Te Rere Hau Eastern Extension

Resource Consent Applications and Assessment of Environmental Effects

Volume I May 2009

TABLE OF CONTENTS

VOLUME I Assessment of Environmental Effects

1.0 OUTLINE OF PROPOSAL 1 1.1 Existing Power Generation along the Tararua Ranges 3 1.2 Proposed Power Generation 4 1.3 The Tararua Ranges 4 1.4 Description of the TRHE Site 5

2.0 FRAMEWORK FOR THE REQUIRED RESOURCE CONSENTS 2.1 Report Contents 6 2.2 The Applicant 7 2.3 The Application in Brief 7 2.4 The Resource Consents Required 8 2.4.1 Consent Lapsing Period and Term of Consents 9 2.5 Legal Descriptions Associated with the Proposal 10

3.0 THE EXISTING ENVIRONMENT 12 3.1 The Existing Environment 12 3.2 General Location and Context 12 3.2.1 General Location and Context 12 3.2.2 Climatic Conditions 13 3.2.3 Existing Land Use Patterns 14 3.3 Economic Environment 15 3.4 Landscape and Visual 15 3.4.1 Landscape Context 16 3.4.2 Landscape Character 16 3.5 Ecology 17 3.5.1 Vegetation within the TRHE locality 17 3.5.2 Avifauna 18 3.5.3 Aquatic Biota 19 3.5.4 Other Fauna 19 3.6 Traffic, User Patterns and Vehicle Safety 19 3.7 Noise 20 3.8 Cultural, Historical and Archaeological Context 21 3.8.1 Cultural Context 21 3.8.2 Archaeological context 21 3.9 Recreation Patterns and Use 22 3.10 Aviation Activities and Airways New Zealand Radar 23 3.11 Existing Environment 23

4.0 DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSAL 26 4.1 Drivers for Development 26 4.2 Design Process 26 4.2.1 Selection of the site for the proposed wind farm 27 4.2.2 Selection of turbine sites 28 4.3 Project Outline 30 4.3.1 Electricity generation and associated components 30

4.3.2 Hazardous Substances 33 4.3.3 Construction approach 33 4.3.4 Operational activities 34 4.3.5 Electrical transmission system 34 4.4 Main Elements of Te Rere Hau Eastern Extension 35

5.0 CONSULTATION 36 5.1 Approach 36 5.2 Consultation Undertaken 36 5.2.1 Consultation relating to Te Rere Hau Wind Farm 36 5.2.2 First phase of consultation – preliminary consultation 37 5.2.3 Second phase of consultation – project refinement 38 5.2.4 Third phase of consultation – further refinement and pre-lodgment 38 5.2.5 Fourth phase of consultation – post lodgment 39 5.3 Responses Received 40 5.3.2 Tangata whenua 40 5.3.3 Airways New Zealand and Palmerston North International Airport 41 5.3.4 Civil Aviation Authority 41 5.3.5 Telecom 41 5.3.6 Department of Conservation 41 5.3.7 Neighbouring Properties 42 5.3.8 Tararua Aokautere Guardians 42 5.3.9 Recreational users of North Range Road 42 5.4 Issues Arising 42

6.0 ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS 44 6.1 Section 104, 104A to C – Consideration of Applications 44 6.1.1 Permitted baseline 45 6.2 Assessment of Environmental Effects 45 6.2.1 Introduction 45 6.2.2 Positive Effects 45 6.2.3 Economic Effects 46 6.2.4 Landscape and Visual Effects 48 6.2.5 Ecological Effects 56 6.2.6 Traffic Effects 61 6.2.7 Noise Effects 64 6.2.8 Cultural and Archaeological Effects 66 6.2.9 Recreational Effects 68 6.2.10 Effects in Aviation Activities and Airways New Zealand Radar 68 6.2.11 Overall Conclusion 69 6.3 Relevant Planning Documents 69 6.3.1 Weighting of Various Planning Documents 69 6.3.2 Resource Consents Required 70 6.3.3 Objectives and Policies 70 6.3.4 Summary 79 6.4 Other Matters 79 6.4.1 Other Relevant Documents 79 6.4.2 Plan Integrity 81 6.5 Summary 81

7.0 STATUTORY FRAMEWORK 83 7.1 Introduction 83 7.2 The Resource Management Act – Part II Matters 83 7.2.1 Section 6 to 8 – Matters of National Importance, Other Matters and the Treaty of Waitangi 83 7.2.2 Section 5 – Purpose and Overall Judgment 87 7.3 Summary 90

8.0 CONDITIONS 91 8.1 General 91 8.2 Construction 91 8.3 Landscape and Earthworks 92 8.4 Ecological 93 8.5 Noise 94 8.6 Archaeological and Cultural 94 8.7 Complaints Register 94 8.8 Implementing Consent 95 8.9 Wind farm decommissioning 95

9.0 CONCLUSION 96 9.1 Proposed Development 96 9.2 Consents Required 96 9.3 Anticipated Effects and Mitigation Measures 96 9.4 Consultation 96 9.5 Overall Conclusion 96

FIGURES Figure 1 Location Map Figure 2 Te Rere Hau Extension – Property Boundaries of Site Figure 3 Wind rose data from 50 metre high wind mast at Te Rere Hau (Dec 2007 to May 2009) Figure 4 Map of the proposed location of the turbines for TRHE Figure 5 Turbine Details

TABLES Table 1 Consents required from the Tararua District Council Table 2 Consents required from the Manawatu-Wanganui Regional Council Table 3 Terms sought for various consents Table 4 Te Rere Hau Eastern Extension – landowners and associated property legal descriptions Table 5 Ambient Sound Levels Table 6 Summary of Notable Features of the Existing Environment Table 7 Main Elements of TRHE Table 8 Landscape and Visual Mitigation Features Table 9 Ecological Mitigation Features

Table 10 Traffic Mitigation Features Table 11 Noise Mitigation Features Table 12 Cultural and Archaeological Mitigation Features Table 13 Aviation Activities and Airways Radar Mitigation Features

VOLUME II Appendices

Appendix A List of Te Rere Hau Eastern Extensions Principle Activities and their Status Appendix B Resource Consent Applications Appendix C Certificates of Title Appendix D Construction Effects Report and Site Plans Kevin O’Connor & Associates Limited Appendix E Economic Impacts Brown, Copeland and Co Limited Appendix F Assessment of Landscape and Visual Effects Peter Rough Landscape Architects Limited Appendix G Photo Simulations Morgan + Pollard Visual Appendix H Assessment of Ecological Effects Kessels & Associates Limited Appendix I Traffic Impact Assessment MWH Appendix J Assessment of Environmental Noise Effects Malcolm Hunt Associates Appendix K Cultural Impact Assessment Tanenuiarangi Manawatu Limited Appendix L Consent Order for Te Rere Hau Wind Farm (ENV W 0039/05) and Operational Standards Appendix M Consultation Material

Glossary of Terms

AEE means Assessment of Environmental Effects Airways means Airways New Zealand CAA means Civil Aviation Authority CIA means Cultural Impact Assessment CINZAS means Central Index of New Zealand Archaeological Sites CO2e means carbon dioxide equivalent greenhouse gasses DoC means Department of Conservation ED means Ecological District GWh means Giga watt hours (being a measure of electricity output produced in an hour) GPSEG means the Government Policy Statement on Electricity Governance ha means hectares Horizons means the Manawatu-Wanganui Regional Council kV means kilo volts (being a measure of electricity output) kWh means kilo watt hours (being a measure of electricity output produced in an hour) MED means Ministry for Economic Development MW means mega watts MWRC means the Manawatu-Wanganui Regional Council MWLWRP means the Manawatu-Wanganui Regional Land and Water Regional Plan MWRPS means the Manawatu-Wanganui Regional Policy Statement NPSREG means the National Policy Statement for Renewable Electricity Generation NZAA means New Zealand Archaeological Association Incorporated NZES means New Zealand Energy Strategy NZEECS means New Zealand Energy Efficiency and Conservation Strategy NZHPT means New Zealand Historic Places Trust NZWL means NZ Windfarms Limited PHOP means the Proposed Horizons One Plan Rangitane means Rangitane o Tamiki nui a Rua RMA means the Resource Management Act 1991 RPS means the Manawatu-Wanganui Regional Policy Statement SODAR means Acoustic Sonic Detection and Ranging TAG means Tararua Aokautere Guardians TDC means Tararua District Council TDP means the Tararua District Plan The Act means the Resource Management Act 1991 The Applicant means NZ Windfarms Limited The Site means the area that has been identified for the location of the proposed Te Rere Hau Eastern Extension wind farm TMI means Tanenuiarangi Manawatu Limited TRHE means the proposed Te Rere Hau Eastern Extension wind farm

NZ Windfarms Ltd – Te Rere Hau Eastern Extension

1.0 OUTLINE OF PROPOSAL

NZ Windfarms Ltd (NZWL) proposes to develop an extension to the Te Rere Hau wind farm on the eastern side of the Tararua Ranges. Te Rere Hau Eastern Extension consists of 56 wind turbines located across approximately 300 hectares. Each turbine tower is 29 metres in height and reaches a maximum of 47 metres with the tower and blade combined. The additional energy from the new turbines of Te Rere Hau Eastern Extension will provide 28 MW of energy or approximately 95 gigawatt hours (GWh) per annum. This is enough energy to supply around 12,000 average New Zealand homes. The proposal will provide an energy supply for both the region and the wider New Zealand population. Generation of electricity in locations where there is consistent and reliable wind resource is supported by government policy through the New Zealand Energy Strategy.

Throughout this report the NZ Windfarms’ proposal for the Te Rere Hau Eastern Extension will be described as “TRHE”.

TRHE site is situated to the east of Palmerston North on the Tararua Ranges. The consented section of the wind farm is located on the western side of the ranges. The site of the proposed extension is adjacent to and generally south-east of the existing Te Rere Hau wind farm. Figure 1 indicates the general locations of the consented wind farm and the proposed wind farm.

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Figure 1: Location Plan

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Wind monitoring and modelling at the site has identified areas with excellent average wind speeds. Given the availability of this wind resource, and the sites close proximity to the existing wind farm, the proposal enables the efficient utilisation of various wind environments and the existing infrastructure associated with the existing wind farm.

1.1 Existing Power Generation along the Tararua Ranges

There are a number of wind farms in the Tararua and Ruahine Ranges that are operational or in the process of being constructed, these are the Te Apiti Wind Farm, the three stages of the Tararua Wind Farm and the Te Rere Hau Wind Farm.

Te Apiti Wind Farm is owned by Meridian Energy and was commissioned in 2004. Te Apiti is located on the southern hills of the Ruahine Ranges, north of the Manawatu Gorge. The wind farm consists of 55 three-bladed turbines (Vestas 1.65MW) across 1150 hectares of land, producing approximately 90MW of energy.

Trustpower’s Tararua Wind Farm is located to the south of the Manawatu Gorge close to the ridge lines of the Tararua Ranges. Stage I and II of the Tararua Wind Farm were built between 1998 and 2004 establishing 103 three-bladed turbines (Vestas V-47 0.66MW) that produce approximately 68MW of energy. Stage III of the development consists of an additional 31three-bladed turbines (Vestas V-90 3MW) that extend along the Tararua Range to approximately 1km from the Aokautere Forest.

NZWL currently operates the consented Te Rere Hau wind farm on the western side of the Tararua Ranges. This wind farm will contain 97 two bladed 0.50MW turbines when fully operational, and will provide approximately 48MW of energy into the national grid.

A 75 turbine wind farm has been consented by the Palmerston North City Council at a site known as the Moturimu Wind Farm on the Tararua Range to the south of Palmerston North. This wind farm would be located approximately 10 km south along the ridgeline from the Pahiatua-Aokautere Road. This resource consent is currently being contested in the Environment Court.

Additionally, Mighty River Power are seeking to develop a wind farm immediately south of the Pahiatua-Aokautere Road. The Turitea Wind Farm will consist of up to 122 three-bladed wind turbines. This application has been referred to the Board of Inquiry to consider. The hearing is due to commence in July 2009.

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1.2 Proposed Power Generation

NZWL proposes to construct, operate and maintain an extension to its Te Rere Hau wind farm on the Tararua Ranges to generate up to 28MW of power (equivalent of a power supply for 12,000 households). The extension will consist of 56 wind turbines and associated transformers that will feed into the existing substation and transmission lines associated with the consented wind farm. The turbines will be positioned along the spurs and plateau of the site at locations that are the most efficient for the generation of electricity and of least environmental impact.

The turbines used in the proposal will be identical to those used in the consented Te Rere Hau wind farm. The turbines proposed are two-bladed turbines (Windflow 500) mounted on tubular steel towers. The towers are 29 metres tall and the blades are approximately 17 metres long, making for a maximum height of 47 metres. Each turbine produces 0.5MW of electricity.

A transformer will be located near the base of each turbine tower. The transformers are housed in a structure with the dimensions 1 metre by 1.8 metres by 1.5 metres in height. No other ancillary structures are proposed.

Three access roads are proposed to provide access between North Range Road and the sites of individual turbines or groups of turbines. Construction of these internal roads will involve cuts into the slopes and areas of fill. Additionally, turbine platforms will need to be established through out the site. The re-vegetation of exposed fill surfaces and road edges are proposed to mitigate the effects of these activities.

Construction and commissioning of the wind farm will take place over approximately 2 years.

1.3 The Tararua Ranges

The Tararua Range is situated on the eastern edge of the Manawatu Plain, bound to the north by the Manawatu River and stretches to the south towards the Rimutaka Range. The range runs in a NE-SW direction and constitutes a major landform barrier between the western and eastern sides of the lower North Island.

The land to the east of the Tararua Range is predominantly rural. The foothills are relatively steep and provide a sharp transition between the hills and the lowland areas. The alluvial plain and river terraces that form the lowland landscape provide high quality land used for farming and horticulture. The eastern settlements of Pahiatua, Mangamutu, Ballance, Mangatainoka, Ruawhata and Woodville are located within a 20km radius of the proposed wind farm.

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The land to the west of the Tararua Ranges has extensive foothills and small river valleys. Whilst this area is also fundamentally a working rural landscape, there is a significant number of lifestyle properties developing along the Pahiatua-Aokautere Road (Pahiatua Track), with more residential areas developing along side roads. Closer to the base of the foothills on the outskirts of Aokautere and Palmerston North residential subdivisions are occurring at the urban margin.

There are three properties within approximately two kilometres of the proposed windfarm.

1.4 Description of the TRHE Site

The site of the proposed TRHE is located on the northern end of the Tararua Range, on the eastern side of the ridgeline. The site is bound to the west by North Range Road, to the south by Pahiatua- Aokautere Road. The current use of the site is predominantly pastoral, utilised by the landowners for cattle and sheep grazing. The predominant vegetation is a combination of exotic pasture grass, with small areas of native scrub. A radar dome and a number of communication aerials are visible through out the site.

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2.0 FRAMEWORK FOR THE REQUIRED RESOURCE CONSENTS

A number of resource consents are required for the proposed TRHE. This section describes the structure of this Assessment of Effects as it relates to the consent applications, provides some detail on the Applicant, and identifies the consents which are being sought.

2.1 Report Contents

An outline of the framework of the AEE’s structure is presented below.

Volume I Volume II Te Rere Hau Eastern Extension Technical Assessments and Reports Assessment of Environmental Effects

Section 1: Outlines the TRHE project and its environmental setting Contains all the technical assessments commissioned by the applicant and referred to in Sections 3 to 6 of Volume 1 Section 2: Identifies the resource consents that are being sought

Section 3: Describes the relevant environmental values of the surrounding environment

Section 4: Provides a detailed description of the TRHE project

Section 5: Outlines the consultation undertaken

Section 6: Describes the actual/potential environmental effects of the TRHE project and assesses the proposal against the relevant planning documents

Section 7: Assesses the TRHE project Part II of the RMA

Section 8:

Outlines the proposed monitoring and conditions

Section 9: Presents the overall conclusions

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Appendix A to the AEE (Volume II) lists the principle activities which form the TRHE in the context of the relevant statutory frameworks. The technical reports referred to within this AEE are attached (in full) in Volume II.

2.2 The Applicant

NZ Windfarms Limited is a power generation company that sells sustainably generated electricity from wind turbines. NZWL is on the NZSX and has an asset base of over $80 million. Vector (New Zealand’s largest lines company) is a 19.99% cornerstone shareholder of NZWL.

NZWL intends to be a long-term owner, operator and developer of wind farm assets, with its principal revenue coming from the sale of sustainably generated electricity. The company proposes to develop a geographically diverse portfolio of renewable generation. The first consented NZWL development is the Te Rere Hau wind farm located on the Tararua Range in the Manawatu. Te Rere Hau wind farm received consent in May 2005 for up to 97 turbines, to be built in stages. On completion the wind farm will provide 48.5MW to the national grid.

As part of its core activities, NZWL identifies economically feasible wind farm sites, develops them and sells the resultant generated electricity. The company is committed to building wind farms that, where possible, make use of existing or excess capacity within the local lines and roading networks. These developments provide economic benefits to local communities and assist the efficiency of electricity generation and distribution.

NZWL has built a reputation as a successful and responsible power generation company. Achieving strong environmental performance is an integral part of NZ Windfarms Limited’s success in business.

2.3 The Application in Brief

NZ Windfarms Ltd is seeking resource consent for the extension of the existing Te Rere Hau wind farm, to create the eastern extension of the development. TRHE will involve the construction, operation and maintenance of 56 additional WindFlow 500 wind turbines (WF500). The WF500 is designed and manufactured in New Zealand. These turbines are consistent with the turbine models used on the consented Te Rere Hau wind farm. The development will also include associated earthworks and internal access tracks.

On completion, the wind farm will generate up to 28MW of power (equivalent of a power supply for 12,000 households). The extension will consist of 56 wind turbines and associated transformers that will feed into the existing substation and transmission lines associated with the consented wind farm.

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Each turbine consists of a tower, a rotor and a nacelle and has the following specifications: • Installed capacity of 0.5MW • Maximum tower height of 29 metres • Maximum blade diameter of 33.2 metres • A maximum turbine height (tower and blades) of approximately 47 metres.

2.4 The Resource Consents Required

The relevant resource management documents for each consent authority are:

Tararua District Council • The Operative Tararua District Plan (1998) • The Proposed Tararua District Plan (notified May 2008)

Manawatu-Wanganui (Horizons) Regional Council • The Manawatu-Wanganui Regional Policy Statement (1998) • The Land and Water Regional Plan (2003) • The Proposed Horizon’s One Plan (notified May 2007)

The rules of the relevant regional and district planning documents have been analysed to determine the resource consent requirements for the TRHE. This assessment is contained in Appendix A, Volume II of the application document. As a result of this assessment, Tables 1 and 2 below briefly identify the resource consents which are required for the principle activities associated with the construction and operation of the scheme.

Table 1 Consents required from the Tararua District Council

Main Consent Required Additional Aspects Requiring Consent

Operative and Proposed District Plan

A land use consent (s9) to construct, • To undertake earthworks of more than 200m 3 of soil and commission, operate and maintain clean fill material the extension to Te Rere Hau Wind • To construct access tracks from North Range Road Farm • To construct structures that exceed height restrictions • To modify a “Significant Natural Feature” • To clear indigenous vegetation

Please note that the proposal complies with noise emission provisions in the District Plan. Further assessment of the potential noise environment is provided in Section 6.2.7 of this report.

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Table 2 Consents required from the Manawatu-Wanganui Regional Council

Main Consent Required Additional Aspects Requiring Consent

Land and Water Regional Plan

Land use consent (s9) • To undertake earthworks and vegetation removal

Stormwater discharge consent (s14) • To discharge stormwater from site, including turbine and transformer sites

Contaminants discharge consent • To discharge contaminants from site (s15)

One Plan

Land use consent (s9) • To undertake construction on ‘hillcountry highly erodible land’ • To clear vegetation on ‘hillcountry highly erodible land’ • To clear vegetation, disturb land and discharge contaminants near a potential New Zealand Falcon habitat

Stormwater discharge consent (s14) • To discharge stormwater from site, including turbine and transformer sites and other construction facilities • To discharge from clean fill

Land use consent (s13) • To erect structures within and disturbance of waterways associated with culverts and cabling

Appendix A of the AEE (Volume II) lists the principle activities which form the TRHE in the context of the relevant statutory frameworks. The status of the principle activities range from permitted to discretionary .

2.4.1 Consent Lapsing Period and Term of Consents Under Section 125 of the RMA, a resource consent lapses five years after its date of commencement unless:

(i) it has been given effect to before the end of the period; or (ii) the resource consent expressly provides for a longer lapsing period.

In terms of the second provision, the Applicant requests that a lapsing period of 10 years be applied to all of the resource consents issued for the TRHE. This request is to enable NZWL flexibility to begin construction of the extension dependent on resource availability and in the appropriate season in order to minimise transient construction effects.

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Table 3 below identifies the maximum durations permitted by the RMA (Section 123), and the associated term of consent being sought for the resource consents associated with the TRHE.

Table 3 Terms sought for various consents

Type of Consent Maximum Duration under s123 Consent Term being sought of the RMA

Land Use Consent (s9) Unlimited Unlimited Land use Consent (s13) 35 years Construction only consents - 15 years

Construction and operation consents – 35 years Water Permit (s14) 35 years 15 years Discharge Consent (s15) 35 years Construction only consents – 15 years

2.5 Legal Descriptions Associated with the Proposal

The legal descriptions and associated land ownership that will be directly associated with the TRHE are identified in Table 4 below. The specific locations of these provisions, including the property boundaries, are identified in Figure 2

Table 4 Te Rere Hau Eastern Extension – landowners and associated property legal descriptions Owner Legal Description

Pier Albert Hoesksema and Brenda Section 2 Block II Mangahao Survey District Mary Hoeksema Maurice Frank McDonald Section 6 Block II Mangahao Survey District Ronald Charles Mabey, Jennifer Part Section 1 Block XIX Mangahao Survey District Maybey and Peter Martin Luoni Glen Ridge Limited Section 4 Block II Mangahao Survey District

There are no other components of the TRHE located beyond the TRHE site boundary, including the transmission system, which require resource consent.

