese people in militarization of Japan; (2) under· standing friendship and collabora· their struggle against the feudal tion between and among ali United bureaucratic clique under which Nations willing to share in the re­ their war effort is being stified. sponsibilities of postwar interna­ China must be geared for victory tional order; and (3) ·recognition of and for world security. A COMPANY UNION OF NATIONS'? A REVIEW OF WALTER LIPPMANN'S U. S. WAR AIMS*

BY HANS BERGER

HE idea of Teheran is that the The fact that the three great pow· T victorious termination of the ers must constitute the core of every war and the assurance of peace for world organization does not at all an extended period depend on the mean that the smaller nations will close post-war cooperation among be oppressed. On the contrary, as the great powers of the anti-Hitler the history of modern imperialism coalition, the United States, the So­ shows, the small nations have al­ viet Union and England. This con· ways been the victims of imperialist cept is so simple and clear contradictions and war. All too often that it is obvious to the common they have been mere pawns on the man and to common sense. If this chessboard of imperialist rivalries. conception remains the guide also If these rivalries are eliminated or in the most complicated situations, , reduced to a minimum, then there then the evil of a new war will be will be a period of security for the avoided. After this war the United medium and the small nations~ of States, the Soviet Union and Eng· real independence, of genuine sov­ land will be the mightiest military ereignty. For the medium and smafi and economic powers of the world. nations the fact that the Big Three Collective security after the war must constitute the core of every means therefore, above all, the readi· effective post-war world organiza­ ness of these three powers, through tion will be only an affirmation that mutual understanding, to prevent any they cannot bear the material and conflict from developing into a war military responsibility for collective and to nip in the bud any intended security. If, therefore, the medium aggression. Any post-war world or­ and small nations cannot constitute ganization which is not constructed the core of a new world organiza­ on this fundamental necessity is tion, it is not because they are "bet­ hopelessly doomed to failure. In ter" or "worse" than the Big Three his book Teheran Earl Browder has -the character of a nation has noth· shown with indefeasible dialectic ing to do with its size-but only the consequences of an anti-Teheran because they are too weak to pre· policy. vent aggressors from aggression. ___ But, despite this, the voices of • u. s. War Aims, by Walter Lippmann. Little, the smaller and less powerful states Brown, 1944. $1.50. in the council of the nations will be 846 A COMPANY UNION OF NATIONS? 847 of great importance. Their opinions, the principle of collective security tbeir development, their achieve­ and its implementation through the ments will always play an import­ nuclear alliance of the United States, ant role in the future development Great Britain, the Soviet Union and of the world. This will be the more China. Of course, the style and man­ so when their security and sov­ ner of argumentation remain Lipp­ ereignty will be guaranteed and mannesque, but the . spirit of the they will be freed from the necessity new book is the collective mentality of playing balance-of-power politics of those circles represented by or of being the tool of stronger im­ Hoover, Taft and Vandenberg. To perialist interests, as was their un­ read it is to understand why this happy fate, not only )before the erstwhile champion of Willkie has First World War, but especially af­ turned into the troubadour of a ter the defeat of German imperial­ Dewey. ism in the years following 1918. Lippmann, of course, sees the pos­ In his book of a year ago, U.S. sibility of a long peace ahead. He Foreign Policy: Shield of the Re­ states: public, Walter Lippmann very suc­ cessfully proved the bankruptcy of "We shall not be deceiving our­ selves when we believe that a great isolationism as a national policy. and long peace is within our reach, Without subscribing in toto to his and that we face an opportunity un­ interpretation of American history, like any that has presented itself one could readily see that his con­ for centuries." (p. 5.) clusion as to the necessity for every sound American policy to have done The virtue of seeing peace possible with isolationism once and for all for a long time ahead is truly ques­ was a service to the country. In that tionable if the only means to achieve book Lippmann came to the practi­ this goal is destroyed, as Lippmann cal conclusion that the "nuclear alli­ sets out to destroy it. He does so by ance of the United States, Great offering in place of collective securi­ Britain, Russia, and China" must be ty through the "nuclear alliance" of the basis of the future foreign policy the big powers an ersatz system of of the United States. Apparently the monstrous balance-of-power politics Qpinion he held then made Lipp­ through the organization of "orbits." mann a supporter of Wendell Willkie. * * * He who hoped to find in Lipp­ Lippmann divides the world into mann's newest book, U.S. War Aim.s, four communities or orbits. The first an elaboration of this principle will is the Atlantic Community. It con­ be disappointed as he was disap­ sists of forty-two states: U.S.A., pointed that Willkie was defeated United Kingdom, France, Argentina, in the Republican Party and the Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, policies of the Hoover-Taft-Vanden­ Canadq, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, berg combination were victorious. Cuba, Denmark, Dominican Repub­ Lippmann has turned his back on lic, Ecuador, Ireland, Guatemala, 848 A COMPANY UNION OF NATIONS? Haiti, Honduras, Iceland, Liberia, The second community is the Luxemburg, Mexico, the Nether• "Russian orbit": "The boundaries of lands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, the Russian orbit are not clearly Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, defined. But it certainly extends the Commonwealth of the Philip­ from Prague to Vladivostok, from pines, Portugal, Salvador, Union of Eastern Europe