1704 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE February 15 Opposite this page was a drawing en­ not master, and the Constitution is designed Dr. Bell cracking such technical problems titled "A Saracen University." The to make it stay that way. of science and engineering, and converting Here, then, is that of which the sixth them to human needs, in an authoritarian words below this drawing were: great pillar of civilization is made: "We hold form of highly centralized government be­ There is no enrollment, and no diploma these truths to be self-evident, that all nren comes evident when it is realized that the in these seats of learning, found in the are created equal, that they are endowed by station of these men in such a government mosque; the tuition is based on a voluntary their Creator with certain inalienable rights, would deny them the greatest of all sources agreement between teacher and student. that among these are life, liberty and the of invention and research, namely: incen­ WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR pursuit of happiness." t ive. This booklet does not propose to show In the year 1066 A. D. William of Nor­ An inspiring drawing of the Jefferson Americans as inheritors of a master race, mandy defeated the Saxon King Harold at Memori::~J here in the Nation's Capitol and, as such, superior beings. We only have Senlac and became the conqueror of Eng­ appeared opposite this "pillar" stating, land. People accepted his k ingship as com­ to remember that the direct ancestors of the ing from God: Secure in his seagirt island, "Let everyone ascribe the faith and mer­ people who brought this Government into it he chooses." being were Anglo-Saxons, and they starved he developed a tolerancy that enabled him alongside all the other nations. One thing to organize the ancient Anglo-Saxon heritage FREEDOM OF HUMAN ENERGY they did have, however, was an instinctive of the "moot"-that local liberty in which "A wise and frugal government which shall sense of personal freedom. What this book­ the community assembled to give its assent restrain men from injuring one another, let has striven to show is the truth and the to their leaders' deliberations. In this man­ shall leave them free otherwise to regulate rightness of all the things that have con­ ner free courts, speech, and the dignity of their own pursuits of industry and improve­ tributed to our present form of civilization; the individual were encouraged, so that soon ment, and shall not take from the mouth of that if we are to be a productive people we the peasantry came to regard themselves as labor the bread it has earned. This is the must r ve life, and if we are to have life we allies of the Crown. Thus we see the begin­ sum of good government." (EKcerpt from munt be productive, and this life must be as ning of parliamentary institutions, with the writings of Thomas Jefferson.) fr-ee as the sun and the air that go to make conquest becoming the starting point of Down through the ages many human be­ up our world itself. Thus our seventh great English freedom, and bringing into being a ings have starved. Many were intelligent pillar is dedicated to individual man; only constitution upon which, 700 years later, we people, and with fertile lands of great ex­ he can create productivity, and only man can were to form our own great written docu­ t:mt, and yat they were unable to get enough control the productivity he creates. To de­ ment. In the conqueror's Domesday Booke to eat. Modern nations have not been any stroy this pillar, simply withhold from man we find the b asic protection of life and exception for in Jefferson's day the French the fruits of his own labor. p roperty. people were dying of hunger, and today, even So rises another great pillar-a symbol in countries rich in ancient philosophies, Following this, on the opposite page, Of law and order, an impartial third party. famines kill millions. China and India are was a magnificent drawing of a stained­ A very magnificent drawing opposite continually ravaged and in the 1930's thou­ glass window entitled "The Fruits of sands died of starvation in the richest farm­ Freedom," which had been dedicated to this page was entitled "William the Con­ lands of the Soviet Union. quernr Being Lifted Up at Westminster" Hew, then, are we to account for such science and invention. with the following notation: abundance in America that the pangs of Mr. Speaker, while the great and con­ On Christmas Day, 1066, William was lifted hunger are unknown; there has never been tinuous patriotic services and contribu­ upon the shoulders of his knights so that a famine recorded in this country. tions ma::le by the ve·terans of Foreign all men could see, and therefore recognize Human beings still live in hovals with no Wars of the United States of America to their king. wlndows, floors, chimneys. We, in America, the Nation's security and happinens are take these features for granted, and regard almm;t universally known and recognized JEFFERSON AND THE RIGHTS OF MAN electricity, and all its appliances and equip­ In 1776, Thomas Jeffernon, in company ment as everyday necessities, easily available by the appreciative millions of Ameri­ with many American businem;men and farm­ for our use. The forces of nature are har­ cans, the printing and distribution of ers, drew up a document dealing with the nessed for the une of humblest citizens; !:'ani­ this very appropriate booklet, which was rights of man, and thus created the cause tation, hygiene, and other services are ac­ . graciou:::;ly presented to each one of the of . the American Revolution. In this new cepted without questioning, and are not even guests in attendance at the banquet, was Republic no official would ever be permitted regarded as luxuries today. only one of the occasions, I am informed, to think, decide, act, or judge as one man; These are facts. Why is it so? The an­ when the booklet is distributed in large a government was devised to divide thece swer is so clear that it will stand up under any scrutiny; simply put, it is this: T>os­ and small quantities to leading citizens responsibilities of man into three parts: a session of frea::iom, which in turn produces and public officials throughout the Na­ Congress to think and decide; a President to freedom of possession. Without posse:mion act; and a Supreme Court to be referee. This tion. one cannot improve; if one cannot improve In this connection I highly recommend Government was handed, by the people, a one has no incentive-no will, or purpose, · list of particulars which it must not do. to improve. Owning something is the first that every thinking patriotic citizen ob­ This was the first document of ito kind ever requisite for creating something. The im­ tain a copy thereof at the earliest possi­ written. The Government was servant, and possibil ty of Edisons, Fords, and men like ble date.

us the vanity and futility of a queGt for nicated to the Senate by Mr. Miller, one SENATE salvat·on which leaves ourselves un­ of his secretaries, and he announced that changed. MONDAY, FEBRUARY 15, 1954 on today, February 15, 1954, the Presi­ Direct our stepz, guard us from error, dent had approved and signed the act where others s·t, seeing life's tangled of additional circuit and district judges, skein through the eyes of those less for­ and for other purposes. The Senate met at 12 o'clock meridian, tunate tC.an ourselves. So make us on the expiration of the recess. faithful ministers of th·s fear-haunted The Chaplain, Rev. Frederick Brown and stricken generation. We ask it in MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE­ Harris, D. D., offered the following the dear Redeemer's name. Amen. prayer: RETURN OF BILL A message from the House of Repre­ Our Father God: Conscious of the THE JOURNAL sentatives, by Mr. Maurer, its reading faults and failures which mar and stain the past, we are grateful that each new On request of Mr. KNOWLAND, and by clerk, returned to the Senate, in compli­ week brings us to the land of beginning unanimous com:ent, t he reading of the ance with its request, the bill until President authorizes earnings to carry out its secondary market purpose indicated above, as well as the instal­ higher limits within provisions of section operations. lation, construction, and reconstruction of 220. (d) The Secretary of the Treasury is au­ streets, utilities, parks, playgrounds, and 12. Authorizes a new section 221 FHA in­ thorized to invest in such obligations up to other improvements (which need not be in surance program on low-cost housing for $500 million, plus an amount equal to re­ a slum-clearance area) necessary for carry· families displaced as a result of slum clear­ ·duction in FNMA preoent portfolio, but not ing out the urban renewal plan. ance operations or Government action, where more than $1 billion, until Treasury stock TITLE V-LOW-RENT PUBLIC HOUSING community requested such insurance and it in Association is retired. met eligibility requirements of HHFA. The 5. Provides special assistance functions. 1. Extends preference in public housing, FHA Commissioner would determine the (a) President could authorize advance now limited to those displaced from public­ need and the number of units to be insured commitments and purcha:;es of mortgages housing or slum-clearance projects, to in­ in a particular area. It provides- of various types and classifications as a sup­ clude also those displaced by other public (a) Maximum iru;ured loan of $7,000, 100 port for special housing programs or to re­ actions, such as code enforcement and clos­ percent insurance, ($200 cash down required tard a serious market decline. ing of structures, highway construction, etC. for closing costs) 40-year loans on new or 2. Make payment of 10 percent of shelter (b) Treasury would supply funds in return rents in lieu of taxes mandatory for public­ existing structures. for obligations of not more than 5 years (b) Insurance of $7,000, 100 percent 40- maturity. housing projects, except where this would reduce local contribution to less than 20 per­ year loans for repair and rehabilitation of (c) President could authorize not more dwellings for more than 10 families where cent of the Federal contribution. than $200 million in purchases and com­ 3. Permits localities to elect to charge full mortgagor is nonprofit organization, public mitments to be outstanding at any one time, or private, and regulated by Federal or State taxes provided they make up the difference but would have additional authority up to in cash to maintain a local contribution Government as to rents and charges. $100 million to enter commitments for mort­ (c) 85 percent 40-year loans to builders to equal to 20 percent Of the Federal cont!l· gage participation agreements for a fixed bution. facilitate sales to owner-occupants under 20-percent undivided interest in each mort­ purchase contract or lease option agreements. 4. Requires that the governing body and gage, but with a deferred participation agree- tlie public be informed of total local contri- 1954 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 1709 bution, including the difference between FHA INSURANCE AUTHORIZATION tion enumerated in (2) above would be fi­ payments in lieu of taxes and amount that New FHA insurance authorization granted nanced direct from the Treasury. Borrowing full taxes would require. in the amount of $1.5 billion plus an addi­ authority for the secondary market function 5. Provides that after projects are fully t ional $500 million which could be made would be limited to 10 times capital funds amortized, that net revenues go proportion­ available by the President, would permit but not exceeding a Treasury "backstop" of ately to Federal and local governments on FHA to operate at last year's level of ac­ $1 billion. Operations under the special-as­ the basis of their contributions, in order tivity. In 1953 new housing starts approxi­ sistance function could not exceed purchases, that in time such contribution may eventu­ mated 1.1 million units. The n ew act would commitments, and participations in a total ally be recovered as far as possible, and the liberalize certain maximum mortgage in­ amount of $700 million outstanding at any projects be made self-liquidating. surance terms with respect to dollar one time. Borrowing authority under the TITLE VI-HOME LOAN BANK BOARD amounts, ratio of loan to value, and maturity liquidating function would be limited to the but they would only become operative upon amount of mortgages held and commit­ 1. Provides method whereby Federal Sav­ direction of the President. Authority would ments of the existing FNMA (not exceeding ings and Loan Insurance Corporation may be granted to equalize FHA mortgage insur­ $3.35 billion) and would be progressively re­ be served with notice of suit anywhere, and ance terms as between new and existing duced by the amount of mortgage sales, re­ not just in the D!strict of Columbia. Also construction. payments, and commitment cancellations. bars enforcement of claim against the Cor­ The Treasury "backstop" borrowing author­ poration after 3 years from date of default, MODERNIZATION AND REPAIR LOANS ity for this function would likewise be pro­ or, if the Corporation denies validity of the In keeping with the emphasis which the gressively reduced and eventually eliminated. claim, after 2 years from the date of denial. new act would place on maintenance and 2. Increases maximum loan that a Federal improvement of our housing inventory the URBAN RENEWAL ~ savings and loan association may make (be­ limit on insured FHA title I repair and im­ The slum clearance and urban renewal yond exception already allowed) to $35,000, provement loans for single family units provisions are designed to broaden and re­ instead of the pre:>ent $20,000 limit, set in would be increased from $2,500 to $3,000 and d irect the present slum clearance and com­ 1933. Makes comparable changes as to col­ the term extended from 3 years to 5 years. munity redevelopment programs by not only lateral acceptable by Federal Home Loan With respect to repair and improvement of clearing slums, but requiring affirmative local Bank for advances. Also provides procedures buildings for 2 or more families the existing action to pr<>vent the spread of slums and for appointment of conservators and re­ loan limit of $10,000 would not apply pro­ urban biight. They would require commu­ czivers of Federal savings and loan associa­ vided the cost did not exceed $1,500 per nities, before being eligible to receive Fed­ tions. dwelling unit, and the term would be in­ eral assistance, to have an official plan of TITLE VII-URBAN PLANNING AND RESERVE OF creased from 7 to 10 years. A further in­ acdon for effectively dealing with the prob­ PLANNED PUBLIC WORKS centive for improvement of existing hous­ lem of urban slums and blight within the ing would be provided through permitting community and for the establishment and 1. Provides $5 million to Housing and FHA to insure advances made to a mortgagor preservation of a well planned community Home Finance Administrator for planning under an open-end mortgage thus permit­ with well organized residential neighbor­ grants up to 50 percent of estimated cost to ting him to obtain more favorable financing hoods of decent homes and suitable living State, metropolitan, and regional area agen­ based on interest rates related to mortgage environment for adequate family living. c·es for metropolitan or regional planning. security. Special provisions would be included in and to State planning bodies to assist mu­ HOME MORTGAGE INTEREST RATES AND TERMS the FHA insurance program for the con­ nicipalities under 25,000 in urban planning. struction and rehabilitation of dwelling units 2. Provides $10 million to resume non­ As previously noted the President would within urban renewal areas. These special interest bearing planning advances to local be given discretionary authority within the FHA insurance programs would provide for and State bodies for public works plans, re­ maximums provided in the act to vary FHA the rehabilitation and construction of both payable when construction is undertaken, in and VA ratios of loan to value and maturities sinr,le family and multifamily housing units. order that such works can be ready for con­ and to carry FHA mortgage limitations on a One special feature of the program would struction if the economic situation should per-room or per-family-unit basis. The require it. President would also be given discretionary be 100 percent FHA. insurance of mortgages authority to set interest rates for VA mort­ up to ~;7,000 , with 40-year maturities and TITLE VIII-MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS small downpayments, available to displaced Includes exemptions from preference pro­ gages and FHA mortgages and debentures, and related financing charges to assure that families in urban renewal areas. These s~e­ visions of unusual types of permanent Lan­ cial FHA programs could be assisted by ham Act projects and provides for a consoli­ such rates and charges are geared to current economic conditions. A statutory flexible FNMA, the Government secondary mort­ dated report to Congress on agency's activi­ gage market, when authorized by the Presi­ ties instead of assorted reports on various maximum for interest rates on FHA and VA programs and activities. • * * Provides .for mortgages would be established by providing dent, by either purchasing or participating consideration to be given to the reductiOn that the maximum rate set could not exceed in such mortgages. of vulnerability of congested areas to enemy the average market yield on long-term Gov­ The bill would also authorize up to $5 attack in carrying out housing programs. ernment bonds plus 2¥2 percent. The maxi­ million in grants to localities to develop, test, mum rate set on FHA debentures could not and report on new and improved techniques JOINT STATEMENT BY SENATOR CAPEHART AND exceed the average market yield on long­ for preventing and eliminating slums. REPRESENTATIVE WOLCOTT ON HOUSING AcT term Government bOnds. The President would exercise the above-mentioned discre­ URBAN PLANNING AND RESERVE OF PLANNED OF 1954 tionary authorities after taking into consid­ PUBLIC WORKS The Housing Act of 1954 contains com­ eration the then current investment market Provides $5 million for planning grants up prehensive legislative provisions design~d to and conditions in the building industry and to 50 percent of estimated cost of such plan­ ( 1) assure a high annual level of residen­ the national economy. tial building starts, (2) equalize FHA mort­ ning to State, metropolitan, and regional gage insurance terms between new and old FEDERAL NATIONAL MORTGAGE ASSOCIATION area agencies for metropolitan or regional houses, (3) enable homeowners to have The new act would provide for reincorpora­ planning and to State planning bodies to access to financing to better maintain, by tion and change of authority of the Federal assist municipalities of under 25,000 popu­ renovation and repair, our existing housing National Mortgage Association. The new latiOn in urban planning. inventory, ( 4) afford a broader approach FNMA would have three functions, namely Provides $10 million to resume non-inter­ to preventing and eliminating slum and to provide ( 1) a true secondary mortgage est-bearing planning advances to local and blighted areas from our metropolitan areas, market, (2) financial assistance for special State bodies for public works plans repayable ( 5) provide a new source of housing supply housing programs, and (3) for orderly liqui­ when construction is commenced in order for low-income families, (6) provide a dation of the mortgages acquired by the for­ that such works can be ready for construc­ secondary mortgage market, initially Gov­ mer FNMA. Initially the capital stock ot tion if the economic situation would require. ernment financed, to afford a more even flow the association (in the amount of the for­ of mortgage funds and make available mer FNMA capital funds) would be provided HOl\U: LOAN BANK SYSTEM needed housing funds in areas which are by the Treasury but provision would be Provides a new procedure for the appoint­ unable to provide such funds from local made so that users, through a capital con­ ment of conservators and receivers of Fed­ sources, (7) assure flexibility in mortgage tribution based on 3 percent of mortgages eral savings and loan associations and a new terms to keep pace with general economic sold to the association, would build up equity system of administrative and court proceed­ conditions, (8) provide funds to assist small funds to the extent the Treasury stock ings in cases involving noncompliance with municipalities in urban planning and (9) eventually could be retired. The associa­ rules and regulations of the Home Loan modernize existing provisions of several tion would be granted authority to sell its housing laws. Bank Board where in the judgment of the obligations in the private market to obtain Board the circumstances do not require the The new bill, consisting of eight titles, funds in connection with functions ( 1) and is the outgrowth of an intensive housing appointment of a conservator or receiver. study inaugurated by the President last (3) above enumerated. Such obligations al­ though not Government guaranteed would MISCELLANEOUS year when he appointed the Advisory Com­ There are several amendments which mod­ mittee on Government Housing Policies and enjoy the benefit of "backstop" Treasury Programs to develop a new and revitalized borrowing authority which would be granted ernize and perfect existing housing legisla­ housing program. the association. The special-assistance func- tion. c-108 1710 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE February 15 SENATE DOCUMENT NO. 100 under title V of the Housing Act of 1949, as one of whose primary functions is to inves­ amended; to the Committee on Banking and tigate, determine, or judge the loyalty or Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, on Currency. security of other employees of the Govern­ behalf of the Senator from Indiana [Mr. (See the remarks of Mr. SPARKMAN when he ment should be permitted to participate in CAPEHART], I ask unanimous consent to introduced the above bill, which appear un­ overt partisan, political activities. have printed as a Senate document a der a separate heading.) It is unthinkable that political considera­ more complete explanation of the Hous­ By Mr. DUFF: tions should enter into the functions of per­ ing Act of 1954, which the Senator from S. 2950. A bill for the relief of Domenico sonnel security. I am shocked even to think Scaramuzzino; to the Committee on the that there should be any doubt as to the Indiana [Mr. CAPEHART] has prepared Judiciary. complete impropriety of political activity on for the use of the Committee on Banking By