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Figure 2 Te Rere Hau Extension – Property Boundaries of Site

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3.0 THE EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

3.1 The Existing Environment

Section 88(2)(b) of the RMA states that an application for resource consent must include an AEE carried out in accordance with Schedule 4 of the Act. It also specifies that the AEE must correspond with the scale and significance of the actual and potential effects that the activity may have on the environment.

In considering resource consent applications, Section 104 of the RMA outlines the various matters that consent authorities must consider. Section 104(1)(a) requires that the actual and potential effects of the activity are considered. This requires the consideration of the nature of the existing environment within which the proposed activity will take place. Accordingly, the TRHE must be considered in terms of effects on the existing environment.

Given these requirements, Sections 3.2 to 3.10 of this document describe the environment as it currently exists. The majority of this descriptive information has been drawn from the environmental investigations undertaken for the TRHE, which are contained in Volume II of the resource consent application documentation. Table 6 at the end of this section summarises the notable features of the existing environment.

3.2 General Location and Context

3.2.1 General Location and Context The site of the proposed Te Rere Hau Eastern Extension is located on the northern end of the Tararua Range, on the eastern side of the ridgeline. TRHE is approximately 10 kilometres to the south east of Palmerston North and two kilometres to the north of the junction of Pahiatua- Aokautere Road and North Range Road. To the east of the site are the alluvial plains of the Mangahao, Mangatainoka and Tiraumea Rivers, that include the settlements of Pahiatua and Eketauhuna.

TRHE is located within close proximity of the consented turbines on the south-western side of North Range Road. The North Range Road coincides with the boundary between the respective administrative areas of the Tararua District Council and the Palmerston North City Council. All of the proposed turbines for the TRHE will be located east of North Range Road and therefore, within the administrative area of Tararua District Council. North Range Road will provide access to the site.

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The general location of the proposed TRHE is shown in Figure 1.

The TRHE site covers approximately 300 hectares and is at an elevation of approximately 400 metres above sea level. The topography of the site is of moderate to steep hill country intersected by sloping gullies. The eastern and southern slopes of the site steepen quickly to approximately 35 to 40 degrees and deeply incised gullies and narrow valleys dominate the terrain. The likely geological ground model suggests that there is a thin cover of surficial deposits with weathered greywacke rock. Weathering of the greywacke is expected to decrease with depth. There are several exposures of underlying greywacke rock throughout the site. The majority of the site has soils of the Ramiha silt loam complex that is free-draining with little build up of clay.

The current use is predominantly pastoral, utilised by the landowners for cattle and sheep grazing. The predominant vegetation is a combination of exotic pasture grass, with small areas of scrub.

3.2.2 Climatic Conditions The wind resources along the Tararua Ranges has long been established as one of the most consistent and valuable wind resources in the country and the area rates very favourably in terms of international standards. Due to the excellent wind resource along the Tararua Range the area has seen the development of three existing wind farms, Te Apiti, Tararua and Te Rere Hau and several more proposed sites are under assessment and development.

Wind resources at Te Rere Hau have been measured for well over a decade at the wind farm site. Wind data from the site is presented in a wind rose from the 50 metre wind mast (see Figure 3). The wind rose provides a statistical representation of the wind direction and wind speed. The length of the bars indicate the percentage of the total time the wind is blowing from a particular direction and the thickness of the bar represents the wind speed (as a percentage) from the given wind direction.

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TRH50 at 50m wd and ws From 17-Dec-2007 to 12-May-2009

5% 0

Velocity > 15.0

10.0 < Band 3 <= 15.0

5.0 < Band 2 <= 10.0

1.0 < Band 1 <= 5.0 Calm 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 %

Figure 3: Wind rose data from 50 metre high wind mast at Te Rere Hau (Dec 2007 to May 2009).

As can be seen from Figure 3, the wind resource blows from two predominant directions namely between the south west to north-west (55 % of total time) and from between the southeast to north east wind (33 % of the total time). Given the strong direction patterns, namely from the west and east, further wind farm development has been found to be very viable on the eastern side of the Tararua Range adjacent to the existing Te Rere Hau wind farm. To not develop the eastern side of the Range would result in a considerable lost opportunity for tapping into the excellent wind resource in the Te Rere Hau area.

Rain days occur between 140-160 days per year, with 1200-1400mm falling each year on average. Rain is heavier during the winter months, but is also significant during December.

3.2.3 Existing Land Use Patterns Normal features associated with a working rural environment are in evidence on the site, including fencing and farm tracks.

Immediately adjacent to the site is the consented Te Rere Hau wind farm, separated from the proposed development by North Range Road on the saddle of the Tararua Range. When fully built, the western portion of the wind farm will consist of 97 Windflow 500 turbines. A significant portion of the farm is still being used for grazing by local farmers for sheep and cattle. 19.3 hectares of the land is covered in native vegetation and has been protected by QEII covenant.

The land to the north-east and south-east of the site are private landholdings, comprising of predominantly sheep and cattle farming. A small scale forestry block is located to the south-west

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of the site. In addition to these private landholdings, a small parcel of land owned by Airways Corporation of New Zealand Limited accommodates the Ballance Radar Station to the north-west.

The Tararua Wind Farm (Stages I, II and III) and Te Apiti Wind Farm are located to the north of the site. The Tararua wind farm is located immediately to the north of the proposed TRHE and consists of 134 turbines that are located on either side of the main ridge of the Tararua Range. Te Apiti Wind Farm is located to the north of the Manawatu Gorge and consists of 55 turbines. Both wind farms continue to be grazed by sheep and cattle.

3.3 Economic Environment

An Economic Impact Assessment prepared by Brown, Copeland & Co Ltd has been undertaken as part of the investigations for the proposed TRHE. This assessment is contained in Appendix E of Volume II. Section 4 of the Economic Impact Assessment provides a broad background to New Zealand electricity market. This information is summarised in the following paragraphs.

New Zealand has enjoyed relatively low electricity prices. These low prices have contributed to the nation’s standard of living through lower household electricity prices and lower prices for goods and services generally. This has indirectly contributed to New Zealand industry’s ability to maintain its comparative advantage and compete in domestic and overseas markets. The ability for New Zealand to prosper during such conditions of comparatively low electricity prices shows such low electricity costs contribute positively to “economic wellbeing”.

Between 1974 and 2007, New Zealand’s electricity consumption grew at an average rate of 2.8% per annum, largely reflecting a similar rate of national economic growth. The latest Ministry of Economic Development (MED) Energy Outlook document contains a ‘base case’ expectation of considerably reduced growth in electricity demand to an average of only 1.3 percent per annum over the period of 2005 to 2030. This forecast is low and reliant on a high level of energy efficiency uptake. Further this projected increase does not take into account the retirement of old thermal plants and the expected increase in electricity use in transport. Should the MED forecast be too low, it is likely that electricity demand will grow at a rate that is more in line with the rate of economic growth, that is between 2 and 3 percent per annum.

3.4 Landscape and Visual

Peter Rough Landscape Architects Limited has undertaken a Landscape and Visual Assessment of the proposed Te Rere Hau Eastern Extension. This assessment is contained in Appendix F of Volume II. Section 2 of the assessment describes the landscape context and character of the site and the broader environment. An overview of the existing visual and landscape environment is outlined in sections 3.4.1 to 3.4.2.

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3.4.1 Landscape Context The Tararua Range constitutes a major landform barrier between the western and eastern sides of the lower North Island. To the north, the Range is divided from the Ruahine Range by the Manawatu River and extends for some 80 kilometres towards the Rimutaka Range. There are several summits of 1300-1500 metres in height in the southern portion, descending to 400-500 metres above sea level near Palmerston North before descending into the Manawatu Gorge.

The Tararua Range is located on the eastern fringe of the Manawatu Plain. The area to the west of the Range is a complex area of floodplain and marine terraces with a generally flat topography. Residential developments associated with the city of Palmerston North extend into the foothills of the Range. However, rural activities are the main land use activity in this area. The Range provides a prominent visual backdrop to the city of Palmerston North and other nearby settlements.

To the east of the Tararua Range are the Mangatainoka and Mangahao River valleys bounded by the Waewaepa Range. This alluvial plain forms a corridor of high quality land used for farming and horticultural activities. Lower ridges also run between the Tararua and Waewaepa Range, such as the hill country between the Mangahao and Mangatainoka Rivers. The eastern landform is therefore made up of hill country, alluvial plains and river terrace components.

In the extensive level ground, such as between Ballance and Woodville, the Range provides a strong contrast in landforms. The intervening low hill country in other areas, such as around Pahiatua, the contrast in landforms is less marked.

3.4.2 Landscape Character The proposed TRHE will be located in the upland area of the Tararua Range. The landscapes from which the proposed development will be visible fall into four broad character types; the Tararua lowlands to the east of the Tararua Range, the uplands of the Tararua Range, the western foothills and the western lowlands. Each of the character types differ in terms of their topography, vegetation cover, land use, presence of buildings and structures and relationship to the Tararua Range.

The landscape character of the Tararua lowlands, to the east of the Tararua Ranges is predominantly rural, with agricultural activities responding to the local differences in topography. The steep foothills that provide for the descent from the upland area of the Tararua Range are predominantly pastureland, with the lowlands supporting more intensive farming activities. The character of the area is strongly influenced by the extensive areas of pasture, paddocks separated by fences and bands of coniferous and deciduous trees. A network of settlements are located throughout the Mangatainoka and Mangahao River valleys, including Pahiatua and

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Woodville, as well as smaller rural communities. The Tararua Range is located in the distance, accentuating the flatness of the plains and strongly defining the extent to the west.

The uplands of the Tararua Range have the character of a working rural landscape, including a mix of pastureland, forestry, and shelter plantings. The landscape is open and exposed, providing clear views to the lowlands of the east and west.

The western foothills include extensive foothill slopes and a number of small river valleys, creating a broken and enclosed landscape. The majority of the area of the western foothills is a working rural landscape with evidence of stock grazing and forestry activities. However, increases in the number of residential lifestyle properties and more urban subdivision developments are progressively changing the character of this area. Additionally, wind turbines from all three of the existing wind farms contribute to the landscape character, and as such contribute to other rural activities that utilise the natural resources of the area.

The landscape character of the western lowlands is predominantly determined by a mixture of rural activities, including grazing, dairying and intensive horticultural activities. The subdued topography has allowed the development of a patchwork of rectilinear fields and roading patterns that are reinforced by fence lines and shelterbelts. The major urban centre of Palmerston North and the extensive residential subdivisions, and rural-residential lifestyle property developments provide a strong urban influence on the landscape character. The Tararua Range is a prominent element in this landscape.

3.5 Ecology

Kessels and Associates Ltd has carried out an Ecological Assessment of the TRHE site. The results of this assessment are provided in Appendix H, Volume II and summarised below.

3.5.1 Vegetation within the TRHE locality The original forest cover of the landscape would have extended from the alluvial plains to the tops of the Tararua Range. This forest cover has been replaced predominantly by open grassland composed of introduced species. Forest plantations of introduced pine have also been established. Small pockets of native horopito scrub and gorse grow along the margins and on the lower slopes.

Stands of horopito scrub are scattered throughout the site. These stands have a short and enclosed canopy and often contain a number of indigenous species, including kanono, heketara and climbing rata. Directly adjacent to the TRHE site is a pine plantation. A dense understorey of native scrub species has established in the plantation where the light levels are high enough. Native scrub

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species include horopito, mahoe, wineberry, mamoko and kanono as well as common pasture herbs and grasses.

Situated adjacent to the site is a large pine plantation. This has been fenced off for a number of years and houses a dense understory of native scrub. To the north west of the site is a valley covered in a native broadleaved forest. The forest is dominated by lacebark with some treefern and horopito patches throughout.

Seepage zones have formed in the gully heads on the site. However these are subject to stock grazing. These zones contain ephemeral streams, but they are unlikely to house anything significantly botanically.

All of the proposed turbine sites are within pasture areas with no significant indigenous vegetation directly affected. However, some vegetation may be removed through the development of the access roads.

3.5.2 Avifauna

Various wildlife records were accessed to gain an understanding of the birds in the locality of the proposed TRHE site. The most abundant bird species found on the site are exotic finches, starling, spur-winger plover and magpie. Native species were present in lesser numbers, and included Australasian hawk, paradise shelduck, NZ pipit and small insectivorous bush birds such as the fantail and grey warbler. Kereru is likely to occasionally visit the property when flying between bush remnants. The only endemic bird species which is nationally threatened and does regularly use the site is the NZ pipit.

New Zealand falcons have been recorded in the Manawatu River area near Ashhurst. Falcons have not been sighted in the TRHE area, however, records are sparse and these birds have vast home ranges. There is a possibility that falcon may nest in the pine forest adjacent to the site, resulting in the site being within the feeding range of this bird.

The nationally threatened North Island kaka have been seen utilising the lowland forest habitats immediately south in the Tararua Ranges, but there are no records of this species being present in the study area. There are likely to be many vagrant bird species occasionally utilising habitats within the study area, but it is unlikely that these will be of significant conservation value.

No bats have been previously recorded in the TRHE study area, however this is not to suggest that bats are not using the site and surrounding area for foraging. Long tailed and short tailed bats have been recorded in the vicinity of the Manawatu Gorge and long-tailed bats may be present in the areas of scrub and broadleaved forest vegetation.

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3.5.3 Aquatic Biota The predominant macro-invertebrate species supported by the small first order streams within the TRHE site are likely to include small crustaceans, freshwater snails and true fly lavae. All of these species are typical of small ephemeral upper stream systems within pastoral catchment areas.

Surveys of seepage areas similar to those on site have been found to support cased chironomid and hydomid snails. No surveys have been undertaken on site. The Ecological Assessment states that ‘while the seeps and stream headwaters found within Te Rere Hau wind farm site are compromised by farming practices, they may contain sensitive invertebrate species and do perform important filtering functions for the catchment as a whole’.

The upland bully, longfin eel, freshwater crayfish (koura) are likely to be the only fish species found within the streams in the wind farm site, while kouro may well be present in the mid-reaches or tributaries some 300-500 metres downstream.

3.5.4 Other Fauna Seven indigenous reptiles have been recorded in the wider environment. Two of these species, the Wellington green gecko and the ornate skink are considered to be of national conservation concern. Native frog have never been observed or reported in the locality and are unlikely to be present.

Feral animals are found throughout the study area, including rabbits, possums, hare and goats. Additionally, feral cats and stoats are likely to be common.

3.6 Traffic, User Patterns and Vehicle Safety

A Traffic Assessment has been undertaken by MWH as a part of the investigations for the proposed TRHE. This assessment is contained in Appendix I of Volume II. A summary of the existing road network and associated user patterns is provided below.

Pahiatua-Aokautere Road (Pahiatua Track) runs across the Tararua Range, providing a major link between the Manawatu and Wairarapa and provides an alternative link to the Hawkes Bay when State Highway 3 through the Manawatu Gorge is closed.

The Pahiatua Track carries approximately 1,800 vehicle s per day with the peak flow of 230 vehicles per hour occurring in evening peak, which is around 5pm. The proportion of heavy vehicles in the traffic flow is approximately 8%.

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North Range Road is an unsealed local road which predominantly serves as an access to rural properties and wind farms. It is popular for mountain biking and as a four wheel drive track, although these volumes of recreational use are comparatively low.

A review of the NZTA Crash Analysis System established that no crashes on the North Range Road have been reported to police in the past ten years and that nine crashes have been recorded on Pahiatua Track. Eight of these crashes were loss of control crashes and one head on and involved two motorcycles, seven cars and no trucks. None of these nine crashes were related to the intersection between North Range Road and Pahiatua Track.

3.7 Noise

A Noise Assessment has been undertaken as part of investigations carried out for the proposed TRHE by Malcolm Hunt Associates. This assessment is contained in Appendix J of Volume II. An overview of the existing ambient noise environment around the site is provided in Section 5 of the Noise Assessment. An overview of the existing noise environment is outlined below.

Given that the site is located in a rural environment within close proximity to a number of existing wind farms, the main effects on the existing noise environment arises from typical rural noise sources and the turbines.

To quantify existing noise levels, field measurements were carried out at three representative dwelling sites located within close proximity to the TRHE site over a range of wind speeds. The three dwelling sites are referred to as the Anderson Residence, Poff Residence and the Day Residence. Data was also collected during operational wind conditions to ensure that the turbine noise was included in defining the ambient noise environment for this area. The field measurements established that the sound climate in the rural area is quite low. As is expected, the L95 sound levels increase with increasing wind speeds. Further, the comparison between the noise environment produced by the operation of the existing turbines with the noise environment with the turbines switched off did not reveal any measurable effect of the existing turbines at the closest measured residential location to the Te Rere Hau wind farm (the Poff Residence) of some 1300 metres from the existing turbines.

Table 5 below summarises the ambient noise levels measured at the Anderson, Poff and Day residences.

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Table 5 Ambient Sound Levels

Residential Location Minimum L 95 Maximum L 95 Mean L 95

Anderson Residence 20 dBA 73 dBA 37 dBA Poff Residence 23 dBA 54 dBA 38 dBA Day Residence 26 dBA 55 dBA 43 dBA

3.8 Cultural, Historical and Archaeological Context

3.8.1 Cultural context

Tanenuiarangi Manawatu Incorporated (TMI) have identified in previous reports that the rohe of Rangitaane o Manawatu extends across the Tararua Range. It is understood that Rangitane o Tamaki nui a Rua Inc Society (Rangitane) seek to have the Tararua Range acknowledged as part of their rohe. As both iwi have strong cultural and spiritual connections to the area, NZ Windfarms consulted with TMI and Rangitane regarding the proposed TRHE project. TMI have prepared an executive summary of a Cultural Impact Assessment (CIA) of the proposal in response to the consultation. This assessment forms Appendix K of Volume II of the application. The information from the executive summary is summarised in the paragraphs below.

The Tararua Range has cultural, historical and spiritual importance for the local iwi, Rangitaane o Manawatu. Tradition ties the Tararua Range into the beliefs and identity of Rangitaane o Manawatu. The Range was a significant location where a number of spiritual and ritualistic practises were performed.

The values generally associated with the Range as a whole include kaitiakitanga (the exercise of guardianship), mauri (recognition of life force), waahi tapu sites (sacred places), taonga (treasure resource) and mahinga kai (places where food is produced or procured). Rangitaane o Manawatu used the ranges for mahinga kai, certain rituals and / or practises. As a result, a number of significant sites have been identified by the CIA that are located within the vicinity of the TRHE and may be affected by the proposal.

3.8.2 Archaeological context A search of the New Zealand Archaeological Association Incorporated’s (NZAA) Central Index of New Zealand Archaeological Sites (CINZAS) and the Tararua District Plan shows that no archaeological sites have been previously recorded in the TRHE project site. CINZAS is an electronic index of records which previously formed the Site Recording Scheme. The Site Recording Scheme is a paper-based record system that may contain plans, section drawings, photographs, artefact drawings, and field notes. Both the New Zealand Historic Places Trust and the Department

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of Conservation endorse the Site Recording Scheme as the national record system for archaeological sites. Features of the data which are of relevance to this application and should be noted are: • In 1929, a Maori adze was found on top of the Tararua Ranges, east of Aokautere at 1200 feet above sea level. • The absence of further data for this particular area should not be taken to mean that it contains no further archaeological sites, it may mean that no archaeological survey has been carried out, or that sites were obscured at the time the survey was done. In any given area there may be any number of undiscovered or unrecorded sites. • Some sites may no longer exist (they may, for example, have been destroyed since they were recorded). • Historical (European period) archaeological sites, in particular, are currently under- represented in the Site Recording Scheme. • Not all sites recorded in the Site Recording Scheme are archaeological sites in terms of the Historic Places Act 1993. They may, for example, post-date 1900 or no longer be able, through investigation by archaeological methods, to provide evidence relating to the history of New Zealand. • The formal evaluation of site significance is not a function of the Site Recording Scheme. • While some archaeological sites may be considered waahi tapu, the Site Recording Scheme is not specifically concerned with such places. If information about waahi tapu is required, it should be obtained from the relevant iwi. • Information about burial sites will, in some instances, be withheld.

3.9 Recreation Patterns and Use

North Range Road provides access along the ridgeline of the Tararua Range, providing views of the Manawatu Plains and Palmerston North to the west, and of the Mangahao and Mangatainoka River valleys and various settlements to the east. The surrounding uplands environment is open and exposed with predominantly pastoral land use and scattered remnants of native bush. North Range Road provides good access to the uplands area of the Tararua Range. The road is used for a range of recreational activities, including walking, hiking, mountain biking, orienteering and four wheel driving.

The Manawatu Mountain Bike Club website identifies a mountain bike ride along North Ridge Road as “enjoyable” and one for all abilities. It is also noted that the Manawatu Tramping and Skiing Club have an activity using North Range Road scheduled in August 2009. Additionally, the Red Kiwi Orienteering Club have held two events in the area recently. The other group which may utilise the area is the Palmerston North Tramping and Mountaineering Club.

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North Range Road is an unsealed, winding road and as such is a popular track for four-wheel drive use. The Manawatu 4WD Club and the Feilding 4x4 Club use the road intermittently. Some club members of the Tararua 4WD Club use the track and the club has advised that they are planning a family club day for later in 2009.

3.10 Aviation Activities and Airways New Zealand Radar

The Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) is responsible for the management of navigable airspace in New Zealand. Part 77 of the Civil Aviation Rules provides the rules for ‘Objects and Activities Affecting Navigable Airspace.’ Provision 77.5(1) of the Civil Aviation Rules states that where a person proposes to construct or alter a structure they must notify the Director if the proposed structure of alteration extends more than 60 metres in height above the ground level at its site.

Airways New Zealand (Airways)is responsible for the management of all domestic and international air traffic operating within New Zealand. This includes the management of air traffic, navigation services and communications. A small parcel of land owned by Airways Corporation of New Zealand accommodates the Ballance Radar Station approximately 1.7km from the intersection of Pahiatua Aokautere Road and North Range Road. The Ballance Radar Station is a secondary radar which is only likely to be affected by turbines which intersect the line of sight between the radar and an aircraft.