to the shores of South Africa, Spain, Uruguay, Vene­ Eastern Asia and its heart is the zuela. Aside from these states, Swe­ Soviet Union." (p. 83.) Therefore, den, Italy, Greece and Switzerland included in this orbit are appar­ would also belong to the Atlantic ently: Poland, Finland, Czechoslo­ Cominunity. vakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Ru­ Lippmann calculates the popula­ mania, Austria, and Turkey. Lipp­ tion of these forty-two states at mann does not specify all these 522,000,000. But these figures do not countries as belonging to the Rus­ include the inhabitants of the colo­ sian orbit. But they are not in­ nies of these countries. In this Atlan­ cluded in the list of states of the tic Community there are all the Eu­ Atlantic Community and, since he ropean states with colonial posses­ divides Europe into an Atlantic sions: England, France, Belgium, Community and a Russian orbit, Holland, Portugal, Spain, Italy. they must belong inferentially to Why Lippmann .leaves out the colo­ the Russian orbit. If Lippmann does nial populations is not quite clear, not enumerate all these states as although he may have in mind that explicitly as he does the states of sooner or later they will: become in­ the Atlantic Community, it is per­ dependent nations: "Colonial policy · haps because he is not yet sure can no longer be the sole preroga­ whether Turkey, Austria, Yugo­ tive of the imperial states, and will slavia, etc., could not by invocation have to be set by consultation and to the goddess Geopolitics be grant­ agreement" (p. 35). ed. to his Atlantic Community. But since this may not be the The third community (a la Caesar case on the day after victory, all of old, Lippmann does his dividing these colonies with their populations into three parts), is the· Chinese will belong to the Atlantic Com­ orbit.* If China is stabilized it will munity for the time being. For become the heart of the smaller should Lippmann set up the Atlantic states like Indo-China, Burma, Thai­ Community only after "consultation land and the Malay States. Lipp­ and agreement" in regard to the mann says nothing about Korea. In fate of the colonies with Great Bri­ reference to the relation between tain, France, Belgium, the Nether­ China and the Soviet Union he de­ lands, etc., it would mean not a little clares: "China and the Soviet Union delay until this Atlantic Community will have to come to terms along could be organized and his geopo­ their great Asiatic frontier." (p. 93.) litical dream realized. And Mr. In addition to the stated orbits. Lippmann gives no indication of be­ • Lippmann resenres the term "commuftity" only ing willing to wait. for the Atlaatlc CommWlity. A COMPANY UNION OF NATIONS? 849 there is also something, very much The organization of the former, con­ in the dark, which Lippmann calls sisting of forty-two nations, is in­ "emergent Asia." He sees the emer­ tended to prevent the United States gence of an independent India and from ever again finding itself in so sovereign Moslem states, and refers dangerous a situation as in 1941-42, to the danger to peace that might when it saw itself standing alone arise from the stirring of the Asiatic against the power of German and peoples, if the members of the At­ Japanese imperialism, victorious in lantic Community acted independ­ Europe, Africa and Asia. ently of one another in relation to The organization of a Russian China, the Middle East, India, orbit is intended to guarantee secur­ Burma, the Malay States and the ity to the Soviet Union against a East Indies. Likewise, he sees a dan­ new German attack. ger to peace in case the Sovfet Union and the Atlantic nations be­ * * * come rivals and potential enemies in relation to China, India, and the If one analyzes Lippmann's At­ Middle East. lantic Community it becomes clear The basis for the security of the at once that the main reason for individual states lies, according to the formation of the Atlantic Com­ Lippmann, in the communities or munity cannot be the danger of a orbits. War between the members new aggression by Germany. For of a community should be absolutely the power which has had the great­ excluded through common measures est share in the defeat of German and agreements. No country of one fascism, the Soviet Union, is not community should have the right included in this Community. If Lipp- to make c.greements, excludmg other , mann wanted to create a new world powers of the community, with any organization which was directed country of another community. against a new German aggression Within an orbit or community peace it would be impossible to do so is to be guaranteed through regional without making an alliance with the security. The guarantee of peace be­ Soviet Union as the keystone. That tween the communities, however, becomes even clearer if one views will depend on the complete non­ the forty-two states that· are sup­ interference of the nations of one posed to guarantee exclusively the community in the affairs of the na­ security of the United States against tions of the others. We shall see a new German aggression. A large later that Lippmann has two stand­ number of these nations are of at ards of non-interference, adjustable least as great importance to the to his ideas of the fitness of things. security of the Soviet Union, as of Lippmann sees the experiences the United States, against a new with German and Japanese imperial­ aggression by Germany. It is not ism as constituting the grounds for comprehensible why the security of the organization of the Atlantic France, England, the Scandinavian Community and of the Russian orbit. countries against a new German 850 A COMPANY UNION OF NATIONS? aggression should be of any less sig­ to organize all these nations exclu­ nificance to the Soviet Union than sively in an Anglo-American Com­ to the United States. From the stand­ munity. Such an attempt would point of building up security against doubtless come into sharpest conflict a new German aggression the Soviet with the interests of all nations Union has surely the same interest which have been attacked or threat­ as the United States in firm agree­ ened by German imperialism and ments with a large number of na­ have to live on as neighbors of Ger­ tions which Lippmann appropriates many. Such a policy is in sharpest exclusively