Mr. FLANDERS (by request) : the part of any Government officer who pre­ and Currency entitled "The Housing Act S. J. Res. 127. Joint resolution declaring sides over the delicate questions of individual of 1954-A Summary of Provisions of the right of sovereignty of the United States loyalty and security. the Housing Act of 1954." over certain areas of the Antarctic Continent, If there is any room for different legal The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Is and for other purposes; to the Committee on interpretations as to the application of the there objzction to the request of the Foreign Relations. Hatch Act to any such employee or officer. Senator from California? The Chair whatever his technical or simulated rank, hears none, and it is so ordered. there can certainly be no question as to the AMENDMENT OF HATCH ACT RELAT­ moral proprieties. My proposed amendment ING TO CERTAIN OFFICERS AND would plug the legal loophole, if there is one. I hope it will be speedily adopted. BILLS AND A JOINT RESOLUTION EMPLOYEES My amendment would apply not only to INTRODUCED Mr. LEHMAN. Mr. President, I intro­ Mr. Scott McLeod but to every other security Bills and a joint resolution were in­ duce for appropriate reference a bill for officer and security employee of the Govern­ ment. troduced, read the first time, and by the amendment of title 18 of the crimi­ I believe that the Nation has been shocked unanimous consent, the second time, and nal code and that portion thereof known by Mr. McLeod's recent activities just as it referred as follows: as the Hatch Act, for the purpose of mak­ would be shocked if Mr. J. Edgar Hoover went By Mr. BRIDGES: ing it illegal to engage in political ac­ out on a political speaking tour in behalf of S. 2939. A bill for the relief of Paul G. tivity for any Federal officer or official the Republican Party or any other political Hamel and certain dependents of the late whose primary function or one of whose party. Michael P . O'Donnell; to the Committee on major functions relates to the adminis­ No personnel or security officer should be Finance. tration of any employee, loyalty, or se­ so permitted. By Mr. MARTIN (for himself and Mr. curity program. The possibilities for political intimidation DUFF): of Government employees on the part of a S. 2940. A bill to authorize certain beach I ask unanimous consent that the bill security officer are unlimited and, indeed, erosion contra~ of the shore of Fresque Isle be printed textually in the RECORD, to­ are awful even to contemplate. Peninsula, Erie, Pa.; to the Committee on gether with a statement I issued on Fri­ My amendment would not, of course, affect Public Works. day, February 12, describing the intent the Attorney General although I would per­ By Mr. MURRAY: of this proposed legislation, and an edi­ sonally think that in these times when in­ S. 2941. A bill for the relief of Kim Kwang torial from the New York Herald Tribune ternal security is such a burning question Suk and Kim Woo Shik; to the Committee of February 13, entitled "Politics and in the country, and so vital to our national on the Judiciary. preservation, that even he would retire from By Mr. LEHMAN: Security" which bears on this matter. the forefront of political activity, because of S. 2942. A bill to amend section 9 of the The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The his immediate concern with questions of in­ Hatch Act with respect to its application to bill will be received and appropriately dividual loyalty and security. officers and employees performing duties re­ referred; and, without objection, the l ating to employee loyalty or security pro­ The editorial presented by Mr. LEHMAN bill, statement, and editorial will be is as follows: grams; to the Committee on Rules and Ad­ printed in the RECORD. ministration. [From the New York Herald Tribune of (See the remarks of Mr. LEHMAN when he The bill

A-7203341, Bailey, Charles or Phillip Bailey A-7930630, Safran, Tibor. A-5635045, Fermin, Thomas Joseph or or Phillip Augustus. V-545024, Sagredo, Gloria B. Farmer. A-3536358, Bailey, David. 0300-408873, Sagredo, Eduardo David. V-339153, Fernandez, Silvio Rafael Al­ A-3921778, Ballejo, Juan or Vallejo. E-37678, Salinas-Martinez, Eulalia. monte or Silvio Almonte. A-6594348, Bendetson, Aaron or Josef A-3938269, Sgambelluri, Carlo Antonio. V-338548, Almonte, Argentina Agustina Mandel. V-782635, Shelton, Maria Helena (nee Peralta De or Argentina Almonte (nee Ar­ 0300-234210, Bowen, Lucille (nee Skeete). Beckers). gentina Agustina Antonia Elena Peralta). A-5730147, Branco, Jose Rodrigues. A-7445710, Shoenut, Josephine Mary for­ A-5229425, Finch, Arthur Stephen. 0300-394057, Butzalis, Vasilios Theodore or merly Smith, Docherty, McLaughlin, Steel, T-2760288, Fong, Raymond Poy or Fong Bill Butzalis. Camerelleri, Schneider or Boyd or Mary Mc­ Sheu Poy. A-4362095, Cacerea, Hector Edward. Kinley, or Mrs. Earl Coforth (nee Busby). A-5190582, Fonoimoana, Toa Gimamao. T-2659522, Calascibetta, Francesco. A-4114054, Simich, Andrew or Andrija A-5190588T, Fonoimoana, Line. A-8082529, Capetorto, Giovanni. Simic. T-2659451, Fortin, Jeannine Marie. A-6650117, Cardenas, Jose formerly Jose T-2760220, Singh, Kartara. V-162922, Friedle, Galina Marie. Carrillo-Pintor. A-4981269, Smith, Robert. T-2760256, Fulton, Robert Harper. A-6650116, Cardenas, Baldomero formerly A-4941433, Soufarapis, Damianos Thomas. A-6847783, Fung, Hsien-Shih Yu or Hsien- Baldomero Carrillo-Pintar. T-1510249, St. Amand, Marie Anne (nee Shih Yu. A-3801216, Carlsen, Carl Georg or Karl Poitras). A-1005750, Galvin, Antonia. Georg Karlsen. T-1510250, St. Amand, Edgar or Joseph A-5799421, Galvin. Lola. A-7469274, Chen, Wen Tsao or W. T. Chen. Edgar Felix. C-6072869, Galvin, Vita. A-3390109, Chong, Louie or Chong Louie. A-8304554, St. Amand, George or George A-5987747, Garcia, Herman. A-6857753, Campean, Ignacio. Cyrille. T-2760374, Garcia-Jimenez, Carlos. 0900/ 61071, Diaz, Carlos Hernandez. A-5270114, Stangeland, Johannes. A-7379730, Garcia-Marquez, Jesus Federico. A-4173528, Eng, Jack Gang or Gan Chack A-4471370, Straussman, Yetta (nee Yetta A-6006015, Garcia-Sanchez, Francisco. Eng. Pepper). A-4353149, Gioiello, Vincenzo. T-2585527, Fat, Lee Lin or Fred Lee or Lin A-3007625, Stuker, Frank or Stucker or T-609205, Gim, Shirley Li-Ying. Fred Lee. Franz Stuker. V-922004, Goetz, Walter Andreas. A-8091889, Fernandez, Francisco Avelino A-4780071, Tavares, Antonio Marques. A-9771442, Goncharoff, Aleksei Nikicith. Fernandez. A-7445938, Toro, Filiberto Ramon del. A-2380158, Gonzalez-Marcas, Camilo. A-4831029, Fillinich, Anthony or Antonio A-5059603, Traversoni, Robert Luigi or E-49880, Guerrero, Manuela Bulosan or Finilinck. Luigi Traverso or Alberto Traversone. Carmen Guerrero Lista. A-6609410, Foo, Hal: John or Hall San Foo 0300-325178, Tselentis, Spiros or Spiridon. E-49831, Guerrero, Cierli. or Som Tuk. 1600-101412, Valenzuela, Irma Leija de or A-7188731, Gutierrez, Antonia. E-079904, Forn Olga Rafaela. Irma Leija Abzave de Valenzuela. A-618f:l693, Gutierrez, Edgardo Calloway. T-479520 Frazier, Adelaida Roque or Ade- T-1956165, Vasquez-Avila, Cristobal. A-4151737, Haidasch, Eleonora. laida Patricia Roque y Santiesteban. A-7457841, Venegaz, Pedro Diaz. A-5821768, Hale, Samuel. A-9732347, Frederiksen, Karl Frederik. A-5720296, Vernie, Mike. A-5320765, Hansen, Niels Kristian. A-4813522, Garcia, Matias Ponga. A-4036455, Williams, Nathaniel Joseph A-2181452, Hardy, Charlotte Maud. V-963698, Gounaris, Caliroi Spiros (nee Samuel. A-1478011, Harsi, Oscar Joseph. Kalogritis). 0300/47675, Wilson, Clifford George or Roy 0300-398054, Hasim, Abdul. A-1180097, Hassan, Saedie Ben or Saedie George Wilson or Roy Edwards. V-779880, Hing, Archibald Harvey Mah. Hassan or Eddie Hassan. A-6624882, Wong, Sung-Yuen. T-1956134, Jara, Ramon. V-928113, Hellenbrand, Maria Josephine or A-7183457, Yerganian, Elpis Serkos (nee A-6139148, Kamisato, Junken. Maria Josephine Costa. Persou). A-6139152, Kamisato, Ushi (nee Nal.tado). A-5837188, Holmberg, Arthur. A-5719771, Yurko, Anton. A-6139149, Kamisato, Chieko. A-9094541T, Janin, Gilbert. A-2995373, Sakamoto, Rinichi. A--6139150, Kemisato, Motoko. A-4454386, Johansen, Hjalmar or Hyalmer T-1499165, Ali, Ahmad Yusaf or Joe Alley. A-6139151, Kamisato, Yasuo. Gulmala Johansen. 1411-1484, Alvarado, Juana Gonzalez De. A-4294896, Katsipis, Evangelos or Angelos A-7222307, Johnson, Maria Grazia or Mary A-4356461, Angelis, Soterios or Sam Harris. Cipas. Grazia Restaino (nee La Gala) . 0300-309207, , Halvor. V-418197, Kauf, Anastasy Ludwig. A-6097897, Kato, Carlos Magoichi. E-49879, Avera, Eugenia Baladad or Eu­ A-9511658, Kew, Chow Ah or Ah Kew A-6139156, Kato, Shizuko. genia Baladad. Chow. A-6097891, Kato, Kasumi. A-7802989, Bluehdorn, Fritz Heinrich. A-2140784, Klatt, Richard Gottlieb. A-6097892, Kato, Kazuo. A-5682921, Boettcher, Rudolf Gustav or A-6804013, Koh, Byung Choll or Byung Soo A-6075942, Keating, Claretta Sellens. Rudolf Faust. Koh. A-5343310, Koufos, John George, or John 0300-289243, Burton, Annegret or Annegret V-904964, Kureen, Ezra Shummail. Koufor or Ioannis Koufos. Schaede. V-890211, Kwan, Sung Tao. A-2081908, Lakomski, Stanislaus or Stan- 0300-289243, Burton, Gustav Adolf or A-6763903, Kwoh, Huan-Tsing or Teddy ley Lakomski or John Gumbola or Gumbole. Gustav Adolf Schaede. Huan-Tsing Kwoh or Theodore Huan-Tsing A-8155662, Lee, Chuan-Hsiang or Leo Lee. 0300-2892<13, Burton, Walter or Walter Kwoh. A-7984771, Leong, Him Bo or Yen Leong. Schaede. 0300-303317, Kwoh, Emily Tzu-Ying or V-754264, Leung, Victoria Hui-Fen Wang A-5612163, Butt, Chan or Chin Butt or Emily Lu Kwoh or Emily Huan-Tsing Kwoh or Victoria Wang Leung. Ng Hiwg Dor or Hing Diw Ng. (nee Emily Tzu-Ying Lu or Tzu-Ying Lu). A-7273968, Lombardo, Antonietta (nee A-3318221, Calosridis, Theodore Dimitrois. T-2760366, Lam, Mae Gim Louie. Lombardo). A-1819770, Cambria, Guiseppe. T-2760414, Lam, Betty Fung Tan. A-8196111, Maderakis, Evaggelcs. A-6526244, Campbell, Lucius Ezekiel or 0300-361849, Lee, Oy Gum. A-4386901, Matias, Calikto or Ernesto Ma- Samuel Campbell. A-3711135, Lee, Shue or James Lee. tias or Ernesto Ibanez. A-3898658, Cervantez, Ignacio Cota. A-9795338, Lewis, Rufus Emlyn or Michael A-1294200, McDevitt, Francis J. 0300--311168, Chang, Sheila Liu. Sheridan Nolan or Eugene Lewis or Rufus A. 0300-355828, McKinney, Alonzo. E-16164, Chisho_m, John. Lewis, or Rufus Euguen Sheridan Lewis. A--4083719, Choy, Song or Henry Choy or A-7439988, McLean, Jona than Alexander. A--6682660, Li, Zen Zuh. A-2955414, Medina-Capeda, Roman. Choy Song. A-7594559, Jen, Li Fong Soon or S.:long T-2760255, Clancy, Ida Espanita. A-2386280, Meinhardt, Hans. Jan Fong. V-905981, Claridad, Angelita Roldan. T-1956166, Medez-Sainz, Martin. A-3921548, Licon-Carrasco, Ramon. V-575941, Concha-Cardenas, Eduardo. 0300-406129, Mun, Tin. A-3098631, Licon, Rosenda Rodriguez De. T-2760964, Cortez, Faustino Acevedo. A- 6324196, Nicolini, Violet Gladys (for- A-9029164, Ligias, Geor~e or Gior:;e. A-7439858, Cortez-Bedoy, Armando. merly White (nee Violet Gladys Peachey). A-7539780, Li ~ g. Victoria Kuo-Fen, M. D. 0300-407883, Cowan, Morris or Morris or Kuo-Fen Ling or Victoria Rosamond Ling. A-5684909, Niro, Domenic Angelo. Kogan or Moses Cohen. A-5341376, Ohle, Mathilde or Elfriede Ohle. A-7444615, Lipschutz, Naftali. A-3647357, Cruz, Guadalupe Castillo de or A-6033428, Liu, An-:S:wa. A-2044457, Okajima, Hisa Takei (nee Guadalupe Puebla. Takei). A-6703462, :!:.iu, Ann Ling. 0402/16370, Diaz-Martinez, Jose. A-7078785, Lopez, Julio Campos. A-3447248, Osmundsen, Olaf Sverre. A-6143947, Dodohara, Jitsuo. A-4551379, Paric, Theodora. Bozidar or E-053649, Lopez-Garcia, Aurelio. A-6143946, Dodohara, Takeno. E-053650, Olmos-Garch, Julia. Natalio Pariz or Nat B. Paric. A-6143944, Dodohara, Takashi. A-9658696, Lorenzo, Manuel or Manuel Lo- V -949897, Perullo, Felicidad Hernandez A-6143942, Dodohara, Masako. Rodriguez. A-6143945, Dodohara, Tamotsu. renzo Pena. A-1004650, Read, John Patrick. A-6143943, Dodohara, Hiroshi. A-7031302, Louie, Nancy Ma. T-1956176, Rodriguez-Navarro, Eustacio. E-1225, Downer, Frances Veronica. A-2933110, Lubrano, Salvatore. A-5353593, Robinson, George Hiram. A-7805960, Escuton, Aida Lumaque. E-44761, Martinez-Rodriguez, Thomas. A-4273182, Ropero, Mariano Moreno. A-1809863, Esteves, Joaquim or Jack E-44762, Martinez-Rodrir;uez, Efran. A--6819105, Rothberger, Louis or Leiduch, Stevens. E-15098, McClean, Marion Agatha. 1714 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE February 15 A-7177875, Meeks, Reginald Victor. 1200-37259, Yee, Wong How or Wong Hom A-4550888, Lopez, Carmen or Carmen T-1497353, Miau, Charles S. C. or Shau Lee or Yee Nam Gim. Gonzalez Lopez or Emilia Ida Boan. Chong Miau. 1209-10307, Sing, Yee Loy. A-2078340, Lorentzen, Sven Reidar or Sven A-3423342, Miller, John Constantine. A-9764943, Younus, Sheik Mohammed or Lorentzen. A-8196566, Monserrate, Martha (nee Leon). John or Johenie Younus or Mohn Younus. A-4460992, Lum, Ming Yick or Ming Lum A-8065219, Montes-Gonzales, Agustin. E-1313, Yudgudis, Antanas or Yuodgudis or Ming Y. Lum or Eddie Lum. A-0385639, Montes-Gonzalez, Alfonso. or Juodgudis or Anthony Yuga. A-7445275, Lumbreras-Martinez, Miguel. A-6877589, Montoya, Miguel. T-1495362, Adachi, Katsuhiko. A-7445555, Lumbrera.s, Santos Araujo de. E-064649, Mora-Anguiano, Juan. T-2783971, Adamec, Anton. A-7317594, Malar, Pawlo. A-7093002, Muinelo, Luis Antonio Ortiz y. A-9801454, Ahmed, Nazir Uddin. 0300-280376, Malek, Herman. A-2674257, Nunez, Rosenda Parra de. T-2670509, Ajolo, Eufemia or Encarnacion 0300-280374, Malek, Ligalla (nee Ella T-2760197, Ngiam, Hai or Giam Sim Hai. delos Santos or Eufemia Torio or Encarna­ Taub). A-2031943, Nye, Gladys Catherine or Cath- cion DelaRosa (nee Eufemia Bongolan). E-43839, Martinez, Macaria Lara De or Ma- erine Goodwin Nye. T-2670511, Ajolo, Jimmy Jesus or Jesus caria Lara. V-889494, Orloff, Ivan Y. Torio. A-7445309, Martinez-Siaz. Federico. A-3599586, Panton, Leslie Alexander. T-2670508, Ajolo, Leatrice Socorro or So­ 0300-277019, Mathes, Shalom. T-2760250, Paolitto, Francecco Antonio. corro Torio. T-1807526, Medina-Maris, Bernardino or 0300-387233, Pedone, Paolo or Pablo. T-2670510, Ajolo, Virginia or Virginia Torio Epitaclo B. Medina. V-435793, Pierce, Maria de Jesus Romero or Filipina Delos Santos. A-7858263, Minguez, Jose Santamaria. de. A-2384775, Baboura, TheOdoros Nicolaos or V-353648, Molina, Pas Gonsalez De. T-2760318, Piretta, Battista. Teddy Babouras. E-901100, Montalvo-Saldivar, Sigifredo. A-6255887, Quispel, Jan Dirk or John Quis­ 1600-100879, Baustian, Carol Mary (nee E-901101, Montalvo, ·Celestina Gonzalez de. pel. Fergus). E-059642, Andrade-Gonzalez, Jose Refugio. A-5607811, Radich, Anton. A-3949927, Blyden, Ina Eudgenia. A-3643693, Mosrie, Abbes Joseph Hamed or A-2399682, Radovcic, Felicijo or Philip V-749701, Bartolini, Pietro. Abbes Joseph Hamed. Radovcic or Felicilo Radovcic or Philip Rado­ A-1578365, Bruneau, Therese Beatrice (nee A-6153103, Naganuma, Iwaichi. vich or Filip Radovcic. Sevigny). A-6153102, Naganuma, Isoka. A-2028988, Rau, Willi. 1515/ 1271, Bryan, Ruth or Galan. A-6153098, Naganuma, Kiyoka. A-52S6696, Rodrigues, Domingos. A-6228522, Camporeale, Anastasio or Anas­ A-6153100, Naganuma, Kazumi. 0900/41539, Rodriquez, Jorge Sanchez. tasia Camporeale Di Gennaro (nee Dege­ A-0153096, Naganuma, Sumika. A-7240348, Rojas, Rogelio. naro). A-6153095, Naganuma, Kazuchigue. A-7240349, Rojas, Jaime. A--6314501, Carmona, Dolores. A-6153097, Naganuma, Kazaharu. A-1151154, Rubio, Alberto. A-3746465, Carregal-Rey, Juan or Jose Car- A-6153099, Naganuma, Kazumi Julia Cesar. A-5536719, Sahlberg Olga Emilia. regal Rey. A-5967437, Nakagawa, Yoshio. 0300-239870, Samaras, Fanoula. A-7445878, Charles-Tello, Pedro. A-6096818, Nakagawa, Kazuo or Julio A-5738547, Sanders, Constance Sophie (nee A-7445885, Charles, Marta Dominguez De. Caesar Kazuo Nakagawa. Howell). A-9691860, Chevat, Vincent or Chebat or A-6153160, Nakasone, Katsujiro. . T-1499170, Sanen, John Joseph. Vincente Chebat or Vincente Nicholas Che­ A-611:3159, Nakasone. Makato. A-7739679, Sang, Leung Mun. bat. A-6153158, Nakasone, Mitsuko. T-1495423, Santana, Helen Alvarez. A-5347260, Chianello, Michele. A-5977610, Oyakawa, Yoshitatsu. A-3870550, Scala, Eduardo. A-3981732, Chun, Wei Foo or William A-0153194, Oyakawa, Yae or Yae Miyagl- A-5040491, Schmidt, Mary Ann or Mau- Chun. Oyakawa. reen Schmidt. T-1807527, Ciota, Odoardo. V-644957, Pasdermadjian, Bedros. V-169425, Sehkon, Balwant Kaur. A-5807143, Coster, Conrad. A-4829891, Pasetorek, Stepan. A-5600896, Selak, George. A-5207735, Crose, Anton or Anton Cross. A-5674937, Pollock, Ann Boyce or Ann E-49911, Shee, Tang Seta. A-6223744, Davies, James. Pollock. A-4408554, Shek, Too or Shek Too or Do E-2210, Delano, Nora Bertha Hortensia (nee E-052544, Pozo-Olaez, Jose Manuel Ber­ Dick. Migliorati). nardino Del. A-8190870, Sikoutris, Michael Pericles. T-1965175, Drew, Anne Lillian. A-2623497, Ramirez-Vega, Jose. A-9634473, Silvestre, Julio P. A-6362604, Ergas, Ronald Jonathan. A-6943413, Reilly, Frances Lilian or Per­ 05C2-U579, Simsuangco, Enriqueta Vera or A-3396218, Faber, Josefa (nee Josefa Hut- sighetti. Sims. ton) or Sophie Faber or Sophie Koehler. E-901031, Rodriguez-Chavez, Alfonso. A-5602759, Smet, Frans De or Frank De A-3269360, Fink, Nathan. E-901032, Rodriguez, Maria Luisa Patino Smet. A-4139678, Firt, Ching or Fat Chong or De. A-6171155, Spencer, George McDonald. Chaing Fat. A-4831958, Schaller, Ellen or Ellen Ljung- A-4648310, Sum, Yip. A-4652050T, Fonoimoana, Mataniu Api or dael (nee Scharf) . A-5967444, Takamura, Kiichiro. Mataniu Api Tuia. 0300-294420, Shan, Dong Ah. 0300-270370, Tchang, Paul, Kiakong. A-1593703, Franz, Kurt Erwin Otto. E-49909, Shee, Chu Mark. 0300-304548, Tchang, Rose Sui-Hwa (nee A-5305997, Friedrich, Josefa (nee Riesn­ A-5190552, Sophas, Merietha or Sun). huber) formerly Mentboer. Merietha Lucinda Martin. T-141777, Te'o, Vaioleti Senine Kipeni or A-5370523, Gamero, James Pacheco or A-1667289T, Sullivan, Michael. Senine Kipeni Te'o or Vaioleti Senine. Santia.go Pacheco. A-7295723, Sung-Kao, Chang Daniel or Su A-9245354, Teodosio, Lucio Guardino. A-5967239, Ganiko, Yaju or Uaju or Jorge Yuen Chang. A-7178754, Terashita, Takeshi or Takeshl Ganiko. A-3408081, Weber, Paul or Nikandr Z. Matsuno or Yoshikazu Nozari or Jerry T-209484, Gomez, Francisco Andres or Gaidukevich. Nozaki. Francisco Gomez or Frank A. Gomez. V-351314, Wei, Peter Hsieng Lien or Wei 0900;59013, Trejo, Estevan Sandoval. A-9798375, Gonzales, Jesus. Hsing Lien. A-4809136, Trencher, Rose or Rose Grand A-5327663, Gonzales, Rita Garcia (nee Pi­ V-369382, Wei, Pearl Y. C. Shu or Pearl Yu or Rose Rand. varal Perez). Chin Shu Wei. E-067383, Trilla-Rodriguez, Apolonio. A-5597777, Gottschalk, Walter or Harry 0300-268430, Westley, Fiorella Nannini. A-3875034, Tsuchiya, Yoshiyuki. Gottschalk. A-3944758, Yow, Chow Ling. A-6964557, Unger, Harry. V-427436, Grace, Vilma Carlota. A-4398933, Zimmerman, Dorothy C. or A-4448158, Vasquez, Placida DeMara de. A-6421287, Grinblat, Israel David. Dorothy Giffen (nee King). A-2033999, Vastarelli, Antonio or Antonio V-126592, Hernandez, Herlinda Pena (nee A-8317033, Abair, Lillian Gates. Vastarelle or Antonio Vastarella or Antonio Her linda Pena-Garcia) . T-1496079, Aguilar-Castillo, Jose Rodrigo. Concetto Vasterelle or Antonio V. Concetta. A-6097844, Honda, Fujie. T-2760375, Albright, Angeles. A-7469183, Villasenor, Raymundo. A-3078969, Jacobsen, Arthur Conrad or Ar­ T-2760228, Alderman, Edith Victoria. A-7469184, Villasenor, Antonio Espino. thur Jacobsen. 0900/39366, Amezcua, Joaquin Suare~ or T-1497306, Villasenor, Maria Teresa. A-6427473, Jadulang, Cresencia Casel or Adolph Veseslada Saris or Robert V. Soria. T-1956097, Wang, Chien-San. Dolores Mangligot Labangcop. A-5306991, Arnes, John. A-4007834, Jan, Chin. A-4936295, Whitney, Chapman Swain. A-6726982, Ascencio-Garcia, Salvador. A-1012212, Johansen, Ejnar or Einer or A-3693064, Wing, Syd Shiu or Sydney A-5116120, Backman, Sybil. Wing-Shiu Wing Sit. Ejnai. 0707-9127, Karnavas, Nicolaos or Nick. A-2121297, Baratta, Lydia or Lidia Olivia A-6353566, Winn, Alicia Feria. Baratta or Lydia Menconi. A-7975202, Wisdom, Leon Lloyd. A-4491759T, Katz, Bertha. A-9135882, Kiviroski, Eino. T-2760267, Barcellone, Ferdinanda. T-2760413, Wong, Ding Kow or Angie 0300-257969, Berndt, Carl Albert Werner. Wong. A-7284985, Kohn, Josef. A-6830546, Kotakis, Dimitriyos Anastas or V-469367, Bien, Charles Wan-Nien. 0704-4684, Wong, Helen Ai-Len. Dimitrios A. Kotakis. A-7439148, Bonetti, Gaspare. T-2760303, Yamaguchi, Sumi. T-2760962, Levy, Remedios Cisneros. 0900-65092, Brenco, Guglielmo. E-49883, Yap, Joseph Fook On. 0300-251666, Lombardi, Giovanna (nee T-1496857, Broadfoot, George Turford. A-9533022, Yee, Ah. Giovanna Nardone). T-1497380, Browne, Adrian Santa Maria. 1954 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 1715

A-7197527, Euranis, Polyxeni Dimitriu (nee A-9765402T, Manof, Abdul or Abdul Manaf T-2760361, Wong, Joong Seu Chin. Badaliarou) • or Abdul Monof. A-6851479, Yang, Yuan-Hsi. A-5909674, Carstens, Heinrich Harry or A-7363576, Marshall, Genevieve Marie A-6851670, Yang, Stella Chih Hsin. Heinrich H arry Carstens Schreiner or Henry Ghislaine (nee Lebrun). A-9700101, Yee, Wong. Carstens or Heinrich Carstens or Harry H. A-1810027, Martinovich, Miljenko or Mel T-2760965, Yoshida, Tatsuki. Schreiner. Anton Martin. E-49905, Young, Ngan Nung (nee Ngan 0300-264869, Celli, Domenico. A-8021376, Martins-Batista, Jose. Nung Lee). T-1760404, Chang, Hou-Chun. A-9545588, Mavraganis, Dimigrios John. A-3023901, Yue, Kwok John. T-1760405, Chang, Lan-Chuen Chen. A-5028090, McBrien, M ary Joseph or Mary V-371425, Tom, Bee Hall. A-9508683, Chang, W ah Tsai. Joseph Devany or Catherine Devaney. 0300-400109, Johansen, Eilif Mainert. A-2520258, Chao, Ming Chung or Chao A-1251408, Meraz-Flores, Julio. 0500-42905, Pelaez, Eusebio. Ming or Ming Kee. 0400/46404, Miller, Byron George. A-4995256, Chester, Arthur Percy or Pear- A-6153063, Miyahira, Setsuko. cey Chester. A- 6153064, Miyahira, Tetsuo. SUSPENSION OF DEPORTATION OF T-2671920, Chu, Ah Dong or Ah Tsu Dong. A-6153061, Miyahira, Emiko. CERTAIN ALIENS-REPORT OF A T-2760321, Cleope, Francizco Villegas. A-6153062, Miyahira, Tadashige. A-9833810, Coelho, Carlos Valentin. A-6153065, Miyahira, Tadanobu. COMMITTEE T~1495426 , Conde, Edward Marcelus. A-2166140, ·Mon, Tse Gin. Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, from T-1495427, Conde, Isabel Laura. A-6420372T, Mou-Lai, Morley or Morley L. the Committee on the Judiciary, I re­ A-9579506, Contreras, Victor Nicasio. or Morley Lai Cho or Morley Cho. port an original concurrent resolution, T-1499175, Cortez, Alberto. A-6183755T, Chow, Nancy Chow or Yinya V-38991, Cricelli, Rose or Rose Forlano. Chos Cho. favoring the suspension of deportation A- 6361065T, Cruz, Alipio De La or Alipio A-7427570, Mueller, Robert. of certain aliens, and I submit a report T J.cot. A-7583122, Naef, Eliza beth.