NZWL undertook a substantial amount of investigation into possible effects on the radar prior to the Te Rere Hau wind farm attaining resource consent. These investigations involved Airways, in association with NZWL, conducting a number of tests to determine the potential effect of the wind farm on the functioning of the radar dome. No effects were identified as part of this investigation for the consented Te Rere Hau wind farm. In addition, conditions relating to the Ballance Radar dome were imposed on the Te Rere Hau Consent Order, these are attached as Appendix L of Volume II.

3.11 Existing Environment - Summary

In terms of the existing environment, the site is a substantially modified, working rural landscape that is predominantly pastoral, used for sheep and cattle grazing. The site has little significance in terms of ecological, landscape or cultural values. Table 6 below provides a summary of the notable features of the existing environment.

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Table 6 Summary of Notable Features of the Existing Environment

Context Feature Characteristics Description Landscape Setting Tararua Range Uplands Expansive and elevated environment • Working rural landscape, including pastureland and forestry. • Includes the radar dome and communications structures and isolated rural buildings. Foothills • Steep eastern foothills descending • Predominantly rural landscape, to the river valleys of extensive areas of pasture, Mangatainoka and Mangahao forestry blocks with isolated rural buildings and dwellings. • Extensive western foothill slopes and • Predominantly rural landscape small river valleys descending to with increases in numbers of rural- the Manawatu Plains residential and urban developments. Land Use Historical Maori The Tararua Range has cultural, • Tradition ties the Tararua Range historical and spiritual importance for into the beliefs and identity of local iwi. Rangitaane o Manawatu. • Rangitaane o Manawatu used the ranges for mahinga kai, certain rituals and / or practises. Rural Land clearance followed by rural The original forest cover was largely development cleared in the last 150 years for timber extraction and agricultural production. Present Vegetation Predominantly exotic pasture grasses Exotic pasture grasses and pine plantations with remnant indigenous vegetation. Birds The New Zealand Falcon has been recorded in the Manawatu area, however no records of species within the proposed TRHE site. Cultural The Tararua Range has cultural, • Tradition ties the Tararua Range historical and spiritual importance for into the beliefs and identity of local iwi. Rangitaane o Manawatu. • Rangitaane o Manawatu used the ranges for mahinga kai, certain rituals and / or practises. Transport • Pahiatua-Aokautere Road – • Provides a major link between the Principal Manawatu and Wairarapa. • Carries approximately 1,800 vehicles per day. • Has a peak flow of 230 vehicles per hour at around 5pm. • North Range Road – Local • Unsealed winding road.

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Context Feature Characteristics Description • Predominantly serves access to rural properties. Rural Diverse range of agricultural and • The land is used for a variety of forestry activities agricultural activities including horticulture, arable farming and dairying. • Forestry plantings. • Increasing development of rural residential activities. Recreation • Walking • Walkers and hikers utilise North Range Road. • Mountain Biking • North Range Road is a popular track for mountain biking. • Four wheel drive track • North Range Road is a popular track for 4WD use, although the road has relatively low use.

Noise Measured noise levels show the The highest level of 73dBA L 95 surrounding rural environment to be a measured by the Pahiatua- relatively quiet noise environment. Aokautere Road.

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4.0 DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSAL

NZ Windfarms Ltd proposes to develop an extension to the Te Rere Hau wind farm, utilising the wind environment of the Tararua Ranges to generate up to 28MW of power. Annual generation is projected to be 95 GWh per annum.

4.1 Drivers for Development

Demand for electricity within New Zealand has grown to the point where it is close to the level of available supply. The latest Ministry of Economic Development (MED) Energy Outlook document contains a “Base Case” expectation of the growth in demand for electricity to be 1.3 percent per annum over the period of 2005 to 2030. Consequently, resources are being committed to securing additional sources of electricity generation.

The security of supply of electricity is important to the economic well-being of New Zealand as it enables our economy to produce goods and services. Additional generation will improve security and supply.

In addition, if the previous Government’s climate change policy target of 90% of electricity generation coming from renewable sources by 2025 is to be met, additional use of alternative generation options, such as wind, will need to be developed.

Recognising these drivers, NZWL identified the TRHE site as having excellent average wind speeds which are ideal for the generation of electricity. In addition the site is co-located with the existing Te Rere Hau wind farm, providing efficient gains in operating the existing wind farm and TRHE together.

4.2 Design Process

In completing its assessment of the various options for developing a wind farm, NZWL relied upon the advice of experts with an understanding of the local natural, social and economic environment, as well as the experience of developing the existing western section of Te Rere Hau wind farm.

The chart below identifies the design process undertaken when evaluating the options for the TRHE project.

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Approach key stakeholders to identify the key environmental concerns

Commission the appropriate technical / environmental investigations

Establish an environmental baseline which identifies “no go” areas and any environmental flaws

Seek input from the key stakeholders to the environmental baseline established

Commission investigations in a manner that requires them to avoid the “no go” areas or develop mitigation measures where avoidance is not possible

Environmental service providers review the outcomes of the investigations

Revise the concept design to address the advice from the environmental service providers

Present the design to the stakeholders for feedback

Consideration of amendment of the design to reflect stakeholder feedback

Finalise Design

Lodge the necessary Resource Consent Applications

4.2.1 Selection of the site for the proposed wind farm The wind resource along the Tararua Ranges has long been established as one of the most consistent and valuable wind resources in the country and the area rates very favourably in terms of international standards. This wind resource was the key factor in choosing the site for the proposed wind farm.

Detailed research on the site was undertaken to determine the wind resource. NZWL engaged the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) to study the upper air wind resources

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at three different sites in the consented Te Rere Hau wind farm and around the TRHE site. A portable acoustic sonic detection and ranging (SODAR) monitor was used on site to measure the lower atmosphere up to 200m above the ground to provide horizontal and vertical wind speeds at different levels in the atmosphere. The data from the SODAR monitoring program provided useful data on the wind profile over the TRHE area to determine the farm location and turbine sites.

A further key factor in determining the location of the wind farm was the proximity of the existing consented Te Rere Hau wind farm. The close proximity of the two wind farms enables both facilities to utilise the same infrastructure, including site offices, cabling, roading and substation.

4.2.2 Selection of turbine sites The selection of the turbine sites were influenced by a number of factors. These factors include the outcome of wind modelling, the topography of the site, site limitations identified by the technical reports, construction effects, location of the existing wind farm and associated infrastructure.

A desktop exercise was undertaken to analyse the wind resource and the appropriate turbine separation distances. Appropriate turbine separation distances are important to avoid the wind turbines having wind turbulence effects on one another. For the Windflow 500 turbine, the separation parameters applied were approximately 6 rotor diameters by 3 rotor diameters. The turbine positions identified through the results of the desktop exercise were then applied physically to the site to confirm access and turbine platform feasibility.

Further, the topography of the site has influenced the placement of the turbines. Steep areas have been avoided to reduce the levels of earthworks required and to minimise the physical changes to the landscape.

In addition to these factors, the consultation and detailed environmental assessments also necessitated changes to the original proposed locations of the turbines. As a result, possible turbine sites were removed due to close proximity to prominent ridgelines, the Pahiatua-Aukautere Road and the Ballance Radar Station.

The co-location of the proposed TRHE with the existing Te Rere Hau wind farm enables the proposal to utilise the existing infrastructure. Figure 4 below identifies the proposed turbine localities.

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Figure 4 Map of the proposed location of the turbines for TRHE

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4.3 Project Outline

A Construction Effects Report prepared by Kevin O’Connor & Associates Ltd provides the details of the construction activities and an assessment of the potential adverse effects. This report is contained in Appendix D of Volume II.

There are two separate phases associated with the proposed TRHE, namely its construction and its subsequent ongoing operation. The key elements of the project are the electricity generation components (the turbines) and the supporting infrastructure including foundations, access tracks, and turbine platforms. The various key elements of the system are discussed below.

4.3.1 Electricity generation and associated components The turbine consists of a tower, nacelle and the rotor. The exterior of these three elements will be finished in a matt light blue-grey colour (Resene Jungle Mist). This colour has been selected by the turbine manufacturer as the most suitable colour for wind turbines to reduce the reflectivity of the turbine, to minimise blade glint, and to minimise visual effects across a range of climatic conditions, seasons and backdrops. Turbine details are provided in Figure 5.

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1 Blade 3d Hydraulic system - braking 2 Rotor 3e Hydraulic system – torque limiting 3a Hydraulic system – power unit 4 Gearbox 3b Hydraulic system – yawing 5 Generator 3c Hydraulic system – pitch actuation 6 Tower Figure 5 Turbine Details

The nacelle is the housing that sits on top of the turbine tower and accommodates, amongst other things, the turbine’s gearbox, control systems, pitch and yaw drives and generator. Each turbine is provided with noise insulation around the top of the tower. Access to the nacelle will be provided through an opening in the floor which leads to the tower.

The rotor is the portion of the turbine that captures the energy from the wind. The turbines have two blades of laminated wood / epoxy construction. These blades have a combined diameter of 33 metres and are mounted to the nacelle through the hub (nose on the exterior of the nacelle). The rotor will be controlled by a microprocessor that controls the pitch of the blades, enabling the rotor to maximise energy production from the wind resource.

The tower is 29 metres in height and is constructed of tapered tubular steel that is 2.2 metres in diameter at the base. Each tower will be supported by a single pile concrete foundation of 2.4

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metres in diameter (where ground conditions permit) and between 7 and 10 metres in depth. The foundation diameter is typically no more than 200mm more than the tower diameter and no concrete pad is required where suitable geology exists. This enables the area around the tower to be rehabilitated to allow for vegetation to extend close to the base. The maximum number of turbine towers on the TRHE site will be 56.

The combined height of the tower and blades results in each turbine having a maximum height of 47 metres. Accordingly the turbines do not require warning lighting pursuant to New Zealand Aviation regulations.

Shadow flicker, as applied to a wind turbine, is the observed effect of a blade of the turbine passing across the sun. This effect will only be present when the disk, described by the rotation of the turbine blades is in the direct line of sight between the observer and the sun.

A 33kV transformer will be located near the base of each turbine tower. The transformers are housed in a structure with the dimensions of 1 metre by 1.8 metres by 1.5 metres in height. No other ancillary structures are proposed. It is proposed that TRHE will utilise the existing transmission lines and infrastructure developed for the existing Te Rere Hau wind farm.

A turbine platform / pad is located adjacent to each turbine tower and is integrated with the internal road. The platform is constructed of crushed gravel with the dimensions of 20 metres by 12 metres. The platform is designed to allow for the storage of turbine components, accommodate a crane that enables the assembly and installation of the tower, nacelle and rotor blade components, and establish a 33kV transformer. The platform is also utilised for the maintenance of the turbine.

Each turbine transformer will be connected to a 33kV cable that connects all the turbine sites along the access roads. This cable then connects into a main 33kV cable to the existing consented Te Rere Hau wind farm. All cables will be direct buried within the access roads.

The maximum installed capacity of the TRHE will be 28 MW. Given the wind monitoring and modelling outputs, it is anticipated that up to 95 GWh of electricity could be generated from the facility on an annual basis. This is dependent on the wind variability throughout the year. To place this potential output into perspective, 95 GWh per annum of electricity will provide sufficient energy to power approximately 12,000 average New Zealand households, and given the renewable

1 nature of wind energy, it could offset 36,700 tonnes of CO 2 emissions per annum, which could arise from the equivalent energy generation.

1 This figure was established using the New Zealand Wind Energy Association website calculator .

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Other structures related to the wind farm are meteorological masts. There are currently two wind masts in the area. A 51 metre mast is located on the consented Te Rere Hau site and a second mast of 10 metres in height is located on the TRHE site.

4.3.2 Hazardous Substances Each of the transformers on site contains 472 litres of oil and each of the turbines hold 200 litres of oil. The maximum amount of oil stored on the project site is 37,632 litres of oil. The following information has been provided by PowerCo and Windflow Technology Ltd.

The transformers are sealed units. Therefore, the oil stored in these units is sealed and the design of the unit will not allow for discharges of contaminants to groundwater, water courses or adjacent properties. Should any maintenance be required, the transformers will be removed from the site, minimising any opportunity for discharges to occur on site.

The nacelle unit acts as a bund for oil within the turbines, providing an impervious material in the outer casing to capture any leakage from the unit. Therefore, the oil stored in these units is sealed and the design of the unit will not allow for discharges of contaminants to groundwater, water courses or adjacent properties. The oil will be transported to the turbines in 20 litre containers and all use of the oil will take place with the sealed nacelle unit. The vehicles used to transport the oil carry spill kits that are large enough to contain a 50 litre spill. The workshop on the consented Te Rere Hau wind farm site has a spill kit that can contain a 240 litre spill.

Beyond the application site, on the consented Te Rere Hau wind farm site, any additional oil is stored on bunded pallets in the workshop. Outside the workshop liquid hazardous substance, in the form of waste oil, is stored outside with a bund designed to meet the appropriate standards for containment. No underground storage is proposed.

The vehicles used on site are unlikely to become contaminated with hazardous substances. Any oil spill is likely to be inside the vehicle. Any spills will be cleaned either by hand or in the event of a large spill, a spill kit. Any washing of vehicle exteriors will not involve hazardous substances.

An assessment of the proposed storage of hazardous substances against the provisions of the Tararua District Plan established that the activity is complying. Therefore, no further assessment has been provided.

4.3.3 Construction approach Internal access tracks will be developed throughout the site. Access to each turbine is necessary and will require 7.3 km of roads to be constructed. The access roads have been designed to enable the turbines to be delivered directly to the turbine platform. The road width is in the order of 5 metres with side drains on each side. Where possible the access roads have been designed to

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follow the ground contour to minimise the amount of cut and fill required, reducing the changes to the site.

Where possible, roads have been designed to incorporate the turbine platform so that the road itself can be used as part of the turbine construction site. The dimensions of the turbine platform are 20 metres by 12 metres, this allows room for storage of the parts as well as for the construction crane used for erecting the turbine.

Further, a number of cables will need to be laid underground to provide the connections between the turbines, the transformer and the existing substation. These cables will be direct buried within the access roads as it is established.

The crossing of existing gullies has been minimised by the location of each turbine to reduce the requirement to place culverts within waterways. As the position of such structures is at the head of each catchment, the maximum catchment area for each structure is less than 1 hectare. Each culvert has been sized at 300mm diameter and has been designed to cater for most storm events. The location of these culverts are identified in the Construction Effects Report (Appendix D of Volume II).

Stormwater run-off from the internal access tracks, turbines and associated foundation footings will be directed and dispersed via road side drains to grit traps to settle out any sediment and contaminants before entering stormwater piped systems to suitable discharge points on the downhill side of the access roads and / or turbine platform sites. To ensure that the discharge is controlled, rip rap may be placed immediately downstream to reduce the energy of the stormwater and reduce scouring and erosion. Further, silt fences will be placed downstream to reduce the sedimentation of the water bodies on site.

Possible spoil disposal sites have been identified so that all material is contained within the TRHE site. The exact locations will be identified to minimise possible erosion and sediment escaping into existing waterways. The spoil sites will be shaped and re-vegetated.

4.3.4 Operational activities Once the site is operational, regular servicing will be scheduled on a three-monthly basis. Regular maintenance will involve the servicing of hydraulics and general maintenance of the various components of the turbine.

4.3.5 Electrical transmission system The transmission and collection of electrical energy consists of four main components, the 33kV underground cable network, a substation, the transmission line and the connection to an existing transmission network. The energy produced by the wind turbine generator is processed by the

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associated transformer, whereby the generation voltage of 415V is changed to the collection and transmission voltage of 33,000V. The electricity then travels from the transformer via a network of underground cables to the farm switching yard, or substation (located on the site of the consented Te Rere Hau wind farm). The energy then travels via underground cables to the TWC2201 GXP where it joins the national grid. The majority of the cables are already in place for the consented portion of the wind farm. The current application seeks to establish only the 33kV cables between the turbines and the transformers, and some of the cables between the transformers and the existing substation.

4.4 Main Elements of Te Rere Hau Eastern Extension

The following table summarise the ‘main elements’ associated with the construction and operation of Te Rere Hau Eastern Extension.

Table 7 Main Elements of TRHE

Element Characteristic

Site area approximately 300 hectares High wind cut-out 30 m/s Low wind cut-in 5.5 m/s Rated power 13.7 m/s Generation capacity (per turbine) 0.5 MW Generation capacity (for TRHE) 28 MW Approximate annual electricity output 95 GWh Rotor Speed 48-51 rpm Maximum Tower Height 29 metres Maximum Blade Diameter 33.2 metres Maximum Turbine Height (tower and blade) 47 metres Number of Turbines in TRHE 56 Distance between Turbines Approximately 6 rotor diameters by 3 rotor diameters Length of new internal access Road(s) approximately 7.3 km Distance between North Range Road and closest Approximately 52 metres turbine Closest Residential Property 1.35 kilometres (and a further 1.4 kilometres to the next closest dwelling).

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5.0 CONSULTATION

5.1 Approach

NZ Windfarms (NZWL) has implemented a programme of consultation as an important component of developing the Te Rere Hau Eastern Extension (TRHE). The consultation process has assisted in the establishment of parameters for TRHE, enabled the refinement of layout and design, identified the potential effects on the environment, enabled the avoidance of some potential effects on the environment, and assisted in the development of mitigation measures.

The consultation objectives for TRHE are: • To inform the surrounding landowners and all interested parties of the proposal; • Create opportunities for discussion, allowing NZWL to better understand interested parties views of TRHE; • To enable the community to develop informed views, decisions and responses to TRHE; • To assist the refinement of the final TRHE proposal submitted for resource consent application; and • Ensure ongoing open opportunities for communication.

NZWL recognise that consultation is an ongoing process. Therefore, it is envisaged that consultation with stakeholder groups will continue as the resource consent applications are processed, as well as throughout the construction and operational phases.

The following sections of this document outline the consultation undertaken and describe comments received and/or the response from NZWL. In addition, Appendix M, Volume II contains copies of consultation material.

5.2 Consultation Undertaken

While NZWL developed consultation objectives at the inception of TRHE, they did not develop a rigid consultation strategy. This was in recognition of the various external and internal elements which could influence TRHE’s progression. The four phases of consultation undertaken are set out in sections 5.2.2 to 5.2.5.

Comments received during this consultation and any other individual discussions with interested parties are outlined separately in sections 5.3 to 5.4.

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5.2.1 Consultation relating to Te Rere Hau Wind Farm Prior to applications for resource consent associated with the consented Te Rere Hau wind farm being lodged, NZWL instigated a programme of consultation. NZWL anticipated consultation in relation to the consented Te Rere Hau wind farm would be ongoing and accordingly have ensured ongoing opportunities for open communication and will continue to do so. During consultation for TRHE there has been communications relating to the consented Te Rere Hau wind farm. Notwithstanding this, the content of these communications is not outlined in sections 5.2.2 to 5.4 for the reason that the Te Rere Hau wind farm is not the subject of this application.

5.2.2 First phase of consultation – preliminary consultation The objective of this phase of consultation was: • To brief stakeholders on the nature, scale and location of the project; • To identify concerns that may be associated with the project; and • To identify potentially affected parties and the community of interest.

In accordance with the above objective, the following consultation activities have been undertaken:

Initial letter A letter outlining the TRHE project and the investigations being carried out was sent to landowners within at least 3km of the site; Airways New Zealand, Civil Aviation Authority, Department of Conservation (Palmerston North Area Office), Fish and Game New Zealand, Horizons Regional Council, New Zealand Historic Places Trust, Ngati Hineaute Hapu Authority, Palmerston North City Council, Rangitane o Tamiki nui a Rua, Tanenuiarangi Manawatu Incorporated, Tararua Aokautere Guardians, Tararua District Council, Telecom New Zealand, Te Rangimarie Marae Committee, and other potentially interested individuals. The letter invited people to discuss the proposal by way of meetings between 19-23 November 2007 and provided email, mobile and free phone number details for the NZWL project team. This letter was sent on 25 October 2007. A copy of the letter and associated attachments is contained in Appendix M of Volume II.

Phone call to Stakeholders Following the initial letter, NZWL personnel contacted a number of identified stakeholders, neighbours, and other potentially interested parties. The purpose of this phone call was to confirm that the letter had been received; advise parties further about the project; and if desired, to arrange a meeting to discuss the project with NZWL personnel.

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Meetings Meetings were held between 13 – 23 November with: Airways New Zealand, Mr C Anderson, Mr G and Mrs C Croad, Mr I, Mr A and Mrs A Day; Department of Conservation (Palmerston North Area Office), Mr R Gibson, Mr J and Mrs M Gordon, Horizons Regional Council, Mr G and Mrs T Irvin, Mr D Klein and Ms P Robbie, Mighty River Power Limited, Mr V Norrish, Mr G and Mrs J Olson, Palmerston North City Council, Mr J Poff, Rangitane o Tamiki nui a Rua, Mr D and Mrs D Sparkes, Tanenuiarangi Manawatu Incorporated, Tararua Aokautere Guardians, Tararua District Council and Good Earth Matters. Responses received during these meetings are discussed in Sections 5.3 and 5.4.

New Zealand Stock Exchange Market Announcement A market announcement to the New Zealand Stock Exchange dated 30 October 2007, announced that NZWL was pursuing an extension to their consented Te Rere Hau wind farm.

5.2.3 Second phase of consultation – project refinement

The objective of this phase of consultation was: • To brief the community of the nature, scale and location of the project; • To explain to the community the timeframe and suggested process for consultation; • To discuss the beneficial and adverse effects of the project and options to avoid, remedy, or mitigate the adverse effects; and • To identify the community’s concerns and to provide the community with an opportunity to ask questions.

