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Downloaded From IP - 111.93.2.162 on dated 6-Jan-2015 tomato (Pan tomato in A provitamin and 2003) Hanneman, and (Bamberg (Kovacs wheat durum in content protein as such crops, some of value nutritional the raise to used been also have They 2001). Corsini, and (Pavek potato and 1997) Khush, and (Brar Trin.) GermplasmConservedattheICRISAT Genebank o xrm lmt o arclue n is motne is importance its and agriculture of limits extreme adaptation to for potential immense has (SAT), tropics (Malik wheat in resistances increasing disease towards been have improvement crop in relatives wild of impacts economic The characterized. been have accessions conserved of proportion small a of only and CWR in exists that variability genetic fraction total the a only conserving are genebanks World’s collectors. germplasm from attention due received not have species wild landraces to compared importance, their Despite productivity. species crop sustain to key wild becomes from resistance for genes additional of incorporation and discovery the ofdiseases, and pests biotypes the virulent in narrow results is pressure variability selection genetic and of range the or low are to resistance various biotic and of abiotic stresses in levels cultivated germplasm the When programs. for breeding contributors gene potential as agro-ecosystems of components important are (CWR) relatives wild Crop Introduction (Received: 17March2014;Revised:1July Accepted: 9September2014) 502324, Andhra Pradesh Genetic Resources Unit,InternationalCrops Research InstitutefortheSemi-AridTropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru- HD Upadhyaya*,KNReddy, SubeSingh,MIrshadAhmed,VinodKumarandSenthilRamachandran Geographical GapsandDiversityinDeenanathGrass( Indian J.PlantGenet.Resour. DOI 10.5958/0976-1926.2014.00001.1 DOI *Author forCorrespondence: Email: er mle, n motn co o te semi-arid the of crop important an millet, Pearl Key Words: Crop wildrelative, Germplasm,Mapping,Probability, Variation ( grass Deenanath of accessions 134 conserves ICRISAT, at genebank The habit and higher levels of resistance to downy mildew make the Deenanath grass important. grass Deenanath the make mildew downy to resistance of levels higher and habit traits quantitative for (H`) diversity Mean fodder. green (H`=0.591 of were cuttings 1 early cluster for of source accessions promising (2,247) a tillering as high considered and days) (43 flowering Early maximum potential. scored yield 21850 forage IP and for (2,247) (9) tillers total maximum per produced tillers 21821 productive IP of Accession number 1261. and to 1142,247 to from 275 from tillers/plant total of 21 number days, in 109 to provinces 43 from 194 indicated ranged flowering FloraMap 50% to days and using annual were aceessions All gaps. developed geographical as and Asia of map countries probability predicted A countries. eight from et al et ., 1998), calcium content in potato in content calcium 1998), al., et ., 2000). ., 0.010) was higher than that for qualitative traits (H`=0.284 traits qualitative for that than higher was 0.010) + 27(2):93-101(2014)

[email protected] t al et , 03, rice 2003), ., downy mildew resistance (Singh and Navi, 2000). Navi, and (Singh resistance mildew downy of levels higher for source important an as considered sowing. of days 80-90 after taken is cut one Usually, crops. arable two left between period in small the in well in fits it duration, short a rainfall (Mukherjee annual mm 500-1500 receiving areas eroded in poor, soils on even well grows and grass thin- stemmed and leafy luscious, growing, quick is It 1). (Fig. inflorescences fluffy big with annual tillering profusely 1997). (Schmelzer, crops field in weed important an is it Cameroon, of north In Australia. northern in crops sorghum grain in weed a as known is It India. and Africa West in distributed widely sterile cytoplasm A cytoplasm sterile Hanna (1989) reported the development of a stable male form weedy the and P. pedicellatum wild the the of of remainder consists genepool tertiary The 1992). (Hanna, potential yield forage outstanding and growth vigorous pests, most to resistance like characters desirable with perennial, rhizomatous a is It genepool. secondary the in species known only the is grass) (napier purpureum , the wild progenitor wild the glaucum, cultivated includes millet (Lane scenarios climate changing under increase to expected t al et , 07. h piay eeol f pearl of genepool primary The 2007). ., 0.089). Early flowering, high tillering high flowering, Early 0.089). + , 92. s hg yedn gas of grass yielding high a As 1982). al., et Trin., pedicellatum 4 Pennisetum from the ssp. the from

also called as Deenanath grass. It is ssp. glaucum P. pce including species Pennisetum Pennisetum pedicellatum Pennisetum enstm glaucum Pennisetum

. pedicellatum P. pedicellatum ssp. glaucum P. monodii. stenostachyum Trin.) Pennisetum provided byICRISATOpenAccessRepository a also was monodii ssp. is a is brought toyouby .