A-4070522, Masciana, Vincenzo. E-3937, Chang, Nai Shun. A-5644209, Rosier, Marie Josephine De. T-2760285, Meeuwisse, Gerardus E-3938, Chang, Nai Yong. A-2549028, Rothie, Eddie or Oddie Rothie. Maria. E-3936, Chang, Nai Chong. A-4698921, Russo, Jennie nee Cervasi or A-2544775, Mets, Julius. E-3934, Chang, Nai Hung. Giovanna Russo or Giovanna Cervasi. A-6588576, Micelli, Anna or Anna Montella. T-2753797, Chavez, Julia Aguilera de. A-5731289, Sabit, Vahdi or Mehmet Vah- A-5209113, Mirna, Walther Maria Heinrich E-050401, Ching, Marjorie Rosetta (nee deddin Sabit. or Theodore Victor Roelof-Lanner. Marjorie Rosetta Sarsin or Marjorie Rosetta A-2941373, Saen~. Adela RonqUillo De. T-1496078, Moreno-Sandoval, Pedro. Lam) . T-1495328, Saiz, Juan Francisco. A-5968747, Nivon, Carmen Yglesias De. E--901117, Cisneros-Garcia, Ramon. T-1495329, Saiz, Olivia Irene. A-7966216, O'Young, William Hui. E-901119, Cisneros-Sanchez, Jose Guada­ T-1495330, Saiz, Jr., Juan Francisco. A--6928242, Partida-Gama, Francisco. lupe. A-1332786, Sala, Ferdinanda or James F. E-14051, Patterson, Johanna Wilhelmina. A-6252159, Clark, Nelly Burgos (nee Nelly Sala. 0300/418126, Powell, Calvin Emanuel or Xerez Burgos) . T-1496847, Salinas, Luis Garcia. Ca!vin E. Powell or Calvin Powell or Donald A-4308668, Cobos, Roman. A-7376144, Sapir, Albert Abraham. Wendell Powell or Donald VI. Powell or 0100-24366, Cognein, Flaviano. T-1496793, Sekigahama, Satori. Dr -aid Powell. A-7054538, Collins, Paul H . or Lothar Fried- T-2760221, Seminario, Joseph Ysaac. 0804--7471, Ramirez-Rivero, Alfonso. rich Hermann Lapp or Lopp. A-9663441, Seng, Lei or Lai Sing or Li A-4441999, Ramos, Antonio Munoz. . A-7398939, Constantinescu, Constantin. Sheng. A-4944359T, Regueria-Rodrigues, Joaquim. A-6936474, Costa, Manuel Zeferino Braz Da. T-1497413, Sepulveda-Salmeron, Rafael. E-13051, Reina-Cisneros, Marcello Julio or A-4065731, Esquibel, Placido. T-1496061, Shinoda, Sadao Frank. Marcello J. Reina. A-3818366, F agundes, Manuel Vieria. A-0949600, Shun, Chang Ting or Ting- A-1789812, Riemer, Gyorgy or George A-9553253, F eJdmann, Taodors or Teodors H sun Chang or Tennyson Po-Hsun Chang Riemer. Feldmanis or Theodore Feldmann. or Po-Hsun Chang. A-6719005, Robertson, James. A-7983352, Felipe, Marcelino or Felipe Mar- A-7930304, Chang, Anna May Ing or Anna A-6958054, Rosales-Sliva, Inocencio. celino or Marcolina Felipe. May Hsi-En Ing or Anna M a y Hsi-En Ing A-6958052, Rosales, Rosa M aria. A-4980838, Filz, Richard Henry. Chang. E-48433, Rubio, Guadalupe Murillo De or A- 6534319, Fischer, Herman. A-7424125, Simoni, Bianca Bolcionl. Guadalupe Muro De Rubio. A- 6843554, Fischer, Zuzana Schonbaum A-9767674, Sing, Chang Pah or Chang Pan A-7863925, Salazar-Gomez, Daniel or (nee Zuzana Schonbaum). Sing. Daniel Gomez-Salazar, or Pedro Salazar­ A-5241973, Fook, Huie Wing or Huey Wing A-3379226, Soalihy, Abdullah. Gomez. Foolt: or Hoy Wing Fook or ffenry Huie or T-1495431, Solari, Giobatta Ricardo. 0900/ 58598, Sanchez-Colin, Salomon. Hoy. 0300-195653, Sontanes, Ana or Ana Chana T-1496083, Sanchez-Sanchez, . A- 3470218, Fernandez, Antonio. Teitelbaum. T-1496080, Sanchez, Maria Carmen. T-1497369, Galvan-Arrelano, Cirilo or Cir- A-4272067, Sorrentino, Umberto or Albert A-3266238, Schack, Preben. ilo Arcazola. or Alberto. A-2346279, Schiller, Frederick Hugo or A-7476578, Gu~rra, Sabina Mata De. T-2'760225, Sosa-Angel, Francisco. Frederick H. Schiller or Friedrich Schiller. E-33633, Halimah, Mail. A-7558995, Sotelo, Enrique Mayorga. T-2760108, Scholobohm, Eunomia T. A-5055188, H azenberg, Lambertus. T-2276306, Spitz, Leon or Chaim Arye A-7249633, Sciuchetti, Remo. A- 5516554T, Hecht, John. Spitz. A-1810755, Shung, Chen Yuet or Yuet A-5534285, Hoffman, Sonia (nee Schenker). V-1431643, Spitz, Ester (nee Feldman). Shung Chen. A-7384342, Hsiao, Tsui Beh or Betty Shaw 0900/21835, Stock, Gwendolyn Eunice. E-15772, Sing, J oe or Chu Mon. or Betty H siao or Betty Chow. A-5004073, Suedkamp, Amalie Johanna or A-4757517, Sponarich, Michele or Nick. T-2761379, Inouye, Hisao. Amalie Johanna Sudkamp. A-9767586, S1rrdby, Kaare Sorensen or A-7983038, Kartchner, Elfida Alicia Corn A-6924551, Talmadge, William Naftaly. Kaare Sunby. De. A-1020608, Tjensvold, Jacob Jacobsen or A-1474604, Swaby, Cyril James. A-7978331, Kartccner, Verde!. Jacob .Tacobsen. T-2760117, Swee, Sia Kim or Ling Ah A-3328901,. Kee, Wong. A-3274143, Umana, Lorenzo. King. A-4257255, Keller, Peter. A-6534657, Ure, William Patrick. A-6424398, Takacas, Ferencz, or Frank A-3556986, Koehler, Helga Mary (nee T-1496070, Valdovincs, Joyce Elson. Adler. Binder). A-5919251, Valerio, Elidio Lopes. A-6438873, Ta.mbocon-Linato, Patria Santa A-9770811, Korn, Jacob or Carl Behrends. A-2031512, Vasquez, Jose or Trent Vasquez Maria. A-5226407, Krisberg, Dorothy (nee Doba or Jose Trent (Trinedad) Vasquez. A-1129158, Thomas, James Reyene. Friedman) . A-7385768, Vela, Juana Evangelina Vega T-1496874, Tong, Chong Wo. A-7366498, Kun, Lam TUng or Dennis Lin. De. A-7394695, Ulloa-Garcia, Leandro, or Epi­ 0900-45155, Lu, Eleanor or Eleanor Lin. A-5461905, Velliares, George Constantin or fanio Pedroza-Gonzales. A-3620691, Lamberti, Francesco or Frank George Costas Velliares. T-2760689, Uriz, Martin. A-4684901, Verdin-Flores, Elena or Delano E-2218, Walsh, Catherine Josephine, or Lambert. V-737077T, Lawee, Alfred Khedouri or Al- Verdin-Flores. Catherine Bushey. T-2.760401, Versola, Teofilo. fred Lawee Khedouri. A-2572352, Weber, Robert. A-2488739, Voelker, Clifford Austin. A-2873670, Lee, Kong. A-1663455, Webley, Kenneth T. A-6419238, White, Harry Owen. A-6711103, Liu, Frederick Fu. A-5968748, Yglesias, Alexandra Nivon. T-1892213, Won, Ong or Ong Wong. E-47582, Long, Aurora Swanson or Maria E-13086, Yu, Lang Ping. A-4236745, Wong, Phoei Kwai. E-13087, Yu, Liu Youn Feng. Luisa Swanson or Carmen Swanson. A-9635020, wong, Tsang. A-5968746, Zafra, Carmen Verdugo. A-7021858, Lozano, Edward Paul. V-778294, Wu, Tche-Wei (nee Tche-Wel A-5910613, Mejia-Barrajas, Miguel. T-2760319-, Lucchesi, Alfredo. So). T-2072795, Morales-Gonzalez, Nicolas. A-4758083, Lyons, Dorothy Edith (nee Mc­ T-1496870, Yau, Chow Ping. A-7392035, Selvera-Gutierrez, Jose. Gregor or Dorothy Edith Pastor). T-2760376, Yoshida, Noburu. A-7390753, Selvera, Maria Zarate de. A-4514742, Mayer, Mathias Lajos or Ma- 0707-7872, Young, Flordeliza Pael or Flor­ A-6985699, Aguilar, Eloisa Barrera de, or thias Layas Mayer. deliza Pael. Eloisa Barrera-Moya. E-10454, McGinley, Joseph. 0707-8033, Younfr, Ruben Pael or Ruben T-1496892, Aguiniga-Sanchez, Reynaldo. A-9133870, Mihatov, Thomas .Tohn. Pael. T-2760383, Aguirre, Ignacio Morales. A-5659625, Moncayo, Domingo Pedro a~ T-1496882, Yuen, Yick Hee. A-6857727, Albury, George Washington. Domingo M.oncayo. T-303126, Zebroff, Elizabeth. T-2637183, Alva-Gonzalez, Elias. A-5956192, Moore, Seamon James. A-9302618, Kok, Lum Man. A-2397499, Alvarez, Tomas Casimiro,. or T-2760101, Mora-Escalera, Heliodoro. T-2626088, Aeosta-Maqueda, Domingo. Thomas Alvare-z. A-6063045, Moreno, Paz Benedicta or Maria A-5026968, Aguirre, Encarnacion Gonzalez V-666045, Arroyo, Robe-rto P..amoS'. Paz Magdalena Henedicto. de or Helen or Helene or Elena Sallaberry. V-336632, Au, Fong Chau August. A-5569927, Morgenroth, Sigmund. V-906184, Aspiras, Angeles. T-2760385, Barragan-Silva, Salvador. A-5569926, Morgenroth, Lucie Gast-. T-2672010, Ballin-Ramirez, Magdelano. T-2672412, Muziotti, Jacques. E-3034, Barrie-ntos-Martinez, Celso, or A-181203S, Barriga, Antonia Maria Salcedo A-9693024, Ngo, Chu Chuan. Celso Ban:ientos. De. A-5109697, Nitschke, Reinhold Ferdinand. A-7016195, Barriga, Maria Gloria. 0900/35364, Bauer, Joseph Carl. T-1496878, Campos, Virginia May. A-6960467, Palma-Cardenas, Jesus. T-2671995, Pastorino, Luigi Giuseppe. A-7491055, Benes, Vaclav Edvard. T-151021.8, Candelaria, Severino Magdaleno A-5960640, Blumenthal, Ernst. y Fernandez, or Severino Candelaria. A-5293697, Pierson, Earl James. V-371604, Bow, Jean Chu. A-9691862, Canillas, Eduard Chebat. A-4654701, Pommer, Alfred Gustav. A-4779242, Cataldo, Vincenzo. T-2760646, Reasola-Olvera, Javier. A-7398318, CRS'tanec:fa, Catarino. E-3291, Chan, Chin, or Frank Chan or T-1496782, Reyna-Bernal, Juan. 1600;101499, Chavez, Virginia Pacheco- Frank Chin. T-325737, Rivas-Garza, Avelina. Ruelas de or Virginia Carrillo or Virginia E-3935, Chang, Yi Ming, or Mrs. Chin A-4575430, Rivera, Maria Consuela Verdugo Guardado. Kiang Chang-. de (nee Maria Consuela Verdugo-Espin'OSa). A-8189429, Chin, Wah. 1718 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE February 15 A-6362932, Clushon, Shirley Lyssa or Shir­ A-5072326, Vallejo, Pedro or Pedro Vallejo E-062409, Herrera-Castilla, Jose. ley Lyssa Carini. Fernandez. T-1495105, Howard, Eloena Edna. E-2225, Dicker, Taimi Alina (nee Haino or A-4840919, Vega-Vasquez, Antonio. A-3483573, Hradil, Joseph or Josef Hzadil Fleming or Oinonen) • A-4840907, Vega, Guadalupe Romero De. or Joseph Hodel or Hardil. T-56019, Dominguez, Agripina Hinojosa A-7995695, Velasquez, Antonio Montano. T-1495108, Hurtado, Eloisa Romero. (nee Agripina Hinojosa-Gonzalez). A-5336765, Villarreal, Nicolas Rincon. A-5349888, Jenssen, Carl Fritz Julius. T -2671919, Economou, John Antoniou. T-2760222, Wain, Montague Charles. A-6919679, Kakaroukas, Demetrios or A-6727080, Espino-Garcia, Miguel. T-2760245, Wallace, Francis La Fontaine. James. A-7383199, Fedje, Gerd Annie (nee Ber- A-6990520, Williams, John Jona or John A-5110837, Katz, Sara. ger). Jona. A-9631655, Khai, Tan Soen or Tan Khal. A- 1337444, Fenkohl, Fred John or Fred­ E-36307, Wong, Kam Kong. T-1807531, Klemme, Anne Mary (nee Bar• erich John Fenkohl or Fred Johni Fenkehl or E-36308, Lowe, Kwok Wun or Mrs. K. K. ton or Anne Mary Barton Ranck). Fred Fenkohn. Wong. A-9699008, Kong, Cheong. A-5829251, Fite, Evelyn Agnes. A-5977644, Yamasaki, Chika. V-905855, Konrad, Josephine Joan. 0707-6200, Foldi, Peter Andras. A-4299927, Yen, Sit Chan or Harry Sit. A-3631104, Korn, Rose or Rose Kornhauser. E-053399, Freulings, Klaus Dieter. A-7821371, Ying, Lee Wing or Ying Lee V-1334722, Kosaka, Kimiko. T-1495120, Garcia-Escobedo, Felix. Wing. V-332888, Kuhn, Karin Elfriede or Karin A-5694536, Garz, Albert Rudolph or Albert A-4147666, You, Eng or Ng You or Johnny Elfriede Ginnan. Garz. Eng. T-2671996, Kwock, Mu Mee. T-1496064, Gonzalez-Gudino, Jesus. A-3986175, You, Ho Kee or Wing You Ho. A-6383560, Latosa, Purita Zurbito. A-3502635, Gustavino, Oscar or Oscar Le- A-7476091, Zepeda-Banda, Pedro. A-4439617, Lee, Get Fang or Lee Get Fang. vine. E-36282, Acebo, Mary Alisangco. T-2672302, Luna-Vailon, Everardo. A-3277469, Haakonsen, Fred or Frithjof. T-2760114, Acevedo-Echavarri, George or T-1496798, Mah, Wai Lock. A-6853231, Hansen, Alice M. Jorge Acevedo-Echavarri. T - 2760201, Mar, Teresa Fang or Teresa E-059817, Hernandez-Hernandez, Jesus. E-1301, Agcaoili, Mabel (nee Rios). Fang Chen or Chen Wei Fang. 1209-9475, Houske, Caroline Minnie. E-1302, Rios, Weber. T-2760649, Martinez-Vedusco, Alfonso. A-2908481, Jaso-Macias, Higinio Ignacio. 0800-86904, Aguirre, Maria de Jesus Zapata. T-1892394, Mat, Osman Bin. A-6343643, Katsaros, Efstathios. A- 6849224, Aispuro, Candelario Lizarraga. T-2671891, Mata, Refugio Ruiz De. A-6343644, Katsaros, Penelopi. A-5935558, Akerfeldt, Einar Ferdinand or T-2626256, Mendez, Roman Cruz. T-1496811, Kobayashi, Tomek!. Edhansen. 0802-4671, Mendoza, Patricio Puenta. A-7841254, Kuang-Hua, Ch'eng or Alfred A-8017244, Alcantara-Trejo, Juan. A-1674785, Moreno, Esperanza Hernandez Kuang-Hua Cheng. E-33735, Alferos, Marina Sebastian. De. A-9523843, Lee, Ling Ah. A-6009506, Alvarez-Reyes, Andres. E- 082167, Nava, Jose Luis. E-36304, Li Heng Yu. V-455688, Antaran, Adoracion Manapat. A-6671895, Nichols, Barbara Jane (nee E-6211985, Loh, Yuan Chiu. A-4829281, Arraes, Jose Maria. Jones) . A-6624917, Loh, Huan Pao (nee Wang). T-1495113, Balderas-Rosas, Jesus. E-36315, Nobriga, Martha Faustina. A-6052296, Lomeli-Aceves, Sebastian. A-6810120, Barbosa-Torrentera, Carlos. V-1257477, Noe Giuseppe Ambrosio. V-292481, Mahvi, Abolfath. T-1496-326, Becerra, Margareta Jiminez De. T-2672030, Pacheco-Lopez, Andreas. V-292480, Mahvi, Josette (nee You). A-7957137, Becerril, Adolfo Alquicira. 0300-366975, Pappas, George. T-2760694, Marrufo, Antonio Gomez or An- A-5571563, Berner, Julia. A-5670288, Payne, Lasarus. tonio Gomez Maroof. A-3796299, Brown, Rut h Pearl. A-3902995, Pena, Trinidad De La. A-5267458, Martinez, Casiano. E-062618, Bueno, Gonzalo Medellin. A-9577245, Penasales, Tomas Pabale. E-059775, Martinez-Garza, Pedro. A-3477889, Burchert, William Max. E-Q62542, Perales-Guzman, Andres. A-5821019, Mattison, Frances Ida (nee E-056806, Bzoch, Vladka Jane. A-4561301, Piccolo, Vincenzo. Gerard). T-1496076, Carrillo-Villagrama, Daniel. T-2760563, Rahim, Abdul or Abdul Maneer. A-7096918, McNeal, Emma Antonius. A-7445515, Castilla-Gallegos, Ventura. A-6904862, Ramirez-Hernaridez, Pedro. A-1;1259729T, Melville, Cecil Agustas. T-1020254, Castromayor, Praxedes V. T-2672368, Rangel-Contreras, Pedro. T-~760026, Mendoza, Benjamin Garcia. T-1495997, Cerillo-Martinez, Gilberta. A-4189061, Rivera-Hernandez, Vicente. A-5755983, Mitchell, Gwendolyn Bell. A-7927369, Cervantes, Abelardo. A-4193438, Rivera, Dolores Vega De. T-1497419, Mormoris, Andreas Panaciotis. A-5756556, Cheng, Andrew I. S. A-5969080, Robles-Reyes, Manuel. A-6440324, Moscoso, Luis Saul. A-4874588, Cheng, Anna G. E-084920, Rosin, Simon. A-1943954, Muller, August. A-6283269, Ching, Goon Yin (nee Goon Yin A-3177562, Rottman, Herman Ludwig or T-302911, Murguia-Puga, Francisco. Cheong). Konrad Koch. T-302913, Murguia, Encarnagion Vargas de. T-2672418, Cornejo, Alfonso G. or Alfonso A-7280096, Rumola, Carmela Vicenza. A-5011983, Nagi, Ali or Abdu Hashen. Cornejo-Garcia or Ezequiel Mora-Diaz. T-2672069, Salgado-Larios, Alfonso. A-6874302, Najat, Mahdokht Mahnaz. 070Q-16009, Craig, Emelia Marie. A-5673286, Sampson, Samuel James. A-6727081, Nava, Socorro or Socorro Nava 070Q-3141, Daikopolos, Torno Jean or A-1098870, Sanchez, Marta Cervantez De. de Espino. Thomas Jean Daicos or John or Vane or Ivan A-7890539, Santiago, Jose Refugio Munoz- T-2585055, Niemi, Kalervo. Dacoff or Ioannis Daikopolos. De. A-3937040, On, Joe Cing or Joe Hee Yeun. A-5494277, Dias, Andrea or Andrea Celes- A-3783896, Schachtschneider, Carl. A-7967507, Pate, Antonia or Pati. tina Diaz De Leon Y Brunet. A-4201416, Singh, Luz Morales De. A-9831029, Pepe, Vincenzo. T-1496340, Diaz-Robles, Pedro. A-5612892, Sprude, John or Johan or Jan. A-2107665, Perkins, John Rowley. T-1496339, Diaz, Jovita Soto. A-4147514, Tal, Lai. V-1339606, Potasi, Palolo or Palolo Asl. A-7379204, Dinelli, Marta Marchi. T-1496885, Talantianos, Costas or Costas A-6726238, Ramos-Colio, Gerardo. A-5620232, Dong, You Geou. Tallas or Talaa. A-5380057, Ratia, Wanda Anna or Wanda A-3270436, Doria-Ramirez, Jose. A-5582946, Taylor, Leon Jarvis or Leon Anna Schmidt or Wanda Anna Karska or A-4672326, Dornow, Ester Susanna (nee Taylor. Wanda Anna Meredyk or Wanda Anna Carl­ Trogen). A-3495192, Tongate, Josephine Catherine son. V-887347, Duarte-Garcia, Julio or Julio nee Cayenne. E-057695, Raygoza-Martinez, Tomas. Cesar Edmundo Duarte y Garcia or Julio A-7457019, Toy, Leung or Leong Toy or A-4798742, Renteria-Sotelo, Elena. Duarte or Julio Duarte Garcia. Leong Yen Hor. T-2626303, Reyes-Villanueva, Pedro. E-33917, Duck, Woo Quang or Woo Don A-2637370, Valencia-Doneos, Abellno. A-7469329, Reyna-Pena, Marcos. Lin. T-1496322, Vaquera-Velasco, Alfredo. A-7463894, Reyna, Antonia Garcia De. A-5587373, Ellingson, Edward Sevrin. T-1496323, Vaquero, Rosa Zavala de. A-1475849, Rodriguez, Manuel. T-2672522, Ellis, Mary Lydia. T-1496324, Vaquera-Zavala, Rosa. A-5046332, Salo, Eino John or Ruurik Ar­ A-5882561, Espinoza-Diaz, Arturo or Arturo Espinoza or Antonio Ramirez. '.IL2672056, Verduga-Mesa, Jorge. thur Harold Westerlund. 030Q-3496ll2, Wainwright, Aston Percival. T-1497358, Sanchez-Mercado, Genaro. T - 1496310, Espinoza-Rodriguez, Jesus. 0800/71173, Yamuni-Abdala, Juan Miguel. A-6736860, Santa-Maria, Susanna Gara- 030Q-306950, Etzler, Manfred or Reilly. V-941465, Fumel, Fred Fulvia. A-3808101, Zavitsanos, Nicholas or Nick villas. Zaveson. A-7036697, Scott, Miriam Augusta. A-7123705, Gomes, John Gerhart or Ernest Gerhart Haack. E-42667, Almaraz-Mesa, Jesus. A-9948110, Serrano, Matias Nunes. E-48415, Amarillas, Maria Luisa Gallego de E-36310, Strauss, Martha Kaposty. E-059914, Gracia, Juan Almazan. 1409-10346, Guajardo-Gonzalez, Benito. or Maria Luisa Gallego De Mara. A-6380955, Sztejn, Samuel or Samuel Stein. T-1496808, Gutierrez, Norma Tatton (nee A-9654161T, Ascencao, Manuel. T-2760113, Tafoya, Andrea Gomez. Norma Tatton). A-5965863, Barragan, Felipa or Sister Mary T-1496202, Tarnowski, Max Franz. T-2760315, Hartley, Ruby Helena or Ruby Emmanuel. T-2760677, Torres-Gonzalez, Paulino. Helena Berntsen. A-4132980, Bauseler, Elizabeth (nee El­ T-1496786, Toung, Kouang Kuo. A-2429309, Hattori, Denzo. liott). T-1496791, Trujillo-Montenegro, David. A-7278926, Hausgenoss, Wolfgang Karl. A-6769945, Bradford, Anna Maria Pasquino A-8036426, Tso, Lin or Frederick Lin Tso. A-5100619, Hayashino, Shigeaki. (nee Pasquino). T-934704, Tso, Sou-Cheng (nee Hung). T-2672094, Hernandez-Rodriguez, Antonio. A-2574366, Braut, Antica Zgombic. 1954 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 1719 E-086472, Burgos, Elizabeth Lena or Isabel A-3168467, Nieto, Francisco or Francisco at Arms who was appointed on January Alena Burgos. Oyarzum or Francisco Nieto Oyarzun or Oyar­ 2, 1m)4, to serve until February 15, 1954.. 0300/364107, Castro-Villasenor, Roberto or z.un Nieto. This action is deemed necessary in Robert Castro-Billasenor. A-5982000, Nishioka, Shigeyoki. T-1496888, 0 , Manuel De La. case any legal question should arise as E-1351, Chang, Nai Zing Mimi. of A-6702143, Chen, Hung or Le::;lie H. Chen. 0707-8766, Olson, Luz Talana. to the authority the Acting Sergeant A-6534347, Chen, Ya-Sun or Pauline Chen. A-6947388, Ontiveros-Zepeda, Geronimo. at Arms in connection with obtaining a E-093504, Chong, Cheung Lee or Lee Chong A-7240667, Ontiveros, Julia Esq u ibel Di quorum, or in cop_nection with other du­ Fang. (nee Julia Esquibel-Castilla). ties of that offi{!e. A-9801085, Chin, Tim or Chin Yee Giro. A-6608257, Perez-Perez, Francisco Jose The communication was read and or­ T-267204.6, Cruz-Ortiz, Jose. G uillermo Ramon. dered to lie on the table, as follows: A-1101063, Dallah., Abrahim. A-1999412, Peste!, Hans Rolf. A-5170876, Reinhardt, Ernst Hans or Ernst UNITED STATES S ENATE, A-6955163T, Dandie, Castley Roy. OFFICE OF THE SERGEANT AT ARMS, A-6307810T, Dandie, Rosalind rona. Reinhardt or Ernst H. Reinhart. E-7127, Rissardi, Giuseppi. Washington, D. C., February 10, 1954. A-9678723, Dias, Jose Goncalves. In accordance with authority conferred on A-5818826, Dietrich, Otto Henry or Henry T-1495134, Rodriguez-P...rrieta, Enrique. 0300-193463, Roig, Aida (nee Marti). me by Senate resolution agreed to December Dilton. !7, 1889 (Senate Journal 47, 51-1, Dacember A-4066733, Dominguez, Antonio Joaquin or 0300-200153, Roig, Ricardo or Ricardo Roig Escobar. 17, 1889), I heraby extend the appointment Esteves. A-618742, Saleyman, Safa Mediha. made on January Z, 1954, of C. A. Bottolfsen A-1282918, Duharte, P edro Salo. A-4155880, Santana-Venegas, Jesus or Je· as Special Deputy S~rgeant at Arms of the A-4949778, D uran-Roura, Juan. sus Venegas Santana or Jesse Santana. United States Senate for the period from A-5643359, Elliott, Frederick Ernest. T-1496054, Santillanes, Luis. February 15, 1954, to March 15, 1954, to per· A-3195328, Fan, Fang You or Wong You or T-1496013, Santillanes, Manuela Nava. form in my abnence any and all duties re· Fang Lee or Fang Chun. E-086015, Sarin, Edward or Eduard Zarin. quir~d of or devolving upon the Sergeant at A-4799954, Flynn, J ames Patrick. A-5977600, Sato, Yasujiro. Arms of the United States Senate by law or A-5700183, Foo, Joe or Fok Joe. V-905034, Saure, Emanuel Jose Raul. oy the rules or orders of the Senate. A-4210540, Fung, Fun-g Haan. A-6180801, Scheidegger, Macaira Limboy. FOREST A. HARNESS, A-50360913, Gallardo, Benjamin Mosqueda. A-2531771, Schwartzman, Anna (nee Sergeant at Arm s, United States Senate. A-5050854, Gariffo, Carlo. Hirshman or Dukoff or Duhovnaia) . 0300-387757, Geong, Leong or Geong Leung A-3451850, Semmler, Max or Maximilian or Yick Cheung Leong. Semmler. EXECUTIVE MESSAGES REFERRED T-2753737, G omez, Cipriano. A-6161498, Shiga, Yoshisada. As in executive session, A- 6472070, G onzales, Andrea (nee Andrea A-6161497, Shiga, Masako T akahashi. Rosalia Torres Rojas). 0300-69640, Staack, Heinz or Wilhe-lm Heinz The PRESIDENT pro tempore laid be­ T-1496308, Gonzalez-Sanchez, Jose. Staacic fore the Senate messages from the A-5990216, Gutierrez, Miguel Hermida. A-8150977, Stanogias, P ate Vello or Pete President of the United State:; submit· A-5927017, Hamano, Yasuke. Vello. ting sundry noi!linations, whi~h were re­ A-7480701, Har, Mui Fung. A-4955859T, Suleyman, J emal or Jemal Su· ferred to the ap!)ropriate committees. A-5967229, Harada, Banroku. leejman or Jim Sam. pro­ of last week. I wish to revert to the the roll. posing an amendment to the Constitu­ amendment, which has been printed and Mr. KNOWLAND. I ask unanimous tion of the United States relative to the has been lying on the desks of all Sena­ consent that the order for the quorum making of treaties and executive agree­ tors for their study, and to submit a call be rescinded and that further pro­ ments. modification of that amendment, the ceedings under the call be dispensed The PRESIDING OFFICER. The modification being on page 3, line 5 of with. question is on agreeing to the amend­ Senate Joint Resolution 1, to insert, The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there ment offered by the Senator from Michi­ after the word "treaty", the words "or objection? The Chair hears none, and gan [Mr. FERGUSON], on behalf of him­ other international agreement." Section it is so ordered. self and other Senators, which the clerk 1 of Senate Joint Resolution 1 would Mr. HENNINGS. Mr. President, of will state. then read: course I am in opposition to the pending The CHIEF CLERK. On page 3, line 5, A provision of a treaty or other interna­ amendment, just as I have been in op­ after the word "treaty", it is proposed tional agreement which confiicts w1th this position to all so-called substitute to strike out the words ''which conflicts Constitution shall not be of any force or amendments, for the reason that no in­ with" and insert ''or other international effect. ternational agreement or so-called exec­ agreement which conflicts with, or is not utive agreement should be elevated to in pursuance of." Before I ask for the yeas and nays, I the dignity and the status of a treaty Mr. GORE. Mr. President, I suggest ask the Chair for a ruling on whether within the provisions of the Constitution the absence of a quorum. the modification may be made. of the United States. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Mr. President, as I understand the clerk will call the roll. Chair advises the Senator from Michi­ amendment submitted by the distin­ The Chief Clerk called the roll, and gan that he has a right to modify his guished Senator from Michigan [Mr. amendment at this time. FERGUSON], for himself and certain other the following Senators answered to their Mr. DIRKSEN. Mr. President, a par­ names: liamentary inquiry. Senators-namely, on page 3, in line 5, Aiken Griswold Martin after the word "treaty", to insert "or Anderson Hayden May bank The PRESIDING OFFICER. The other internati'Onal agreement"-it is Barrett Hendrickson McClellan Senator will state it. identical with the amendment in the Bricker Hennings Monroney Mr. DIRKSEN. Is the Senator from Bridges Hickenlooper Morse Michigan now referring t'O the amend­ nature of a substitute, offered by the dis­ Burke Hill Murray tinguished senior Senator from Georgia Bush Hoey Neely ment proposed jointly by himself, the [Mr. GEORGE]. At this time I shall un­ Butler, Md. Holland Pastore Senator from California [Mr. KNow­ Butler, Nebr. Humphrey Payne LAND], the Senator from Colorado [Mr. dertake to address myself not only to Byrd Hunt Potter the pending amendment, but also to the carlson Ives Purtell MILLIKIN], and the Senator from Mas­ amendment in the nature of a substitute, Clements Jackson Robertson sachusetts [Mr. SALTONSTALL), desig­ Cooper Jenner Russell nated 2-11-54-A? which I understand will come before the Cordon Johnson, Colo. Saltonstall Senate a little later this afternoon. Daniel Johnson, Tex. Smathers Mr. FERGUSON. I am now proposing Johnston, S. C. Smith, Maine I should like to speak briefly about Dirksen a modification of the original amend­ a num:Jer of points raised in the discus­ Douglas Kennedy Smith, N.J. ment. Dutf Kerr Sparkman sion last Thursday between the distin4 Dworshak Kilgore Stennis Mr. KNOWLAND. If the Senator guished senior Senator from Georgia and Eastland Know! and Symington from lllinois will look at Senate Joint Ellender Kuchel Tbye myself, concerning his proposed substi­ Ferguson Langer Upton Resolution 1, which he will find on his tute for the Bricker amendment. Flanders Lehman Watkins desk, and tum to page 3, line 5, and after During the preceding debate on the Frear Lennon Welker the word "treaty", insert the words "or Fulbright Long Williams substitute amendment of the Senator George Magnuson Young other international agreement," he will from Georgia, I stated that, in my opin­ Gore Malone then have the amendment in the form in ion, his amendment would weaken the Green Mansfield which it is now before the Senate. ability of the States to resist Federal Mr. SALTONSTALL. I announce that Mr. HOLLAND. Mr. President, will encroachments, even though that was the Senator from Colorado [Mr. MILLI­ the Senator from Michigan yield for a clearly not his intention. KIN) is absent by leave of the Senate. question? The Senator from Georgia, disagreeing The SenatoT from Maryland [Mr. Mr. FERGUSON. I am glad to yield with me as to the effect of his amend­ BEALL], the Senator from South Dakota to the Senator from Florida. ment, stated his position in these words: [Mr. CAsE], and the Senator from Ari­ Mr. HOLLAND. Does the amendment No one need be worried for fear that I am zona [Mr. GoLDWATER] are absent on now proposed make the first .section read trying to weaken the power of the States official business. exactly the same as the first section of under the Constitution. The Senator from Utah [Mr. BEN­ the so-called George substitute? That statement appears in the CoN­ NETT], the Senator from Indiana [Mr. Mr. FERGUSON. If it were agreed to, GRESSIONAL RECORD of February 11, 1954, CAPEHART], the Senator from Wisconsin it would read the same. at page 1665. [Mr. McCARTHY], the Senator from Mr. HOLLAND. I thank the distin­ Mr. President, without being legalistic, South Dakota [Mr. MUNDT], the Senator guished Senator for the information. but in an effort as best I can, within my from Kansas [Mr. SCHOEPPEL], and the Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, I limitations, to reduce to the simplest Senator from Wisconsin [Mr. WILEY] ask for the yeas and nays on the pending terms to which it can be reduced a ques 4 are necessarily absent. amendment. tion which is legal in import, and which Mr. CLEMENTS. I announce that the The yeas and nays were ordered. certainly relates to constitutional law Senator from New Mexico [Mr. CHAVEZ] Mr. DIRKSEN. Mr. President, will and interpretations of such law on which is necessarily absent. the Senato~· from Michigan yield? many able and respectable laWYers dis- 1954 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 1725 agree, I desire to state that I believe resort to any other expedient compatible concerned as to where the George pro­ the point at issue needs further develop­ with the Constitution and likely to accom­ posal will take us. When we remember plish the object I stan1t to p ead the exec­ ·would occur. I desired merely to call Constitution succinctly and effectively. It utive agreement between the United that situation to the attention of the has successfully stood the test of time and Stat-es and Saudi Arabian Governments. Senator fr om Missouri. experience, and no change is warranted. Any amendment, no matter what the phraseology I believe that this would require imple­ Mr. HENNINGS. I thank the Senator may be, would introduce elements of doubt mentation by Congress. If the Congress from Iowa for his contribution. I un­ and uncertainty and might do incalculable had not implemented the agreement at dertook to discuss that subject earlier, harm. I am, therefore, opposed to the t he time the suit was brought, both par­ before the distinguished Senator from Bricker amendment or any substitute there­ ties would have a legitimate grievance Iowa came to the floor. I recognize that for, no matter what form it may take. either against the President for not hav­ there is uncertainty and difference of The wire from Mr. John W. Davis I ing submitted it to Congress, or against opinion as to the effect of many execu­ read to the Senate earlier in my remarks. t he Congrees for not having imple­ tive agreements. Mr. President, I ask unanimous con­ mented it. That would happen under Mr. HICKENLOOPER. I t·aised the the so-called George substitute. sent to have printed at this point in the point only because I thought it was RECORD a letter, under date of February This example would apply to thou­ pertinent to what the Senator was dis­ 12, which I have received from Mr. John sands of executive agreements every cussing. Lord O'Brian, in response to the telegram year. Even if all of them were collected Mr. HENNINGS. As an able lawyer, I have read. in one place and examined by a single the Senator from Iowa realizes, of group of men, as yet undetermined, There being no objection, the letter course, that my point is that the amend­ was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, t here would still be the almost insuper­ ment under discussion, together with all as follows: able problem of deciding which of them other substitute amendments or perfect­ should be submitted to Congress as of COVINGTON & BURLING, ing amendments, including the so-called Washington, D . C ., February 12, 1954. pote:1tial interest to unknown American George amendment and the Ferguson Hon. THOMAS C. HENNINGS, Jr., litigants. The end result of such a proc­ perfec·ting amendment, should go back United States Senate, ess would be that the President would, to the Committee on the Judiciary in Washington, D. C. so as to be on the safe side, present thou­ order that the committee may study DEAR SENATOR HENNINGS: Replying to your sands of executive agreements to the their language. There seems to be, on telegram, permit me to say that despite the Congress every year, because once they very deep respect that I entertah for Sena­ the part of able constitutional lawyers, tor GEORGE I am strongly opposed to his pro­ were subm·tted to Congress the onus . judges, and others who are interested in would be upon the Congress to take some posed amendment, as indeed I now am op­ the matter, a great difference of opinion posed to all of the so-called substitutes. My action on them. as to the effect of such amendments. opposition to the Bricker amendment was As I have said before during the course The George substitute amendment, the result of historical study and my pro­ of the debate on the proposed constitu­ and in particular the phrase "effective found faith in the good judgment and com­ tional amendment, I am at a complete as internal law" contained in it, raised monsense of the American people and of loss to know what we could do with so many unanswered questions in my their representatives in the Senate. t hem; and if the senior Senator from It seems to me that it is far safer to rest Georgia has any suggestions as to how we mind that I decided to attempt to find in that confidence than to introduce into out whether or not it caused similar our fundamental law such new phrases as could intelligently act upon these thou­ serious misgivings in the minds of some "executive agreement," "internal law," etc. sands of executive agreements, I would illustrious Americans whose judgment In these difficult and troublesome times and certainly like to be enlightened. Under on this subject I value very highly. I in those that are certain to lie ahead of us, the terms of his amendment, the Senate sent the following telegram to Mr. John there is a very real danger that such a con­ would get thousands of them, and I sim­ stitutional provision might frustrate essen­ W. Davis, Gen. Lucius D. Clay, and Mr. tial executive action with truly disastrous ply do not know what we could do with Homer Cummings: them that would be of any value to any­ consequences. Least of all is there any ex­ In connection with Senate debate on cuse, in my opinion, for introducing into the one. The only people who stand to lose Bricker amendment and other proposals, I Constitution reaffirmations of meanlngs under this system would be legitimate would greatly appreciate receiving a wire which the courts h ave long attributed to it. American litigants whose cases would be collect as soon as possible stating your opin­ Furthermore, when the consideration of so "fouled up" because the President had ion concerning Senator GEORGE's substitute grave a question reaches the present stage of failed to refer to Congress, or Congress proposal- discussing refinements intended to meet ob­ jections of particular representatives this is, had failed to act upon, obscure executive Which is virtually the same as the to me at least, the clearest evidence of all agreements which no one could guess in amendment submitted by the Senator that none of the proposed amendments are 1954 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 1735 necessary. If there Is to be any experiment­ tions, as compared to the population of gested that often lawyers have a great ing, let it be by amending the Senate Rules, New York, with its 43 Members of the without tampering with the Constitution deal of fun, and silence the questions of itself. House of Representatives, as well as 2 opponents, when engaged in a discussion, Thanking you !or the opportunity to ex­ Members of the United States Senate. by saying, "My opponent has no right press my views, I am, Under the amendment of the Senator to take any part in this discussion, be­ Faithfully yours, from Georgia, such things as the Geno­ cause he has not read the Schultz case." JOHN LORD O'BRIAN, cide Convention, the Human Rights Such a statement often disarms an op­ Mr. HENNINGS. Mr. President, to Covenant, and so forth-highly contro­ ponent. Certainly the Senator has not summarize my arguments in opposition versial proposals which, as a matter of read the Schultz case. Often the Schultz to the George substitute, let me briefly fact, have languished for some years in case has no bearing whatever on any part note the following points. I have di­ congressional committees--could be cf the discussion. rected my attention to his suggestions made domestic law in the United States I say that the Pink case has been mis­ because I am sure that his proposal or through use of an executive agreement understood and so presented to the Mem­ some variation of it is the only proposi­ implemented by a simple majority of bers of this body as to indicate that it tion the Senate is at all likely to adopt; both Houses of Congress. constitutes a real threat, when anyone and because the eminence of the Sena­ Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, is who takes the time and trouble to read tor from Georgia, his great distinction the Senator from Missouri willing to it can readily see that it is not in poir:t as a Member of this body, and his ac­ yield at this point or does he prefer not at all. Mr. Justice Roberts, who sat in cepted position as a constitutional to be interrupted at this stage of the the Pink case, says clearly that the lawyer and authority, give his amend­ proceedings? amendment of the Senator from Georgia ment much greater weight than a The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. BusH would have had no effect upon that deci­ similar proposal might have if it were to in the chair). Does the Senator from sion if it had been in effect. emanate from almost any other Member Missouri yield to the Senator from Mr. FULBRIGHT. I read every word of this body. His amendment has the Arkansas? of the debate last week, and as a con­ surface aspect of reasonableness. With Mr. HENNINGS. I am glad to yield. sequence I ~ven read the Pink case. the brilliance and prestige of the great Mr. FULBRIGHT. I had understood Mr. HENNINGS. I must compliment Senator from Georgia to support the that the proposals the Senator from Mi~­ the learned Senator from Arkansas for proposition, I am anxious lest my col­ souri has just mentioned were the very having read the case. leagues may adopt it. I have no fear things the supporters of these am:end­ Mr. FULBRIGHT. I agree with the that the Senate will adopt the extreme mentn have been saying they would pro­ Senator's analysis of the Pink case and proposal in any of its variations urged tect us against. what it means. It involves a compli­ by the Senior Senator from Ohio [Mr. Mr. HE!~NINGS. That is exactly cor­ cated set of facts. I think it is difficult BRICKER]. rect; they are what the proponents of to understand. The Senator from Mis­ The Senator from Georgia urges that these :::;chemes-if I may use that word: souri has performed a great service in on the basis of the Supreme Court's the amendments have been hasily de­ analyzing it and presenting his analysis dicta in the Pink case, we amend the vised and brought before us-to amend to the Senate. There is no excuse for Constitution in a manner that many the Constitution of the United States, any Senator not reading that debate. eminent constitutional lawyers, includ­ have £&id they would prevent, whereas, I had understood that the principal ing former Justice Roberts, who dis­ as a matter of fact, the present require­ reason for the eo-called George amend­ sented in the Pink case, and also includ­ ment for concurrence by two-thirds of ment was the Pink case. I think the ing John W. Davis, think would strike the Members of the Senate must now be Senator from Missouri cut away any down necessary Presidential powers. met before such proposals can be made excuse for that amendment. Justice Roberts in his telegram and let­ treaty law. Mr. HENNINGS. I thank my distin­ ter to me stated emphatically that the Mr. FULBRIGHT. So, in the Sena­ guished friend for his observations. I substitute amendment of the Senator tor's opinion, the proponents of such may say that the Senator from Georgia from Georgia would have had no effect amendments as the George amendment himself says that the reason for his on the outcome of the Pink case, upon would make easier the adoption of such amendment was the decision in the Pink which our learned friend, the Senator rather radical proposals as he has case. If the Pink case is established as from Georgia, relies absolutely, and as a mentioned. the premise, and if we take the Senator result of which his amendment was Mr. HENNINGS. Is there any ques­ from Georgia at his word, he having spawned and first saw the light of day, tion in the m:n.d of the distinguished suggested that the predicate for his pro­ according to the Senator's. own state­ Senator from Arkansas that that would posed amendment to the Constitution of ment. te true? the United States is the Pink case, we If Justice Roberts is correct--and ac­ Mr. FULBRIGHT. The Senator is see that in and of itself the Pink case cording to my view, there is no question correct. I wish to congratulate the Sen­ is not in point in any manner whatso­ but that he is correct--the entire case a tor on the analysis of the Pink case ever. That statement is not only sus­ for the amendment of the Senator from which he made last week. I read it with tained by other lawyers, but it is sus­ Georgia falls. great care. tained by one of the very justices who sat Mr. President, in this connection let I ask this question only to emphasize in the case, Justice Roberts, who said that us bear in mind that Mr. Justice Roberts what seems to me to be a very obvious had the George amendment been in ef­ was one of the justices who dissented weakness in these proposals. Instead of feet it would not have affected the ruling from the majority opinion in the Pink strengthening the protection of the Sen­ in the Pink case in any degree what­ case; and the Senator from Georgia pro­ &te and of the country against such sup­ soever. fesses to have great admiration for and posed dangers, which have been the in­ Mr. FULBRIGHT. I do not know that concurrence in that dissenting opinion. spiration for the entire movement behind the Senator from Georgia has formally Furthermore, the proposed amend­ the Bricker amendment and its subsidi­ agreed, but he has stated that he would ment would make it easy and logical ary developments, such proposals would specifically except certain agreements for Presidents to avoid the protection make us more vulnerable to such dan­ made in pursuance of the constitutional provided to States rights by the require­ gers. I think the Senator has done an right of the President to recognize for­ ment that two-thirds of the Senate mu:::t extremely able service in analyzing the eign governments. co::1sent if State laws and constitutions Pink case, which I dare say very few Mr. HENNINGS. The Senator from are to be changed by an international Members of this body understand. Georgia has already stated that he agreement. Mr. HENNINGS. I thank my dis­ would except any agreement made in Thus the Senator from Georgia would tinguished friend from Arkansas for his furtherance of the recognition of a for­ dilute his own power as a United States contribution and for his kind observa­ eign government. In one breath he says Senator, and certainly he would greatly tions with respect to me, some of which he will accept what the Pink case might dilute the power of all other Members of I certainly must disclaim. seem to hold, embodying, as it does, the the Senate, particularly those represent­ I do not know whether the Senator Litvinov assignment and the agreement ing States with relatively small popula- was present the other day when I sug- to recognize the U. S. S. R.; and on the 1736 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE F eb'ruary 15 other hand he seems to repudiate it, be· New York Times last Saturday. I placed sovereignty of the States and the rights cause the Pink case is what causes him it in the RECORD earlier in the day. of the individual citizens? all the trouble and concern, and for that Mr. HENNINGS. I was present when That is one of the reasons I am fearful reason he has offered his proposed the distinguished Senator placed it in of the George amendment. It seems to amendment to the Constitution of the the RECORD. I saw it in last Saturday's me that there is a very real danger that, United States. New York Times, and I wrote to Mr. instead of safeguarding the sovereignty I think the Senator from Arkansas is Pink and asked him to write me a letter, of the States and the rights of the citi­ eminently correct, and I thank him for which has not yet arrived. zens, as has been claimed right along as his further development of this exceed­ Mr. Pink, the Commissioner in the the main purpose of the Bricker amend­ ingly important point. I believe that case to which the junior Senator from ment, we would actually be tearing down if Members of this body would read the New York refers, in his letter to the New the sovereignty of the States and imperil­ Pink case-and I am sure many of them York Times, said that had the George ing the rights of the citizens of those have done so with greater understand­ amendment been in effect, it would not States. ing than l-and then read the debate in any way have affected his administra­ Mr. HE:t\TNINGS. I thank the distin· and analysis centering about that case, tion of the the so-called Litvinov ass·gu­ guished Senator from New York for his they would not agree to the substitute ment. contribution. There is no question about offered by the learned and distinguished Mr. LEHMAN. At the time the case it. Starting with the Bricker amend­ Senator from Georgia. came before the courts, Mr. Pink was ment and the three amendments to it-­ I cannot conceive that he realizes that probably more familiar with it than any­ I believe three amendments have been he would be surrendering, to a great ex­ one else except the justices of the court reported by the committee since the tent, the power of the State of Georgia who finally made the determination. Bricker amendment was first introduced; as a sovereign State, acting through its Mr. HENNINGS. That is correct. and now the Ferguson amendment and representation in this body, when he all the other perfecting amendments and Mr. LEHMAN. I think the distin­ the George substitute-as we go through would dilute the power of that State by guished Senator from Missouri has ren­ sending executive agreements