In accordance with the above objective, the following consultation activities have been undertaken:

Second letter A further letter was sent to parties who received the initial letter as well as those who subsequently requested to be added to the mail list. The letter, dated 16 September 2008, outlined that following consultation in late 2007 / early 2008 NZWL identified cultural, airways radar dome and potential acoustic effects associated with some of the proposed turbine localities, accordingly the TRHE layout was revised. The letter invited people to discuss the proposal again by way of meetings between 29 September – 3 October 2008 and provided email, mobile and free phone number details for the NZWL project team. A copy of the letter and associated attachments is contained in Appendix M of Volume II.

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Meetings Meetings were held between 25 September to 3 October 2008 with: Mr C Anderson, Mr I, Mr A and Mrs A Day, Department of Conservation (Wellington Conservancy Office), Palmerston North City Council, Mr J Poff, Mr D and Mrs D Sparkes, Mr B and Mrs M Stewart and Telecom.

5.2.4 Third phase of consultation – further refinement and pre-lodgement

The objective of this phase of consultation was: • To inform the community of the nature, scale and effects of the project; • To discuss the potential effects of the project and the proposed methods to avoid, remedy, or mitigate any adverse effects; • Identify outstanding concerns of those consulted; and • To provide a further opportunity to ask questions.

In order to meet the above objective, the following consultation activities have been undertaken:

Third letter A further letter was sent to the parties identified in section 5.2.2 and 5.2.3 of this report. In addition to these parties, letters were also sent to; Fielding 4x4 Club, Manawatu Mountain Bike Club, Manawatu Tramping & Skiing Club, Manawatu 4WD Club, Palmerston North Tramping and Mountaineering Club Inc, Red Kiwi Orienteering Club and Tararua 4WD Club. The letter, dated 9 April 2009, outlined that the willingness of people to discuss TRHE during the previous 18 months allowed NZWL to identify potential adverse effects, predominantly associated with turbines positioned at higher elevations at the southern extent of TRHE. As a result of consultation and with a greater appreciation of these effects, the TRHE layout was revised to avoid this area. The letter invited people to discuss the revised proposal and provided email, mobile and free phone number details for the NZWL project team. A copy of the letter and associated attachments is contained in Appendix M of Volume II.

Meetings Meetings were held between 23 April and 4 May 2009 with: Mr C Anderson, Mr K and Mrs B Burnette, Mr I, Mr A and Mrs B Day, Mr M and Mrs A Grassick, Mr J and Mrs M Gordon, Palmerston North City Council, Mr J Poff, Rangitane o Tamiki nui a Rua Inc, Mr B and Mrs M Stewart, Tanenuiarangi Manawatu Incorporated and a group of people comprising Mr M and Mrs R Ollsen; Mr G Irvin; Ms L Kells; Ms N Banks; Ms L Huffman and Ms D Munro. Comments made during meetings are discussed in Sections 5.3 and 5.4.

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New Zealand Stock Exchange Preliminary Announcement In addition, a preliminary announcement to the New Zealand Stock Exchange dated 2 March 2009, announced that further analysis and modelling of data from the extension area identified that the wind resource in the area was better than previously thought and NZWL were seeking to maximise it.

5.2.5 Fourth phase of consultation – post lodgement

NZWL will continue to consult with affected and interested parties. This will involve sending a CD copy of the AEE and associated appendices to all parties who have requested a copy. The consultation throughout this phase will be unstructured and reflective of NZWL’s desire to ensure ongoing opportunities for open communication. It is noted that meetings have already been scheduled beyond lodgment, and NZWL is committed to continuing to contact parties and to provide opportunity for discussion. NZWL expect their relationship with tangata whenua will also be ongoing, extending beyond the resource consent process and into the wind farm construction and operation if consent is granted. Further to this, NZWL wish to include tangata whenua where practicable in monitoring or management of the area as appropriate.

5.3 Responses Received 5.3.1 Regulatory Authorities Consents for the construction, operation, and maintenance of TRHE are sought from Tararua District Council and Horizons Regional Council. Preliminary discussions and periodic updates have been held with these authorities and Palmerston North City Council since mid 2007.

A range of matters have been discussed at these meetings, including the scope of technical reports, visual simulations, potential bird strike effects, earthworks and the operation of the consented Te Rere Hau wind farm. 5.3.2 Tangata whenua NZWL has consulted with various tangata whenua groups based on the recommendations of an iwi liaison officer and other locals. It is understood that the rohe of Rangitaane o Manawatu extends across the Tararua Range and that Rangitane a Tamaki nui a Rua seek to have the Tararua Range acknowledged as part of their rohe. As both iwi have strong cultural and spiritual connections to the area, NZWL has consulted with Tanenuiarangi Manawatu Incoproated and Rangitane regarding the TRHE project.

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• Tanenuiarangi Manawatu Incorporated - Tanenuiarangi Manawatu Incorporated (TMI) have represented Rangitaane o Manawatu since it was established in 1989. The TMI beneficiaries are the natural descendents of all the hapu of Rangitaane o Manawatu.

NZWL initiated consultation with TMI in 2007, there has since been meetings, ongoing discussions and communications. This includes the provision of information when requested, if available. A Cultural Impact Assessment was completed in 2005 by TMI assessing the effects of the Te Rere Hau wind farm. An update to this report was prepared by TMI in 2008.

TMI and NZWL are currently engaging in preparing a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU). This mechanism allows TMI to express their concerns in a formal way while being involved in all aspects of this process including any type of monitoring or management of the area. NZWL expect their relationship with TMI will be ongoing, extending beyond the resource consent process and into the wind farm construction and operation if consent is granted. • Rangitane o Tamiki nui a Rua - Consultation with Rangitane o Tamiki nui a Rua begun in 2007 and is ongoing. NZWL intend to engage further with Rangitane o Tamiki nui a Rua to ensure that they are kept informed of the progress of TRHE and that their interests are looked after.

5.3.3 Airways New42 Zealand and Palmerston North International Airport NZWL has engaged in further consultation with Airways in relation to TRHE following extensive and ongoing consultation in relation to the consented Te Rere Hau wind farm. An outcome of this consultation has been the revision of the initially proposed turbine layout to avoid any effects on the operation of the nearby radar. The revised turbines are beyond the parameters which Airways advised there were likely to be an effect on the operation of the radar. NZWL will continue to consult with Airways to confirm that the flight

paths provided by Palmerston North International Airport are not impeded .

5.3.4 Civil Aviation Authority The Civil Aviation Authority has been advised of the proposed TRHE project. Part 77 of the Civil Aviation Rules provides the rules for ‘Objects and Activities Affecting Navigable Airspace.’ Provision 77.5(1) of the Civil Aviation Rules states that where a person proposes to construct or alter a structure they must notify the Director if the proposed structure extends more than 60 metres in height above the ground level at its site. NZWL has advised the Civil Aviation Authority that the maximum turbine height is 47metres. NZWL will continue

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to consult with Civil Aviation Authority to confirm that the flight paths provided by Palmerston North International Airport are not impeded.

5.3.5 Telecom NZWL has consulted with Telecom in relation to radio paths, Earth Potential Rise (EPR) and induced voltage (including contractors who perform various components of Telecoms functions). All matters raised by Telecom have been addressed and/or clarified by NZWL. Notwithstanding this, Telecom and NZWL are currently engaging in preparing a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU).

5.3.6 Department of Conservation NZWL initially met with the Palmerston North Area Office in 2007. Subsequent consultation has been with the Wellington Conservancy Office following the initial amendment to TRHE. The initial amendment to the TRHE layout meant that the proposal is now positioned entirely within the Wellington Conservancy. Key effects which the Department of Conservation wished to be addressed in the Ecological Assessment were the effects on native birds (particularly the New Zealand falcon), the effects of sedimentation on streams, the effects on freshwater fish and the clearance of native vegetation. 5.3.7 Neighbouring Properties NZWL has engaged with property owners in the surrounding environment since late 2007 as detailed in section 5.2 of this document. A number of meetings, phone conversations and email exchanges have occurred since this time. The property owners in the surrounding environment whom NZWL have engaged with have developed opinions on TRHE ranging from supportive to opposition. The matters raised have included: • The potential amenity effects, particularly noise and visual; • Proximity of turbines to dwellings; • Concerns associated with property values; • The potential effects on water quality; and • Effects arising from construction traffic.

5.3.8 Tararua Aokautere Guardians Tararua Aokautere Guardians (TAG) represents people living or owning properties near the Tararua Ranges that consider themselves affected by the development of wind farms in the area. A meeting was held with approximately 25 members of TAG on Wednesday 21 November 2007. NZWL took this opportunity to present key project information, listen to the concerns of parties present and respond where appropriate. The key matters discussed included: • The potential amenity effects, particularly noise and visual;

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• The proximity of turbines to peoples dwellings; and • The potential effects of a perceived phenomenon similar to vibroacoustic disease.

5.3.9 Recreational users of North Range Road

NZWL has contacted a number of groups who use North Range Road recreationally e.g. walkers/hikers, mountain bikers and four-wheel drivers to advise them of the proposed TRHE project. These groups concerns were generally associated with whether there would be improvements to North Range Road beyond the existing upgrade to the consented Te Rere Hau wind farm entrance. Some groups sought further information about the wind farm in general for educational purposes during their next scheduled activity utilising the area.

5.4 Issues Arising

The issues raised during the consultation to date can be summarised as follows: • Ecological effects; • Visual effects; • Noise effects; • Adverse effects on property values; and • Aviation effects; and effects on potential tourism.

All of the above issues relate to views associated with potential effects on the environment arising from the construction and operation of TRHE. The assessment of effects on the environment associated with this proposal is detailed in Section 6 and therefore has not been reiterated within this section of the document.

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6.0 ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS

6.1 Section 104, 104A to C – Consideration of Applications

Section 104 of the Act lists the matters which Consent Authorities shall have regard to when assessing a resource consent. The matters which must be taken in regard to, in accordance with s104(1), include: (a.) Any actual or potential effects on the environment of allowing the activity; (b.) Any relevant provisions of a national policy statement, regional policy statement or plan; and (c.) Any other matter the consent authority considers relevant and reasonably necessary to determine the application. The actual or potential effects of the proposed TRHE on the environment are addressed in Section 6.0 of this report. An assessment of the TRHE against the relevant policy statements and plans is provided in Section 6.3 below, while other relevant matters are covered in Section 6.4.

In preparing this report there has been an undertaking to include all matters that a Consent Authority could deem necessary to determine the TRHE.

The TRHE requires resource consents under both the Regional and District Plans. Consents are required for the use of natural resources and for land use activities. The status of the various activities proposed includes permitted, restricted discretionary and discretionary activities. It is therefore necessary to consider sections 104A, 104B and 104C of the Act.

Under Section 104A of the Act, a resource consent application for a controlled activity must be granted, although conditions may be placed on consent. These conditions are limited to those matters which control has been reserved under the applicable planning document.

A resource consent application for a restricted discretionary or discretionary activity may be granted or refused, as provided for in sections 104B and 104C of the Act. Consideration of resource consent applications for restricted discretionary activities must be restricted to those matters specified in the applicable planning document. Conditions may be imposed on granted discretionary and restricted discretionary resource consents (under Section 108 of the Act).

The resource consents required for the activities associated with the TRHE is overall a discretionary activity in terms of the relevant plans.

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6.1.1 Permitted Baseline Section 104(2) of the RMA enables a consent authority to disregard an adverse effect of an activity if the plan permits an activity with that effect. Having reviewed the relevant Plan it is not considered that there is a permitted baseline that is of relevance in this instance

6.2 Assessment of Environmental Effects

6.2.1 Introduction The purpose of the RMA “is to promote the sustainable management of natural and physical resources” (s5(1)). This enables resource use which provides for the social, economic and cultural well being of communities while sustaining resources for future generations, safe-guarding the life supporting capacity of the environment and also “avoiding, remedying or mitigating” the adverse effects on the environment that may result from any resource use (s5(2)).

Te Rere Hau Eastern Extension has been developed to take full account of the nature and sensitivities of the surrounding environment. The philosophy of the TRHE has been to avoid, remedy or mitigate potential adverse environmental effects while still ensuring the viability of the development.

The following environmental effects associated with the construction and operation of TRHE are summarised in Sections 6.2.3 to 6.2.10 of this document. The areas covered within this effects assessment are: • Positive Effects • Economic effects • Landscape and Visual effects (including cumulative effects) • Ecological effects • Traffic effects • Noise effects (including cumulative effects) • Cultural and archaeological effects • Recreational Effects • Effects on Aviation Activities and Airways New Zealand Radar

Technical and environmental investigations have been carried out to assess the feasibility of the project. The separate assessments form the basis of the information summarised below and full copies of these reports are contained in Volume II of the consent application documentation.

6.2.2 Positive Effects The proposed TRHE will have a number of positive effects as detailed below:

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• It will increase New Zealand’s installed electricity generation by up to 28MW and approximately 95 GWh per annum. This is enough electricity to supply approximately 12,000 average New Zealand homes; • The increased levels of generation will assist in meeting the projected shortfall in New Zealand’s electricity supply (assessed as increasing by 1.3% per annum); • The TRHE will utilise a renewable energy source to generate electricity. The use of this

renewable energy will offset up to approximately 92,100 tonnes of CO 2e greenhouses gases associated with the equivalent output from a thermal generation source; • The TRHE will contribute towards meeting the New Zealand Government’s targets for sustainable electricity generation; • Construction of the TRHE will use New Zealand made turbines and local expertise, ensuring that approximately 90% of the project’s budget will be spent in New Zealand. The project is expected to result in the direct employment of 40 staff, most of whom are likely to live permanently within the Manawatu-Wanganui region during this period. Wages and salaries paid to these staff are estimated at $2.3 million per annum. Indirect (or multiplier) economic effects could potentially create an additional 70 jobs and $4.0 million per annum in additional wages and salaries; • Once operational, up to four fulltime staff to undertake regular servicing of the additional turbines; • The land associated with the TRHE, once the facility is constructed, can continue to be utilised for the grazing of sheep and cattle. The ongoing utilisation of the land will not be diminished by the presence of the TRHE; • THE TRHE and the existing Te Rere Hau wind farm, which are both owned by NZWL, will be able to be operated in an integrated manner by utilising the same existing infrastructure, thereby encouraging resource efficiency.

6.2.3 Economic Effects An assessment of the economic impacts of the TRHE has been carried out by Brown, Copeland and Co Ltd. This assessment is contained in Appendix E of Volume II. A summary of the key elements of this assessment, as overviewed in the following paragraphs, are:

• Importance of electricity to the economy and the forecast growth in demand; • Environmental effects; • Economic costs; and • Economic benefits.

Importance of electricity to the economy and the forecast growth in demand New Zealand’s relatively low electricity prices contribute to the “economic well being” of businesses and residents throughout the country. Between 1974 and 2007 electricity consumption

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has grown at a rate of 2.7% per annum. The Ministry of Economic Development (MED) anticipates a “Base Case” electricity demand growth to average 1.3% per annum over the period between 2005 and 2030. This is based on assumptions that there will be significant energy efficiency improvements and uptake, and an increase in energy prices providing incentive to increase efficient use.

However, there is potential that other factors, such as delays in the commissioning of new generation capacity or increase in electricity use in transportation, may result in high levels of electricity demand. The Economic Impact Assessment suggests that demand may continue at the historical growth rate of 2 to 3 percent per annum, approximately in line with the rate of economic growth.

Based on the MED’s growth scenario, demand in the domestic electricity energy market will increase by 39% between 2005 and 2030, requiring an additional 3,166 MW of electricity generation capacity. The proposed TRHE will introduce an additional 28 MW of installed electricity generation capacity to the New Zealand market.

Environmental effects Using the New Zealand Wind Energy Association website calculator, the TRHE reduces carbon emissions of 36,700 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO 2e) by displacing gas-fired electricity generation. This is about 1% of New Zealand’s emissions from electricity generation in 2007. If coal- fired generation is displaced 92,100 tonnes of CO 2e greenhouse gases will be avoided. On the basis of the Government’s $15 to $25 per tonne range for emissions, this equates to an annual benefit of $600,000 to $2.3 million in terms of reduced emission units which would need to be purchased offshore by New Zealand industry.

An additional environmental benefit is the “reversibility” of the environmental impacts created by the proposed TRHE development. At the end of the wind farms economic life, all of the structures are able to be removed, and the site returned essentially to its original state as there are few physical impacts associated with the proposal. By way of comparison, other forms of electricity generation, such as hydro, are effectively irreversible.

Economic costs The proposed TRHE will be located on a site that is adjacent to two existing wind farm developments (Tararua Stage III to the north and the existing Te Rere Hau to the west). Therefore it seems unlikely that any potential loss of amenity associated with the development will result in economic impacts, in terms of reduction in recreational use of the area. Also it is possible that there may be visitors to the area solely to visit the wind farm environment. On this basis, potential adverse economic effects of the TRHE on recreational use of the Tararua Range are considered to be neutral.

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In terms of the economic use of the land for agricultural activities, the land will continue to be used for pastoral farming at the same level of intensity once construction of the wind farm is complete.

Economic benefits The Economic Impact Assessment considers that a number of economic benefits will arise from the proposed TRHE.

Site modelling and monitoring carried out by NZ Windfarms Ltd has shown that the site offers excellent potential to utilise the wind resource to generate electricity. The proposal can ensure electrical generation is maximised while also minimising the environmental effects. Further, as the actual use of the land by the proposal is minimal, the majority of the land will continue to be utilised in accordance with its current land use (i.e., pastoral farming).

There will be cost savings to the extent that the costs of generation from the TRHE site are less than the generation and transmission costs of alternative new generation capacity elsewhere. The factors influencing the lower costs include the TRHE being able to utilise existing transmission lines and infrastructure, and by meeting a greater proportion of the regional demand within the Manawatu-Wanganui region it will reduce the amount of electricity that needs to be supplied from more distant generation sources, reducing demand on the national grid and electricity loss.

Further, the proposal will increase the security of electricity supply, adding to the dry-year security of supply as wind helps to diversify supply away from the predominant reliance on the large hydro schemes in the South Island. Also, the central and lower North Island will be less reliant on the more distant parts of the transmission network and therefore less affected by transmission system constraints. An improvement in security can improve both community economic wellbeing as well as be an efficient use of resources.

Finally it is estimated that the average annual output of electricity from TRHE will be 95 GWh per annum. This generation capacity will potentially offset the need to generate from other sources, particularly non-renewable generation such as coal or gas. Therefore the TRHE could potentially offset the production of over 36,700 tonnes of CO 2e per annum.

6.2.4 Landscape and Visual Effects

Introduction and background The Landscape and Visual Assessment undertaken by Peter Rough Landscape Architects Limited assesses the potential effects of the proposed TRHE on the landscape and visual values. This assessment is contained in Appendix F of Volume II.

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The assessment adopted a structured approach to assessing the potential effects on visual and landscape values. Firstly, the nature of the broader area’s landscape values were identified and described. This is contained in Section 2 of the Visual and Landscape Assessment, an overview of which is provided in Section 3.3 of this document. The landscapes surrounding the site were divided into four broad categories; the Tararua lowlands to the east of the Tararua Range, the uplands of the Tararua Range, the western foothills, and the western lowlands. Each landscape was assessed in terms of the important components of landform, land use, and features associated with settlement.

The next stage of the assessment involved the identification of the wind farm elements (Section 4 of the Visual and Landscape Assessment) and these were subsequently used as part of the visibility analysis. Photo-points representative of areas of community, transport, and recreational significance were identified and photo-simulations of the development prepared from 10 representative photo-points in the surrounding area. The simulations were used as an aid to convey the varying level of visibility and visual impact of the proposed wind farm extension and in representing the layout, positions and orientation of the turbines.

Finally, an assessment of how the proposal might potentially affect how people experience the landscape, its unique features and “sense of place”. These effects were captured through describing the elements that contribute to the character of the landscape and how these might be affected by the development.

Utilising the general structure of the Visual and Landscape Assessment, potential effects are as follows:

• Visual amenity of the eastern Tararua Range • Visual amenity of the Tararua Range • Visual amenity of the western Tararua Range • Landscape character of the eastern Tararua Range • Landscape character of the Tararua Range • Landscape character of the western foothills • Landscape character of the western lowlands • Potential cumulative effects

In assessing the potential effects, the predominant focus has been on the final built form of the TRHE, as this reflects the potential long term effects of the proposal. However, where appropriate, the potential effects on visual and landscape values associated with construction activities have also been identified.

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Visual amenity of the eastern Tararua Range Four view points on the eastern side of the Tararua Range were identified from which to assess the potential effects of the proposal on visual amenity. The viewpoints identified were Troup Road on the outskirts of Woodville, Kaitawa-Tiraumea Road on the outskirts of Pahiatua, an elevated point on Pahiatua-Mangahao Road and on Post Office Road on the outskirts of Ballance.

Troup Road Troup Road has unbroken views to the Tararua Range and the existing wind farm developments, including the Tararua, Te Apiti and existing Te Rere Hau wind farms. Approximately 18 of the proposed wind turbines will be visible from this view point and these have been assessed as present, but not prominent and that their effect on the visual amenity is minor.

Kaitawa-Tiraumea Road Kaitawa-Tiraumea Road is located on the southern outskirts of Pahiatua. The road provides a clear view across Pahiatua and the intervening low hills to the Tararua Ranges, approximately 11km away. This viewpoint provides a ‘side-on’ view of the proposal, from which approximately 30 of the proposed wind turbines are visible. These are assessed as having a minor effect because of the small scale of the proposed turbines relative to the visual bulk of the range.

Pahiatua-Mangahao Road The Pahiatua-Mangahao Road provides a view from the foothills towards the Tararua Range, similar to the view from the Kaitawa-Tiraumea Road view point. From this viewpoint the turbines are more clearly present on the skyline; however they do not detract from the high amenity values of the scene.

The 109 turbines from the Tararua wind farm are present at this viewpoint. However, the clear distinction between the three-bladed turbines and the smaller two-bladed turbines will provide separation and distinction between the two wind farms and will reduce visual confusion.