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Downloaded From IP - 111.93.2.162 on dated 6-Jan-2015 Indian J.PlantGenet.Resour. of accessions 134 of total a assembled millet, pearl including relatives wild their and crops mandate its of germplasm the for repository world the being genebank ICRISAT variability. the increase to important is areas collecting missions in the unexplored and under-explored gaps, assess agronomic geographical performance and launching identify germplasm to collections existing of assessment Critical 2009). Gowda, and (Upadhyaya etc. projects irrigation for habitats plant of destruction overgrazing, settlements, human etc.), hazards fire floods, (droughts, catastrophes natural concomitant and change climate varieties, and improved landraces with relatives of wild replacement to due mainly risk, is at centuries over accumulated variability genetic The documentation and distribution of plant genetic resources. evaluation, characterization, conservation, collection, for need a is there programs, improvement crop the to 94 To ensure the availability of large genetic diversity genetic large of availability the ensure To Fig. 1.Plantof HD Upadhyaya,KNReddy, SubeSingh,MIrshad Ahmed, Vinod KumarandSenthilRamachandran Pennisetumpedicellatum 27(2): 93-101(2014)

n eautd o ses h dvriy o nac the improvement. millet pearl enhance in germplasm of to utilization diversity the assess to evaluated and pedicellatum in gaps geographical identified study, present the In nature. in occurrence its map and assess to difficult it makes and patchy and scanty often is species any of Mauritania, Tanzania and USA. Geographical distribution (14), Mali (3) and one each from Central African Republic, pedicellatum P. the climate of the country/region. A probability density probability A country/region. the of climate the on depending variables three the of each to allocated be components are uncorrelated or orthogonal. Weights can few these Also characteristics. climatic the of variation first few components, which contribute to the maximum select and site collection each for variables) three the of 12 of (set dataset dimensional 36 this of dimensionality the reduce to used is analysis component Principal tool. collection sites from the database provided along with the temperature, diurnal range in temperature) to each of the assigns maximum and minimum rainfall, (monthly data climate FloraMap nature. in species particular any distribution of likely most the showing maps create can to agroclimatic and other linked databases, specialists software user-friendly its With organisms. of set calibration a of points collection the at climates the by described distribution normal multivariate a to belongs record climate a that probability the calculating on based is system FloraMap The number). (accessions identifier unique a with site sampling the of and longitude) (latitude coordinates geographic the is software FloraMap the in input basic The collection. the in gaps of areas probablepedicellatum the predict to used was Gladkov, 1999) and (Jones (CIAT) Tropical Agricultura de map. onpolitical Internacional Centro at developed tool GIS a FloraMap, all accessions plotting was by accessions verified 121 for coordinates of accuracy and the information location having accessions for gaps the fill to retrieved were coordinates geographic 2000), Atlas, World Interactive Encarta (MS atlas electronic reports and catalogs. Using the Microsoft Encarta Microsoft the Using catalogs. and reports coordinates was updated verifying all records, collection location of collecting precise sites and corresponding on geographic information for the particularly of collection, data Passport countries. eight from genebank of accessions 134 with out carried was study present The Methods and Materials enstm pedicellatum Pennisetum germplasm assembled at ICRISAT genebank curne n ietf geographical identify and occurrence from India (57), Cameroon (56), Niger (56), Cameroon (57), India from sebe a ICRISAT at assembled ® , an , P. P. P. P. www.IndianJournals.com Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale

Downloaded From IP - 111.93.2.162 on dated 6-Jan-2015 seed shape and color (IBPGR and ICRISAT, 1993). ICRISAT, and (IBPGR color and shape seed yield potential (on 1-9 score, 1 = poor and 9 = good), and Linear Unbiased Predictors (BLUPs) were calculated for Balanced 1971). Thompson, and (Patterson 12 GenStat in model) (random random as accessions considering method (REML) Likelihood Maximum Residual (17 farm ICRISAT on conditions field under season rainy 2007 the collections. with past of sites along collection map the in area) (shaded shown were identified provinces the All identified. were made, been (>70%) areas, where no collection or few collections have probability image the and on the provinces overlaid with high were probability sites sampled or sites Collection site. collection single as treated were coordinates same of probability the estimating While collection. germplasm for recommendation and interpretation for considered were 70% than greater probabilities the and generated was map probability The data. rainfall monthly the to applied was 0.5 to 0.3 of power a with exponential transformation an and temperature) in range diurnal variables (monthly rainfall, minimum and maximum temperature, climatic three the to allocated were weights population. While working on the passport dataset equal the for a location finding of probability the out find to function is calculated on these few uncorrelated variables uy Co rcie a aa ds o DP o 150 of @ DAP ha of kg dose basal a received Crop July. during row the within cm 75 of distance plant to and plant cm 100 of distance row to row a with of length row 8-m single a in days 10-15 after transplanted were leaves 2-4 having seedlings and mix small soil red with in cups germinated were seeds The India. Andhra Pradesh, sea), from away km 600 and level, sea above (on 1-9 score, 1 leaf blade shape, leaf color, panicle shape, bristle length 1000-seed weight (g), stem (cm), color, leaf blade exsertion pubescence, panicle (mm), thickness panicle (cm), length panicle (cm), width blade leaf (cm), length blade leaf (mm), thickness stem (no.), tillers productive (no.), on days to 50% flowering, plant height (cm), total tillers representative were selected to record observations crop was protected from weeds. For each accession, five The provided. was irrigation saving Life transplanting. Rhodustolf) field at Patancheru (18 Patancheru at field Rhodustolf) Indian J.PlantGenet.Resour. P. pedicellatum P. aa n gooi tat wr aaye using analyzed were traits agronomic on Data during characterized were accessions 134 the All -1 and 100 kg urea as top dressing 20 days after days 20 dressing top as urea kg 100 and 0 48’N) in alfisol-Patancheru Soil Series (Udic Series Soil alfisol-Patancheru in 48’N)