over to the all of them we becol'!le increasingly aware dered a very great service in so clearly of the fact that there is being dug a House of Representatives, where Georgia and forthrightly analyzing the various and every other State below the Mason series of pitfalls, if you please, Mr. Presi­ and Dixon's line could be outvoted by the proposals, including the George amend­ dent, into which the Senate might fall, State of New York, for example. ment. simply because we have not completely Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, will Mr. HENNINGS. I thank the Senator. and thoroughly discussed or studied the Senator yield for one further ques­ Mr. LEHMAN. He has dTawn our them, or had the advice and help of tion? attention to the fact that literally thou­ many lawYers and judges and constitu· Mr. HENNINGS. I am very happy to sands of so-called executive agreements, tional authorities as to what the precise yield. many of which, of course, are purely effect of the George amendment might Mr. FULBRIGHT. It is especially technical in character, are entered into be. strange when one recalls the struggle between our Government and other gov­ Here we are, presumably responsible which has taken place on the floor of the ernments during the course of a year. representatives of the States of the Senate to retain the two-thirds rule when The Senator has also pointed out that Union, with some of us about to vote on proposals have been made to change the if the question of approval were to have something which will, if put into effect, rules of the Senate. I have participated any effect at all, it would require either dilute our power as United States Sena­ in that struggle at great length. I be­ a close scrutiny of thousands of agree­ tors and cert:l.inly water down the lieve it is a correct and proper ru1e. Yet ments, which would be a physical impos­ strength and sovereignty of our own in this instance, in a little different way, sibility, or a general approval of such States. it is proposed that we give up without a agreements. Mr. LEHMAN. Is it not a fact that struggle. Mr. HENNINGS. It is impossible to under the present system there are not Mr. HENNINGS. In effect the Sena­ do that, as the Senator from New York more than 10 or a dozen or 15 treaties tor from Georgia [Mr. GEoRGE] and the well knows, he having been the chief at the most which are submitted to the Senator from Michigan [Mr. FERGUSON] executive of the Empire State of the Senate during a year, and that those would destroy the two-thirds rule on the Union for four terms, if I recall correctly. treaties, being small in number, can be fioor of the Senate. The Senator from He is very familiar with the great bur­ carefully studied and analyzed, and that Arkansas is indeed correct. It seems in­ den of paper work and the literal and with a two-thirds vote in the Senate the credible that such a proposal should physical impossibility of the President interest of the country and of the States come from the source from which it of the United States examining all exec­ and of the citizens of those States are comes, na.mely, the State of Georgia. utive agreements, and, as the Senator amply protected? Mr. FULBRIGHT. That is my impres­ from Georgia says, reading them and Mr. HENNINGS. The Senator from sion also. sending to the Congress those which in New York is eminently correct. Mr. HENNINGS. However, the ques­ his judgment may affect internal law­ Mr. GORE. Mr. President, will the tion is before us and we are asked to deal whatever "internal law" means. We Senator yield.? w·th it. The proposal is presented to cannot agree upon the definition of in­ Mr. HENNINGS. I should like to con­ us with gravity and seriousness. ternal law. No one knows with cer­ clude my remarks first, if the Senator Mr. FULBRIGHT. I want the RECORD tainty what internal law means. does not mind. Then I shall be very to show that I am not in favor of de­ Mr. LEHMAN. I quite agree, of happy to yield. stroying the two-thirds rule. course. I am sure the Senator from Finally, our present constitutional sys­ Mr. HENNINGS. I take it, then, that Missouri will recollect that in the months tem of checks and balances contains ade­ the distinguished Senator from Arkansas which lie behind us, during which the quate safeguards against abuse of the wishes to preserve the sovereignty of his so-called Bricker amendment was first power to make executive agreements. Ctate, to such extent as he can, and to discussed, its greatest emphasis, and These are, first, the power of Congress preserve the rights to which his State practically its only emphasis, was on the to annul the domestic effect of any treaty is entitled under the Constitution as it necessity of safeguarding the sovereign.. or executive agreement by subsequent now stands. ty of the States and the rights of the act of Congress; second, the power of Mr. FULBRIGHT. The Senator is citizens who reside in those States. the courts to invalidate any treaty or quite correct. Is it not perfectly clear that if we give executive agreement which contravenes Mr. HENNINGS. I thank the distin­ up the two-thirds vote that is required the Constitution; third, the power of im­ guished Senator. to approve a treaty which supersedes peachment; and, fourth, the power of Mr. LEHMAN. Mr. President, will the State laws, if not found to be in conflict public opinion, including a presidential Senator yield for a question? with the Constitution, we would not in election every 4 years. Mr. HENNINGS. I am glad to yield merely one case but possibly in hundreds I cannot agree with the distinguished to the Sena,tor from New York. of cases put Congress on record by a Senator from Georgia that these safe­ Mr. LEHMAN. I wonder whether the majority vote, not a two-thirds vote, as guards are, to quote him, "ridicu1ollil." distinguished Senator has read the let­ sanctioning a procedure which might Mr. President, before yielding the floor ter which Louis H. Pink wrote to the very seriously affect and impede the I shou1d like to ask the Senator from 1954 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 1737 Georgia the following specific questions, It contains the text of communications notify your Government in each case of any which I believe should be answered be­ accompanying our recognition of Russia, amount realized by the Government of the known as the Litvinov assignment. It United States from the release and assign­ fore we are asked to vote on his pro­ ment to it of the amounts admitted to be posed substitute. Since he is not in the relates to some of the correspondence due, or that may be found to be due, the Chamber I suggest, after he has had the which I have read and to other portions Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist benefit of consulting the RECORD, that he of the agreement. Republics, and of the amount that may be may see fit to answer some of the ques­ There being no objection, the page found to be due on the claim of the Russian tions tomorrow. I had hoped he would from the New York Times was ordered Volunteer Fleet. answer some of the statements in con­ to be printed in the RECORD, as follows: I am, my dear Mr. Litvinov. Very sincerely yours, nection with the Pink case which were WIDE RANGE OF TOPICS WAS COVERED BY THE made on Thursday, when the learned ROOSEVELT-LITVINOV NEGOTIA TION5--TEXT FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT. Senator from Georgia told us he would OF THE COMMUNICATIONS ACCOMPANYING Mr. HENNINGS. Mr. President, un­ come in today and set us right on that OUR RECOGNITION OF RUSSIA less Senators desire to ask me some ques­ case, as to its meaning and its full im­ WASHINGTON, November 17.-The commu­ tions, I now yield the ftoor. port and implications, and with respect nications between President Roosevelt and to his scheme, whicl: is now presented Commissar Litvinov, of the Union of Soviet to the Senate. Socialist Republics, which preceded the re­ CONTINUATION OF AUTHORITY TO I should like to ask the Senator from sumption of normal diplomatic relations, were as follows: MAKE FUNDS AVAILABLE FOR Georgia: LOANS AND GRANTS UNDER TITLE THE PROBLEM OF CLAIMS First. Is there anything except dictum V OF THE HOUSING ACT OF 1949 in the Pink case that justifies adoption WASHINGTON, D. C., November 13, 1933. of the amendment? Of course we un­ Mr. F'RANE:LIN D. RoosEVELT, Mr. SPARKMAN. Mr. President, derstand that dictum is not a part of President of the United States of when the Housing Act of 1949 was a decision. America, passed, we recognized the need for finan­ The White House. cial assistance to both farm and city I should also like to ask the Senator MY DEAR MR. PRESIDENT: Following our from Georgia: conversation, I have the honor to inform you families living in substandard homes if Second. Does the Senator from Geor­ that the Government of the Union of Soviet these families were to have an oppor­ gia believes his amendment would per­ Socialist Republics agrees that, preparatory tunity to obtain decent and adequate mit future Presidents to take proposals to a final settlement of the claims and coun­ housing. like the human rights covenant, put terclaims between the Governments of the Title V of the act specifically author­ Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the them in the form of exe~utive agree­ ized loans to farm owners to enable them United States of America and the claims of to build, modernize or repair their homes ments, and make them effective-to use their nationals, the Government of the Union a phrase of uncertain parentage and of Soviet Socialist Republics will not take any and farm service buildings needed to op­ meaning-as "internal law," by getting steps to enforce any decisions of courts or erate their farms profitably. The origi­ a simple majority of both Houses of Con­ initiate any new litigations of the amounts nal act authorized annual appropriations gress to implement them? Then I admitted to be due or that may be found for 4 fiscal years, beginning July 1, 1949. should like to ask the distinguished due it, as the successor of prior GovP-rnments Although the law was amended in 1952 to Senator: If not, why not? of Russia, or otherwise from American na­ extend the appropriation authorities for I should also like to ask the distin­ tionals, including corporations, companies, an additional year, no provision for loan partnerships, or associations, and also the appropriations was made beyond the guished Senator from Georgia: claim against the United States of the Rus­ Third. (a) In view of the administra­ sian Volunteer Fleet, now in litigation in the 1954 fiscal year. tion's objections to the amendment of­ United States Court of Claims, and will not The bill I have introduced would ex­ fered by the Senator from Georgia, is object to such amounts being assigned and tend, and place on a continuing basis, the Senator willing to add to his amend­ does hereby release and assign all such the authorities of Title V of the Housing ment either or both of the provisDs sug­ amounts to the Government of the United Act of 1949. Recognizing that loan au­ States, the Government of the Union of So­ thorization for farm housing purposes gested by the Senator from California viet Socialist Republics to be duly notified [Mr. KNOWLAND]? If SO, what are the in each case of any amount realized by the are dependent, in part, upon economic texts of the provisos? Government of the United States from such conditions and other budgetary consid• (b) Does not the Senator from Georgia release and assignments. erations, this bill authorizes appropria­ believe that his amendment with these The Government of the Union of Soviet tions and borrowing authority in such provisos added would ultimately result Socialist Republics further agrees, prepara­ amounts as Congress may from time to in an expansion, rather than a contrac­ tory to the settlement referred to above, not time determine. tion, of executive power? to make any claim with respect to-- The original act authorized appropria­ (a) Judgments rendered or that may be (c) Does not the Senator from Geor­ rendered by American courts insofar as they tions of $275 million for farm-housing gia believe that with either of the pro­ relate to property, or rights, or interests purposes. Only about a third of this visos added his amendment would con­ therein, in which the Union of Soviet So­ amount was actually made available. firm the holding iri the Pink case? cialist Republics or its nationals may have The general curtailment of nondefense Then I should also like to ask the dis­ had or may claim to have an interest. Government expenditures associated ti:::lguished Senator from Georgia: (b) Acts done or settlement made by or with the Korean campaign as well as Fourth. 'Who shall have the ultimate with the Government of the United States certain building-material shortages that or public officials in the United States existed in past years are the principal authority to decide which of the thou­ or its nationals, relating to property, credits sands of executive agreements each year or obligations of any government of Russia reasons why the farm-housing program should have legitimate effect as State law or nationals thereof. did not reach its anticipated volume. and should be implemented-we are I am, my dear Mr. President, The amount available for the 1954 fiscal speaking now of the President, t~1e Sec­ Very sincerely yours, year was $19 million. The demand for retary of State, and the various agents MAXIM LITVINOV, these loans was so great that almost all and officers the length and breadth of People's Commissar tor Foreign Af­ of the funds were committed within 6 the globe--and who, the President or fairs, Union of Soviet Socialist Re­ months. The Farmers' Home Adminis­ Congress, would bear the burden or onus publics. tration has received thousands of appli­ for not implementing those agreements? OUR REPLY ON CLAIMS cations that now are unsatisfied because Fifth. Since there have been no hear­ THE WHITE HousE, the farm-housing funds were exhausted ings at all on this type of proposal, or on WASHINGTON, D. C., November 13, 1933. at such an early date. any variations of it, does not the Senator Mr. MAxiM M. LITviNov, Nineteen thousand and eighty-two from Georgia believe that the Committee People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs, farm families have benefited from the on the Judiciary should hold hearings Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. $94,356,000 of farm-housing funds that MY DEAR M~. LITVINov: I am happy to and get expert testimony on the possible acknowledge the receipt of your letter of No­ have been made available. With these results and implications? vember 13, 1933, in which you state that: funds they built or repaired over 18,000 Mr. President, at this time I ask unan­ (Here the text of the letter of November 13 farm homes, almost 14,000 farm service imous consent to insert in the REcoRD an is quoted in full.) buildings, and 7,200 water systems. In article from page 3 of the New York I am glad to have these undertakings by my home State of Alabama, 724 families Times of Saturday, November 18, 1933. your Government and I shall be pleased to have received farm-housing loans to 1738 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE February 15 build new and modern homes and 208 come-producing activities are insepara­ terials that cou d be salvaged from the additional families repaired and mod­ bly joined, makes this authority an im­ worn-out buildings that were replaced. ernized their homes. In addition, 368 p3rtant phase of our farm-housing I mention this first farm-housing loan farm service buildings and 623 water sys­ program. because it is both a typical example of tems have been financed with farm­ The level of living of farm families the shocking condition of many of our housing funds. Through December 31, depends upon the productivity of their farm homes, and a dramatic demon~tra­ 1953, $5,509,475 had been loaned to Ala­ farm. When through the addition or tion of how such a condition can be bama farmers for the3e purposes. modernization of farm-service buildings remedied by a soundly conceived and ef­ This is a mere beginning in solving farm families of moderate means, such ficiently administered farm-housing pro­ the problems of substandard housing on as the one to whom farm-housing loans gram. our Alabama farms, but it does dem­ are made, are able to increase their in­ Although the inadequacy of farm onstrate the effectiveness of the farm­ come, they are better able to pay the homes has been less conspicuous and per­ housing loan authorities in meeting a cost of a decent home. haps less publicized than the slums in the critical need for farm families for con­ These housing loans to farm families cities, a far greater percentage of our struction credit. who are unable to obtain their credit farm famiies are living in substandard That Alabama farmers want better from the usual sources are sound invest­ houses than is true of urban families. housing is shown by the fact that the ments. During the 4 years that the farm Nationwide 1 out of every 5 farm families demand for these loans was so great dur­ housing program has been in operation, is living in a house that is so dilapidated ing the past year that 80 percent of the borrowers have established a commend­ that it either needs to be replaced or else funds allotted to Alabama were obligated able repayment record. As of January needs major repairs. In Alabama only 1 within 2 months. 31 of this year, less than 5 percent of farm family out of 12 has the commonly The cost of these new homes has been the borrowers had not paid in full the accepted convenience of a private toilet, exceptionally low. To a person accus­ amounts that had become due on their bath and hot running water. One out tomed to the price of city homes, it seems loans. Approximately one-third had of 4 families live in homes having less almost unbelievable that farm families paid more than was due. than four rooms. A high percentage of should be able to build good, substantial I am particularly proud of the repay­ Alabama farm homes are not only inade­ homes at an average cash outlay of less ment record established by the borrow­ quate but 1 out of every 3 needs major than $6,500. While these homes are ers in Alabama. Of the almost 1,000 repairs or needs to be replaced. modest in design, they do meet all the farm-housing borrowers who had pay­ The economic and social problems as­ generally accepted requirements of de­ ments due at the end of 1953, less than 1 sociated with inadequate housing on a cent, safe, and sanitary living. percent had not paid the full amount fifth of our Nation's farms are too great Low-cash cost when compared with due on their loan by January 31, 1953. to be brushed aside. The idea that pri­ similar urban homes results from a num­ These few are the families who did not vation and hardship necessarily are a ber of reasons. One is the fact that there have suffi.cient resources to meet the part of farm life was commonly accepted is no land cost involved. Another is that credit requirements of conventional during the years when our country was the borrower and his family ordinarily lenders for a construction loan. How­ being settled, but today farm families are able to contribute a substantial ever, as soon as they make suffi.dent want, and I believe they are entitled to amount of labor, and a third is that in financial progress to qualify for a loan it, the same conveniences that city peo­ many cases borrowers have been able to from another source they will be re­ ple enjoy. utilize such materials as timber, sand, quired to refinance their Government Farm families for one reason or an­ gravel, or stone from their own farms or loans with private or cooperative lend­ other frequently have deferred home im­ else obtain su~h materials from local ing institutions. They only need ade­ provements until they had paid for their sources at a low cost. quate credit on reasonable terms and an farms. The idea has prevaiied among Low cost, however, does not mean low opportunity to prove that they are good both farmers and lenders that the house quality. Each of these homes is re­ credit risks When the construction was something to be improved out of quired to meet the construction stand­ work is finished and the loans become savings and that it was not prudent for ards of the Farmers' Home Administra­ seasoned, private credit agencies can and the farmer to borrow to give his family tion. These standards protect the bor­ will carry the remaining debt. a decent home. This postponement of rower against faulty construction and home improvements frequently extended the Government against an unsound in­ The farm housing program is not in beyond the years of greatest family vestment. The standards are flexible competition with private and coopera­ need-the years when the children were enough to permit a farmer to use his tive credit, but rather it is an integral at home. Particularly during these skills and ingenuity to build at minimum part of our total credit system that will years, the household duties of farm wives cost the kind of a home of which he and enable farm families to have homes meant hard labor and drudgery without his family are justifiably proud. comparable to those enjoyed by city such commonly accepted conveniences as In addition to providing financing for residents. I think we will all agree electricity, running water, and effi.ciently farm homes, the farm-housing pro­ that a high percentage of our city fami­ designed and equipped kitchens. gram offers farm families an opportu­ lies are well housed today because they This postponement of home improve· nity to build or improve service buildings have been aided in their home purchase ments was largely because of economic needed to put their farms on a paying or improvement through Government necessity and not by choice. All too fre­ basis, and to operate them more effi.