Post Office Road Post Office Road on the outskirts of Ballance provides clear views of the Tararua Range from close proximity. The effect of the proposed turbines will be partially obscured by the landform, resulting in relatively few of the turbines being visible from this point. Those turbines that will be visible will appear on either side of the rotor blades of the existing Te Rere Hau wind farm turbines that can be discerned. The turbines are assessed as being prominent on the skyline, that is, clearly visible and important, but not resulting in a defining element of the view.

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The significance of the effect of the proposed turbines on the amenity values of the eastern side of the Tararua Range is minor because of the skyline itself and the bulk of the Range becomes dominant, rather than the turbines that are sited on or close to the skyline.

Whilst the view from the eastern side of the Tararua Range provides views of both the three-bladed turbines of Stage 3 of the Tararua wind farm and the two-bladed turbines of Te Rere Hau wind farm, this does not result in visual confusion and lack of visual coherence. The parts of the skyline occupied by the turbines are sufficiently distant for each wind farm to be read as a separate entity on the landscape.

Visual amenity of the Tararua Range The visual effects of the proposal on the amenity when viewed from the Tararua Range were also assessed, from the junction of North Range Road and the Pahiatua-Aokautere Road.

Junction of North Range Road and the Pahiatua-Aokautere Road The junction of the Pahiatua-Aokautere Road and North Range Road saddles the Tararua Ranges, providing expansive views to the east and west, as well as along the ridgeline to the northeast. From this point, turbines from only the proposed extension of Te Rere Hau will be visible. The majority of the wind farm will be obscured by the ridgelines, however approximately eight turbine rotors and parts of towers will be visible from this view point. As the turbines are within 1.1 – 1.3 km of the view point those visible turbines will be a prominent component in the view to the north east. However, they would not appear dominant in the view because they would be subordinate to the landforms on which they are placed, which is a wide expanse of hilltops and plateau.

As a result, only the turbines from the proposed extension will be visible to the north. Considered from this perspective, the appearance of the turbines whilst prominently placed, have been assessed as having a moderate significance for the visual amenity values at this view point.

Visual amenity of the western Tararua Range The Visual and Landscape Assessment identified four view points on the western side of the Tararua Range from which to assess the potential effects of the proposal on visual amenity. The view points identified were Ridgeview Road, Pahiatua-Aokautere Road in the western foothills, Branksome Place near Aokautere, Pacific Drive on the outskirts of Palmerston North and the junction of James Line and Napier Road to the east of Palmerston North.

Ridgeview Road Ridgeview Road provides a relatively unobstructed view of the western side of the Tararua Range. From this view point two turbines from the consented wind farm are visible. The proposed extension will result in approximately eight turbines being visible in the distance to the east. These additional turbines will be located on a ridgeline that already shows evidence of rural and rural residential

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activities. The proposed turbines are of the same appearance as the existing ones, providing coherence to the view. The proposed turbines will result in a minor effect on the visual amenity from this viewpoint.

Pahiatua-Aokautere Road in the western foothills The Pahiatua-Aokautere Road provides a view across the floodplains to the Tararua Range and the turbines of the consented Te Rere Hau wind farm. Approximately six proposed turbines will be visible from this view point. As a result of the location of these proposed turbines, the prominent appearance of the proposed turbines will have a minor to negligible adverse effect on the visual amenity from this view point.

Branksome Place and Pacific Drive Branksome Place and Pacific Drive provide a similar visual experience of the proposed wind farm as the Pahiatua-Aokautere Road site above, whereby all of the existing wind farms and the proposed wind farm will be visible from these view points. From these view points the proposed extension will be seen as an addition to other wind turbines, extending along the ridgeline towards the radar dome. The significance of their effect on visual amenity, which as has already been stated is conditioned by a general acceptance of wind turbines in the landscape, is negligible to minor.

Junction of James Line and Napier Road The junction of James Line and Napier Road provides a view of the proposed wind farm from the east of Palmerston North. The existing turbines of Te Apiti, Tararua (Stages I, II and III) and Te Rere Hau wind farms are visible. Approximately three of the proposed turbines will be visible from this point, however their presence in the landscape will be masked by the existing and consented turbines of the Te Rere Hau wind farm. Given their relative lack of prominence and the contrasting array of established wind farms, the proposed turbines will be of negligible significance.

The significance of the effect of the proposed turbines on the amenity values of the western side of the Tararua Range is considered to be minor because of the skyline itself and the prominence of existing turbines.

According to the Visual and Landscape Assessment, the turbines of the proposed extension will register as either present in the view but not prominent, or prominent in the view but not dominant when viewed from the various selected view points. Therefore, the effects on the visual amenity resulting from the proposed development are generally of minor significance.

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Landscape character of the eastern Tararua Range The landscape character of the area immediately to the east of the Tararua Range is shaped by the local farming activities. The proposed extension to Te Rere Hau wind farm will result in a number of additional turbines being visible from the eastern side of the range. However, the landscape assessments states that this will result in a no more than minor effect on the character of this landscape because the local elements of paddocks, fences, shelterbelts and farm buildings will not in themselves be changed. The Tararua Range is a somewhat separate backdrop, and the presence of wind turbines are now an accepted part of this landscape.

Landscape character of the Tararua Range The upland area of the Tararua Range near the proposed extension is a predominantly working rural landscape with an open expansive nature. The landscape has been modified and contains hilltop infrastructure, including the radar dome and telecommunications aerials and roading as well as wind turbines. The proposal will result in a number of turbines being added to the landscape where none were visible before. The presence of the aforementioned existing infrastructure would suggest that this is not a pristine landscape, but one that has been used for the siting of activities that can most appropriately be located on the ridgeline.

The location of the turbines will not obstruct views nor will their presence dominate the overall experience of being on the Pahiatua-Aokautere Road.

Landscape character of the western foothills The landscape of the western foothills of the Tararua Range has a working rural character, however increasingly this area is being settled by rural-residential lifestyle properties and low density suburban subdivisions. The existing turbines of the various wind farms along the Tararua Range are a visible and distinctive part of the landscape. The proposed extension to Te Rere Hau wind farm will result in the appearance of turbines in a location where none have existed previously. Overall, the elements of the landscape character will be affected to a no more than minor extent because the character relies on the unchanged underlying enclosed topography and the presence of rural residential developments.

Landscape character of the western lowlands The landscape of the western lowland area is determined by a mix of intensive and extensive rural activities, with a strong urban influence from low density suburban subdivisions. The Tararua Range is a prominent element in this landscape. As a result of the urban nature of the lowland landscape, the placement of the proposed turbines has been assessed as having a negligible effect on the landscape character.

The Visual and Landscape Assessment states that the turbines associated with the proposed extension of the Te Rere Hau wind farm will have no more than minor effect on the existing

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landscape character. This is because the elements that contribute to the landscape character are not affected by the proposal and will therefore continue to contribute to the landscape, and that wind turbines are increasingly becoming a part of the rural and rural-residential landscape character of the Tararua Range.

Potential cumulative effects The Landscape and Visual Assessment identifies the Tararua Range landscape in the vicinity of the proposed wind farm extension as one in which wind energy is a significant landscape element. This is further defined as a “Stage 2” wind energy landscape, whereby the landscape contains “ a number of wind developments / a significant number of turbines ”. “Stage 3” occurs when wind development becomes the dominant characteristic by which the landscape is described. The proposed Te Rere Hau wind farm extension will result in an increase in the proportion of the skyline influenced by wind energy generation at a number of different view points. Taking this increase into account, the Assessment states that “ given the minor significance of the effect of the proposed development on the character of the landscape, the generally minor effects on the visual amenity and the clear distinction between the lowlands and the Range ”, the proposed TRHE will not result in the landscape crossing the threshold to become a “Stage 3” landscape.

Further, the design and location of the turbines help to reduce cumulative effects. The proposed location for the turbines in the extension of Te Rere Hau wind farm are well separated from the smaller turbines of Stage I and II of the Tararua wind farm to the extent of not being in the same field of view. This degree of separation ensures that the turbines of Tararua are distinctly separate for the turbines of Te Rere Hau minimising the opportunity for cumulative effects of the turbines on visual amenity and landscape character. Similarly, the turbines of the proposed Moturimu and Turitea wind farms will be within the same field of view from at distances from the foot of the Tararua Range. From this distance, the effect of the proposed TRHE would be negligible in magnitude.

The proposed Turitea wind farm will result in a combined visibility of wind energy developments from the approach to the Tararua Range from the east, from the Pahiatua-Aokautere Road and from the saddle at the junction of North Range Road. The cumulative effect of both wind farms may result in the area around the saddle area becoming a “Stage 2” wind energy landscape. The assessment suggests that in this latter location the cumulative effect of these combined proposals might or might not be considered a more than minor effect depending on detailed turbine location in the Turitea proposal.

In terms of the potential cumulative effect created by increasing the number of turbines in the vicinity of the existing Te Rere Hau wind farm, it is considered that the adverse effects will be minimised by the use of turbines that have the same design and the groupings of the turbines.

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Overall, the assessment establishes that on balance the potential for significant cumulative effects resulting from the proposed extension is minor.

Mitigation The avoidance, remediation and mitigation of a number of potential effects on landscape and visual values, as discussed in the Landscape and Visual Assessment, has relied on a range of proposed measures being adopted. These measures are summarised in Table 8 below:

Table 8 Landscape and Visual Mitigation Features

Potential Effects Avoidance, Remediation and Mitigation Measures

Landscape and Visual Effects Internal roads will utilise, where practicable, the alignment of existing farm roads. New roads are designed to ensure that associated earthworks are kept to a minimum. The placement of turbines on ridges and spurs to help retain the open character of the landscape and the legibility of its landforms. The wind turbines chosen for the project have been designed as integral units that are identical to those on the consented Te Rere Hau wind farm, resulting in cohesive structures that provide a sense of unity between the existing and proposed wind farms Rehabilitation of areas of earthworks during the first planting season after construction Turbine colour chosen for low reflectivity and to assist in mitigating the visual effect when viewed against the sky and to reduce blade glint. Transformer building colour chosen to minimise their visual effect on the landscape of the surrounding pasture Transmission of power between the turbines and the substation will all be underground. Physical Landscape Effects Fill disposal sites will be sited to avoid natural features, areas of native vegetation and/or water bodies. Fill disposal sites will be shaped to blend the construction works into the existing terrain.

Summary The Visual and Landscape Assessment concludes that the Te Rere Hau Eastern Extension will overall have a no more than minor effects on the landscape or visual amenity, noting that:

• Te Rere Hau Eastern Extension has been carefully and sensitively sited within the landscape of the Tararua Range. • The proposed extension will register as either present in the view but not prominent, or prominent in the view but not dominant.

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• TRHE will not degrade the visual and scenic values of the Tararua Range landscape. • Landscape effects relative to the earthworks and access tracking will not be particularly evident. • Although the rural landscape character may be changed it will not be adversely affected by the TRHE. • Potential cumulative effects with respect to the existing and proposed wind farms on the Tararua Range and the proposed extension will be no more than minor.

Further, the proposed extension will be consistent with provisions set out in the relevant regional and territorial authorities, particularly with respect to the preservation of the character of the existing Tararua skyline when viewed from the adjacent plains, and the effective use of the resources of the rural area by a land use that can most appropriately be located in the rural area.

6.2.5 Ecological Effects

Introduction The Ecological Assessment undertaken by Kessels & Associates Ltd is contained in Appendix H of Volume II.

The potential ecological effects, arising from both the construction and operation of the TRHE are summarised in the following sections of this document. The potential effects are considered to be associated with: • Vegetation effects; • Avifauna effects; • Herptofauna effects; • Terrestrial invertebrate effects; and • Aquatic biota effects

Vegetation effects The vegetation values of the site have been summarised in Section 3.5 of this document. Throughout the site, there are areas of vegetation which will be disturbed as a result of construction activities. The two key areas that will be affected by the construction are the horopito scrub and the seepage and wetland zones, these are discussed below.

Horopito Scrub The Ecological Assessment has established that the sites for the turbines consist entirely of exotic pasture. However, the creation of the access roads may include the clearance of up to 2,260m 2 of unprotected grazed native horopito scrub. It is noted that this is a small area of vegetation to be removed and further refinement of the road and turbine platform layout may result in a further

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reduction of this area. As a result the assessment states that given the context of the site and the poor condition of the indigenous vegetation affected, the effects are likely to be no more than minor.

Seepage zones and wetlands The location of the turbine sites and access roads has been designed to minimise the number of culverts required to cross the seepage zones of the site. The application seeks to cross approximately eight seepage zones. Whilst the proposed Horizon’s One Plan (PHOP) identifies the loss of seep habitats is considered potentially significant in the context of the scarcity of wetlands in the locality, it is noted that seeps dominated by pasture grass and subject to stock usage are not considered to be significant under the PHOP criteria. To reduce the potential adverse effects of the culverts on the seepage zones, the proposal seeks to position the structures at the head of each catchment, reducing the catchment area to less than one hectare. Further each culvert has been sized at 300mm diameter, at a grade of 1 vertical to 100 horizontal to provide a flow capacity for most storm events.

As noted in Section 4.0 of this report, spoil disposal sites have been identified throughout the site. The disposal sites will be located in areas of low ecological value. The spoil sites will be remediated by being shaped and re-vegetated. This will also help to minimise possible erosion and sedimentation of the waterways.

The other potential effect on vegetation associated with the construction activity is the potential to facilitate the dispersal of invasive weeds throughout the site. Weed invasion needs to be managed to protect the ecological health of the existing indigenous vegetation remnants in this area. The dispersal of invasive weeds throughout the site will be avoided by: • Confining vehicle movements to formed access ways, as far as practical; • Ensuring construction vehicles are cleaned between jobs to avoid the introduction of external weed sources to the site; • Ensuring that aggregate sources are, as far as practical, free of weeds; and • Undertaking routine monitoring of site works to ensure new infestations are detected and removed.

Given the mechanisms identified above, and in conjunction with the nature of the existing vegetation, the relatively small loss of vegetation, the potential effects on vegetation and the potential for weed infestation, it is considered that the effects of the proposal on vegetation will be no more than minor.

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Avifauna effects During the construction of the TRHE, the resident bird populations within the pasture land of the study area are likely to experience a small amount of local disturbance. However, as the overall proportion of habitat loss is very small and short-term, the construction activities are unlikely to result in adverse effects on the local native bush dwelling birds.

Once the TRHE is operational, the potential effects on avifauna include collision mortality, displacement due to disturbance, barrier effects (alterations of migratory routes) and habitat change and loss.

Studies of bird collision in the presence of wind turbines have generally recorded low mortality rates. Collision risks vary depending on bird species, their numbers and behavioural patterns, weather conditions, topography and nature of the wind farm operations. Collision with turning blades is likely to pose the greatest potential for collision mortality.

Research on tui, kereru and bellbirds show that these birds could potentially be at risk from collision, especially when doing flight displays prior to nesting. However it is noted that these display flights generally only occur over bush and not open farm land where the turbines will be situated. Further it is noted that no bellbirds, tui or kereru have been observed in the site area, and they tend to nest in densely forested areas. Therefore it is considered that the risk of strike on turbines for these bird species would be low.

With regard to the New Zealand Falcon, a bird species which is reported as being in gradual decline, it is considered that the TRHE will not compromise the availability of habitat. Nevertheless, no falcons have been observed or heard on site and it is noted that it generally nests in scarps beneath rocky outcrops or in sheltered forest areas generally on valley sides that provide good views of the surrounding area. These are not features of the proposal site and therefore, it has been concluded that the New Zealand Falcon is unlikely to nest directly within the project site.

The proximity of the proposed turbines to the escarpment bush edge suggests that falcons may hunt within the proposed wind farm area. This may result in collisions with the turbines, either during hunting or while chicks are learning to fly. It is proposed to monitor the area prior to construction to determine whether falcons are using it for hunting and if so, monitor their behavioural patterns to assess their use of the site and establish risk and options for mitigation should this be required.

International research on bats shows that they are most at risk from collision during the course of migration. If this is the case, New Zealand bats are at low risk of wind-turbine strikes as they are non- migratory and show a high fidelity for their natal home ranges. However, pre-construction

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monitoring is proposed to ensure that no long tailed bats are utilising the area and to establish risks and options for mitigation where required.

Overall, in consideration of the low quality of indigenous vegetation and low densities and diversity of indigenous fauna and flora within the TRHE site and the proposed mitigation measures should local populations of avifauna be identified, the potential ecological effects are considered to be no more than minor.

Herptofauna effects Ornate skinks are a nationally threatened species, classified as being in gradual decline. Little information is available regarding the ornate skink population in the proposed TRHE site. New environmental pressures will have potential consequences for local populations. The turbine sites have been designed to avoid the rocky outcrop habitat areas of the skink. Further, monitoring is proposed to occur around the proposed sites for roads and on rocky outcrops to determine whether skinks are utilising this area and if translocation of affected individuals is required.

Terrestrial invertebrates effects The main potential effects of wind farms on terrestrial invertebrates are displacement due to disturbance, habitat change and loss, and disruption to flight paths. Disturbance during construction is unlikely to lead to the displacement of indigenous invertebrates or their habitats as the site is on farmland. Once the wind farm is operational the turbines will not form a barrier to insect movement. It is considered that the effects of the proposed TRHE on terrestrial invertebrates will be negligible.

Aquatic biota effects While the seep zones and stream headwaters found within the TRHE site are compromised by farming practices, they may contain sensitive invertebrate species. Eight seepage zones may be crossed as a consequence of the proposed access roading and fill disposal areas. This has the potential to cause water quality to decline and the health of aquatic and wetland ecosystems to be adversely affected. Standard best-practice mitigation measures are proposed, these include: • That all excavation and fill disposal sites avoid direct impact into the seepage / wetland areas wherever possible; • Interception and treatment of any sediment laden water from disturbed areas, including the use of silt fences; • Inspection and maintenance of erosion and sediment control measures are undertaken regularly; • Provide culverts that are designed to provide for fish passage if and where required. On the above basis, it is considered that the potential effects on the aquatic ecosystems associated with the construction of the proposed TRHE will be less than minor.

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Mitigation The avoidance, remediation and mitigation of a number of potential effects on ecological values, as discussed in the Ecological Assessment, has relied on a range of proposed measures. These measures are summarised in Table 9 below:

Table 9 Ecological Mitigation Features

Potential Effects Avoidance, Remediation and Mitigation Measures

Vegetation Avoidance of areas of significant native vegetation. Minimise earthworks and vegetation disturbance as far as practicable. Re-vegetate earthworks at the first planting season after construction. Implement standard best practice to minimise weed invasion and undertake routine monitoring of site works to ensure new weed infestations are detected and removed before they have an opportunity to spread. All dangerous goods and fuel/oil storage are to be situated outside of key natural features. Avifauna Undertake pre-construction monitoring during the breeding season of New Zealand Falcons to establish use patterns of the wind farm site and to establish risk and options for mitigation where required. Monitoring of the site to confirm that no long-tailed bats are utilising the site. Undertake post-construction monitoring that comprises of “collision carcase retrieval” within the TRHE site. Herptofauna Avoidance of areas of significant habitat. Undertake pre-construction monitoring of ornate skinks to quantify use of the site and if translocation is required. Aquatic biota Avoidance of habitat areas where practicable. Undertake a pre-construction survey of the seepage areas and first order streams to determine specific ecological values and to determine possible mitigation where required. Implement standard design and best practice measures to control stormwater runoff from earthworks, including sediment monitoring undertaken during construction Undertake culvert construction with appropriate sediment management procedures and to provide for fish passage if required.

Summary The Ecological Assessment has established that no significant indigenous fauna or their habitats would be affected by the proposed TRHE. Further, that while grazed indigenous vegetation may be cleared or trimmed as a result of construction, this vegetation is not considered to be regionally

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or nationally significant nor would it have an adverse effect on habitat availability for local indigenous fauna. Additionally, no fish or aquatic macroinvertebrate habitats would be adversely affected provided appropriate sediment control measures are adopted. The Assessment states that “further surveys are required for NZ Falcon, ornate skinks and long-tailed bats to ensure that these species are not utilising the site, however, even if found, it is not considered that any of these count against the development of the wind farm”.

As discussed in Table 9, a number of avoidance, remediation and mitigation measures have been adopted by NZWL to ensure that the effects of the proposed TRHE on the ecological values of the site are no more than minor.

6.2.6 Traffic Effects

Introduction The Traffic Assessment undertaken by MWH assesses the potential effects of the proposed TRHE on the regions roading infrastructure and associated traffic. This assessment is contained in Appendix I of Volume II.

The potential effects on the safe and efficient operation of the road network are associated with: • Construction traffic; • Operational and maintenance traffic once the TRHE is commissioned; and • Site access and parking.

Construction Traffic Construction activities have the potential to affect the efficiency and safety of the public road network. The majority of construction related traffic is expected to result from heavy vehicles transporting the various components of the proposed TRHE project to the site. Traffic generating activities include: • Earthworks; • Transportation of the blades, nacelles and towers; • Concrete delivery; • Delivery of other construction supplies; and • Journey to work.

During the construction of the access roads to the turbine sites approximately 20 trucks per day will be visiting the site, resulting in approximately 1173 to 2870 total trips for the provision of road metal. After the road metalling, the most intense traffic activity will be related to pouring the foundations for the turbines, where six truck trips may be expected per day. A maximum of 5 trips per turbine will be required to transport all the components of the turbine and the transformer. The specific

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programme and intensity of construction will vary throughout the development phase. It is anticipated that the 56 turbines will be constructed over a two year period.

The number of workers onsite at any one time is expected to peak at 40 people. Therefore, the number of trips has been estimated at a maximum of seven trucks and 10 4WD/utility vehicle trips for average traffic levels and 30 trucks and 15 4WD/utility vehicles at peak times.

A number of mitigation measures have been put in place under the consented Te Rere Hau wind farm to ensure safety and manoeuvrability on North Range Road. The curves and corners on the road have been eased to provide room for large trucks to negotiate the corners and to provide greater visibility along the road. Curve warning signs have been erected along the road and restrictions on speed have been implemented.