=

Geographical GapsandDiversityinDeenanathGrassGermplasmConservedattheICRISAT smallest and 9 occurrence, multiple accessions with accessions multiple occurrence, 27(2):93-101(2014)

=

longest), green fodder o , 79 N, o , 4 m 545 E, and need exploration (Table 1). (Table exploration need and important source regions for provinces) and Senegal (23 provinces) (29 were found as the Faso Burkina provinces), (38 in Mali countries mainly 16 Africa, in provinces 156 of total a Similarly, regions. source important the as Asia in Thailand and Laos, 14 in provinces provinces in Myanmar, 10 3 provinces India, each in in Nepal provinces 8 identified image and Mozambique and Madagascar in Asia Africa. The probability in Thailand and Myanmar Laos, in also detected were areas (>70%) probability predicted high addition, In past. the in made been have collections no high many where Asia, and Africa that in found were areas revealed probability also it addition, In 2). (Fig. the in areas primary and few secondary centers of from diversity for only pearl millet are collections the existing that revealed FloraMap using developed image Overlaying of collection sites on the predicted probability Results one accession (IP 21850) scored maximum (9) for forage Only (1736). IP 22091 IP (1766), 22071 (1791), IP (1772), 22220 21866 IP by followed tillers) (2247 tillers total maximum produced 21821 IP cm. 230 than more 21850, IP IP 21849, IP 21862, 21861, IP 21845 and IP IP 21864 grew 21853, IP yield. fodder green for source promising the as found and cm 248 of height maximum a to grew and days) 106 (in late flowered 21853 IP cm. 50 than longer leaves produced 21836) IP and 22072 IP stems of >7.5 mm thickness. Three accessions (IP 21849, accessions (IP 21850, IP 21861 and IP 21846) produced three Only stems. purple produced remaining and stems h acsin t maue n cmae phenotypic diversity. compare and measure to accessions the all over traits quantitative 11 the and traits qualitative nine the of each for estimated was 1949) Weaver, and (Shannon (H`) index diversity Shannon-Weaver The 1960). (Leven, test Leven’s by tested was variances of Homogeneity 1939). Newman, 1952; (Keuls, procedure for means The different traits were compared using the Newman-Keuls collection. entire the and clusters among the characters agronomic 11 for calculated were variances and range 10 mean, The first components. of principal scores using performed was (1963) to Ward according analysis Cluster 5.1. traits GENSTAT quantitative using 11 of data standardized using out carried was (PCA) analysis component Principal 1986). Werner, and (Schonfeld trait each and accession each About 50 per cent of accessions (67) produced green P. pedicellatum