for the Atlantic Com­ contradiction to the policies enunci­ munity. ated by the responsible statesmen And what about the interests of of the United Nations. the European states among these Doubtless the United States, as forty-two - for instance, France, well as the Soviet Union and Eng­ England, Holland, the Scandinavian land - and Lippmann emphasizes countries? From the viewpoint of these ideas quite correctly-view security against a new German ag­ certain territories as the most im­ gression their interests are not suffi­ mediate security zones: Panama, Ire­ ciently protected by far through land, the Belgian and French coasts, their membership in the Atlantic eastern Europe. But besides these Community. The interests of these there are a large number of terri­ countries lie in the prevention of a tories in which both the Big Three new German aggression. They do and the peoples inhabiting them not want to experience again what have exactly the same common in­ they have experienced during the terest in adopting jointly all neces­ past five years. They do not want sary measures against a new ag­ to find themselves again in a situa­ gression by Germany. The Atlantic tion where they have had to wait Community is therefore not an or­ for years to be liberated. And what ganization which offers the nations is more reasonable than that they the maximum security against a should enter also-and in time-into new German aggression, but consti­ especially close relations with that tutes, through exclusion of the So­ power which has its tested and viet Union, a blow against the se­ mighty armies on the borders of curity of the European nations and, Germany, the Soviet Union, the therefore, in the last analysis, also power which has proved itself a bul­ a blow against the security of the wark of the freedom of the peoples? United States. For the security of From this understandable point of the United States, against a new' view it follows that the interest of German aggression in Europe with a large number of nations in the its dangerous consequences for the closest relations with the strongest American continent, is best served military power of Europe cannot be through a firm alliance with the any less than in the closest relations greatest European military power, with the United States and England. the Soviet Union, and with the An American realist cannot attempt greatest European sea power, Eng- A COMPANY UNION OF NATIONS? 851 land. Lippmann himself admits this many in the Atlantic Community is when he writes: "At enormous cost somewhat provocative. For he says: and danger Germany has been stopped from winning this war by "This conclusion will at first be the formation of the Alliance which, unpalatable to the Western coun­ if it had existed before, could have tries which would have to receive Germany into their trading com­ prevented the war." (p. 115.) Why munity; it well may be highly sus­ does he act then as though oblivious pect to the Russians on the ground of the fact that the leading and that it extends the political influ­ decisive powers of this alliance dur­ ence of the Western states to the ing this war are not just any col­ very frontiers of their strategic lection of nations, not the "Atlantic neighborhood. Yet these first reac· Community," but the U.S.A., the tions must be weighed against the Soviet Union and Great Britain? alternatives. "The permanent isolation of Ger­ many is not a solution of the Ger­ * * * man problem. The attempt to iso­ late Germany will surely fail if it The horns of the dilemma spike is extended beyond the time when him when it comes to the question her victims, and the Germans who of Germany. now oppress them, are still in active To what orbit should Germany life. The peoples of the world will belong after the war? Lippmann de­ not spend many long years super­ clares quite correctly that "our pri­ vising Germany in a rdorm school. mary war aim must be unalterable: Eventually Germany must have a it must be to make it as impossible recognized place of her own in the for Germany to hold the balance of scheme of things. The real alterna­ power in Europe as for Japan to tives are a place in the Atlantic Community or in the Russian orbit." hold it in Eastern Asia." (p. 177.) (p. 122.) Lippmann also foresees correctly that the defeated German imperial­ Lippmann dismisses lightly the ists will attempt to play the western question as to whether there will powers against the Soviet Union and not be countries in Europe that will vice versa, and warns against this tire of being watchful of Germany, trap. But what is going to become as for example the Soviet Union. finally of a disarmed, democratic As far as he is concerned, Germany Germany? Such a Germany, Lipp­ is to be included in the Atlantic mann thinks, must finally be in­ Community, outside the realm cluded in the Atlantic Community; where the Soviet Union has some­ And why in the Atlantic Commun­ thing to say. And in order to prove ity? "It will be safer for all of that Germany cannot come into the Europe and also for Russia," he Russian orbit he becomes slightly answers, "if Germany becomes de­ childish. His argument reads: pendent upon maritime commerce." Lippmann himself feels that his pro­ "But in the Russian orbit there posal for the incorporation of Ger- is no place for Germany which is 852 A COMPANY UNION OF NATIONS? safe and tolerable for the Eastern tic Community for a little "trading." States or for the Western. A Ger­ But Lippmann who, of course, many integrated with Russia would wants to be considered a serious be a dangerous and menacing in­ politician quickly dismisses the ternal enemy of the Soviet Union. childishness and comes to the real The very essence of Pan-Germanism, grounds for the necessity of incorpo­ which is. German infiltration and rating Germany into the Atlantic domination to the East, would re­ main in the form of a subversive Community: movement in the Russian orbit. Moreover, a Germany facing East "And as the inclusion of Germany would be a crushing weight upon within the Russian orbit would the political and economic life of bring it to the shores of the Atlan­ the border nations from Poland to tic, this solution would be intoler­ the Danubian cour.trlCs and the able for the Western world." (Em­ Balkans." (p. 123.) phasis mine-H.B.) Lippmann