Heavier traffic than normal would be expected on North Range Road during the construction phase, resulting in an increase in the need for road maintenance. NZ Windfarms Ltd has increased maintenance of the road during the construction of the consented wind farm and proposes to continue this for the extension.

The potential effects from this level of traffic is no more than minor and can easily be managed under the existing conditions imposed for the consented Te Rere Hau wind farm.

Operational and maintenance traffic Up to four fulltime staff may be employed at the site once construction is completed. The Traffic Assessment estimates that the volume of traffic will be approximately 12 to 16 trips per day. Regular servicing will be scheduled on a three-monthly basis. Traffic during the maintenance checks is expected to increase to 18 to 28 trips per day over a three to four week period. Any service vehicles visiting the site are likely to be standard 4 wheel drive vehicles with additional small 2- tonne truck used for servicing the hydraulics. This is a low volume of traffic. In terms of safety, it is anticipated that the people visiting the site are likely to become familiar with the road and better able to handle the demands of the road environment.

NZWL do not intend to operate sightseeing operations. However, experience of modern operational wind farms is that they become a site of visitor and sightseer interest. A small amount of sightseeing traffic may use North Range Road to get a better view of the turbines. It is anticipated that this would be an insignificant amount of traffic, typically travelling in the less busy weekend times.

Site access and parking The existing access for the consented wind farm will provide the primary access to the TRHE. North Range Road, as accessed from the Pahiatua Track, is an unsealed road that is tight and winding,

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however it has been used by construction traffic for the construction of the consented farm with no reported issues. Road maintenance will continue during the construction of the TRHE, however, no further modification of the road is proposed.

The intersection of North Range Road and Pahiatua Track is an existing intersection with poor visibility to the east. The North Range Road approach has been sealed as part of the consented Te Rere Hau wind farm. There have been no reported crashes at this intersection for the past 10 years. No further improvements to this intersection are considered necessary.

The proposal seeks to upgrade an existing farm access to provide access to the sites of 27 of the proposed turbines. Preliminary investigations suggest that the sight distances along this access will exceed the minimum sight distances for driveways with operating speeds of 65km/h. This is considered sufficient for the proposed use of this accessway.

The site is likely to only be visited by a modest number of vehicles. The consented site currently provides parking for 10 vehicles at the maintenance building and provides space that allows for all traffic to manoeuvre and turn on site in all weather conditions. Additional parking is not considered necessary for the wind farm extension as there is already sufficient parking to cater for staff associated with the consented Te Rere Hau wind farm.

The access tracks to the turbine sites are designed to allow adequate access for delivery and construction vehicles. The turbine pad adjacent to each turbine will allow the parking of 3-4 vehicles.

Mitigation The avoidance, remediation and mitigation of a number of potential effects on traffic values, as discussed in the Traffic Impact Assessment, has relied on the following measures in Table 10 below.

Table 10 Traffic Mitigation Features

Potential Effects Avoidance, Remediation and Mitigation Measures

Construction traffic Continue the existing road maintenance strategy to maintain North Ridge Road imposed for the consented wind farm Maintain the low speed limit of 30km/h on North Range Road

Summary The proposed TRHE would generate a small amount of traffic and it is therefore expected that no specific provisions need to be made for these low volumes. However during the construction period, the number of heavy vehicle and construction traffic will increase. The North Range Road and approach to Pahiatua Track have been upgraded and maintained to improve visibility and

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manoeuvrability. No additional improvements are considered necessary. The potential effects of the proposed Te Rere Hau Eastern Extension on the efficiency and safety of the public road network has been assessed as being no more than minor.

6.2.7 Noise Effects

Introduction The Assessment of Environmental Noise Effects undertaken by Malcolm Hunt Associates assesses the potential noise effects associated with the proposed TRHE. This report is contained in Appendix J of Volume II.

The potential noise effects, which are summarised in the following paragraphs, are considered to be associated with:

• Construction Noise • Operational Noise • Cumulative wind farm Noise Effects; and • Traffic Noise

Construction Noise Noise will be generated at Te Rere Hau wind farm site by a range of construction activities, including, but not limited to earthmoving equipment, portable generators, dump trucks, drilling rigs and crane movements during turbine erection. The New Zealand standard NZS6803:1999 “Acoustics – Construction Noise ” establishes the upper limits for noise for a range of construction activities applicable at residential locations. These limits are identified in Table 22 of the Noise Assessment (Appendix J Volume II). Given the temporary nature of the works, that they will generally be carried out during daytime, and the distance of the activity from residential receptors, noise from the construction activities will be able to fully comply with the limits set by NZS6803:1999.

Construction activity will generate traffic with potential noise effects, such as trucks travelling to and from the site on public roads. For a representative dwelling located 10 metres from the roadside on Pahiatua Track, the expected level of traffic is likely to increase but remain less that

55dBA L eq (24 hour) and thus an acceptable threshold for annoyance in low noise areas.

Operational Noise A New Zealand standard (NZS 6808:1998 “Acoustics – The Assessment and Measurement of Sound from Wind Turbine Generators” ) establishes the national standard which wind farms must comply with. The standard requires noise from a wind farm, at any residential site and at any nominated speed, not to exceed background noise levels by more than 5dBA or a level of 40dBA, whichever

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is the greater. The purpose of NZS6808:1998 is to provide a satisfactory level of protection against the adverse effects of wind turbine sound. On this basis, the minimum 40dBA contained within NZS6808:1998 allows for undisturbed sleep for the majority of people.

Noise modelling was undertaken to determine noise levels at dwellings in the surrounding rural area. The closest dwelling is located 1.35 kilometres from the closest wind turbine. Modelling was undertaken using a number of different wind speeds, assessing the effect of the proposed development on the noise environment at three residential properties located at varying distances from the site. The modelling established that the levels on noise emitted from the wind farms are insufficient across any operating wind speed to exceed the upper noise limits recommended by NZS6808:1998 at any existing dwelling in the area. It is acknowledged that there may be times when background sound is low such that property residents will be able to hear the TRHE. However, the Noise Assessment concludes that the proposed TRHE will not represent a noise nuisance for the existing surrounding neighbours.

Cumulative Wind Farm Noise Effects Cumulative noise effects occur when a wind farm is situated a relatively small distance away from another wind farm. The noise generated by both wind farms operating together in isolation could potentially be detected from surrounding residential sites (receptors). This is particularly pertinent when receptors are located between the two wind farms. Consequently when a wind farm is proposed in proximity of another site, or the existing site is expanding, it is necessary to take account of the neighbouring development in carrying out the noise assessment.

In the case of the proposed TRHE wind farm, it is located directly to the east of the consented Te Rere Hau wind farm and to the north, north-west of the proposed Turitea wind farm. The first assessment modelled the cumulative sound levels from the existing and proposed Te Rere Hau wind farms and established that the proposed cumulative worst case noise effects from the two farms would fully comply with the NZS6808:1998. The second assessment modelled the cumulative sound levels from the proposed Turitea wind farm and the two Te Rere Hau wind farms. Based on a number of assumptions associated with the Turitea wind farm, the assessment established that the potential cumulative noise effects at existing rural residential sites will comply with NZS6808:1998.

Mitigation The avoidance, remediation and mitigation of a number of potential effects on noise effects, as discussed in the Assessment of Environmental Noise Effects, has relied on the following proposed measures in Table 11 below:

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Table 11 Noise Mitigation Features

Potential Effects Avoidance, Remediation and Mitigation Measures

Construction noise Ensure compliance with NZS6803:1999 Operational noise Ensure compliance with NZS6808:1998

Summary The Assessment of Environmental Noise Effects concludes that the noise environment created by the wind farm generators associated with the proposed TRHE will comply with the guideline noise limits set out in the New Zealand standard for wind turbine generators (NZS6808:1998). Further the construction based component of the activity has also been assessed as being able to comply with the New Zealand standard for construction noise (NZS6803:1999).

6.2.8 Cultural and Archaeological Effects

Introduction As noted in Section 3.8 and 5.0 of this report, NZWL have consulted with Tanenuiarangi Manawatu Incorporated (TMI) and Rangitane a Tamaki nui a Rua Inc Society (Rangitane) regarding the proposed TRHE project. A Cultural Impact Assessment (CIA) has been undertaken by Tanenuiarangi Manawatu Incorporated (TMI). An Executive Summary of the CIA is provided in Appendix K of Volume II. Once the CIA is finalised it will be submitted to be included as Appendix K.

Effects on cultural values The cultural values associated with the Tararua Range and subject site are outlined in the CIA and briefly discussed in Section 3.7 of this report. The Tararua Ranges include sites of waahi tapu and wahi taonga that are of great importance to the local iwi, Rangitaane O Manawatu.

The CIA states that this part of the Tararua Range includes a number of trails used to cross the range. The CIA identifies the potential of the construction activities to uncover and disturb archaeological material of sites related to the trails. An accidental archaeology discovery protocol is proposed to ensure the appropriate management of any unidentified sites. This protocol will be developed in conjunction with TMI.

Further, the CIA identifies the possible adverse effects of the proposed TRHE on the indigenous flora and fauna of the site. The Tararua Range was once full of native and endemic species treasured by Rangitaane O Manawatu. The iwi seek to ensure that protection is provided to the small remnants of native forest to provide a “green corridor” for native birds to move between the Ruahine and Tararua forest parks. It is proposed that bird monitoring is undertaken to provide an understanding of bird utilisation of the site and to provide mitigation measures to reduce bird strike.

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Additionally, the CIA identifies the proposed TRHE activities as having a potential adverse affect on the waterways, affecting both the mauri and wairua of Rangitanne O Manawatu. The Tararua Range is susceptible to erosion and the resulting sedimentation creates an adverse effect on the health of the waterways. It is proposed that standard design and best practice measures to control stormwater runoff from earthworks are implemented, including sediment monitoring undertaken during construction.

Finally, the CIA identifies seven turbines as being close to peaks that are significant to Rangitanne O Manawatu. These peaks are identified in Figure 1 of the CIA Executive Summary (Appendix K, Volume II). TMI has requested that NZWL reconsiders the placement of these turbines or develop appropriate buffer zones or other such mitigation measures. Consultation on this matter is ongoing between TMI and NZWL and conclusions will be forwarded in due course.

Effects on archaeological and historic values An archaeological assessment has not been undertaken for the project. However, as discussed in Section 3.8.2 of this report, a search of the NZAA Site Record File established that an adze was found near the proposal site in 1929. It is noted that the location of the site where the adze was found is outside of the wind farm development envelope.

To ensure that any potential adverse effects of the proposed TRHE on the archaeological or historic values of the area is minimised, an ‘accidental discovery protocol’ condition is proposed requiring the involvement of both New Zealand Historic Places Trust (HPT) and TMI should any remains be found during the construction of the wind farm.

Mitigation The avoidance, remediation and mitigation of a number of potential effects on traffic values, as discussed in the Cultural Impact Assessment, has relied on a range of proposed measures. These measures are summarised in Table 12 below:

Table 12 Cultural and Archaeological Mitigation Features

Potential Effects Avoidance, Remediation and Mitigation Measures

Cultural values Accidental discovery protocol consent condition requiring the involvement of TMI to ensure the appropriate management of any unidentified sites Undertake monitoring of birds to determine utilisation of site and to identify any mitigation measures where required Implement standard design and best practice measures to control stormwater runoff from earthworks, including sediment monitoring undertaken during construction Archaeological and historic values Accidental discovery protocol consent condition requiring

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the involvement of TMI and NZHPT to ensure the appropriate management of any unidentified sites

Summary The Cultural Impact Assessment provided by TMI identifies the key effects of the proposed TRHE on the cultural values of the site and the surrounding area. A number of measures have been proposed to mitigate the adverse effects of the development. NZWL and TMI will continue to consult on the issues associated with turbine placement.

6.2.9 Recreational Effects The site and surrounding area attracts visitors for a number of recreational pursuits. The proposed TRHE is not likely to result in any reduction of recreational use of the area. Further, it is possible that there may be visitors to the area solely to visit the wind farm development. On this basis, potential adverse economic effects of the proposed TRHE on recreational use of the Tararua Range around the North Range area are considered to be no more than minor.

6.2.10 Effects on Aviation Activities and Airways New Zealand Radar As outlined in Section 5.3.3 of this document, NZWL have consulted with the CAA and Airways regarding the potential effects of the proposed TRHE development on the Ballance Radar Station and on the navigable airspace in this area.

NZWL has undertaken preliminary consultation with the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) regarding any potential effects of the TRHE on navigable airspace. The CAA have been advised of the proposed TRHE project, including details on the size and location of the turbines. It is proposed that NZWL will continue to consult with the CAA regarding the potential effects of the TRHE on aviation effects.

Further, NZWL has engaged in further consultation with Airways in relation to TRHE. An outcome of this consultation has been the revision of the initially proposed turbine layout to avoid any effects on the operation of the radar. The revised turbines are beyond the parameters which Airways advised there was likely to be an effect on the operation of the radar. NZWL will continue to consult with Airways regarding the potential effects of the TRHE on the Ballance Radar Station.

Table 13 Aviation Activities and Airways Radar Mitigation Features

Potential Effects Avoidance, Remediation and Mitigation Measures

Aviation Activities Continue to consult with the CAA regarding the potential effects of the TRHE on aviation effects The Ballance Radar Station Continue to consult with Airways regarding the potential effects of the TRHE on the Ballance Radar Station

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6.2.11 Overall Conclusion The proposed TRHE has the potential to affect the surrounding environment and community. Environmental and technical investigations have been undertaken to identify these effects and identify approaches that avoid, remedy or mitigate actual and potential effects whilst also recognising the benefits of the proposal.

With regard to potential adverse effects of the proposed TRHE, based on investigations undertaken and subject to a range of measures proposed, it is concluded that on balance these effects are no more than minor.

A range of significant positive benefits, both regionally and nationally have been identified in relation to the proposed Te Rere Hau Eastern Extension, including increased employment, increased generation and security of electricity supply and increased production of renewable energy.

Balancing the identified effects against the direct and indirect benefits of the proposal it is considered that the proposal will on balance not have an overall impact which could be considered significant.

6.3 Relevant Planning Documents

In order to satisfy Section 104 of the Act and to determine the nature of the resource consents required for the proposed TRHE to proceed, regard needs to be given to the provisions of several planning documents. On the basis of Section 104(1), the statutory documents that are of relevance to the application are: • Operative Tararua District Plan (1998); • Proposed Tararua District Plan (2008); • The Manawatu-Wanganui Regional Policy Statement (1998); • The Manawatu-Wanganui Land and Water Regional Plan (2003); • The Proposed Horizon’s One Plan (notified 2007)

To avoid duplication, the analysis of these documents has been split into two sections. The first section includes the resource consents required for the proposed TRHE to proceed (including activity classification) and the second section assesses the TRHE against the key objectives and policies provided in the relevant planning documents (by topic).

6.3.1 Weighting of Various Planning Documents Several of the relevant planning documents have been operative for some time, whilst others have only recently been notified. Therefore, for the purpose of weighting, a broad judgement must be

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made. It has been assumed that at this stage that the operative plans carry significantly more weight than the recently notified plans, which include One Plan and the proposed Tararua District Plan.

6.3.2 Resource Consents Required Resource consents are required under both the District and Regional Plans. The principle activities, to be undertaken as part of the TRHE, and their status are listed in Appendix A of this report. Resource consents are required for activities with statuses ranging from controlled to discretionary.

6.3.3 Objectives and Policies The following documents have objectives and policies that require assessment against the proposed TRHE, for the consideration of resource consents: • Operative and Proposed Tararua District Plan (TDP); • The Manawatu-Wanganui Regional Policy Statement (MWRPS); • The Manawatu-Wanganui Regional Land and Water Regional Plan (MWRLWRP); • The Proposed Horizon’s One Plan (PHOP)

The Tararua District Councils current District Plan (Operative District Plan) was made operative in 1998. The Proposed District Plan was notified in April 2008, with submissions closing in June 2008. It is noted that in respect of all the relevant objectives and policies identified, these have not changed from the Operative Plan to the Proposed Plan. For the purposes of this assessment, the objectives and policies have only been provided once.

The most relevant issues contained within these documents in terms of the proposed TRHE, can be summarise into 6 key subject areas being: 1. Natural and physical resources 2. Renewable energy and sustainability 3. Landscape and visual amenity 4. Land Disturbance 5. Infrastructure, Utilities and transport 6. Ecological values 7. Cultural and heritage values

To assess the consistency of the TRHE with the planning documents, the following identifies, and where necessary, repeats the key provisions of each of the key issues above.

Natural and Physical Resources The relevant objectives and policies relating to natural and physical resources are: • MWRPS Objectives 5, 15 and 16, and Policies 5.1, 5.2 and 15.2

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• MWRLWRP Objective DL3, and Policy DL 1 • PHOP Objectives 3-2, and 5-1, and Policy 5-4 • TDP Objectives 2.3.2.1, 2.3.3.1, 2.9.4.1 and 2.9.6.1 and Policies 2.3.3.2, 2.9.4.2 and 2.9.6.2

Of the provisions listed, Objective 5 and Policy 5.1 of the MWRPS, Objective 5-1 and Policy 5-4 of the PHOP and Objectives 2.3.3.1 and 2.9.6.1 and Policy 2.3.3.2 of the TDP are considered to be of the most relevance to the proposed TRHE and are therefore repeated as follows:

Objective 5 “To achieve sustainable land use” Policy 5.1 “All land in the region shall be managed sustainably. In particular the adverse effects of land use activities resulting in a significant: a. loss of soil from subsidence, landslip or erosion d. degradation of water quality shall be avoided, remedied or mitigated” Objective 5-1 “Land is used in a manner that ensures: (b) sediment loads entering waterways as a result of accelerated erosion are reduced to the extent required to be consistent with the water management objectives and policies and the targets established for water management zones (c) accelerated erosions caused by vegetation clearance and land clearance is minimised (d) the damage to roads and other infrastructure caused by landslips and sediment runoff is minimised” Policy 5-4 “Land disturbance on land that is not “highly erodible land” shall be regulated in order to avoid any significant increases in the risk of erosion, land stability, or sediment discharges to waterways.” Objective 2.3.2.1 “To maintain the vitality and character of the District’s rural areas” Objective 2.9.6.1 “”To avoid the degradation of surface water and groundwater quality in the District” Policy 2.3.3.2 “(b) To provide, in rural areas, for activities which require a rural location or which specifically serve or support the rural community, where their effects are compatible with the surrounding rural area and the environmental results sought for Rural Management Areas.”

The general purpose of these provisions is to ensure the natural or rural areas of the environment are managed in a sustainable way and that any development does not create an impact which is out of character, or adversely effects this environment. The TRHE development has been designed to compliment as far as practical the environment within which it is located. Careful attention has been paid to the location of the turbine platforms and the positioning of access tracks so as to avoid the more sensitive natural areas.

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Further, the land is currently utilised for agricultural activities. Once the TRHE is constructed and operational, the agricultural land use can continue with minimal loss of productive land.

The proposal involves the implementation of best practice to manage disturbed areas of land and associated potential stormwater management. This involves a selection and management approach for the fill disposal areas, the use of best practice for crossing the seepage areas, and the rehabilitation and re-vegetation of disturbed land areas, to ensure that the effects of the construction activity on the natural and physical resources, including the land and water bodies, will be localised and mitigated where required, thus safe-guarding the life-supporting capacity of the area’s water, soil and established ecosystems.

On the basis of the above, it is considered that the proposal is consistent with the policy framework for natural and physical resources.

Renewable Energy and Sustainability The relevant objectives and policies relating to renewable energy and sustainability are: • MWRPS Objectives 19A, 28 and 29 and Policies 19A.1, 28.1, 28.2 and 29.1 • TDP Objective 2.3.2.1

Of the provisions listed, Objective 19A and 29 and Policies 19A.1 and 29.1 of the MWRPS and Objective 2.3.2.1 of the TDP are considered to be of the most relevance to the proposed TRHE and are therefore repeated as follows:

Objective 19A “To reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the Region” Objective 29 “To avoid, remedy or mitigate the adverse effects of energy generation in the Region” Policy 19.A.1 “To promote measures which achieve a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in the Region” Policy 29.1 “To ensure that proposals for developments of energy generation undertake full Environment Impact Assessments in accordance with the requirements of Section 88(6)(a) and the Fourth Schedule of the Act prior to consideration by the relevant authorities.” Objective 2.3.2.1 “To achieve sustainable rural land use and efficient use of resources.”

As outlined in Section 4.1 of this document, New Zealand faces a projected shortfall in electricity supply in the future. The proposed TRHE will help in providing a more secure electricity supply both regionally and nationally. It will utilise a renewable natural resource, namely wind. The use of this resource will in this instance enable the potential reduction in carbon emissions of approximately 36,700 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent by displacing the need for gas-fired electricity

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generation. Further, the development of renewable wind generation on the Tararua Range will contribute to meeting targets for sustainable energy generation.

A further sustainable impact of this proposal is that once construction has been completed, the low site coverage of the TRHE will enable the land to continue to be used in a productive manner for agricultural purposes, thus provide a “best of both worlds” scenario.

On the basis of the above it is considered that the proposal is consistent with the policy framework.

Landscape and Visual Amenity The relevant objectives and policies relating to landscape and visual amenity are: • MWRPS Objective 8 and Policy 8.3 • PHOP Objective 7.2 and Policy 7.7 (in so far as maps now clearly identify the area of the Tararua Range considered to be a significant landscape) • TDP Objectives 2.3.4.1, 2.6.2.1and 2.6.4.1and Policies 2.3.4.2, 2.6.2.2 and 2.6.4.2

Of the provisions listed, Objective 8 and Policy 8.3 of the MWRPS and Objective 2.3.4.1 and Policy 2.3.4.2 of the TDP are considered to be of the most relevance to the proposed TRHE and are therefore repeated as follows:

Objective 8 “To protect natural features and landscapes which are outstanding and regionally significant from inappropriate subdivision, use and development.” Policy 8.3 “To protect from inappropriate subdivision, use and development, the specified values associated with the following features which are both outstanding and regionally significant: p. The skyline of the Tararua Ranges: i. its scenic qualities provided by its prominence throughout most of the Region and its backdrop vista in contrast to the Region’s plains.” Objective 2.3.4.1 “To ensure a high level of environmental quality and amenity throughout the rural areas of the District” Policy 2.3.4.2 “(a) To ensure that any actual or potential adverse environmental effects of activities are avoided, remedied or mitigated; (b) To protect and enhance the character, features, levels of amenity and environmental quality of the District’s rural areas; and (c) To reduce the potential for conflict between incompatible activities in rural areas, particularly in the rural-urban fringe.”