germplasm 95

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Downloaded From IP - 111.93.2.162 on dated 6-Jan-2015 (123 accessions) or obovate (11 accessions) shape. accessions) (11 obovate or accessions) (123 accessions All best. the produced brown colored seed either as with elliptical shape 9 and poorest the being 1 yield potential and 23 accessions scored 8 on a 1-9 scale, Indian J.PlantGenet.Resour. Sudan Senegal Nigeria Niger Mozambique Mauritania Mali Malawi Madagascar Guinea-Bissau Guinea Gambia Chad Cameroon Burkina Faso Benin Thailand Nepal Myanmar Laos India Country Table 1. 96 Provinces with high probability for occurrence of pedicellatum Equatoria, Upper Nile, Darfur, Bahr el Ghazal, Central Ghazal, el Bahr Darfur, Nile, Upper Equatoria, Thies, Kebemer, Tivaouane, Bambey, Diourbel, Mbacke, FCT, Yobe, Taraba, Borno, Sokoto, Katsina, Adamwara, Tillabery, Dosso,Zinder, Tahoua andMaradi Nampula, Zambezia, Cabo Delgado, Manica, Sofala and Hodh echChargui, HodhelGharbiand Assaba Douentza, Niono, Youvarou, Goundam, Niafunke, Southern Antananarivo, Mahajangaand Toliary Gabu, Bafata,Bissau,Biombo,OioandCacheu Kindia, LabeandKankan North Bank, Upper River, Maccarthy Island, Lower River Ouaddai, Chari-Baguirmi, Mayo-Kebbi, Logone Orienta, Adamoua, Extreme-NordandNord Kadiogo, Bougouriba, Gourma, Boulgou, Seno, Atakora andBorgou Central, NorthernandNortheastern East, Centraland West Arakan (Rakhine), Bago (Pegu), Chin, Irrawaddy, Kachin, Oudomxay, Vientiane (Munic.), Bokeo, Luang Prabang, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Provinces identified and Kordufan Ziguinchor and Bignona Sedhiou, Tambacounda, Nioro-Du-Rip, Matam, Kedougou, Gossas, Kaffrine, Mbour, Velingara,Kolda, Bakel, Fatick, Kaolack,Foundiougne, Linguere, and Bauchi Kano Jigawa, Niger, Kaduna, Kebbi, Plateau, Tete Yanfolila, Kolokani, Kita,KatiandKangaba Bougouni, Baraoueli, Bafoulabe, Kenieba, Tominian, Koulikoro, Dioila, Banamba, Yorosso, Djenne, Segou, Bla, Diema, Yelimane, Bandiagara, Kadiolo, Kayes, Kolondieba, Koutiala, Bankass, Nioro, San, Mopti, Nara, Koro, Tenenkou, Macina, Sikasso, and Western Guera and Salamat Moyen-Chari, Tandjile,Occiden, Logone Boulkiemde, BamandKossi Oubritenga, Houet, Kenedougou, Sanmatenga, Houn, Zoundweogo, Passore, Bazega, Nahouri, Mou Sissili, Poni, Soum, Yatenga, Comoe, Ganzourgou, Sanguie, Sourou, Namentenga, Tapoa, Gnagna, Kouritenga, Sagaing, Shan, Tenasserim and Yangon Mon, Mandalay, Magwe, Kayah, (Karen), Kawthulei Vientiane andSayabouri Vientiane 2, Khammouane, Savannakhet, Xiangkhouang, Maharashtra, Orissaand West Bengal indifferent countries HD Upadhyaya,KNReddy, SubeSingh,MIrshad Ahmed, Vinod KumarandSenthilRamachandran 27(2): 93-101(2014) Pennisetum length and width and panicle length. panicle and width and length blade leaf for variation of range high showed 3 cluster in Accessions weight. seed 1000 and exsertion panicle 50% flowering, plant height, total tillers, stem thickness, to days for variation of range high with diverse highly were 1 cluster in Accessions performance. agronomic on origin geographic of effect no revealed accessions of Clustering accessions. 60 with cluster third USA the formed and Niger Republic, African Central accession from one each and (15), Cameroon (42), India from accessions and accessions 29 having cluster second the one accession each from India, Mali and Tanzania formed with 45 accessions; accessions from Cameroon (26) and (13), Mali (2) and Mauritania (1) formed the first cluster 3). The accessions from Cameroon (15), India (14), Niger scores of these three PCs resulted in three clusters (Table the on conducted analysis cluster hierarchical A (PCs). components principal three first from variation total of 71% captured traits quantitative 11 of data standardized using out carried (PCA) analysis component Principal Analysis Cluster variation. large shown had yield and leaf blade width (1-2.3 cm), which contribute for fodder cm) (16-53 length blade leaf 2247), to (275 from tillers/plant total of number cm), (73-248 height plant like traits important Similarly, 109. to 43 from ranged and annual completed life cycle in one season were and days to flowering accessions All 2). (Table collection the in diversity considerable the indicating traits the all genetic variance components were highly significant for that indicated (REML) Likelihood Maximum Residual Analysis REML differences among the clusters for significant these traits. Variances indicating weight 1000-seed and thickness height, productive tillers/plant, leaf blade width, panicle and were heterogeneous for days to 50% flowering, plant 1960) (Leven, test Leven’s by tested were traits the all for panicle and seed traits. Homogeneity of variances of promising as found was 3 Cluster yield. fodder high of stems long and broad leaves forming an important source good source for late flowering accessions, with tall thick the as found was 2 cluster whereas accessions, tillering was found as the best source for early flowering and high 1 Cluster 2). (Table exsertion panicle except characters values indicated significant mean differences among the for clusters for all significance of test Newman-Keuls Variances and Means www.IndianJournals.com Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale

Downloaded From IP - 111.93.2.162 on dated 6-Jan-2015 Mean 1000-Seed weight(g) Panicle exsertion(cm) Panicle thickness(mm) Panicle length(cm) Leaf bladewidth(cm) Leaf bladelength(cm) Stem thickness(mm) Productive tillers(no.) Total tillers (no.) Plant height(cm) Days to50%flowering. Range 1 1000-Seed weight(g) Panicle exsertion(cm) Panicle thickness(mm) Panicle length(cm) Leaf bladewidth(cm) Leaf bladelength(cm) Stem thickness(mm) Productive tillers(no.) Total tillers(no.) Plant height(cm) Days to50%flowering. Days to50%flowering. Table 2.Range,meanandvariancesfor different traitsof 2 Panicle exsertion(cm) Variance Panicle thickness(mm) Panicle length(cm) Leaf bladewidth(cm) Leaf bladelength(cm) Stem thickness(mm) Productive tillers(no.) Total tillers(no.) Plant height(cm) 1000-Seed weight(g) Trait Indian J.PlantGenet.Resour. Variances weretested usingLeven’s test. MeansweretestedusingNewman-Keuls test.Meansfollowedbydif 1 2 Geographical GapsandDiversityinDeenanathGrassGermplasmConservedattheICRISAT 27(2):93-101(2014) 0.2-2.1 (-)6.7-3.7 5-20 10-20 1-2.33 16-53 2.7-8 114-1261 275-2247 73-248 43-109 0.3 4.9 14.8 3.3 0.1 56.8 1.2 41966.9 104557.6 1122.5 126.7 1.1 -0.3 11 15 1.7 36 5.1 420 823 181 89 collection Entire +0.0 +0.0 +1.0 +1.0 +0.1 +0.0 +0.1 +18.0 +28.0 +3.0 +0.2 0.2-2.1 (-)6.7-3.7 4.7-18.4 10.4-17 1.0-2.3 16.4-41.7 2.7-6.4 223-1261 500-2247 73-218 43-109 0.3 4.7 15.6 2.7 0.1 37.2 0.8 52220.5 117690.9 993.4 138.9 11.4b 1.0b 13.7b 1.5b 29.1c 4.2c 579.6a 1095.0a 153.1c 79.2c 0.2a Cluster 1(45) P. pedicellatum 0.3-1.2 (-)4.4-3.7 5-9.7 10.4-17 1.4-2.4 35.4-53.0 4.7-8.0 167-742 420-1248 192-248 88-107 0.1 4.7 1.4 2.3 0.1 16.2 1.0 14540.9 45513.7 234.4 37.4 7.5c 0.6c 14.4bb 1.8a 41.3a 5.9a 336.9b 779.0b 221.1a 98.2a -0.1a Cluster 2(29) ferent lettersweresignificantatp=0.05; germplasmassembledandevaluatedatICRISAT genebank 0.4-2 (-)6-3 8.4-20 12-20.4 1.2-2.2 24.5-51.7 3.5-7 114-637 275-1056 124-217 72-103 0.1 4.8 10.2 2.0 0.1 36.1 0.6 19666.7 34707.4 291.5 35.8 13.2a 1.5a 15.9a 1.8a 38.5b 5.4b 341.4bb 639.5c 182.9b 92.8b -0.8a Cluster 3(60) F value 14.02 11.02 1.77 0.54 6.56 0.01 1.45 4.69 2.83 9.32 6.76 <0.0001 <0.0001 0.175 0.587 0.002 0.989 0.238 0.010 0.063 0.0002 0.002 P 29505.00** 64889.00** 515.00** δ 10.09** 32.16** 70.71** 0.67** 2 0.16** 4.70** 2.28** 0.05** g 97 www.IndianJournals.com Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale

Downloaded From IP - 111.93.2.162 on dated 6-Jan-2015 areas ofitsoccurrence (shaded area) Indian J.PlantGenet.Resour. of distribution Geographical 2. Fig. difficulties involve CWR for strategy collection the and cultivated wild relatives’ germplasm are basically same. However, for resources genetic of activities The scientists. improvement crop large the to of variability availability genetic the ensure to essential is areas explored under and unexplored in missions collection germplasm launching by variability the Increasing Discussion 0.089). (H`=0.284 traits qualitative for that than higher was Mean diversity for quantitative traits (H`=0.591 (H`=0.632 diversity highest the had thickness stem traits, quantitative among and diversity 0.089) 0.696+ (H`= highest the had potential yield fodder traits, qualitative the values Among traits. among variable diversity were (H`) The 4). (Table traits quantitative 11 to compare phenotypic diversity for nine qualitative and The Shannon-Weaver diversity index (H`) was calculated Diversity Phenotypic 3. it cluster in and exsertion panicle clusters for high was all in similar was width blade leaf for Variance 1. cluster in high was weight 1000-seed width and and length panicle length, blade leaf thickness, stem tillering, height, plant flowering, 50% to days for 98 HD Upadhyaya,KNReddy, SubeSingh,MIrshad Ahmed, Vinod KumarandSenthilRamachandran 27(2): 93-101(2014) Pennisetum pedicellatum Pennisetum 0.010). + + 0.010) + collection at ICRISAT genebank and the high (>70%) probability (>70%) high the ICRISATat and collection genebank ipra o pal ilt uprig h peito of pedicellatum P. prediction the supporting millet pearl of and dispersal origin the to closely quite matched study present the in generated map probability The 1). (Table 2) (Fig. regions source for important 16 the in as provinces Africa 156 in of countries total a and Asia in countries five in provinces 38 of total a indicated has FloraMap using developed image probability The study. present pedicellatum the in gaps geographical of identification for been useful has and species of distribution geographical genebank managers. and genebank collectors germplasm assist to method powerful a is species a of distribution potential the map to data climate corresponding and data passport of analyze to the collection of cultivated species. The use of GIS tools for recommended strategy the follow to feasible always not is it precise, not and old very often are data location and vegetation natural in uncommon rather are relatives catalogs, literature and through herbaria, correspondence. Because, the floras, wild different from gathered to need be which etc., maturity of time location, precise ofspecies, distribution geographic of identification in . pedicellatum P. lrMp a I to i vr ueu t ko the know to useful very is tool GIS a FloraMap, olcin t CIA gnbn i the in genebank ICRISAT at collection curne n ifrn rgos (Appa regions different in occurrence emls ad ed exploration need and germplasm P.

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Downloaded From IP - 111.93.2.162 on dated 6-Jan-2015 hn h iouu’ lvl ae ih Snh n Navi and Singh high. are levels inoculum’s the when cultivated germplasm, their resistance could be overcome success. a mission collection the make to collect different species in one collection mission and essential is CWR of knowledge overall the Therefore, times. different at mature species different Generally, species before embarking on actual germplasm collection. of distribution the for literature and catalogs fauna, and flora different through go to important is it 2003), al., et (Marilia sites collecting germplasm the of and regions eco-geographic of representation cartographic precise provide tools GIS the Though, Australia. northern and western Tanzania, Ethiopia, islands, Verdiane Cap of Schmelzer 1977). (1997) reported the Brunken, occurrence of 1999; Wet, de and Rao No. Cluster Table 3.Cluster wiseP. pedicellatum 1 2 3 Indian J.PlantGenet.Resour. lhuh eitne ore wr ietfe in identified were sources resistance Although countries conservedattheICRISAT genebank USA Country Niger Mauritania Mali India Cameroon Tanzania Mali India Cameroon Niger India Cameroon Rep. C. African Geographical GapsandDiversityinDeenanathGrassGermplasmConservedattheICRISAT 22089 IP No. 22095 22094, 22092, 21876, 21875, 21874, 21873, 21872, 21871, 21870, 21869, 21868, 21867, 22148 21866, 22088 22091, 22220 22085, 22082, 22075, 22074, 22071, 21884, 21883, 21881, 21863, 21806, 21805, 21795, 21858, 21859,21860 21834, 21832, 21824, 21822, 21821, 21820, 21817, 21816, 21814, 21813, 21812, 21811, 21864 21865 21807 21861, 21862 21857, 21856, 21855, 21854, 21853, 21852, 21851, 21850, 21849, 21848, 21847, 21846, 21845, 21844, 21843, 21842, 21840, 21839, 21838, 21831, 21829, 21828, 21815, 21809, 22093 22081, 22083,22084,22086,22087,22219 22080, 22079, 22078, 22077, 22076, 22073, 22072, 21893, 21892, 21891, 21890, 21889, 21888, 21887, 21886, 21885, 21882, 21880, 21879, 21878, 21877, 21808, 21804, 21802, 21801, 21800, 21799, 21798, 21797, 21796, 21794, 21793, 21792, 21791, 21790, 21789, 21841, 21941,22090 21837, 21836, 21835, 21833, 21830, 21827, 21826, 21825, 21823, 21819, 21818, 21810, 21803 27(2):93-101(2014) accessionsfrom different P. pedicellatum in parts Mean-qualitative traits Seed color Seed shape FYP (1-9score) Bristle length(1-9score) Panicle shape Leaf bladeshape Leaf color Leaf bladepubescence(P/A) Stem color Qualitative traits Trait Mean-quantitative traits 1000-Seed weight(g) Panicle exsertion(cm) Panicle thickness(mm) Panicle length(cm) Leaf bladewidth(cm) Leaf bladelength(cm) Stem thickness(mm) Productive tillers(no.) Total tillers(no.) Plant height(cm) Days to50%flowering Quantitative traits Se in traits different for (H`) diversity Shannon-Weaver 4. Table Se Mean-all traits Se et al et only due to its production poor regeneration short-term capacity for (Bhagavandoss used be can It fodder. green of cuttings early for source promising a as considered (maximum 2,247 total tillers) accessions of tillering cluster 1 high were and days) (43 flowering Early programs. the P. in pedicellatum traits important for observed variation Large importance. agronomic of traits to addition abiotic in and/or stresses biotic to resistance possess important they more when are species Wild disease. the from of but accessions (129) two all that reported and Patancheru ICRISAT, mildew ( mildew wild millet relatives belonging to 12 species pearl for resistance to downy of accessions 539 screened (2000) + + + ., 1989). ., ICRISAT genebank P. pedicellatum Sclerospora graminicola Sclerospora P. pedicellatum P. collection is useful in crop improvement germplasm assembled and characterized at . pedicellatum P. can stand several cuts a cuts several stand can (Sacc.) J. Schröt) at Schröt) J. (Sacc.) s opeey free completely as 0.284 0.000 0.123 0.696 0.625 0.019 0.375 0.000 0.290 0.426 Diversity index(H`) 0.591 0.534 0.611 0.566 0.613 0.619 0.591 0.632 0.563 0.556 0.625 0.589 0.089 0.053 0.453 0.010 99