perfor-ms here a very For the Soviet Union, of course, ordinary trick. The Germany that it just has to be quite tolerable that, will be brought into the Atlantic through the incorporation of Ger­ Community is a gentle lamb, it has many in the Atlantic Community, naturally discarded all its traditions the power of the Atlantic Commun­ of winning the western powers for ity will be extended to the "stra­ an anti-Bolshevist crusade against tegic borders of the Soviet Union!" the Soviet Union. It apparently From the manner in which Lipp­ never had and never will have im­ mann handles the future position of perialist designs against the western Germany in Europe it becomes still powers and the other nations incor­ clearer to everyone that the Atlantic p6rated in the Atlantic Community Community is not in the first in­ ("The very essence of Pan-German­ stance a system of collective secur­ ism ... is domination to the East.") ity against a new German aggres­ For the western powers and the sion. other nations of the Atlantic Com­ Lippmann talks about the neces­ munity Germany suddenly is no sity of maritime trade for a future danger. (The Chamberlain thesis Germany. That means, of course, newly decked out!) (One can even trade more or less under control of hear Germany together with Walter the United States. But the control Lippmann demanding of the Soviet of German trade means control of Union "really true Democracy.") German economy and finance. Can The same defeated Germany, how­ any serious· political commentator ever, becomes "dangerous and men­ discuss the future of Germany's acing" for the Soviet Union when trade and finance without mention­ the question of the "Russian orbit" ing the problem of reparations, es­ is raised. Then Lippmann places pecially to the Soviet Union and the himself protectively before the So­ other devastated countries? Can any viet Union, changes the wolf into a serious man doubt that the whole -lamb and invites it into the Atlan- problem ef German reparations will A COMPANY UNION OF NATIONS? 853 be a very important factor in the all possible, and naturally, in the shaping of the economy, finance and first place, Germany. Lippmann is trade of Germany for years to come? not organizing the cordon sanitaire But Lippmann says not a word of 1918-1919. He knows that that is about German reparations. He ex­ not possible now. Therefore he rec­ cludes the Soviet Union from any ognizes the "Russian orbit." But his kind of control over Germany, puts Atlantic Community is basically Germany unilaterally under the con­ nothing but a "dignified" world cor­ trol of the western powers and seri­ don sanitaire. It includes in reality ously proposes to the Soviet Union 80-90 per cent of the world under that it be satisfied with having con­ the leadership of the United States tributed its great share to the defeat and England-England playing the of Germany and that it leave all role of the junior partner: a) the the rest to his "Atlantic Commun­ major part of Europe and all colo­ ity." If a policy of provocation nies; b) China and the small Asiatic against an ally is realism, then powers, under the ,economic and Walter Lippmann is indeed an emi­ financial leadership of the U.S.A.; nent realist. Lippmann does not take c) emergent Asia under the leader­ into consideration that the Soviet ship of the U.S.A. and England. Union· and many European nations War will be excluded only within have had all too costly experience the orbits. But there will be "no with such exclusive "community" world order of peace." There will control of Germany. And we Ameri­ be big blocs hoping tor a happy-go­ cans are in a world war as a result lucky pragmatist way out. Lipp­ of such "control." No, Mr. Lipp­ mann states: mann, the old saying of Heraclitus still holds: "You cannot st.ep into "Quite evidently the crucial ques­ tion of how long and how confident the same river twice." can be the peace after this war will Lippmann can simply not solve be determined by the maintenance the question of the problem of the of the substance of the alliance be­ future of Germany in any other way. tween the Russian orbit and the .For '.since his starting point is not Atlantic Community. Whether there the policy of Teheran, but rather is to be a third world war in the the organization of blocs, there is twentieth century depends upon no possibility of common control of whether the Russians come to rest Germany by the great powers, but ' within their orbit, the Atlantic only the inclusion of Germany in a states in theirs, and whether they new war-breeding bloc! then concert their policies toward Germany and Japan.... I do not Lippmann treads on dangerous say that such a concert of power is ground because he has organized his a world order of peace. But I do .Atlantic Community not as a guar­ contend that such a concert must antee against a new German aggres­ be achieved in order to found a sion but against the Soviet Union. world order." (p. 91, emphasis 'Therefore he wants to bring into the mine-H.B.) Atlantic Community everything . at "' "' . 854 A COMPANY UNION OF NATIONS? Lippmann's Atlantic Community, If one examines the list of the Inc., stands revealed in its anti­ forty-two states which Lippmann Soviet intent when, in Chap­ includes in the Atlantic Commu­ ter 11, dealing with the rela­ nity it is obvious that he is not very tions of the U.S.S.R. and the "choosy"; he overlooks the inter­ U.S.A., our author sharpens anew nal regime of many of these na­ the old ideological weapons for a tions. But to the Soviet Union he crusade against the U.S.S.R. He de­ puts, as the precondition for real clares bluntly that if the Soviet collaboration, an ultimatum to ac­ Union does not accommodate itself cept his measurement of democ­ to "western ideas" about democracy racy. And this in relation to our then there cannot be close collabo­ great ally, the Soviet Union, which ration with it, even if there are no can well hold its own where de­ differences on any other questions, mocracy is concerned, and which even if the Soviet Union should has also shown since 1917 how it passionately accept the Atlantic reacts to direct and indirect inter­ Community! He writes: vention. Crusader Lippmann could save "As long as this inequality exists himself much trouble before under­ [between the internal regime of