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The policy framework reflects the intention to identify and protect outstanding natural features and landscapes, both at a regional and district level, which represent a wide range of values. Windfarms in this location are already an accepted part of the environment and are therefore not generally considered inappropriate development in this location. It is acknowledged that wind farms are virtually impossibly to establish without having some form of visual impact. The structures are large, generally highly visible and by necessity located on open landscapes and ridgelines due to the wind resource they seek to harness. The Visual and Landscape Assessment accompanying this application reviewed the proposal against a range of assessment criteria and concluded that while the TRHE will be visually prominent when viewed from some locations in the surrounding area, it is considered that it will not be visually dominant.

It is accepted that the proposal will be located on the skyline of the Tararua Range and that this might not sit comfortably with Policy 8.3 of the operative MWRPS. For the purpose of this policy, the Tararua Range is described as extending from Upper Hutt to the Manawatu Gorge and therefore encompasses the proposal site. Nevertheless, the PHOP (Objective 7.2 and Policy 7.7) appear to have now narrowed down in map form the area of the Tararua Range considered to be a significant landscape, and this area is beyond the proposal to the south, as per Figure F:9 Tararua Range.

Therefore it is concluded that the TRHE is overall not inconsistent with the policy framework for landscape and visual amenity.

Land Disturbance Although unclear from Figure 5.1 “Distribution of land with a high potential for accelerated erosion (Highly Erodible Land)” in the proposed Horizon’s One Plan, the site may be within the area identified as “highly erodible land”, for that purpose the following provisions have been addressed: • PHOP Objective 5-1and Policies 5-1, 5-3 and 5-4

Of the provisions listed, Objective 5-1 and Policy 5-3 of the PHOP are considered to be of the most relevance to the proposed TRHE and are therefore repeated as follows:

Objective 5-1 “Land is used in a manner that ensures: (c) accelerated erosion caused by vegetation and land disturbance is minimised” Policy 5-3 “(a) vegetation clearance and land disturbance, including excavation, filling, tracking and soil cultivation, shall not be allowed on Highly Erodible Land unless:

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(i) the activity will result in an environmental benefit, including improved land stability, enhanced water quality, or the establishment of indigenous plant species; (b) any vegetation clearance or land disturbance that is allowed on Highly Erodible land shall not significantly increase the risk of erosion or land instability.”

The policy framework reflects the intention to reduce land disturbance and vegetation clearance where the land is defined as highly erodible. As discussed above, it is unclear from the map in the PHOP whether the subject site has highly erodible land. The construction of the proposed TRHE will require the movement of approximately 200,000m 3 of earth and the clearance of 2,260m 2 of vegetation. The potential effects of this clearance relate to runoff of sediment ladened water and disturbance of indigenous flora and possible removal of indigenous fauna habitat. A range of avoidance, remediation and mitigation measures will ensure that the adverse effects of the construction activities can be minimised.

Therefore it is concluded that the TRHE is consistent with the policy framework associated with land disturbance.

Infrastructure, Utilities and Transport The relevant objectives and policies relating to infrastructure, utilities and transport are: • MWRPS Objectives 27 and 30 and Policy 27.1, 30.2 and 30.3 • PHOP Objective 3-1 and Policies 3-1, 3-2, 3-3 and 3-4 • TDP Objectives 2.8.2.1 and 2.8.3.1 and Policies 2.8.2.2.d, and 2.8.3.2

Of the provisions listed, Objective 27 and 30 and Policy 27.1 and 30.2 of the MWRPS and Objective 3-1 and Policy 3-4 of the PHOP, Objectives 2.8.2.1 and 2.8.3.1 and Policy 2.8.3.2 of the TDP are considered to be of the most relevance to the proposed TRHE and are therefore repeated as follows:

Objective 27 “To avoid, remedy or mitigate the adverse effects of the storage, use, transportation and disposal of hazardous substances on human health and the environment” Policy 27.1 “To discourage use, storage and disposal of hazardous substances in locations where there is a significant risk that contamination will result in adverse effects on the environment, in particular; a. surface or groundwater (directly or indirectly); or c. significant areas of indigenous vegetation and significant habitats of indigenous fauna; or

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d. areas of cultural, spiritual or historic significance to Maori.” Objective 30 “To have land transport systems and public utility networks which meet the needs of the Region, while avoiding, remedying or mitigating adverse environmental effects” Policy 30.2 “To minimise the adverse effects of land use and development on the safe and efficient operation of the existing transport system” Objective 3-1 “Resource use activities associated with the provision, maintenance and upgrading of infrastructure, and/or with the use of renewable energy, will be recognised and enabled” Policy 3-4 “The development of renewable energy production and use of renewable energy resources shall be preferred to the development and use of non-renewable energy resources in policy development and resource consent decision making” Objective 2.8.2.1 “To maintain and develop the District’s infrastructure to meet the community’s needs in a safe, effective and efficient manner while avoiding, remedying or mitigating adverse environmental effects” Objective 2.8.3.1 “To ensure the safe, efficient and effective operation of the District’s transportation networks while avoiding, remedying or mitigating adverse environmental effects” Policy 2.8.3.2 “(c) To specify standards for access to sites, on-site parking, loading and manoeuvring in order to avoid or mitigating the adverse effects of vehicle movements on the safety and efficiency of the road system. (h) To avoid, remedy or mitigate the adverse effects of transportation activities on the environment.”

The policy framework above provides for infrastructure provision in order to meet the needs of the community, balancing the use of the infrastructure against the need to avoid, remedy and mitigate the adverse effects.

The use and storage of hazardous substances for the proposed TRHE has been detailed in Section 4.0 of this report. The nature of the storage and the various management measures proposed will ensure that any effects associated with hazardous substance on the site will be avoided or mitigated.

The proposed TRHE will generate electricity in a sustainable manner from a renewable energy resource meeting the intent of Objective 3-1 and Policy 3-4. Further the proposal seeks to maximise the use of the existing infrastructure by utilising the network of utilities (substation and transmission lines) established as part of the consented Te Rere Hau wind farm, thus eliminating any potential

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further impact from this form of infrastructure. The additional load created by the TRHE has been confirmed as being able to be accommodated by the existing system.

The proposal utilises the existing road (North Range Road) and where possible tracks to the turbine sites will follow existing farm tracks and therefore will have a dual use in the future. Cut and fill areas have been kept to a minimum through the careful siting of tracks and turbines. As is detailed in the Assessment of Environmental Effects (Section 6.0 of this report), it is considered that the effects of the TRHE on the quality of the existing transport infrastructure and on-site usage will be no more than minor.

Overall, it is concluded that the TRHE is consistent with the policy framework for infrastructure, utilities and transport.

Ecological Values The relevant objectives and policies relating to ecological values are: • MWRPS Objective 7 and Policy 7.1 • PHOP Objective 7.1 and Policy 7.2 • TDP Objective 2.6.4.1

Of the provisions listed, Objective 7 and Policy 7.1 of the MWRPS and Objective 2.6.4.1 of the TDP are considered to be of the most relevance to the proposed TRHE and are therefore repeated as follows:

Objective 7 “To control and reduce the adverse effects of plant and animal pests on land and other resources” Policy 7.1 “To reduce the adverse effects of plant and animal pests and other unwanted organisms on the Region’s land and other resources by: a. restricting the spread of existing and potential pests; and b. controlling pest populations” Objective 2.6.4.1 “To protect important natural features (including areas of indigenous vegetation and habitats of indigenous fauna) and the landscapes in the District which are of local, regional or national significance”

The proposal will not increase the level of animal pests in any way and controls will be put in place to ensure that plant pests are not introduced. The potential effects of the proposal on the ecological values of the site have been assessed in the Ecological Assessment and discussed in Section 6.5 of this report. The effects essentially relate to potential runoff of sediment laden water, installation of structures to enable water bodies to be crossed, localised disturbance of indigenous

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flora and fauna, potential New Zealand Falcon mortality due to colliding with turbines and the spread of invasive weeds as a result of construction activity.

The Ecological Assessment concludes that with a range of avoidance, remediation and mitigation measures any adverse effects can be minimised. The Assessment has established that there are a limited issues of ecological significance in this area and that any effects on the regionally or nationally threatened indigenous vegetation, significant indigenous fauna or their habitats or fish or aquatic macroinvertebrate habitats will be insignificant, provided measures are put in place to mitigate potential effects. Through the implementation of these measures, it is considered that the ecological values of the site are able to be maintained.

Therefore it is concluded that the TRHE is consistent with the policy framework for ecological values.

Cultural and Heritage Values The relevant objectives and policies relating to cultural and heritage values are: • MWRPS Objective 1, 2 and 35 and Policies 1.1, 1.2, 2.1and 35.1 • PHOP Objective 4-1 and 7-3 and Policies 4-1, 4-2 and 7.10 • TDP Objective 2.6.3.1 and 2.10.2.1 and Policy 2.10.2.2.a

Of the provisions listed, Objective 1 and 2, and Policy 1.1 of the MWRPS and Objective 2.10.2.1 and Policy 2.10.2.2.a of the TDP are considered to be of the most relevance to the proposed TRHE and are therefore repeated as follows:

Objective 1 “To take into account the principles of Te Tiriti o Waitangi (Treaty of Waitangi)” Policy 1.1 “To actively promote the resource management issues of nga hapu and nga iwi of the Manawatu-Wanganui Region in their lands and resources Objective 2 “To provide for participation by nga hapu and nga iwi of the Manawatu- Wanganui Region in resource management planning and decision making” Objective 2.10.2.1 “To take into account the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi (Te Tiriti o Waitangi) in the management of the District’s natural and physical resources.” Policy 2.10.2.2.a “To provide for, and encourage, the participation of tangata whenua (local iwi and hapu) in resource management planning and decision making processes.”

The Cultural Impact Assessment from Tanenuiarangi Manawatu Incorporated (TMI) considers matters of significance to iwi, including iwi relationships with the area, kaitikitanga and the ethic of

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stewardship (s7(aa)). The Assessment concludes that the effects of the TRHE on these values may be avoided or mitigated, provided that the mitigation measures proposed are implemented, including monitoring of birds, implementation of stormwater run-off controls and the implementation of accidental discovery protocols to ensure the appropriate management of any unidentified archaeological sites. It is noted that there a number of matters have been raised which are outside of the ambit of either the applicant, or this RMA process to resolve. Consultation has, and will be ongoing with both Tanenuiarangi Manawatu Incorporated and Rangitane a Tamaki nui a Rua Inc Society in this regard.

An archaeological assessment has not been undertaken for the project given the absence of human activities on the subject site, however an ‘accidental discovery protocol’ condition requiring the involvement of both HPT and Tanenuiarangi O Manawatu Incorporated should any remains be found will ensure that any potential adverse effects on archaeological or historical values will be less than minor.

Given the above, it is concluded that the TRHE is consistent with the policy framework for cultural and heritage values.

6.3.4 Summary While the proposal might not be totally in accordance with all the provisions, overall it is considered to be consistent with the key objectives and policies of the relevant planning documents.

6.4 Other Matters

6.4.1 Other Relevant Documents

A number of additional documents are considered relevant to the consideration of the application for the development of the proposed Te Rere Hau wind farm. A discussion of these other documents is provided below.

The Proposed National Policy Statement on Renewable Electricity Generation A national policy statement on renewable energy generation (NPSREG) has been prepared by the Ministry for the Environment. The policy seeks to recognise the national significance of renewable electricity generation by promoting development, upgrading, maintenance and operation of new and existing renewable electricity generation activities, such that 90 per cent of New Zealand’s electricity will be generated from renewable resources by 2025. Once operative, the proposed NPSREG will have direct significance to this application under section 104(1)(b)(i) of the RMA. In

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addition, section 55(2A)(a) of the RMA requires local authorities to amend their planning documents to give effect to national policy statements.

The proposed TRHE meets the objectives and policies of the proposed NPSREG by generating electricity through the use of a renewable resource, namely wind. The generation will reduce carbon emissions of 36,700 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO 2e) by displacing gas-fired electricity generation. Further the TRHE will provide dry-year security of supply because wind helps to diversify supply away from the predominant reliance on the large hydro schemes.

New Zealand Energy Strategy The New Zealand Energy Strategy (NZES) targets the proportion of electricity generation obtained from renewable resources to 90 per cent by 2025, from around 65% at present. The New Zealand Energy Strategy (NZES) is based on the following principles: 1. Investment should occur in energy efficiency measures where this is cheaper than the long-term costs of building extra generation capacity, including environmental costs. 2. For the foreseeable future, it is preferable that all new electricity be renewable, except to the extent necessary to maintain security of supply. The NZES provides an important national context for the consideration of the TRHE wind farm, by providing a compelling case for the development of renewable electricity generation. The development of the Te Rere Hau Eastern Extension will contribute towards meeting the renewable energy targets. Therefore, the proposed TRHE is consistent with the key objectives of the NZES.

The New Zealand Energy Efficiency and Conservation Strategy 2007 The New Zealand Energy Efficiency and Conservation Strategy (NZEECS) 2007 replaces the 2001 NZEECS and is an action plan to help New Zealanders increase their uptake of energy efficiency and conservation measures and renewable energy. Further the NZEECS re-states the Government’s commitment to the 90% renewable generation by 2025 target.

To achieve the target for renewable generation, a high rate of investment in a variety of renewable resources is required, along with the lower utilisation and possible decommissioning of the existing thermal plants. It is considered that the NZEECS provides support for the development of the proposed TRHE.

The Revised Government Policy Statement on Electricity Governance (May 2009) The Government Policy Statement on Electricity Governance (GPSEG) sets the principle objectives of ensuring that electricity is produced and delivered to all classes of consumers in an efficient, fair, reliable and environmentally sustainable manner and to promote and facilitate the efficient use of electricity. The GPSEG seeks to reduce or remove undue barriers to investment in renewable generation, promote and facilitate the efficient uptake of renewable generation.

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It is considered that the revised GPSEG provides support for the development of the proposed TRHE wind farm.

Climate Change (Emissions trading and renewable preference) Bill The Climate Change (Emissions trading and Renewable Preference) Bill seeks to amend the Climate Change Response Act 2002 and the Electricity Act 1992 to create a preference for renewable electricity generation by implementing a 10 year moratorium on new fossil-fuelled thermal electricity generation. It is considered that the proposed TRHE meets the proposed amendments to the Climate Change Bill by generating electricity through the use of a renewable resource, namely wind.

6.4.2 Plan Integrity It is appropriate in the circumstances to give consideration to the “effects” of the proposed TRHE on plan integrity and the consistent administration of the district and regional plan.

As discussed above, it is not considered that the proposal is overly inconsistent with the relevant objectives and policies of the Tararua District Plan and the Manawatu-Wanganui Regional Policy Statement (MWRPS) and the Proposed Horizon’s One Plan (PHOP), and on balance, it is considered that the application is consistent with the policy frameworks of these plans. Case law from the Environment Court is that objectives and policies need to be considered “in the round” and the proposal is certainly not contrary to these provisions in the sense of being repugnant to them.

There are a number of reasons as to why this proposal can be distinguished as being somewhat unique. These are: • Windfarms in this location of the Tararua Range are already an accepted part of the environment; • The application is not for an entirely new development, rather it seeks to extend an existing wind farm with the same turbines; and • The proposed TRHE will utilise the existing transport and electricity transmission infrastructure, resulting in limited changes to the landscape.

Given the above, it is not considered that the proposal will impact on the integrity of any of the Plans nor affect their consistent administration.

6.5 Summary

The proposed TRHE has the potential to affect the surrounding environment and community. Environmental and technical investigations have been undertaken to identify these effects and to identify approaches that avoid remedy or mitigate the actual and potential effects of the

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proposed TRHE. A range of significant positive benefits, both regionally and nationally have been identified in relation to the proposed TRHE. With regard to the potential adverse effects of the proposed TRHE, based on the range of conditions and mitigation measures proposed, it is concluded that these effects are no more than minor.

The proposed TRHE requires resource consents from the TDC and the MWRC as outlined in Section 2.4 and Appendix A of this report. The land use consent from the TDC is for a discretionary activity. The resource consents from the MWRC are for controlled, restricted discretionary and discretionary activities. A review of the relevant planning documents has established that the proposed TRHE is consistent with the key objectives and policies.

Further, a number of additional documents are considered relevant to the consideration of the application for the development of the proposed Te Rere Hau wind farm. It is considered that Government policy unequivocally views renewable energy as the preferred means of generation, supported by the National Policy Statement for Renewable Energy Generation, the NZEECS and the revised GPSEG. Therefore, it is considered that the proposed TRHE development is consistent with these documents.

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7.0 STATUTORY FRAMEWORK

7.1 Introduction

The Resource Management Act 1991(‘the Act’) and the relevant planning documents identify the circumstances where resource consents are required for an activity and establish environmental thresholds that must not be contravened by a proposed subdivision, land use or activity.

This section summarises and discusses the points that arise from the Act as they relate to the scheme and then draws conclusions with respect to the resource consents being sought.

7.2 The Resource Management Act – Part II Matters

Of the provisions contained in the Act, Part II is the most significant. In this respect it defines the purpose and principles of the Act.

The purpose and principles of the Resource Management Act 1991 are set out in Sections 5 to 8 of the legislation. The aim of Part II of the Act is to promote the sustainable management of natural and physical resources and to outline matters that are of national and particular importance in achieving that purpose. An overview of the key provisions of the Act follows below.

7.2.1 Section 6 to 8 – Matters of National Importance, Other Matters and the Treaty of Waitangi Section 6 of the Act lists the matters deemed to be of national importance. Consent authorities must ‘ recognise and provide for’ the matters listed when exercising their powers under the Act. In this respect, recognition and the provisions of the following matters should also be considered in determining whether the proposed TRHE would achieve the purpose of the Act. Section 6 Matters of National Importance (a.) … (b.) The protection of outstanding natural features and landscapes from inappropriate subdivision, use and development; (c.) The protection of areas of significant indigenous vegetation and significant habitats of indigenous fauna; (d.) … (e.) The relationship of Maori and their culture and traditions with their ancestral lands, water, sites, waahi tapu and other taonga; (f.) … (g.) …

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Whilst not being matters of national importance Section 7 of the Act lists the ‘Other matters’ to which the Consent Authority must have ‘ particular regard to ’ when considering the resource consent applications for the proposed TRHE. The ‘other matters’ of relevance are considered to include: Section 7 Other Matters (a.) Kaitiakitanga; (aa.)The ethic of stewardship; (b.) The efficient use and development of natural and physical resources; (ba.)… (c.) The maintenance and enhancement of amenity values; (d.) Intrinsic values of the ecosystem; (e.) … (f.) Maintenance and enhancement of the quality of the environment; (g.) Any finite characteristics of natural and physical resources; (h.) … (i.) The effects of climate change; (j.) The benefits to be derived from the use and development of renewable energy.

Section 8 of the Act requires ‘ all persons exercising functions and powers ’ under the Act to have regard to the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi (Te Tiriti o Waitangi).

Section 6, 7 and 8 matters are discussed in the following paragraphs.

Having undertaken the assessments in Section 6 of this document, including a review of the relevant documents, it is considered that with regards to the three areas of section 6 of the RMA identified in Section 7.2.1 only matter of national importance that could be related to this proposal is section 6(b) “ the protection of outstanding natural features and landscapes from inappropriate subdivision, use and development”. This is due to the Tararua Ranges having been defined in the Operative Manawatu-Wanganui Regional Policy Statement and the Tararua District Plan as a “significant landscape”.

The Operative Manawatu-Wanganui Regional Policy Statement (MWRPS) identifies the “ Skyline of the Tararua Range” as an outstanding and regionally significant landscape, whereby its “ scenic qualities provided by its prominence throughout the region and it backdrop vista in contrast to the Regions plains ” are protected against inappropriate use and development. The MWRPS states that the Tararua Range runs from Upper Hutt to the Manawatu Gorge. The proposed Horizons ‘One Plan’ (PHOP) also identifies in Schedule F that the “Skyline of the Tararua Range ” are an “outstanding natural feature or landscape ”, however that area is now clearly defined on a map

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and shows the TRHE to be outside the outstanding natural feature or landscape. From a weighting perspective, the hearings for PHOP are due to be completed in October 2009. Therefore greater weight is to be placed on MWRPS as the operative document. However, it is noted that neither MWRPS nor PHOP place a prohibition on the development of wind farms on the Range.

From a spatial perspective, the RPS was notified in August 1998 and since notification a number of wind farms have been erected or consented for development on the Tararua Range in the vicinity of the TRHE site, despite the recognition given in the RPS to the landscape. This modified environment appears now to be recognised by the PHOP where the area identified as being “significant” relates to a reduced area largely occupied by the Department of Conservation (DoC) estate and does not cover the subject site. Therefore, from a spatial perspective it is considered that the PHOP provides a more refined extent of the outstanding landscape, whereby the mapped extent of the identified ‘significant landscape’ does not extend to incorporate the subject site and the other existing wind farms, rather it relates to the DoC estate to the south of the TRHE site. Of additional note, the PHOP seeks to find a balance between infrastructure development, including renewable energy, and the protection of outstanding landscapes.

Further, it is noted that “protection” in section 6(b) does not mean preservation and that it is “inappropriate development” which the landscape must be protected from. The Landscape and Visual Assessment (Appendix F Volume II) reinforces the view of the modified nature of the Tararua Range at this location, stating that the turbines “have become an accepted part of the landscape ”. The potential landscape and visual amenity effects created by the TRHE have been assessed as being acceptable for this area of the Tararua Range. Therefore it is considered that the proposed TRHE is not inconsistent with Section 6 matters.