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Downloaded From IP - 111.93.2.162 on dated 6-Jan-2015 f etay eeol priual on particularly genepool, tertiary of species on depend to have may we resistance, of levels higher of needs future for but requirement, present the to downy mildew in the cultivated pearl millet may meet and Ortiz, 2000). The availability of sources of resistance from traits useful transfer to used be could biotechnology in (Dujardin and successfulHanna, 1989). If not required, recent advances were techniques conventional using between pearl millet and species of the tertiary genepool and male female sterility. Attempts high to produce in inter-specific hybrids result usually crosses Inter-specific techniques. special using by possible sometimes are but Indian J.PlantGenet.Resour. of conservation and assembly collection, in ICRISAT former and present staff all of Genetic of Resources Unit contribution (GRU), the acknowledge sincerely Authors Acknowledgements and millet pearl cultivated between Crosses cultigens. the with incompatibility cross to due millet pearl of genepool tertiary in species ridges. on sowing by matter/ha dry t 6.08 and fodder fresh t 32.12 cross-sowing with cowpea. Shukla by fodder/ha dry t 11.50 and t/ha 53.30 of yield fodder Prasad hand, other (Mukerjee cattle dairy for forage umbellata (Vigna mixed unguiculata (Vigna cowpea under with cropping well grows and fertilization nitrogen to made into silage and hay (Schmelzer, 1997). It responds be also can it but emergence ear at forage green carry cut-and- as used generally is and fodder green for year hrfr, urnl, h ne i wild in need the currently, Therefore, its occurrence. When compared with other with compared When occurrence. its pedicellatum P. the collect systematically and adequately to is research 100 odr il i a hr pro. f h 12 the Of period. short a in yield fodder ssp. of species, species screened for downy mildew, only for fodder. for the pedicellatum makes mildew downy to resistance of levels higher and tallness habit, tillering high flowering, early Therefore, lodging. to susceptible and weak are stems all almost accessions. In in addition, incidence mildew downy no shown had hr hs en ny iie epotto o wild of exploitation limited only been has There P. pedicellatum P. , and grows tall facilitating more green more facilitating tall grows and monodii, P. pedicellatum P. motn i ftr pal ilt research millet pearl future in important emls rpeetn al ra of areas all representing germplasm ad hs rvds piu quality optimum provides thus and ) HD Upadhyaya,KNReddy, SubeSingh,MIrshad Ahmed, Vinod KumarandSenthilRamachandran et al et to cultivated pearl millet (Sharma millet pearl cultivated to Pennisetum glaucum ssp. . (1990) reported highest green highest reported (1990) . produces more tillers than that than tillers more produces 27(2): 93-101(2014) P. pedicellatum P. ., 1982). On the On 1982). al., et et al. (1988) reported . pedicellatum P. P. pedicellatum ) or rice bean rice or ) are difficult, are Pennisetum Pennisetum Pennisetum monodii P. P. .