taking his demarche for the "demo­ the western powers and that of the cratization" of the Soviet Union, Soviet Union-H.B.] there cannot were he to reckon with the Soviet be true collaboration between the Soviet Union and the Western people themselves. How the people world. There can only be a modus of the Soviet Union think about vivendi, only compromises, bar­ their internal condition, about their gains, specific agreements, only a socialist democracy, they have diplomacy of che::ks and counter­ proved by their military front and checks." (p. 141, emphasis mine-­ by their home front to the entire H.B.) world. The. people of the Soviet Union are apparently of the opin­ And further: ion that "their basic political and "We owe it to the Soviet people human liberties" are well estab­ to say that however correct may be lished in their country. In the land our diplomatic relations, they will of socialist ·democracy there is no not be really the good relations they discrimination or restriction against need to be until the basic political people because of race; there is no and human liberties are established unemployment; there obtain, not in the Soviet Union. Only then will only the formal, but also the mate­ the~e be full confidence, and a free rial conditions of equal opportunity. intercourse on a basis of full equal­ Soviet civil rights are not ham­ ity. Fur between states that do not have free institutions and those that pered by special laws, groups, and do have them, international rela­ interests. Mr. Lippmann may be tions must necessarily be special sorry that the Soviet people have and restricted." (p. 148, emphasis not organized a Republican Party, mine--H.B.) but apparently the Soviet people A COMPANY UNION OF NATIONS? 855 didn't consider such a party neces­ nist Parties in the forty-two states sary for their progress. of the Atlantic Community and in The gigantic struggle of the peo­ the entire world. Lippmann even ple of the Soviet Union against Nazi demands that the Soviet Union Germany is the most magnificent should support this dirty work. historic plebiscite of peoples for · Were Lippmann to become our Sec­ their country, their .leadership, and retary of State his envoys and dip­ their institutions, for their belief in lomatic agents would intervene their future. everywhere for the suppression of Mr. Lippmann might well ponder the Communist Parties, in France, the words of so hard-boiled a leader in Spain, in Italy, in Belgium, in of American Big Business as Eric Yugoslavia, in China and finally Johnston that the continuation and also in a Germany liberated from intensification of our relations with Hitler. How wretched! With all his the Soviet Union demand the recog­ learning, Lippmann gets no further nition that there shall be no intol­ than a Dies, a Hearst, or a Hamil­ erance of one to the other as re­ ton Fish! gards social set-up and political Naturally, as Secretary of State, philosophy. Walter Lippmann would with suc;h But Lippmann proposes interven­ a policy enter the field of most dan­ tion into internal conditions of the gerous adventure if he attempted to U.S.S.R. as a pre-condition for post­ become the driving force through­ war collaboration. He invites the So­ out the world for the suppression of viet Union, nay, he demands of her the Communist movement. For the to become a party in intervening in Communist Parties have won the the internal conditions of other right by their struggle against fas­ countries! He demands that the So­ cism to play a significant national viet Union should participate in a role in the life of their nations after crusade of suppression of all Com­ the war also. munist Parties. He writes: Who would attempt to suppress the Communist Parties in Yugo­ "Actually it would serve the Rus­ slavia, in France, in Italy, in sian interests not only to repudiate, Greece, in Norway, in Belgium, as . she has already done, interna­ etc.? Certainly not democratic tional communism, but to look forces, but only forces of reaction. without disfavor upon the legal out­ lawry and suppression by demo­ In many countries the attempt to cratic states of all .,.evolutionary suppress the Communist Parties parties, (p. 153). would mean provoking civil war and make impossible the mainte­ Thus, Lippmann brazenly bares nance of democratic institutions. the true character of his fu­ How would Lippmann go about ture "democratic" community. suppressing the Communist Party of According to this policy the United France or of Yugoslavia, and whom States should be the driving force would he choose as companions in for the suppression of the Commu- this kind of "democratic" activity? 856 A COMPANY UNION OF NATIONS? How would Lippmann attempt, for withstood the hell of fascism and of example, to suppress the Commu­ war, whose influence has grown nist Party in China? Lippmann ad­ mightily as a result of their self­ mits that the split between the Kuo­ sacrificing boldness and steadfast­ mintang and the Communists was ness, would doubtless also with­ effected with the help of past poli­ stand the persecution staged and cies of the United States. (p. 20) advocated by the Walter Lipp­ . What have been the consequences? manns. Lippmann can't do worse A bloody ten-year civil war, a tragic to the Communists than H~tler with delay in unification and modern de­ his quislings has done. Yet him velopment of China, the strength­ they have withstood. Lippmann ening of Japan-to the detriment . would go bankrupt with his policy of all the United Nations. just as did a certain Herr Metter- Lippmann refuses to admit that nich in the nineteenth century, only the Communist Parties are not a much more rapidly-however, not product of the Soviet Union, but are without tragic consequences for all the product of the conditions in the concerned. various countries, and that they will become in many countries, * * * more than ever before, important Walter Lippmann's book shows factors for a policy of long-lasting that the time has come to distin­ peace, of the unification of the la­ guish not only between isolationists bor movement, of· the establish­ and non-isolationists. There is a ment of real, democratic national non-isolationist policy as represented fronts, and of social progress for by Teheran. This is the non-isola­ their people. In attempting to direct tionism