In terms of section 7(c) and 7(f) there is the potential for localised amenity effects in terms of both the construction and operation of the proposed TRHE. In this respect, noise, dust and traffic effects as associated with the construction activity will be short term in nature, and adaptive mitigation has been incorporated through the construction specifications to avoid and reduce the scale of such effects, including the use of dust control measures on excavated areas and the metalled access route.

In terms of the potential for the TRHE to adversely affect amenity as a result of noise, the Noise Assessment (Appendix J of Volume II) has concluded that any noise will comply with the relevant requirements of NZS 6803:1999 and NZS 6808:1998 being the New Zealand Standards that govern noise from construction activities and sounds from Wind Turbines respectively. As such the noise levels are considered to be acceptable in relation to these standards. With regard to the provisions in the District Plan, the noise standards are complied with, and hence the adverse effects as

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measured against this Plan are considered negligible. Overall it is considered that amenity values and the quality of the environment will be maintained.

The potential for the TRHE to adversely effect the intrinsic values of ecosystems (s7(d)) needs to be considered. The Ecological Assessment concluded that the impacts of the TRHE on indigenous flora and fauna, and the loss of indigenous vegetation, habitat disturbance as well as species disturbance will be less than minor, given the assessed absence of these values at the subject site; and the proposed mitigation measures to be implemented.

A Cultural Impact Assessment (‘CIA’) has been undertaken by Tanenuiarangi Manawatu Incorporated the mandated resource management authority for Rangitanne O Manawatu, which the applicant understands claim mana whenua for the rohe (area) that incorporates the subject site (although as noted in Section 3.8.1of this report it is acknowledged that other regional iwi dispute this rohe boundary). The CIA considers matters of significance to iwi; kaitikitanga (s7(a)); and the ethic of stewardship (s7(aa)), and has concluded that the effects of the TRHE on these values may be avoided or mitigated, provided that the mitigation measures proposed are implemented. There are a number of matters have been raised which are outside of the ambit of either the applicant, or this RMA process to resolve. Consultation has, and will be ongoing with both Tanenuiarangi Manawatu Incorporated and Rangitane a Tamaki nui a Rua Inc Society.

An archaeological assessment has not been undertaken for the project, however an ‘accidental discovery protocol’ condition requiring the involvement of both NZHPT and Tanenuiarangi O Manuwatu Incorporated should any remains be found will ensure that any potential adverse effects on archaeological or historical values will be less than minor.

Section 7(b) requires that particular regard be had as to whether the proposal will be an efficient use of natural and physical resources. There are two key natural resources, being wind and land that are associated with the TRHE. The Economic Impact Assessment (Appendix E of Volume II) assessed the efficiency of wind and land use as a result of the TRHE. Monitoring and modelling, as outlined in the description of the proposal (Section 4 of this report), has identified that the site has world class Wind farm wind speeds which provide for the efficient utilisation of the site for wind generation. It is anticipated that the TRHE will be able to generate 28 MW of electricity, with full operational capacity being estimated at 95GWh per annum. Given that only a small percentage of the land will be directly associated with the TRHE infrastructure, including the access road, the remainder of the site will be able to utilised for the existing use of pastoral agriculture, albeit with improved access.

Sections 7(i) and (j) of the Act refer to the effects on climate change and the benefits to be derived from the use and development of renewable energy. TRHE does not involve the emissions

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of greenhouse gases, it therefore does not adversely impact on Central Government’s climate change obligation. Rather the proposed TRHE will offset the discharge of CO 2e emissions from other energy generation sources, and thus will assist New Zealand in the achievement of its Kyoto Protocol targets. Given this, the Scheme will be consistent with the provisions of Section 7(i) and (j).

Overall, it is considered that the Scheme will be consistent with Sections 6, 7 and 8 of the Act.

7.2.2 Section 5 – Purpose and Overall Judgement Section 5 of the Act documents the purpose of the Act which is to promote the sustainable management of natural and physical resources as defined in section 5(2) of the Act. In defining the term ‘natural and physical resources’, section 5 states that resources must be used in a manner that enables people and communities to provide for their social, economic and cultural well being, health and safety, while: (a.) Sustaining the potential of natural and physical resources (excluding minerals) to meet the reasonable foreseeable needs of future generations; and (b.) Safeguarding the life supporting capacity of air, soil and ecosystems; and (c.) Avoiding, remedying, or mitigating any adverse effects of activities on the environment.

Section 5 requires an overall judgement to be made. The protective aspects of the definition of sustainable management operate to require balanced decision making. Therefore the key question is whether the significant range of project benefits and positive effects are sufficient to come to a conclusion that the TRHE will promote sustainable management of natural and physical resources despite the range of potential adverse effects on the other side of the “ledger”.

The proposed TRHE will provide for the social and economic well-being of people and communities not only in the Manawatu-Wanganui Region, but also nationally as a function of the embedding of the proposed TRHE within an existing array of strategically placed wind farm generation schemes already located within this environment. To this end, whilst the TRHE will increase the installed local generation capacity, this is secondary to its cumulative generation as provided by this region to provide electricity to the national grid. The implications of the proposal with regard to Part II matters are therefore considered in this wider context and as a function of the relative scale of this proposal.

In addition to the above, the proposed TRHE will sustain natural resources in order to meet the needs of future generations by utilising a renewable resource sustainably. As a result, the TRHE will help offset the use of non-renewable resource for electricity generation. The proposed TRHE will

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offset approximately 92,100 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO 2e) greenhouses gases associated with the equivalent output from a thermal generation source. This will assist in meeting the Governments targets towards lower emission and sustainability goals, as well as contributing towards meeting New Zealand’s electricity demand. Further, any increase in New Zealand’s installed generation capacity will provide an increased level of security of electricity supply and hence support the continued growth of communities and businesses within New Zealand, enabling future generations to meet their reasonably foreseeable needs.

It is considered that the TRHE will sustain natural and physical resources. This will be achieved through the utilisation of a renewable resource, that is, wind. The wind resource along the Tararua Range has long been established as one of the most consistent and valuable wind resources in the country and the area rates very favourably in terms of international standards. The use of the wind resource to generate electricity will help meet the predicted targets of 90% electricity generation from renewable resources by 2025. TRHE will also help to offset the depletion and use of non- renewable energy generation. Further, the proposed TRHE will utilise the existing infrastructure and resources of the consented Te Rere Hau wind farm.

With regard to safeguarding the life supporting capacity of indigenous flora and fauna, the Ecological Assessment (Appendix H, Volume II) identifies that whilst there are localised habitat and species in the general area, these are not in themselves of a unique or significant nature. Furthermore, apart from avifauna, any impacts are limited to either the construction period or vehicle access. In terms of avifauna, there will not be any loss of habitat, and collision mortality is anticipated to be negligible, with on-going monitoring provided to ensure that an adaptive approach should a higher mortality rate eventuate. Consequently, the proposed TRHE will have a minimal adverse ecological effect.

Section 4 of this assessment outlines the design philosophy and approach for the TRHE. The approach recognises the natural attributes of the site in terms of sustained wind speed, and also acknowledges that the impacts of the TRHE are largely commensurate with the values associated with the receiving environment. The site itself, as outlined in Chapter 3, is considered to be a significantly modified landscape, strongly influenced by the rural activities that currently occur on site. Given the approach to site selection, the TRHE responds to both existing environmental values and the carrying capacity of the area. Such an approach is consistent with the broad philosophy of sustainable management.

The life supporting capacity of soils, air and water bodies around the site will be safeguarded as a consequence of the site selection, design philosophy and through the implementation of best practice construction techniques and adaptive management plans. In this regard, the proposed TRHE will be constructed to control stormwater runoff and minimise the potential for sediment runoff

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from the site. Further, mitigation measures will be undertaken to ensure that dust does not become a nuisance during construction, thereby safeguarding the air quality.

The TRHE proposes a number of avoidance, remediation and mitigation measures to address the potential adverse effects of the development. The design and layout of the turbines has been undertaken to avoid the most sensitive areas of the site and sensitive locations beyond the site. Further mitigation of the potential visual amenity effects has been provided through the choice of colour of turbines and transformers, and the rehabilitation of turbine sites and cut and fill areas.

However, the adverse effects of the development on the landscape and visual amenity are more difficult to address. Given the location of the wind resource, it is necessary for wind turbines to be located in open and / or prominent positions. The development of the TRHE will result in turbines being located on the skyline and will introduce further physical infrastructure into this rural landscape. It is accepted that this may be seen by some as an adverse impact. Nevertheless, this visual landscape is already compromised by turbines of various sizes to some extent. Further, wind turbines are always likely to be positioned in relatively prominent positions from a visual perspective. This is the point, therefore where a judgement is required taking into account all the various factors, including the visual importance placed on this landscape.

A broad judgement on sustainable management is required to be made, that is whether sustainable management is better promoted with or without the proposed TRHE wind farm. This requires a judgement be made based on a weighting of all of the projects benefits and adverse effects.

The proposed TRHE is considered, on balance to be consistent with the RMA’s purpose of promoting the sustainable management of natural and physical resources. In particular, the utilisation of renewable resources for the generation of electricity provides for the social and economic wellbeing at the regional and national level, while sustaining the local natural and physical resources and safe-guarding the life-supporting capacity of the water, soil and existing ecosystems.

It is noted that section 5 must be read in conjunction with sections 6, 7 and 8 of the RMA. This assessment concludes that the adverse effects of the proposal have been mitigated or are considered to be outweighed by the significant regional and national benefits of the proposal.

In summary, it is concluded that the TRHE wind farm will promote sustainable management of natural and physical resources as required by section 5 of the RMA. In particular based on the discussion above, it is considered that the regional and national benefits associated with

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renewable energy and greater security of electricity supply is of such significance that they outweigh the potential adverse effects on the local landscape.

7.3 Summary

The proposed TRHE has been designed and will be implemented and operated to: (i.) Provide for the social and economic wellbeing of people and communities in the Manawatu-Wanganui region and nationally by increasing the installed electricity generation capacity; (ii.) Sustain natural resources by utilising a renewable resource in a sustainable way; (iii.) Contribute towards meet the increasing electricity demand; (iv.) Safeguard the life supporting capacity of the soils, air and water bodies; and (v.) Avoid, remedy or mitigate the majority of the potential or actual adverse effects to an extent that they are no more than minor.

Therefore, it is concluded that the TRHE will have significant regional and national benefits. A number of the potential adverse effects can be avoided, remedied or mitigated as identified in the AEE. While some adverse effects are unable to be avoided, remedied or mitigated, on balance, the significant benefits associated with the TRHE lead to a conclusion that sustainable management will be best achieved by granting the consents for the project.

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8.0 CONDITIONS

Sections 6.2.3 to 6.2.10 of this document have identified limited potential adverse effects arising from the proposed Te Rere Hau Eastern Extension (TRHE). As outlined in Section 7 of this document, the RMA promotes avoiding, remedying or mitigation of these effects. Where appropriate, NZWL has attempted to avoid adverse effects through measures inherent in the design of the TRHE. Notwithstanding the attempt to avoid adverse effects, there are some adverse effects which are unable to be avoided and accordingly require mitigation through conditions. The consent conditions for the consented Te Rere Hau wind farm are provided in Appendix L of Volume II.

The following conditions are considered to be appropriate in mitigating effects described.

8.1 General 1. The proposed Te Rere Hau Wind Farm be constructed and operated generally in accordance with all the information outlined in section 4, site plans and drawings accompanying the application or submitted as additional information.

8.2 Construction 2. The consent holders shall provide to the Tararua District Council and the Manawatu-Wanganui Regional Council Engineering Design Plans of access roads, including erosion and stormwater controls, prior to the commencement of construction of roads. These engineering design plans shall include: (a.) Final road layouts having completed detailed assessments related to geotechnical, engineering and ecological matters; (b.) Details of locations and quantities of cuts and fills; and (c.) Sediment and stormwater control measures. 3. The consent holder shall ensure that: (a.) All machinery is thoroughly cleaned of unwanted vegetation (e.g. weeds), seeds, soil or contaminants prior to entering the site; (b.) All machinery is regularly maintained in such a manner so as to minimise the potential for leakage of contaminants; (c.) No machinery is cleaned, stored or refuelled within 50 metres of any ephemeral water course; (d.) Spill kits are available on site to deal with any accidental spillage beyond bunded areas;

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(e.) All contaminants (e.g. fuel, hydraulic oils, lubricants etc) are removed at the end of the construction period except for those required for ongoing maintenance of the wind farm and operational activities. 4. The consent holder shall take all practicable measures to minimise sediment and other contaminants entering surface water as a result of construction activities.

8.3 Landscape and Earthworks 5. The Consent Holder shall submit for approval to Council detailed landscape contour plans for all cut and fill earthworks. These plans must identify the disposal sites for fill. All fill sites shall avoid major areas of native vegetation. 6. Explanation Note: Approval of these plans is based on the integration of the cut and fill earthworks that are visually prominent with the surrounding landforms, and on disposal sites for fill not being in visually prominent locations. 7. The Consent Holder must ensure that all cut and fill earthworks and disposal of fill is undertaken in accordance with the approved landscape and contour plans required by Condition 5 (above). 8. The Horizons – Regional Council shall be notified prior to any on-site earthworks being undertaken to ensure compliance with the relevant regional plan provisions. 9. The consent holder shall ensure that the proposed development of the access tracks and rehabilitation of this system after construction is completed (within the first planting season following each stage of the construction works) including top soiling and appropriate hydro- seeding of the areas around all concrete foundations flush to all other edges of the concrete foundations, and the top soiling and grassing of the secondary tracks and temporary tracks to be undertaken in accordance with the detail outlined in the application. 10. The consent holder shall ensure that any materials from the earthworks activities that are no longer required as part of the works shall: (a.) Not be stored in or on the bed of a headwater tributary; and (b.) Shall be removed after the completion of the activity; or (c.) Disposed of in an appropriate manner where it will not adversely affect any water bodies or native vegetation. 11. The consent holder shall control any excavated material from entering any water body and shall ensure that any material excavated from the site is lifted and disposed of away from headwater tributaries. 12. The consent holder shall take all practicable measures to minimise sediment and other contaminants entering surface water as a result of construction activities. 13. The consent holder shall provide culverts within the headwater tributaries, the culvert shall; (a.) Be installed so that its invert is below the existing channel invert; (b.) Should be set at a grade of no more than 1 in 300;

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(c.) Culvert width should be sufficient to contain the existing natural channel width plus 0.5 metres as a minimum on each side; (d.) Channel beds at upstream and downstream end of culvert should be protected against erosion and / or aggradation / degradation; (e.) Boulders should be fixed to culvert abutments and along edges of channel outlet structure.

8.4 Ecological Avifauna 14. The consent holder shall record any birds found killed or injured resulting from the operation of the wind farm. This record shall include the time, location, date and species of any birds found dead on the site. This recording shall include coverage of all turbine areas and shall be undertaken as part of regular duties of staff. This recording shall be undertaken from the installation of the first turbine and be continued for a period of fiver years. Once every 12 months for the duration of the specified period of recording, the information shall be forwarded to the Tararua District Council. A copy of this record shall also be forwarded to the Department of Conservation Office in Wellington. 15. Advice Note : In developing the recording approach it is understood that the consent holder will consult with the Department of Conservation. The Consent Holder will consult with any other party that may want to undertake a monitoring strategy of bird life. If any dead native bird species are found on the site, then these birds shall be placed in the freezer as soon as practicable and the Department of Conservation informed. Where injured birds are found the Veterinary Department at Massey University should be contacted. 16. Protocols for searches for bird carcases in the vicinity of wind turbines, and visual assessment of New Zealand Falcon behaviour during at-risk periods with respect to turbine strike shall be agreed and implemented in consultation with the consent authority. 17. A dedicated “collision carcass retrieval team” shall be established that will undertake grid searches of a statistically robust representative sample of turbines at dusk for a period of two years post-installation, for 1 day a week in the months of July, November and January. A report will be produced by a qualified avifauna expert at the end of the survey detailing any bird fatalities, known or likely cause of death and any species, seasonal or spatial patterns.

Vegetation

18. The consent holder shall ensure that standard best practice is applied to minimise weed invasion by: (a.) Confining vehicle movements to formed access ways; (b.) Ensuring construction vehicles are cleaned between jobs to avoid the introduction of external weed sources to the site; (c.) Ensure that aggregate sources are, as far as practical, free of weeds

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(d.) Ensure that works are completed in the minimum time practicable with minimal soil disturbance; and (e.) Undertake regular monitoring of site works to ensure that new infestations are detected and removed.

8.5 Noise 19. Noise from all construction and decommissioning work (but not limited to) (a.) Site works; (b.) Wind turbine generator (WTG), foundation construction; (c.) WTG assembly and placement; (d.) WTG removal; (e.) Foundation demolition and removal; and (f.) Land reinstatement. shall be measured, assessed and controlled using NZS6803:1999 Acoustic – Construction Noise . The noise limits shall be those set out in Table 2 of NZ6803:1999 for works with “long term” duration. 20. Noise from WTG shall not exceed the New Zealand Standard NZS6808:1998 Acoustics – Wind Turbine Generators .

8.6 Archaeological and Cultural 21. If at any time during the site excavation authorised by this Consent potential historic artefacts or cultural remains or koiwi items are discovered then all work shall stop and the Consent Holder shall immediately advise the appropriate person at Tararua District Council and Tanenuiarangi Manawatu Inc. The Consent Holder shall also call its archaeological advisor to the site to verify whether or not the objects form archaeological evidence. Further excavation work at the site shall be suspended should Tanenuiarangi Manawatu Inc wish to carry out their procedures and tikanga for removing taonga. Work at the site shall not recommence until approval to do so has been given by the appropriate person at Tararua District Council.. 22. Advice Note: The Consent Holder is reminded of its obligations under the Historic Places Act 1993. 23. In the event that any artefact or any object which may be of Maori or historic significance is uncovered or disturbed during the course of this earthworks, the contractor, supervising engineer, or Consent Holder shall immediately cease work and inform appropriate person at Tararua District Council and contact the New Zealand Historic Places Trust to determine whether an archaeological authority is required. In the interim the contractor, supervising engineer, or Consent Holder shall secure the site until approval to proceed has been granted. If an archaeological authority is required, work may only recommence once the written approval of the New Zealand Historic Places Trust has been obtained and a copy provided to the appropriate person at Tararua District Council.

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24. Where Rangitane o Manawatu have nominated that sites of significance exist in relation to this site, the Consent Hodler shall invite Rangitane o Manawatu as represented by Tanenuirangi Manawatu Inc, Ngati Hineaute Hapu Authority and Te Rangimarie Marae to be present at times excavations are being undertaken at these nominated sites, in order that they may observe the excavations to identify if any historical artefacts or cultural remains or koiwi are uncovered.

8.7 Complaints Register 25. The consent holder shall maintain and keep a Complaints Register for any complaints about the construction activities and operation of the wind farm received by the consent holder in relation to traffic, noise, dust, shadow flicker or blade glint. The Register shall; record, where this information is available: (a.) The date, time and duration of the incident that has resulted in a complaint; (b.) The location of the complainant; and (c.) Any corrective action undertaken by the consent holder in response to the complaint, including timing of that corrective action. 26. The Register shall be made available to the Council at all reasonable times upon request. Complaints received by the consent holder which may infer non-compliance with the conditions of this resource consent shall be forwarded to the Council within 48 hours of the complaint being received.

8.8 Implementing Consent 27. This consent shall lapse ten years after the date of commencement, unless the consent is either given effect to before that lapsing date, pursuant to section 125 of the Resource Management Act 1991 is sought.

8.9 Wind farm decommissioning 28. Within 12 months of the wind farm ceasing to operate, all structures (with the exception of turbine foundations) associated with the operation of the wind farm (including all turbine structures) shall be removed completely from the site by the Consent Holder.

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9.0 CONCLUSION

9.1 Proposed Development

NZ Windfarms Ltd proposes to develop an extension to Te Rere Hau wind farm power scheme on the eastern side of the Tararua Ranges. The additional energy from the new turbines of Te Rere Hau Eastern Extension will provide 28 MW of energy or approximately 95 gigawatt hours (GWh) per annum. This is enough energy to supply around 12,000 average New Zealand homes. The proposal will provide an energy supply for both the region and the wider New Zealand population.

9.2 Consents Required

Resource consents are required under both the District and Regional Plans. The principle activities, to be undertaken as part of the TRHE, and their status are listed in Appendix A of this report. Resource consents are required for activities with statuses ranging from controlled to discretionary. These activities include the construction, operation and on-going maintenance of the wind turbines, and the earthworks and construction of the access roads.

9.3 Anticipated Effects and Mitigation Measures

All the potential environmental, social and economic effects of the wind farm have been identified and thoroughly evaluated. The wind farm has been designed and measures put in place as part of the proposal to reduce potential effects. However, in ensuring that all potential effects are mitigated or remedied, a number of conditions are proposed, as discussed in Section 8 of this report.

9.4 Consultation

NZWL has undertaken a comprehensive consultative process, and will continue to consult with all stakeholders and parties expressing an interest, or concern related to the proposed TRHE. Wherever possible, practical outcomes from the consultation will be taken on board as part of the TRHE design and implementation.

9.5 Overall Conclusions

The proposed TRHE results in the further use of a renewable energy source and provides greater security for electricity supply. The various effects of the development have been identified and addressed through the design of the site or through proffered conditions.

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The proposed TRHE is considered to be generally in accordance with the relevant planning documents including the objectives and policies of the District Plan and the two Regional Policy Statements. It is also in line with various non-statutory documents.

Consideration has been given to the matters contained in Part II of the RMA and a conclusion reached that the proposal is in accordance with those provisions.

Overall, it is concluded that the TRHE will have significant regional and national benefits and that on balance these will outweigh the limited number of adverse effects which are not able to be totally avoided, remedied or mitigated and that it represents the sustainable management of natural and physical resources in terms of the purpose of the RMA.

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