­ financed, insured, or guaranteed pro­ quently farm families never did accumu­ ciently. grams. late enough money to build a decent A fourth of the farm-housing funds I take considerable pride in the fact home. The possibilities of obtaining a have been used for purposes such as that it was an Alabama World War II long-term amortized loan to build a new building dairy barns and milking par­ veteran who received the first farm home were exceedingly scarce; conse­ lors, general purpose barns, poultry housing loan made under the Housing quently, many of these families were houses, and for installing water systems. Act of 1949. I wish all of you could have forced to patch and continue to live in While this has not been the largest field seen the transformation that took place run-down and inadequate homes. of activity of the housing program it on his farm when the ramshackle and Today, farm families no longer accept has been a highly significant one. dilapidated house that was too worn out the nction that because they chose farm­ Through it some farmers have been able to repair was replaced by a modern six­ ing as a way of life they need to live in to put their units on a paying basis; room home complete with running homes that are inconvenient and inade­ others have been able to make necessary water, bath, and up-to-date kitchen. quate. To the extent that private and chane-es in their farm buildings to meet Both the appearance of the farmstead cooperative credit sources can meet the t~'le changing requirements of our pres­ and the effi.ciency of the farming opera­ building credit needs of farm families ent-day agriculture; and others have tions were further improved by the addi­ they should be encouraged to do so. needed to change their building facilities tion of a new barn and the installation Government loan guaranties and insur­ to use more efficiently their family labor of a pressure water system. ance have encouraged private capital to and their land. All this was done with a $4,300 farm­ finance improved housing for our city The nature of the farming business, housing loan coupled with careful plan. families on a substantial scale. When one in which the family home and in- ning to use most advantageously the ma- private credit was not available direct 1954 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 1739 Government loans have been provided. The Chief Clerk proceeded to call the amendment, because I am satisfied in What farm families want and need is a roll. my own mind, on the basis of the record like opportunity to finance farm build· Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, I made so far in the debate, that there is ing improvements. ask unanimous consent that the order no clear showing that any amendment The farm housing section of the Hous· for the quorum call be rescinded and whatsoever is needed. ing Act of 1949 gives this opportunity that further proceedings under the call Mr. DIRKSEN. Mr. President, I ask to the farm families who cannot obtain be dispensed with. unanimous consent that the amendment their :financing from private or coopera· The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there again be stated, and then that the sec· tives sources. The limited funds that objection? The Chair hears none, and tion as proposed to be amended be read. have been made available under this act it is so ordered. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The have proved its effectiveness in helping Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, a clerk will state the amendment. farm families of modest means improve parliamentary inquiry. The CHIEF CLERK. In the committee their homes. We need to extend these The PRESIDING OFFICER. The amendment on page 3, line 5, after the authorities. They are an essential part Senator will state it. word "treaty" it is proposed to insert of our national housing program which Mr. KNOWLAND. What is the pend· "or other international agreement", so has as its objective the progressive im­ ing question before the Senate? as to make the section read: provements of our housing standards The PRESIDING OFFICER. The SECTION 1. A provision of a treaty or other with the eventual realization of a decent question is on agreeing to the amend· international agreement which conflicts with home and suitable living environment ment proposed by the Senator from this Constitution shall not be of any force for every American family. Michigan [Mr. FERGUSON] for himself, or effect. On behalf of myself, the Senator from the Senator from California [Mr. KNOW• LAND], the Senator from Colorado [Mr. Mr. PASTORE. Mr. President, I am New Mexico [Mr. ANDERSON], the Senator going to vote against the amendment, from Ohio [Mr. BuRKE], the Senator MILLIKIN], and the Senator from Mas· Sachuset ts [Mr. SALTONSTALL] to the because I do not think it is necessary. from Kentucky [Mr. CLEMENTS], the It is the present law, and an amendment Senator from lllinois [Mr. DouGLAS], committee amendment, inserting on page 3, line 5, after the word "treaty", is not needed. the Senator from Rhode Island [Mr. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The GREEN], the Senator from Missouri the words "or other international agree­ ment." question is on agreeing to the amend­ [Mr. HENNINGS], my colleague, the ment proposed by the Senator from senior Senator from Alabama [Mr. The yeas and nays have been ordered. The clerk will call the roll. Michigan [Mr. FERGUSON], for himself HILL], the Senator from Minnesota [Mr. and other Senators, to the committee HuMPHREY], the Senator from Wyoming Mr. KNOWLAND. I suggest the ab­ sence of a quorum. amendment. [Mr. HuNT], the Senator from Colorado On this question, the yeas and nays [Mr. JOHNSON], the Sena tor from North The PRESIDING OFFICER. The have been ordered; and the Secretary Dakota [Mr. LANGER], the Senator from Secretary will call the roll. The Chief Clerk called the roll, and will call the roll. New York [Mr. LEHMAN], the Senator The Chief Clerk called the roll. from Louisiana [Mr. LONG], the Senator the following Senators answered to their names: Mr. SALTONSTALL. I announce from South Carolina [Mr. MAYBANKJ, that the Senator from Colorado [Mr. the Senator from Nevada [Mr. Me· Aiken Green Mansfield Anderson Griswold Martin MILLIKIN] is absent by leave of the Sen­ CARRANJ, the Senator from Montana Barrett Eayden Mayba nk ate. [Mr. MURRAY], the Senator from West Bennett Hendricicson McClellan The Senator from Maryland [Mr. Virginia [Mr. NEELY], the Senator from Bricker Hennings Monroney Bridges Hickenlooper Morse BEALL], the Senator from South Dakota. Virginia [Mr. RoBERTSON], the Senator Burke Hill Murray [Mr. CASE], and the Senator from Ari­ from Mississippi [Mr. STENNIS], the Sen· Bush 1-:::oey Neely zona [Mr. GoLDWATER] are absent on ator from Oregon [Mr. MORSE], the Sen· Butler, Md. Holland PB£tore Butler, Nebr. Humphrey Payne official business. ator from North Carolina [Mr. LENNON], Byrd Hunt Pott er The Senator from Indiana [Mr. and the Senator from Massachusetts c arlson Ives Purtell CAPEHART], the Senator from Vvisconsin [Mr. KENNEDY] I ask unanimous consent Clements Jackson Russell Cooper Jenner Sal ton stall [Mr. MCCARTHY], the Senator from to introduce for appropriate reference Cordon Johnson, Colo. Smathers South Dakota [Mr. MuNDT], the Senator a bill. Daniel Johnson, Tex. Smith, Maine from Kansas [Mr. ScHOEPPEL], and the I request that at any time during the Dirksen Johnston, S.C. Smith, N. J. Douglas Kennedy Sparkman Senator from Wisconsin [Mr. WILEY] remainder of the day the names of other Duff Kerr Stennis are necessarily absent. Senators may be added, because several Dworshak Kilgore Symington If present and voting the Senator Senators have expressed interest in the Eastland Knowland Thye Ellender Kuchel Upton from Maryland [Mr. BEALL], the Sen­ bill to that effect. Ferguson Langer Watkins ator from Indiana [Mr. CAPEHART], the The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without Flanders Lehman Welker Senator from South Dakota [Mr. CASE], objection, the bill will be received and Frear Lennon Williams Fulbright Long Young the Senator from Arizona [Mr. GoLD­ appropriately referred, and the request George Magnuson WATER], the Senator from Colorado [Mr. of the Senator from Alabama to add the Gore Malone MILLnONJ, the Senator from South Da­ names of other Senators is granted. The PRESIDING OFFIC~R. A quo .. kota [Mr. MUNDT), and the Senator The bill question is on agreeing to the amend· FAUVER] is paired with the Senator from proposing an amendment to the Consti· ment offered by the Senator from Michi· Virginia [Mr. RoBERTSON]. If present tution of the United States relative to gan [Mr. FERGUSON] for himself and and voting, the Senator from Ten nessee the making of treaties and executive other Senators to the committee amend· would vote "nay," and the Senator from agreements. ment. Virginia would vote "yea." Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, I Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I wish I announce also that if present and suggest the absence of a quorum. to say that I shall vote against the voting, the Senator from Iowa [Mr. 1740 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE February 15 GILLETTE] and the Senator from Nevada Mr. FERGUSON. Mr. President, I do completely in sympathy with the pur­ [Mr. McCARRAN] would each vote "yea." not believe that this amendment will re­ pose of the proposed amendment, I feel Mr. MONRONEY. Mr. President, quire extended debate. At the present constrained to vote against it, for the how am I recorded? time the Constitution requires that a reasons I gave a few minutes ago. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The treaty be ratified by the advice and con­ I think it would be a highly dangerous Senator from Oklahoma is recorded as sent of two-thirds of the Senators pres­ thing under any circumstances for this voting in the negative. ent. In the past, upon certain occasions body to attempt to write an amendment Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President. we have seen treaties ratified when very to the Constitution of the United States how am I recorded? few Senators have been in the Chamber. on the floor of the Senate, and without The PRESIDING OFFICER. The There has been no requirement for a the most careful and painstaking con­ Senator from Washington is recorded as yea-and-nay vote. sideration of all the aspects and impli­ voting in the negative. There is another provision in the Con­ cations of the amendment. I must vote against every such proposal relating to Mr. BUTLER of Maryland. Mr. stitution which requires, with respect to action upon a veto message, what we are a constitutional amendment. I think we President, how am I recorded? asking with respect to treaties. The are proposing to do something which is The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Constitution provides that when the greatly dangerous and which has never Senator from Maryland is recorded as President of the United States vetoes been done before, so far as I know, in the voting in the affirmative. a bill, the vote on the question of over­ entire history of the Nation-something The result was announced-yeas 62, riding the veto shall be taken by the which I hope and pray will never be done nays 20, as follows: yeas and nays, and the names of the per­ in the history of the Nation. YEAS-62 sons voting for and against the bill shall I therefore feel constrained to vote Aiken Ferguson Malone be entered on the Journal of the Senate. against the pending amendment, not­ Anderson Flanders Mansfield withstanding the fact that I agree with Be.rrett Frear Martin I am aware of the fact that some may Bennett George Ma.ybank say that the desired purpose can be ac­ its purposes. Br!cker Gore McClellan complished by a rule of the Senate. But, Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, as Bridges Griswold Payne the distinguished Senator from Michi­ Burke Hendrickson Potter Mr. President, if it is accomplished by Bush Hickenlooper Purtell rule, the Senate can, by unanimous con­ gan has pointed out, this amendment is Butler, Md. Hoey Russell sent, suspend the rule and vote as it similar to the provision which now ap­ Butler, Nebr. Holland Sal tonstall pears in the Constitution and has ap­ Byrd Hunt Smathers has voted in the past. If we place the Ce.rlson Ives Smith, Maine proposed amendment in the Constitution peared in the Constitution since the very C1.ements Jenner Smit h, N.J. of the United States, where I believe it inception of our Government. With re­ Cordon Johnson, Colo. Stennis should be, the Senate cannot modify the spect to a presidential veto the Constitu­ Daniel Johnson, Tex. Thye tion provides: Dirksen Johnston, S. C. Upton provision by unanimous consent. The Douglas Kerr 'W&tlrins Senate will be required to follow the If after such reconsideration two-thirds Duff Knowland 'Welker Constitution and vote by the yeas and of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it Dwcrshak Kuchel Williams shall be sent, together with the objections, Eaetle.nd Lennon Young nays, following a call for a quorum, as Long to the other House, by which it shall like­ Ellender is the custom in the Senate; and the wise be reconsidered, and if approved by NAYS-20 name of ea-ch Senator voting on a ques­ two-thirds of that House, it shall become a Cooper J ackson Morse tion so important as advising and con­ law. But in all such cases the votes of both Fulbright Kennedy Murray senting to the ratification of a treaty Houses shall be determined by yeas and Green Kilgore Neely shall be entered on the Journal, so that nays, and the names of the persons voting Hayden Langer Pastore Hennings Lehman S!)arkman everyone may know who voted for or for and against the bill shall be entered on Hill Magnuson ymington against ratification. the Journal of each House respectively. Monroney Humphrey Mr. DOUGLAS. Mr. President, will I think the reason for that provision is NOT VOTING-14 the Senator yield? :very clear. When the President vetoes Beall Goldwater Mundt Mr. FERGUSON. I yield. an act of the legislative body a serious Ca1Jehart Kefauver Robertson Mr. DOUGLAS. I should like to in­ situation arises when the Congress wishes case ~cCarran Schoeppel Chavez McCarthy Wiley quire of the distinguished senior Senator to pinpoint the responsibility by over­ Gillette Millikin from Michigan whether this amendment riding the Presidential veto. So the amendment offered to the com­ could be described as the atom-bomb I believe that if the debate on the mittee amendment by Mr. FERGUSON amendment, because it would be like Bricker amendment has done nothing was using an atom bomb to kill mosquitos. more, it has brought home to the Senate agreed to. Mr. FERGUSON. My answer to that and to the American people the impor­ Mr. FERGUSON. Mr. President, on is, that I believe this provision would be tance of treaties and what treaties may behalf of the Senator from California beneficial, not only to the Senate, but to do so far as internal law in this country [Mr. KNOWLAND], the Senator from Colo­ the Nation as a whole. It would be bene­ is concerned. Once and for all we should ficial to require a yea and nay vote on rado [Mr. MILLIKnT], the Senator from be able to give assurance to the Ameri­ Massachusetts [Mr. SALTONSTALL] and the question of the Senate advising and can people that never again will there be myself, I offer the amendment which I consenting to the ratification of a treaty. situations in which the Senate votes to send to the desk and ask to have stated. Mr. LEHMAN. Mr. President, the give advice and consent to the ratifica­ It is designated "2-4-54-B." amendment of the distinguished Senator tion of a treaty when only a relatively The PRESIDING OFFICER. The from Michigan is similar to a resolution few Members of the Senate are present amendment offered by the Senator from which I submitted laGt year, requiring in the Chamber. Michigan for himself and other Senators that a ru e be adopted which would pro­ The argument has been used that in vide for a quorum call and a yea-and.. the case of treaties a yea-and-nay vote will be stated. nay vote on any treaty coming before The W:GISLATIVE CLErrK. On page 3, it might be taken by custom. That is true. the Senate. So obviously I am not op­ We are now pursuing that course by cus­ is proposed to strike out all of line 10 to posed to the purpose of the proposed tom. Nevertheless the Senate might in 15, inclusive, and insert in lieu thereof amendment. the future change the custom. the following: I hope that under any circumstances It has been argued that it might be SEc. 3. On the question of advising and the provision will be made, by rule or provided by rule. That is likewise true; c::msenting to the ratification of a treaty the otherwise, that no treaty may be consid­ but also the Senate might change the vote shall be determined by yeas and nays, ered by this body except after a quorum and the names of the persons voting for and rule. The adoption of the amendment against shall be entered on the Journal of call, and that the question of advising before the Senate will give assurance to the Senate. and consenting to the ratification of the the American people that they will have treaty shall be determined by a yea-and­ the same safeguard in the matter of the Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, I nay vote. ratification of a treaty which they now ask for the yeas and nays on this amend­ However, notwithstanding the fact have with respect to the overriding of a ment. that I was the author of the resolution, veto by the President of the United The yeas and nays were ordered. and notwithstanding the fact that I am States. 1954 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 1741 Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, will there were relatively few Senators pres- tion, if we believe that a constitutional the Senator from California yield? ent on the floor and participating in the amendment is not in the shape we think Mr. KNOWLAND. I yield. vote. it should be, is to propose amendments Mr. FULBRIGHT. Does the Senator Mr. LEHMAN. Mr. President, will the from the floor. from California believe that a treaty is Senator from California yield further? The pending amendment is not a new of greater dignity or more importance Mr. KNOWLAND. I yi('ld. proposal. It was submitted last July, so than a statute? Mr. LEHMAN. That is perfectly true. it is not something that has come in Mr. KNOWLAND. I believe the dis- However, if the Constitution requires a recently. It has been the subject of a cussions which have been had on the two-thirds vote of those present, ob­ great deal of discussion. floor of the Senate, and the very real ·viously the question as to whether two­ I do not subscribe to the theory that concern which has been expressed thirds of the Members were voting in Members of the Senate or of the House throughout the country, make it ex- confirmation of a treaty could be ascer­ of Representatives, when a constitu­ tremely important that provision be tained only by a yea-and-nay vote. tional amendment is reported, are fore­ made in the Constitution for a yea-and- Therefore, I believe that point is already closed from making suggestions or offer­ nay vote so far as treaties are concerned. safeguarded. I feel strongly that a quo- ing amendments. To do so would be to Mr. FULBRIGHT. Does the senator rum call should be had before a treaty abdicate the responsibility of 96 Sena­ from California believe that a treaty is is ratified, and every assurance should tors to 13 Senators on a committee. I of greater importance or of greater dig- be provided that a quorum is present and do not believe that was the intent of the nity than a statute passed by Congress? a yea-and-nay vote is taken. framers of the Constitution. Mr. KNOWLAND. No; I do not be- I believe the distinguished majority Mr. LEHMAN. Mr. President, I wish lieve that a treaty is necessarily of leader and the distinguished minority to point out again that since the Bricker greater validity. leader, in reply to questions of mine re- . amendment has been debated on the Mr. FULBRIGHT. I did not believe lating to the resolution which I sub­ floor from the opening of this session of the senator wanted to leave that impres- mitted last year, did give assurance that Congress, 3 or 4 other constitutional sion. That is why I asked him the in the future it would be ascertained, by amendments have been proposed. They question. means of a yea-and-nay vote, whether differ very greatly in their intent and in Mr. KNOWLAND. The difference is two-thirds of the Members of the Senate . the effect they would have on the coun­ that in the case of a statute both Houses voted to ratify a treaty. Is that correct? try. of Congress have an opportunity to pass Mr. KNOWLAND. The Senator is cor­ I say to the distinguished majority on it. If a mistake is made in one House, rect. We have been following that pro­ leader that Members of the Senate and the other House can correct the mistake. cedure this year· the people of the country as a whole are Mr. LEHMAN. I wish to make it very so confused on the issue that for us to With respect to a treaty it is only the clear, as I have previously, that I believe attempt to write on the floor of the Sen­ Senate, one arm of Congress, which the question of the ratification of trea­ ate a constitutional amendment which acts on it. ties, by a two-thirds vote of the Senate may affect the whole life of the Nation Mr. FULBRIGHT. \Vhy does not the is already clearly established in the Con­ for generations, if not for hundreds of Senator agree that all of our votes ought stitution. If the custom of having a years to come, would be the height of to be by the yeas and nays, because a yea-and-nay vote is not pursued then folly. After all, we have gone along for str.tute is of equal importance with a of course the Senate is derelict. The 165 years under the present Constitu­ treaty? · Senate should not be derelict. I am tion. I do not believe that any substan­ Mr. KNOWLAND. I believe the de- quite certain that it will not be derelict tial number of people, if any, have .ever bate which has taken place on the sub- in that regard, if we adopt a rule or pass been hurt by reason of any provision in ject of treaties and the fact that only a statute which will require such proce­ the Constitution without the Bricker one House of Congress acts upon trea- dure. amendment. They have been fully and ties, and thus, with the President, is in I do not believe the question should successfully protected by the provisions a position to make law for the Nation, be brought up at a time when we are of the Constitution which we now seek which, under the Constitution, becomes considering on the floor what I believe to . to destroy. the supreme law of the land, suggest be important beyond description for the We have heard about the Pink case. ample reasons for adding this additional welfare of the country, namely, the limi­ It has been debated day after day. I safeguard to the Constitution. tation of the President's