to which the peoples, gov­ the foreign policy of the United ernments, and armies of the United States along the path of interven­ Nations stand committed. But we tion in the internal affairs of other find cropping up in certain circles · nations, Walter Lippmann would a non-isolationism which is nothing make the United States a supporter, but aggressive imperialism and nay, a leader, of the worst interna­ which attracts the most reactionary tional post-war reaction, around isolationist elements. These circles, whom would rally all defeated fas­ experiencing the tremendous mili­ cists, all defeated aggressors, all tary and economic power of our exiled quislings, all those who can .country, are ready to become dizzy never learn. Such a policy would with success and would like to not only make America hated and treat the world as Montgomery detested by the great masses of peo­ Ward in Chicago tried to treat his ples, it would not only have its employees. They would like, so to dangerous reactionary consequences speak, to substitute for the collec­ internally, but it would also be in­ tive security by United Nations a evitably doomed to failure. The company union of nations-"The Communist Parties, which have Atlantic Community." RESOLUTIONS

ADOPT,ED BY THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF THE COMMUNIST POLITICAL ASSOCIATION, MAY 20-23, 1944

LATIN AMERICA

[The Main Resolution, on the Re­ Hull's decision to withhold recogni­ port of Earl Browder, appeared in tion from the Bolivian junta, and the J,une issue, foHowed by further to suspend relations with the Far­ resolutions in the issues of July and rell-Peron clique in Buenos Aires. August. With the resolutions pub­ We hope and believe that these steps lished in the present number, the will be followed by other measures series adopted by the Convention is for cooperating with the democratic conclud.ed.-The Editors.] forces in the continent and with­ drawing every semblance of sup- THE Hitlerite enemy has long port from such pro-fascist and sub­ 1• been preparing political and versive groups as the Mexican military diversions in the Western Sinarchists and the agents of the Hemisphere, in the desperat.e hope Spanish Falange. To this end the of delaying or disrupting the Anglo- rectification of our relations with American invasion of Europe and Spain is essential, for while Franco of torpedoing the growing anti- remains the link· between Hitler Axis unity ot and within the Amer- and American fascism, the demo­ icas. A center for these operations cratic peoples of Latin America are has been established in Argentina, bound by the closest ties of tradi­ where the G.O.U. military dictator- tion and culture to the Spanish ship subjects a great .democratic Republicans struggling for the unity people to fascist terror in order to and liberation of their fatherland. carry on the task assigned it by Ber- 2. Labor in the United States, lin. The fascist coups in Bolivia and particularly the C.I.O., has made Paraguay, as well as the happily some progress in developing ira­ unsuccessful attempt on the life of temal relations with the Confedera­ the Mexican President, Avila Ca- tion of .Latin American Workers­ macho, have convinced our govern- Latin America's great trade union ment that the pro-Axis dictatorship movement. This must be developed in Argentina-the first completely further. Friendship and solidarity fascist regime to be established on among the labor and people's move­ Latin American soil-has aggres- ments of all the American republics sive ·designs against the peace and will serve the national interests of security of the hemisphere. each of them, and the. oommon We applaud Secretary Cordell cause of the United Nations. 857 858 RESOLUTIONS 3. We need to begin planning of reactionary and defeatist groups now for the deepening of the Good in this country to rob them of these Neighbor policy and its projection gains through reactionary attacks into the post-war reconstruction on Governor Tugwell and the Roose­ period. Rapid industrialization of the velt Administration. We call upon Latin American countries, and a ris­ our government to take immediate ing living standard for their peo­ steps toward the liberation of ples, are indispensable to the main­ Puerto Rico and its recognition as tenance of our own present levels an · independent nation and will of production. Private industry and support all constructive moves government, in conjunction with all which will facilitate this. the United Nations, must work to­ 5. We hail the Presidents and gether in opening up these great peoples of Mexico, Cuba and Chile, new American frontiers. Long-term through whose efforts the great credits at minimum interest rates, anti-fascist fighter Victoria Coda­ gove~ment-under'¥ritten, will be villa has been freed from the Ar­ required. Policies and practices of gentine terror. We urge the govern­ international cartels or of U.S. ment of Chile to sever all relations monopolies which infringe upon the with Nazi Germany and the Axis. national sovereignty, obstruct the In the interests of the Brazilian na­ industrial and democratic develop­ tion, which is making such splendid ment, and exploit the peoples of the contributions to victory over fas­ other American nations must be cism, and in those of the whole curbed by inter-American govern­ hemisphere, we call upon President mental intervention. Getulio Vargas to release the pa­ 4. The maintenance of the Puerto triot Luis Carlos Prestes. We ask Rican nation in colonial bondage, our own government to use its great against the will of its people, is in­ influence in behalf of the thousands consistent with the aims of our na­ of labor leaders and anti-fascists tional war effort and harmful to our imprisoned in Argentina and Para­ relations with Latin America, as guay and to help save the lives of well as the peoples of Asia and hundreds threatened with execu­ Africa. We defend the democratic, tion in El Salvador. This will social, and economic gains achieved hearten the heroic anti-fascists of by the Puerto Rican people through all lands, especially in the countries the Popular Democratic Party and enslaved by the Hitlerites and Jap­ the trade unions and popular anese. It will bring added strength movements. We condemn the efforts to the United Nations and peoples.