Lane A, A Jarvis and K Atta-Krah (2007) The impact of climate of impact The (2007) K Atta-Krah and Lane A, AJarvis Dujardin M and WW Hanna (1989) Crossability of pearl millet pearl of Crossability (1989) Hanna WW and M Dujardin Brunken JN, JMJ de Wet and JR Harlan (1977) The morphology The (1977) Wetde Harlan JMJ JR JN, and Brunken Bhagavandoss M, TR Shanmugham and V Kathaperumal (1989) and VKathaperumal Shanmugham M, TR Bhagavandoss potatoes: rich Calcium (2003) Hanneman RE and JB Bamberg evolution. and (1999) Wet de JMJ and S Rao Appa References for this study is highly appreciated. highly is study this for data the of documentation and observations recording in Unit ICRISAT Research Resources, Reddy, Genetic Ram Technicians, G and Rao Bapa Dasaratha D G of Rao, help The resources. genetic millet pearl ai R C Sih G BonGeia T Hre ad BS and Harvey TL Brown-Guedira, GL Smith, CM R, Malik In: variances. of equality for tests Robust (1960) H Levene Quality (1998) Leise MIP,D Kovacs and Clarke JM Howes, NK Brar DS and GS Khush (1997) Alien introgression in rice. in introgression (1997) Alien Khush GS and DS Brar Hanna WW (1989) Characteristics and stability of a new new a of stability and Characteristics (1989) WW Hanna Hanna WW (1992) Utilization of germplasm from wild species. wild from germplasm of Utilization (1992) WW Hanna IBPGR, ICRISAT (1993) Keuls M (1952) The use of the “Studentized range” in connection for tool Computer a FloraMap: (1999) and AGladkov PG Jones ejournal/ejournal.ICRISAT.org.Vol. SAT India, Patancheru, ICRISAT, 2007. 22-24, November adaptation. in biodiversity agricultural of role the and areas crop and crops on change 47-51. 27: with wild with and domestication of pearl millet. pearl of domestication and Mol. Biol Mol. Nadu. Tamil of tract Chengalpattu for suitable grasses fodder perennial Rainfed 2003. genes. their in it’s 29-47. pp India, Delhi, New Ltd., Pvt. (eds.), Harinarayana G and Andrews DJ Rai, KN Khairwal, IS In: Gill (2003) of Gill Assessment 278-292. pp Stanford, Press, Hotelling Harold of Honor in Essays (ed.), I Olkin protein from high deriving lines wheat durum of characteristics Sci. millet. pearl in source male-sterile cytoplasmic-nuclear In: Academic Press, London, UK, pp 251-257. pp UK, London, Press, Academic with an analysis of variance. of analysis an with Cali, series, CD-ROM Colombia. (CIAT), Tropical Agricultura de the wild. version 1. Annie L. Jones (ed.) Centro Internacional in organisms other and plants of distribution the predicting p. 43 India, Patancheru, R.Br.]. (L.) glaucum Desertified : 1457-1459. 29: rtcm dicoccoides Triticum Pearl Millet Breeding. Millet Pearl . Pennisetum : 34-57. 35:

Grasslands: Their Biology and Management and Biology Their Grasslands: otiuin t Poaiiy n Statistics: and Probability to Contributions March Magazine, Research Agricultural Descriptors for pearl millet Madras Agric J. Agric Madras BG, oe Iay n ICRISAT, and Italy Rome, IBPGR, species. for resistance to resistance for tauschii Aegilops 6) substitution. (6b) n. yp o Ciae Change, Climate on Symp. Int. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Publishing IBH & Oxford Euphytica Crop Sci. Crop Econ. Bot. Econ. 4(1). Safr University Stanford . : 651-653. 76:

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Downloaded From IP - 111.93.2.162 on dated 6-Jan-2015 Prasad LK, RK Bhagat, AP Singh and RS Singh (1990) (1990) Singh RS and Singh AP Bhagat, RK LK, Prasad Pan Q, YS Liu, O Budai-Hadrian, M Sela, L Carmel-Goren, D Carmel-Goren, L Sela, M Budai-Hadrian, O Liu, YS Q, Pan emn (99 Te itiuin f ag i smls from samples in range of distribution The (1939) D Newman Mandal BB and Mukherjee Bandopadhyay MASK AK, Roquib, S Encarta MS Maria TorresCelia Burle, Lobo Roberto Marilia Jaime Cordeiro, ae J ad L osn (01 Uiiain f oao genetic potato of Utilization (2001) Corsini DL and JJ Pavek Patterson HD and R Thompson (1971) Recovery of inter-block of Recovery (1971) Thompson R and HD Patterson Indian J.PlantGenet.Resour. itps f ha cr mt (cr: Eriophyidae). (Acari: mite curl wheat of biotypes Entomol. Pennisetum pedicellatum (Pennisetum grass deenanath of Intercropping 433-441. Genetics and tomato dicotyledons: two of genomics the binding site-leucine rich repeat resistance gene homologues in Zamir and R Fluhr (2000) Comparative genetics of nucleotide estimate of standard deviation. standard of independent estimate an of terms in expressed population normal a pedicellatum ( grass deenanath on research of Review (1982) 98052-6399. WA Redmond, way, Microsoft One Corporation. Microsoft Newslett. using GIS-two case studies from Brazil. site collecting the at conditions environmental to according Neves das Belem Alves de and Rosa Tabare Melo, Abadie de (2003) Palhares Characterization M of germplasmFonseca, resources for variety development. variety for resources 545-554. nomto we bok ie ae unequal. are sizes block when information

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