ANTI-SEMITISM

S AMERICA gears itself mili­ perate. As part of their fifth-column A tarily and morally for the great activity they are more intensely re­ Western invasion of Europe, the pro­ sorting to anti-Semitic agitation, with fascists are growing daily more_ des- the . purpose of confusing, dividing RESOLU'l'IONS 859 and weakening our national war featist press and the defeatist sec­ effort. tions of Congress. It should alarm The anti-Semitic assaults and acts America that those charged with of vandalism in Boston, New York, sedition, in the midst of our war for Connecticut, Chicago, and other national preservation, should be places were not accidental, discon· able to draw aid and comfort from nected incidents. They were and some in high places who still re­ are the preliminary skirmishes of main free to work for their defeatist planned and organized attack: At­ designs. tack at one and the same time on The vast majority of the Ameri­ our Jewish fellow-citizens, and on can people recognize anti-Semitism our national unity and national for what it is, as an attempt to de­ integrity. base American life, and an en­ Anti-semitism is degeneracy, deavor to recreate in our country moral, social, and political. It is a that Nazi horror from which Europe weapon in the hands of the most at long last is about to be freed. reactionary elements in our society, The American people reject the fas­ of the anti-democratic forces, of the cist slanders against the Jews, who, fifth column, used with the inten­ in the tradition of Haym Solomon tion of undermining our national during the War for Independence, unity and of corrupting the moral have played an honorable part in fibre of the weak and the misled, so every struggle for the freedom and that these elements, their ethical liberty of our country. In every com­ sense destroyed by participation in munity iri which we live, in factory the baiting and assaulting of Jews, and in office, in every camp and on may be better tools for the destruc­ every ship, on fighting front and tion of the liberty of the American home front, we see our Jewish fel­ people as a whole. This is how the low citizens working, fighting, and fascists have used anti-Semitism in dying-heroically, as did bombardier Germany and this is how the Hit­ Meyer Levin and thousands of lerite outpost is using anti-Semitism others-in patriotic participation in in our country. The fomented anti­ the war our country is waging Jewish outbreaks are a form of against the Axis. Nazi invasion of America. Like the system of Jim-Crow against Negro Over the entire land a democratic citizens, they are a part of the false movement is growing to destroy the and anti-scientific Hitlerite theory Hitlerite anti-Semitic virus. We of a "master race." greet with warmth the formation of The criminal technique of the the National Committee Against merchants of anti-Semitism is cyni­ Nazi Persecution and Extermination cally disclosed in the treason trial of the Jews, headed by Justice at Washington-in the anti-Jewish Frank Murphy-an inter-party, maneuvers of the indicted to turn inter-faith, national-unity commit­ from themselves the floodlight of tee, the leading national center in accusation. This arrogance stems the fight against anti-5emitism in from their connections with the de- our country and abroad. 860 RESOLUTIONS Labor especially has recognized the "America First Party," the in anti-Semitism, as well as in "Christian Front," the Ku Klux Negro-baiting and Red-baiting, a Klan, and all other such un-Ameri­ weapon of fascism for weakening can, traitorous organizations in and destroying the working-class whatever guise they may seek to organizations, the backbone of anti­ reconstitute themselves. We urge fascist national unity. The national full support for the speedy passage bodies of labor-C.I.O., A. F. of L., by Congress of the Lynch Bill and Railroad. Brotherhoods-have (H.R. 2328) to bar from the United condemned anti-Semitism. We ap­ States mails all race-defaming mat­ peal to all trade unionists every­ ter, and for all further legislation where to intensify the struggle to outlaw anti-Semitism, to make against the fifth columnist pur­ anti-Semitic activities a 'Federal veyors of racial and religious crime. hatred. We appeal to the miners, Anti-Semitism is anti-American­ with their splendid tradition of la­ ism: Its eradication is the concern bor solidarity, not to permit the de­ and task of every American who featist insurrectionist John L. Lewis holds dear the moral fiber of Amer­ to pollute the well-springs of labor ica, the democracy ant\ national brotherhood with the Hitlerite sew­ freedom of his country. No honor­ age of anti-Semitism. It is the duty able American can abstain from the of the trade union movement to re­ battle, no decent man . or woman pudiate and rout such confederates can stand on the sidelines. of reaction in its ranks. We urge the indictment and ar­ At this Convention we pledge to raignment before the bar of justice intensify our efforts in cooperation of Gerald L. K. Smith, Charles with all other patriotic forces Coughlin and all other fascist ring­ joined in the battle to destroy Hit­ leaders of anti-Semitism and race lerism and the Nazi blight of anti­ hatred. We urge the dissolution of Semitism in American life.

WAGNER-MURRAY-DINGELL SOCIAL SECURITY BILL (S. 1161-H.R. 2861)

,....-uiE Wagner-Murray-Dingell Bill employment insurance. It creates .I_ is a vitallegi~.btive proposal that a Federal-State public assistance unifies, expands and improves exist­ program; It extends the coverage of ing social security legislation. It is social security to include, in the a great step forward toward achiev­ main, the entire working popula­ ing an adequate national system of tion of the country. It provides so­ social security. cial security protection for service­ This measure creates a Federal men. It inaugurates a system of health insurance system. It unifies maternity benefits. and extends on a national scale, un- This bill should be resolutely RESOLUTIONS 861 supported. It should also be security during and after the period strengthened to provide adequate of reconversion. unemployment insurance benefits An adequate national social se­ for the entire period of unemploy· curity program enactf!d now would ment. be a war weapon of democracy­ Passage of this measure is not an inspiration for all Americans on only vital as a timely measure of all the war fronts, at home. and post-war adjustment but is equally abroad. It is the responsibility of all necessary as immediate war legis­ Americans and especially of the lation. Cutbacks and preparations labor movement to secure the for reconverting from war to civi­ widest understanding of the pro­ lian production are taking place visions and effects of the Wagner­ now during the war. The eleven Mumiy-Dingell ·social security million Americans in the armed measure and to organize the full services, and the millions in war weight of American patriotic will and essential civilian production are for its early enactment into law. vitally concerned that measures be To this effort this Convention taken now to provide for their pledges its unqualified support. HISTORIC DOCUMENTS

STATEMENT ON THE SOVIET UNION'S RELATION TO POLAND

[Following is the text of the that it considers the military opera­ statement of the People's Commis­ tions of the Red Army on the terri­ sariat of Foreign Affairs of the tory of Poland as operations on the U.S.S.R., published on July 25.] territory of a · sovereign, friendly, allied state. In conection with this, ~E People's Commissariat of the Soviet Government does' not in­ .I. Foreign Affairs of the U.S.S.R. tend to establish on the territory of has been entrusted by the Soviet Poland organs of its own adminis­ Government to make the following tration, considering this the task of statement: the Polish people. The Red Army, successfully ad­ It has decided, in view of this, to vancing, has reached the state fron­ conclude with the Polish Committee tier between the Soviet Union and of National Liberation an agree,­ Poland. ment on relations between the So­ Pursuing the retreating German viet Command and the Polish Ad­ armies, Soviet troops, together with ministration. the Polish army operating on the The Soviet Government declares iDoviet-German front, have crossed that it does not pusue aims of ac­ the Western Bug River, have crossed quiring any part of the Polish ter­ the Soviet-Polish frontier and have ritory or of a change of social · entered the limits of Poland. Thus a structure in Poland, and that the beginning of \he liberation of our military operations of the Red long-suffering brother Polish peo­ Army on the territory of Poland are ple from German occupation has dictated solely by military neces­ been made. sity and by the striving to render Soviet troops have entered the the friendly Polish people aid in its limits of Poland filled with one de­ liberation from German occupation. termination: to rout the enemy Ger­ The Soviet Government expresses· man armies and to help the Polish its firm confidence that the fraternal people in the task of its liberation people of the U.S.S.R. and Poland from the yoke of the German in­ will jointly bring to a conclusion vaders and of the restoration of an the struggle of liberation against independent, strong, and democratic the German invaders and will lay Poland. a firm foundation for friendly So­ The Soviet Government declares viet-Polish collaboration. 862 HISTORIC DOCUMENTS 863

AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE U.S.S.R. AND THE POLISH COMMITTEE OF NATIONAL LIBERATION

HE Government of the Union of of the U.S.S.R. shall operate on the T Soviet Socialist Republics and territory of Poland. the Polish Committee of National Article 4. Contact between the Liberation, desiring that relations Soviet Commander-in-Chief and the between the Soviet Commander-in­ Polish Committee of National Lib­ Chief and the Polish Administra­ eration shall be maintained through tion on the territory of the Polish the Polish• Military Mission. Republic after the entry of Soviet Article 5. In the zone of direct troops to the territory of Poland be military operations, contact between resolved in a spirit of friendship, Polish administrative organs and have concluded the present agree­ the Soviet Commander-in-Chief ment to the following effect: shall be maintained through the Article 1. In the zone of military delegate of the Polish Committee of operations on the territory of Po­ National Liberation. land after the entry of Soviet troops, Article 6. As soon as any part of supreme power and responsibility in the liberated territory of Poland all affairs relating to the conduct of ceases to be a zone of direct mili­ the war for the time necessary for tary operations, the Polish Commit­ the execution of military operations tee of National Liberation shall fully shall be concentrated in the hands assume the direction of all affairs of the Commander-in-Chief of the of civil administration. Soviet troops. Article 7: All personnel of Soviet Article 2. On Polish territory lib­ troops on the territory of Poland erated from the enemy, the Polish shall be under the jurisdiction of the Committee of National Liberation: Soviet Commander-in-Chief. All (a) Sets up and directs in conform­ personnel of the Polish Armed ity with the laws of the Polish Re­ Forces shall be subordinated to public administrative organs which Polish military laws and regula­ the latter establishes; (b) Carries tions. The civilian population on out measures for the further organ­ Polish territory shall also be under ization, formation and replenish­ the latter jurisdiction, even in cases ment of the Polish army; (c) In­ of crimes committed against Soviet sures active assistance of organs of. troops, with the exception of crimes the Polish Administration to the So­ committed in' the zone of military viet Commander-in-Chief in the operations, which shall be under execution of military operations by the jurisdiction of the Soviet Com­ the Red Army and in meeting its mander-in-Chief. In disputable requirements and needs during its cases the question of jurisdiction territory of Poland. shall be decided by mutual agree­ Article 3. Polish military units ment between the Soviet Comman­ which are formed ·on the territory der-in-Chief and the delegate of the 864 HISTORIC DOCUMENTS Polish Committee of National Lib­ formed on the territory of the eration. U.S.S.R. Article 8. For the entire duration Article 10. The present agreement of joint military operations of Soviet takes effect immediately after it is troops and the Polish armed forces, signed. The agreement is made in the latter shall be subordinated op­ two copies, each in the Russian and erationally to the Supreme Com­ Polish languages. Both texts are mand of the U.S.S.R., and in mat­ equally valid. ters relating to organization and (Signed) personnel to the Chief c!ommand of On behalf of the Government of the Polish Armed Forces. the Union of Soviet Socialist Re­ ATticle 9. A special agreement publics: shall be concluded as regards finan­ MOLOTOV cial and economic problems relating On behalf of the Polish Commit­ to the stay of Soviet troops on the tee of National Liberation: territory of Poland, also relating to OSSUBKA-MORAWSKI Polish armed forces which are being Moscow, July 26, 1944. New Books on American

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