treatymaking was Governor of the State of New York Mr. FULBRIGHT. The point I wish power by a constitutional amendment. at the time the Pink case came before to make is that if a requirement for a It is very unfortunate that the amend­ the courts. I can say to my colleagues yea-~nd-~ay vote is a good thing ~or ment submitted by the distinguished the evidence shows that every citizen treaties, It would also be a good thmg senior Senator from Ohio or any other of the United States who had any claims ~or statutes, because the~ are of equal · proposal in the form of a suggested con­ against the Russian-owned insurance Importance, so far as the1r effect on the stitutional amendment should be con­ company was paid in full through the country ill concerned. sidered in this manner, and I shall vote liquidation of that company. I do not . Mr. KNOWLAND. The Senator from against the Ferguson amendment. . believe one person in the State of New Arkansas of course is perfectly free to Mr. KNOWLAND. What does the York was ever hurt because of the recog­ pursue that argument at this time. We senator from New York believe the nition of the Russian Government so far are now discussing the treatymaking framers of the Constitution had in mind as it applied to the matters involved in provision of the Constitution. · when they required in the case of the the Pink case. Mr. LEHMAN. Mr. President, will the submission of proposed constitutional So, Mr. President, I feel that for us to Senator yield? amendments a two-thirds vote of each . attempt to rewrite the Constitution on Mr. KNOWLAND. I yield. House of Congress? Does he believe they the floor of the Senate, when there is Mr. LEHMAN. Did I not correctly un- supposed that the Senate and the House great confusion in this House and among derstand the distinguished majority of Representatives would merely Tubber millions of people of the Nation, would leader when he stated that the Consti- stamp a proposed constitutional amend­ be highly unwise. tution already provides for a two-thirds ment which was reported by a commit­ I agree that we do not need on the vote in connection with the ratification tee? floor of the Senate to agree to anything of a treaty? The Senator from New York says that that a committee recommends. There lvfr. KNOWLAND. That is correct. the Senate cannot write a constitutional have been many instances in which we That provision is already in the Consti- amendment on the :floor. We are not ex­ have repudiated the recommendations of tution. But the Constitution does not pected to take merely the recommenda­ a committee. But we are considering a require a yea-and-nay vote. .As the dis- tion of only 13 Senators, who happen constitutional amendment. It will al­ tinguished Senator from New York to be members of the Committee on the most be impossible of repeal if it shall knows, in the past.. certainly during the Judiciary, or of any other committee of prove to be bad. It required 16 years to time the Senator from California has Congress. Each of us has a responsibil­ 1·epeal the prohibition amendment and been a Member of the Senate, for 8 years, ity. Each of us has taken an oath to the country was almost split in two be­ there have been instances of treaties be- uphold the Constitution of the United cause of dissension and dispute. I fer­ ing ratified by a two-thirds vote when States. A part of our legislative func- vently .hope we shall not undertake to C--110 1742 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE February 15 rewrite the Constitution on the :floor of to say a word regarding the proposed Mr. FERGUSON. Under the Consti­ the Senate. amendment. tution, a treaty is that which the Presi­ Mr. GREEN. Mr. President, before I do not object to its purpose, but I do dent of the United States-- the Senator from California [Mr. KNow­ not think it should be made a part of Mr. MAGNUSON. Calls a treaty. LAND] took his seat, I attempted several a proposed constitutional amendment. Mr. FERGUSON. Negotiates and times to ask him a question. It is a very The same result can be accomplished calls a treaty, and sends to the Senate as short question, and I should like to ask either by an amendment to the rules a treaty. That is a treaty, under the it at this time. or by statute. It occurs to me that the Constitution. It is that to which the As I understood his argument, it was only real purpose of inserting it is to amendment refers. that the provisions with respect to rati­ try to give an otherwise objectionable Mr. MAGNUSON. Let me ask an­ fying a treaty and with respect to voting amendment some strength, because no other question. Suppose the President on a President ial veto are different in one objects to a yea-and-nay vote on an of the United States negotiates and sends the Constitution as drafted, and that important treaty. I think that is true to us a treaty regarding Germany. Sup­ they should be the same. I should like on its face. I do not know of any pose he calls it an agreement. Where to ask the Senator why he thinks the Member of this body who would object are we t hen? Founding Fathers made the provisions to being recorded on a treaty. But the Mr. FERGUSON. This amendment different in the Constitution. purpose of this particular proposal is would not apply in that event. Mr. KNOWLAND. If the Senator is to give strength to an amendment which Mr. MAGNUSON. Is an economic ar­ propounding that question to me, I as­ otherwise would have a very difficult rangement an agreement or a treaty, or sume that the Founding Fathers thought time passing this body. Therefore, Mr. a combination of both? That is what I the situation would never arise where President, I shall vote against it, not be­ do not understand. there would be a mere handful of Sena­ cause I object to its purpose, but because Mr. FERGUSON. It could be, as his­ tors on the floor when a treaty was being the objective should not be reached in tory shows, a combination. debated, considered, and ratified. But this way. Mr. MAGNUSON. Is it not always a the Senator knows that over the years, Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina. combination? _ through custom or practice, unfortu­ Mr. President, what is before the Sen­ Mr. FERGUSON. Politically, it is that nately that type of a situation did de­ ate? which the President sends to the Sen­ velop. If the Founding Fathers had The PRESIDING OFFICER. The re­ ate. That is why the first amendment thought such a situation would develop, quest of the Senator from Michigan is proposed provided that a treaty which I think they would have written in a before the Genate. The Chair has heard was in conflict with the Constitution provision covering it. I have no way of no objection. would have no force or effect. knowing. I think it is a good safeguard Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, Mr. MAGNUSON. Would the Senator for the Senate of the United States and what is the modification? from Michigan object to an amendment, for the American people to require the Mr. FERGUSON. Mr. President, the which I should be glad to propose or to yeas and nays with each Senator re­ modification is to eliminate from my have the Senator from Michigan pro­ corded on a question so important as a amendment the portion which would pose, to include both treaties and agree­ treaty, which can have a far-reaching strike out lines 10 to 15, inclusive, and ments? I think some economic agree­ effect upon the lives and property of the language of the amendment in the ments are more important in our world · the American people. Bricker amendment between lines 15 and relations than are some treaties, which Mr. GREEN. As I read the record of 16 on page 3. broadly have been referred to as political the Convention which drafted the Con­ Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina. agreements. Would the Senator from stitution, it seems to me the Founding Mr. President, the amendment, then Michigan object to an amendment which Fathers devoted much more time to a would be the insertion of a new section; would apply also to all agreements? discussion of the different provisions of is that correct? Mr. FERGUSON. Yes; I would ob­ the Constitution than we can devote to Mr. FERGUSON. That is correct. ject. the thoughts and views of individual Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina. Mr. MAGNUSON. Then the Senator Senators. Those who drafted the Con­ It would not affect sections 3 and 4? stitution paid infinite attention to the from Michigan will have to define what Mr. FERGUSON. The amendment is a treaty and what is an agreement. various provisions of that great docu­ would read-- Mr. FERGUSON. I do not believe ment. I agree with my distinguished Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, I there should be included in this par­ colleague from New York [Mr. LEHMAN], object. who says that all changes proposed by ticular amendment, which relates to the The PRESIDING OFFICER. Objec­ requirement of a two-thirds vote of the way of amendment to the Constitution tion is heard. ought to be considered very carefully. Senate, a definition of an agreement. The requirement as to voting on a pro­ Mr. MAG1\TUSON. Mr. President, will Mr. MAGNUSON. I am perfectly posal to amend the Constitution and a the Senator from Michigan yield? willing to have my votes recorded. I proposal as to voting on a Presidential Mr. FERGUSON. I yield. wish all Senators could have been present veto need not be the same as the require­ Mr. MAGNUSON. I should like to ask during the time the whaling agreement ment relating to the ratification of a the Senator from Michigan a simple was under consideration. There was a treaty. question. He speaks in terms of treaties. very interesting discussion of whales. Mr. FERGUSON. Mr. President, the I think we should have some legislative Mr. President, if we are going to act amendment now provides for striking history in connection with this amend­ on this matter, let us do so in a proper out on page 3 all of lines 10 to 15, inclu­ ment. What is the difference, in the manner, and not go half way. What is a sive, and inserting in lieu thereof cer­ Senator's mind, between a treaty and an treaty? What is an agreement? Let tain language. agreement? I remember an occasion on the amendment apply to both. I ask to modify the amendment by the floor of the Senate when we were Some Senators who have been speak­ striking out the words "strike out all in considering for 3 weeks a minor agree­ ing about the desirability of being pres­ lines 10 to 15, inclusive," and inserting ment. Some of us had worked on it for ent have not been present in the Cham­ between lines 15 and 16 this amendment, many weeks. It was an economic agree­ ber when some of these matters have so we shall be voting not on an amend­ ment. I would not want to call in the been under discussion previously. Let ment to strike out, but simply on the entire Senate to vote on such an agree­ us be honest about the matter. placing of the amendment in the ment. I think we should know what is Mr. GILLETTE. Mr. President, before Bricker amendment. the difference between a treaty and an I make a very brief remark with refer­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. The . agreement. Is it what the Executive ence to the amendment, I wish to say, Chair will inform the Sen&.tor that since sends here and calls an agreement, or is in answer to the question asked by the the yeas and nays have been ordered, it there some legal or legislative definition? Senator from Washington [Mr. MAGNU­ will require unanimous consent to Mr. FERGUSON. Mr. President, l soN] that a few years ago, when I modify the amendment. Is there objec­ wish I could answer that question. thought I knew something about the tion? Mr. MAGNUSON. I wish I could, too. subject, I spoke at some length concern­ Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, re­ I might vote for the Senator's amend­ ing it on the :floor. I had addressed a serving the right to object, I should like ment, if I could. question to the State Department, ask- 1951, CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 1743 ing them to define, as clearly as they HAYDEN] and I have offered an amend­ [Mr. KNoWLAND J, for himself and the could, foT my benefit, and for the benefit ment to the rules of the Senate to effec­ Senator from Michigan [Mr. FERGUSON]. of all the Senate, what they thought con­ tuate what is sought to be done by the It is because the majority leader could stituted a treaty and what they thought constitutional amendment under consid­ call up his own amendment, if he so de­ constituted an executive agreement. eration. The amendment offered by the sired, which would accomplish the same Their reply, as I read it on the floor Senator from Arizona and myself could purpose as that of the Senator from of the Senate, was that a treaty was be adopted by a majority vote. It could Michigan, that I am more than willing something they had to send to the Sen­ be before the Senate within the next 10 to withdraw my objection. I wish to ate in order to get approval by a two­ days. cooperate with the majority leader. We thirds vote. An executive agreement While it is necessary to accomplish have been most cooperative before. I was something they did not have to send what the eminent Senators who have of­ withdraw my objection. to the Senate. fered the amendment are trying to do, The PRESIDING OFFICER. The At that time I stated to the Senate why, in the name of all that is sensible, Senator from Minnesota has withdrawn that the reply of the State Department is it sought to be done by an amendment his objection. reminded me of the time when I was to the Constitution? Such a provision Mr. LEHMAN. Mr. President, I said ·a boy on the farm, and asked the hired in order to become effective would have a while ago that there was the utmost man how to tell the difference between to wait until the proposed constitutional confusion with respect to the provisions a male and a female pigeon. He said, amendment were ratified by two-thirds of the proposed amendment. "You put corn in front of the pigeon. of the Senate, two-thirds of the House, With great respect for my colleagues If he picks it up, it is a he; if she picks and then by three-fourths of the States. in the Senate, may I point out that what it up, it is a she." [Laughter.] Almost anything could happen. The has happened in the Senate in the last With reference to the pending amend­ eminent Senator from California [Mr. half hour is most dramatic proof of what ment, I am in thorough accord with its KNOWLAND], the equally eminent Senator I have said. The Senator from Michi­ purpose. But when the Constitution from Michigan [Mr. FERGUSON], and the gan [Mr. FERGUSON] and his colleagues was adopted, and when the Founding very ineffective junior Senator from Iowa have proposed an amendment, which Fathers placed all the legislative power could well be in our graves before such has been lying on the desk for some in the hands of a Congress composed of ratification could be accomplished. E~tle time. Yet within the last 5 min­ two branches, they did not place Con­ I would not vote against the proposal, utes the Senator from Michigan has gress in a straitjacket, so far as rules because its purpose is clear; but I cannot changed and very materially revised the are concerned. They provided, by con­ conceive of anything more ridiculous amendment. He has taken out of the stitutional enactment, that each House than an attempt to make a correction of amendment certain provisions and he should adopt its own rules. this kind through an amendment to the has greatly changed the purpose and in­ While I am in thorough accord with Constitution. tent of the amendment. His new amend­ what Senators are trying to do, does it Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, I ment has not been printed or even read make any sense, when we stop to think, have been discussing with the Senator in the Senate. that before such an amendment to the from Minnesota [Mr. HUMPHREY] his Certainly, if action of that kind could Constitution could become effective, it objection to the request of the Senator have happened on the floor of the Sen­ would have to be adopted by a two­ from Michigan. I understand that he ate this afternoon, it is, a clear indica­ thirds vote of the Senate and a two­ will not object now. It seems to me that tion of the great confusion that exists thirds vote of the House of Representa­ if the request of the Senator from Mich­ in the minds of Senators, and of the tives, and then would have to be ratified igan were agreed to, if unanimous con­ danger of proceeding with the considera­ by three-fourths of the States. A thou­ sent could be obtained merely to insert tion of any constitutional amendment sand treaties could be submitted to the the modification proposed by the Sena­ through revisions, amendments, adjust­ Senate for consideration and ratifica­ tor from Michigan between lines 15 and ments, compositions, or compromises on tion before such a constitutional amend­ 16 in Senate Joint Resolution 1, rather the floor of the Senate. That is exactly ment might be ratified. than to strike out lines 10 to 15, inclu­ what is happening. It is a dangerous The only way to proceed in this mat­ sive, as was originally proposed, the procedure. ter is as provided by the Constitution. proposal would be placed before the Sen­ I respect the position of other Mem­ The objective which is sought by the ate in a clear, uncomplicated manner. bers of the Senate, because I know they Senators who have proposed the amend­ It has been the general, customary are just as sincere in their support of the ment relating to a yea-and-nay vote practice, as a matter of comity in the Bricker amendment as I am in my op­ could be achieve~ by amending our own Senate, in a case of this kind, to per­ position to it; but it nonetheless shows rules. It is not necessary to wait until mit a Senator to modify his amendment. the danger in trying to write, on the floor three-fourths of the States have ratified The only reason why unanimous consent of the Senate, a constitutional amend­ an amendment to the constitution be­ is now necessary is that the yeas and ment which it will be practically im­ fore the Senate can provide for a yea­ nays have been ordered. possible to repeal, and which may affect and-nay vote on treaties. All that is I appreciate the position which has the lives of the people of the United n~essary to be done is to amend the been taken by the Senator from Minne­ States for a 100 years or more. rules of the Senate. sota. I think what has been requested I have no objection to the purpose of Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, will by the Senator from Michigan is fair the proposal. As Senators know, I origi­ the Senator yield? and equitable. It is a request of the nally suggested it. However, I certainly Mr. GILLETTE. Of course, I yield. type that any Senator might make in a ha-:·e very deep objection to being com.. Mr. KNOWLAND. Has the Senator similar situation. I hope unanimous pelled to vote for the pending amend.. from Iowa in recent history taken part in consent will be given. rnent or for any other provision of a con.. an effort to change the rules of the Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, the stitutional amendment which changes Senate? majority leader has discussed the mat­ the treatymaking powers of the Execu.. Mr. GILLETTE. Oh, yes; I may say in ter with me. I wish to say that I do not tive in such a manner as now proposed. answer to the distinguished Senator view the Ferguson modification as a from California, the minority leader. modification only. It has substantially Mr. DOUGLAS. Mr. President, a par­ [Laughter.] I did not speak carelessly, altered the whole form of the proposed liamentary inquiry. Mr. President. The Senator from Cali­ amendment known as Senate Joint Res­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. The fornia has been the leader of an evanes­ olution 1. But I realize the desire of the Senator from illinois will state it. cent majority. Senator from Michigan is to have an up Mr. DOUGLAS. Is it the present pro .. Sometimes it has been very difficult to and down vote, so to speak, on a clean posal to retain sections 3 and 4 of Sen.. make a change in the rules. Sometimes, amendment, without its being attached ate Joint Resolution 1 as printed on page as in a matter of this kind, where there to or eliminating other parts of the 3? Is it true that the amendment is can be no difference of opinion, it would joint resolution now before the Senate. merely an addition and in no wise deletes be very, very easy. I note that on January 27, a similar any language? The Senator from New York [Mr. amendment, designated 1-27-54d, was Mr. FERGUSON. The Senator is cor­ LEHMAN] now has an amendment pend­ offered by the distinguished majority rect. It would be a new section, between ing. The Senator from Arizona [Mr. leader, the Senator from California lines 15 and 16. 1744 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE February· 15 Mr. DOUGLAS. I should like to ask - Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, I Mr. LEHMAN. . I am frank to say I the Senator from Michigan why he in­ ·ask that the clerk state, for the informa­ did not hear it, .and I do not yet know serts a new section, 5, and skips section tion of the Senate, the proposed modi­ -what the proposed change is. 2, section 3, and section 4, and jumps to fication of the Senate joint resolution. . Mr. FERGUSON. Is the Senator ask­ the end of the so-called amendment. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk ing a question? Mr. FERGUSON. There are other will state the proposed modification. Mr. LEHMAN. I should like to finish sections being offered. At the end of the The LEGISLATIVE CLERK. On page 3, my statement. voting the section numbers can be rear­ between lines 15 and 16, it is proposed to Mr. FERGUSON. Is it a question? ranged as they appear in the RECORD. insert the following: Mr. LEHMAN. No; but I will reduce _ Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. PTesident, I SEc. 3. On the question of advising and it to a question. I shall be very glad to. have participated briefly in the debate, consenting to the ratification of a treaty Reserving the right to object [laugh­ but I desire the RECORD to show that I the vote shall be ct.etermined by yeas and ter]-- believe the Senate should vote by the nays, and the names of the persons voting The PRESIDING OFFICER. The yeas and nays on treaties and on agree­ for and against shall be entered on the Jour­ Senator from Michigan has yielded for a ments, if possible. I agree with my col­ nal of the Senate. question. league, the Senator from New York [Mr. Mr. DOUGLAS. Mr. President, am I . Mr. LEHMAN. Mr. President, I re­ LEHMAN] that this is a bad way to do it. to understand that the Senator from serve the right to object to the modi­ I hope I shall be able to support the Michigan is now proposing to strike out fication. amendment to the rules offered by the language which proposed to strike out a I think this is a most dramatic demon­ Senator from Iowa [Mr. GILLETTE] and portion of the text, and that he is pro­ stration of whatjs happening on this all­ the Senator from Arizona [Mr. HAYDEN]. posing certain language on the theory important question. I do not think a I therefore intend to vote against the that two negatives make a positive? more important question has come be­ amendment, because I think, as does the Mr. FERGUSON. No, not at all. fore the Senate for many, many years Senator from New York, that this is the Mr. KERR. Mr . .President, did I un- than the proposal to adopt an amend­ _worst way in which we can proceed to derstand the Senator from Michigan to cent to the Constitution which would _try to determine the advice-and-consent say he would put the proposed language limit the treatymaking powers of the .powers of the Senate on treaties or agree- down on a piece of paper? President. ments. Mr. FERGUSON. Yes. I sent it to After the amendment was proposed, a The PRESIDING OFFICER. The the desk. complete revision of it was hurriedly question is on the modification offered by Mr. LEHMAN. Mr. President, will the written on a piece of paper and sent to the Senator from Michigan. Is there Senator yield? the desk. Frankly, I do not yet know objection? The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the what the change is. Mr. KERR. Mr. President, reserving Senator from Oklahoma yield to the Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, will the right to object, I should like to ask Senator from New York? the Senator from New York yield at this the distinguished Senator from Michi- Mr. KERR. If the Senator from New point? gan if he has ever put down on a piece York will wait just a moment-- Mr. LEHMAN. I prefer to finish my .of paper what I am sure is a very worthy Mr. LEHMAN. I shall be very glad to statement, and then I shall be very glad .effort on his part to clarify that which wait. I thought the Senator from Okla­ ·indeed to yield to the distingui~hed ma­ was confusing, so that one who has had homa was through. jority leader. a little trouble in obtaining a clear men- · Mr. KERR. It may be that I am. Mr. President, the procedure we have .tal image of what the Senator has in [Laughter.] But before it is made of­ witnessed today is a clear demonstra­ mind from what he has said would be ficial, Mr. President, I should like to be -tion of the manner in which this body. able to look at the proposal and deter- -in as favorable a position with reference which is supposed to be the greatest de­ mine whether or not he would desire to to the pending request as the clerk seems liberative body in the world, is approach­ object to the unanimous-consent request. to be, because evidently somebody has ·ing this all-important question. All of Mr. FERGUSON. I do not think I provided the clerk with a piece of paper us recall what happened here only three­ understand the question of the Senator. upon which the amendment was written. -quarters of an hour ago. Mr. KERR. Has the Senator put the Mr. LEHMAN. Mr. President--- No Member of the Senate has really requested amendment down on a piece The PRESIDING OF·FICER. The SeAl- giv€n consideration to the newly pro- of paper so that one may look at it? ator from Oklahoma has the floor. ~ posed amendment. So far as I am con­ . Mr. FERGUSON. There are two parts Mr. KERR. I desire to thank the dis- cerned, I shall vote against it; and I shall .to the amendment. One is to strike out tinguished Senator from Michigan for have no hesitation-as I hope many of all of lines 10 to 15, inclusive, and insert yielding to me. my colleagues and many of my fellow in lieu thereof certain language. In its Mr. LEHMAN. Mr. President, will the citizens of the United States will have .modified form the amendment would not none-in bringing the entire situation strike out lines 10 to 15, but would be Senator from Michigan yield? and the danger inherent in any of the inserted as a new section between lines The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the proposed constitutional amendments as 15 and 16 on page 3 of Senate Joint _Senator from Michigan yield to the Sen- clearly end· as forcefully as possible to Resolution 1. ator from New York? the attention of the American people. . Mr. KERR. Reserving the right to Mr. FERGUSON. I yie'C.. to the Sen- Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, will . object, I now repeat the question to the a tor from New York. the Senator from New York yield at this distinguished Senator from Michigan. Mr. LEHMAN. I think the question point? Has the proposed requested amendment raised by the distinguished Senator from Mr. LEHMAN. I am glad to yield. been put down on a piece of paper so Oklahoma was very appropriate. Yield­ Mr. KNOWLAND. With all due re­ that another Senator can look at it and ing to the request of the Senatnr from spect to my friend, the Senator from try to visualize what the amendment Oklahoma, the Seriator from Michigan New York, there is nothing either dra­ proposes to do? did scribble down on a piece of paper-- matic or unusual about the request which Mr. FERGUSON. I have one here-- Mr. FERGUSON. No; the &mater has been made. On the contrary, the Mr. KERR. Is the answer "Yes" or from Michigan wrote it. He never course requested has been followed time ''No" scribbles. and time again in the normal legislative Mr. FERGUSON. The answer to the Mr. LEHMAN. I beg the Senator's procedure in this body. All the Senator question of the Senator is "No." pardon. The Senator "wrote"-! will from Michigan is endeavoring to do is Mr. KERR. Then, Mr. President, re. withdraw the word "scribble"-the pro­ to have the Senate vote solely on the serving the right to object, will the dis- posed amendment, and it was read by proposal whether a yea-and-nay vote tinguished Senator write his proposal the clerk. But I wonder how many shall be required on the question of hav- on a piece of paper so that it might be Members of the Senate really under­ . ing the Senate approve a treaty, so that looked at in an effort by another Senator stand or know what was in the proposed question will stanp on its own feet, un­ to get a clear picture, if possible, of what change? · encumbered. That .would be done by the distinguished Senator from Michi· Mr. FERGUSON. Mr. President, is the striking out the language appearing in gan has in his mind? -Senator asking a. question? : the amen-dment a~ it came from the Ju- 1954 ·coNGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 1745 diciary Committee, thus permitting those should act as rubber stamps in connec­ discussion throughout the Nation about sections to be acted upon separately, and tion with a proposal submitted to them that matter, would not it be wise to pro­ to stand on their own feet, as it were. by either the Judiciary Committee or any vide that a quorum be present? So the proposal is simply one to bring other Senate committee. Mr. KNOWLAND. The Senator from the matter before the Senate in an un­ On the contrary, it is the highest func­ Arizona well knows that if a yea-and­ encumbered manner, and thus to sim­ tion of Senators of the United States nay vote were taken and if the vote dis­ plify the procedure, by having the Senate to listen to the debate, make suggestions, closed the absence of a quorum, the Sen­ vote directly on the one particular ques­ and then vote them either up or down. ate would be unable to transact any busi­ tion. Mr. LEHMAN. Mr. President, I agree ness until a quorum was developed. Thus, Mr. President, I see nothing un­ with the Senator from California when Mr. HAYDEN. Nevertheless, there usual or horrible about the procedure. he says that it is the highest function of has been widespread criticism to the ef­ On the contrary, I think the Senate is the Senate to give consideration to pro­ fect that on at least one occasion only performing its proper function, in taking posed legislation which is presented in two Members of the Senate approved a up these matters item by item, in deal­ an orderly fashion. On the other hand, treaty. ing with them one at a time. when an amendment to the Constitution Mr. FERGUSON. Mr. President, will Mr. LEHMAN. I realize full well that of the United States is proposed, and the Senator from Arizona yield to me? it is not ordinarily unusual for a Mem­ -when 3 or 4 alternative amendments Mr. HAYDEN. I yield. ber of the Senate to revise or withdraw to the Constitution are then proposed, Mr. FERGUSON. As !understand the or change completely an amendment the result is confusion in connection situation, if the proposed new section previously offered. However, the matter with a matter of such outstanding im­ should become a part of the Constitu­ we are discussing today is not an ordi­ portance to the Nation as is the Bricker tion, in case a yea-and-nay vote were nary one. amendment. taken on a treaty, and the vote disclosed I am convinced that the distinguished So far as I am concerned, I cannot the absence of a quorum, the Senate Senator from California, for whom I emphasize too strongly that I believe the could not transact any business until a . have an extremely high regard, will agree matter now before us is more important quorum was developed. Automatically, with me that the question before us is than any other matter which has come there would be a quorum call, so a quo­ one of the most important questions to before the Congress or the American rum would be voting. That is the rule. come before .the Senate or before the people within my memory. I am deeply Mr. President, a parliamentary inquiry. American people at any time within our convinced that it is extremely dangerous The PRESIDING OFFICER. The lifetime. Therefore, I think it most im­ to attempt to write such a constitutional Senator will state it. proper for us to attempt to write a con­ amendment on the floor of the Senate. Mr. FERGUSON. What would be the stitutional amendment on the floor of An amendment, once made a part of the procedure in the Senate when a vote was the Sena.te. Such an attempt is the Constitution, may last for generations taken if there were a provision in the height of folly, Mr. President. to come. Constitution that on the question of ad­ I have called attention to the situa­ Mr. HAYDEN. Mr. President, I should vising and consenting to the ratification tion in order to show that the procedure like to inquire of the Senator from Mich-· of a treaty the vote must be determined which has been followed is a clear and · igan or the Senator from California by the yeas ~nd nays and the names . dramatic demonstration of the evil and whether the pending amendment con­ of the persons voting for and against folly to which I have pointed. tains any proviSion to the effect that a must be entered on the Journal of the Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, I quorum of the Senate shall be present Senate? There is another part of the may say to the distinguished Senator at the time when the two-thirds affirma- Constitution which requires a two-thirds from New York that the amendment sub­ . tive vote is required. vote of the Senators present and voting. mitted by the Senator from Michigan to Mr. KNOWLAND. In that respect the Suppose the vote developed the fact that the amendment previously· offered does amendment follows the language of the a quorum was not present. What would not change a word in that amendment, Constitution applying to the overriding be the procedure then? insofar as it deals with the question of of a presidential veto. Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina. requiring that a yea-and-nay vote be As the distinguished Senator from Ari­ Does the language read merely "two· · taken. The proposal is only one relating zona knows-and there is scarcely a thirds"? to the Senate procedure in facing the Member of the Senate who has a better Mr. FERGUSON. Two-thirds of the . issue. knowledge than his of the rules and pro­ Senators present and voting . There is nothing complicated about cedures of the· Senate-no responsible Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina. the proposal. At this time the attend- Senator in charge of such a measure The Constitution says "provided two­ . ance in the Senate is about as large as would bring it to the floor of the Senate, thirds of the Senators present concur.'' any I have observed at this session, ex­ for vote, unless ·he knew a quorum was The only requirement is that two· cept when an actual yea-and-nay vote present; for if a quorum were not pres­ thirds of the Senators present must was in progress. ent, then, under the requirement for a concur. So I think we are performing our high­ yea-and-nay vote, the absence of a quo­ Mr. FERGUSON. That is correct. est function as Members of the Senate rum would be disclosed, and it would not The PRESIDING OFFICER. The of the United States. I think we are be possible to !).ave the ·measure acted Senator from Michigan is advised that constructively contributing to the debate upon by the Senate until a quorum was in the case which he has cited the Chair and the procedure when we simplify the present. would rule that a ·quorum had not voted, procedure and have before us the sole Therefore, I do not believe that any and, therefore, the clerk would be di· issue of whether the taking of a yea­ Member of the Senate would bring up rected to call the roll. and-nay vote on such a question shall be · a measure which would require the con­ Mr. FERGUSON. For a quorum? provided in the Constitution. currence of two-thirds of the Members The PRESIDING OFFICER. To de­ Senators may vote for or against the present and voting unless he knew a quo­ velop a quorum. No proceedings could proposal; but at least the issue will be rum was present. Precisely the same be conducted until a quorum was present. clearly before them, without being en­ procedure is followed under the consti­ The Senator· is further advised that cumbered by any other proposal. tutional provision relating to the over­ after a quorum had been developed, an· So it seems to me we are performing riding of a presidential veto. other vote would be taken. in a perfectly proper way our duties as Mr. HAYDEN. Nevertheless, the ad­ Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, to me legislators and as Members of the United vocates of the Bricker amendment have the situation seems very simple. Re­ States Senate, who under the Constitu­ been, throughout the Nation, severely serving the right to object-and I shall tion are charged with some responsibility criticizing the Senate for ratifying a object-! suggest to the distinguished in connection with the process of amend­ treaty one-one occasion when only two Senator from Michigan that all we have ing the Constitution. senators were present. The Senator to do is to vote th~ amendment down. I repeat that I do not believe it was . from Minnesota [Mr. THYE] and the Then the distinguished Senator from ever intended by the framers of the Con­ Senator from Alabama [Mr. SPARKMAN] Michigan can offer 2 amendments, tak­ stitution that Senators ·should sit mute are mentioned in that connection as the ing care of the 2 different provisions. and should not . offer amendments and two Senators who are supposed to have Mr. KILGORE. Mr. President, a par· should not discuss amendments, but ratified the treaty. In view of all the liamentary inquiry. 1746 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE February 15 The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Mr. LEHMAN. Mr. President, will the he would continue to have, regardless Senator will state it. Senator yield? of the particular change now proposed, Mr. KILGORE. The Presiding Officer Mr. HOLLAND. I yield gladly. which is merely to insert new language has just stated what the ruling would Mr. LEHMAN. I said previously, and as a section between lines 15 and 16 on be under certain circumstances. How­ wish to repeat, that not only am I page 3, rather than to strike out certain . ever, that statement is based only upon strongly in favor of the purpose of the lines . -precedent, and not upon the Constitu­ pending amendment, but I made the Mr. MAGNUSON. I have no objection. tion or upon the Rules of the Senate. original suggestion that this point be The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there Is that correct? covered by a rule of the Senate. I hope objection? The PRESIDING OFFICER. The some provision may be made, in one form Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, I Senator from West Virginia is advised or another, because I believe that in the did not understand the answer to the that under the Constitution the Senate consideration of any treaty, or any other parliamentary inquiry a moment ago, cannot transact business without a quo­ important matter coming before the in which the Chair stated that no busi­ rum. Therefore, it is necessary to de­ Senate, there should be a quorum pres­ ness could be transacted in the Senate velop a quorum. ent, and there should be a yea-and-nay unless a quorum were present. A state­ Mr. HOLLAND. Mr. President, the vote. I think we have been far too lax ment has just been made by the distin.. Presiding Officer has, of course, made a and careless in conforming to that prin­ guished Senator from Arizona, who per.. correct statement. The constitutional ciple. So there is no question what­ haps knows more about the rules of the requirement for a quorum is found in soever with regard to my point. Senate than any other Senator, or just . section 5 of article I, which makes it very Mr. HOLLAND. I thank the distin­ as much as any other Senator, that a clear that a majority of each House is a guished Senator. treaty had been ratified with only two quorum, and that business cannot be Mr. LEHMAN. I still feel, with all Senators on the ftoor. I do not quite transacted without such majority, but the conviction that lies within me, that reconcile the statement of the Senator that a smaller number may adjourn each when a constitutional amendment of from Arizona with the statement made House from day to day, and may compel such importance is proposed-and I by the Chair. I should like to ask the the attendance of other Members, until think the Senator from Florida will agree Chair for a clarification of his statement a quorum is obtained. that there have been very few, if any, that no business can be conducted by I invite attention to the fact that in constitutional amendments, save those the Senate without a quorum being no respect does this amendment depart contained in the first 10 amendments, present. from the wording of the constitutional which are of as great importance as the The PRESIDING OFFICER. In the provision relating to the overriding of a pending proposal, or of greater impor­ case referred to a quorum was presumed presidential veto. tance-the way we are proceeding, by to be present, and the contrary had never The present provision of the Consti­ trying to rewrite, to compromise, and to been shown. . tution with reference to concurring in a adjust, is bad for the interests of the Mr. FULBRIGHT. I did not say "pre .. treaty is found in section 2 of article n: people of the country and bad for our sumed." A moment ago the Chair stated He- relationships with foreign countries. I that a quorum was present. The Sen.. think such a proposal would impede our ator from Arizona said that only two Meaning the President- foreign relations. I think it would cause Members of the Senate were present. I shall have power, by and with the advice and a stagnation, or at least a partial stagna­ want to know what was the fact, not the consent of the Sanate, to m ake treaties, pro­ tion in the functioning of government. presumption. vided two-thirds of the Senators present I The PRESIDING OFFICER. The concur. That is why am against the pending amendment. It is not because I am Chair is advised that the only way in Nothing is said about a quorum. How­ against the purpose. I will acknowl .. which the absence of a quorum can be ever, the earlier provision with respect edge to my respected friend from Flor­ established is by a quorum call, or by a to a quorum applies to this provision and ida that I am in a very anomalous posi­ yea-and-nay vote. to every other provision of the Con- tion in opposing a proposal similar to Mr. FULBRIGHT. Then the Chair . stitution. the one which I myself have made, and does not believe it to be possible to pre­ I hope we may be allowed to go ahead which I have advocated. I believe that sume that a quorum is present under and vote. I am not a supporter of the the question of the manner in which we those circumstances. Is that correct? Bricker amendment as it was originally now propose to legislate on this amend­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. The drawn or as it was reported from the ment is so paramount in importance that Chair states that that is in accordance committee. But now, it seems to me, we I can allow nothing else to stand in my with all the precedents of the Senate. have before us a confidence-inspiring way. Mr. FULBRIGHT. The Chair recog­ provision which ought to be in any Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, it nizes the fact, however, that a great deal amendment which is submitted if an had been my hope-and still is-to ob .. of business is conducted by the Senate amendment is finally to be submitted. tain a vote on the pending amendment without a quorum being present. Is that The point made by the distinguished this evening, and then move that the correct? Senator from New York [Mr. LEHMAN] Senate take a recess until tomorrow. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Not on was made under a m:isapprehension of Merely in the interest of orderly par­ the record. fact. He made the statement that such liamentary procedure, once again I Mr. FULBRIGHT. I did not say "on a thing as rewriting an amendment to should like to propound a unanimous­ the record." I said the Chair does say the Constitution has never taken place consent request, namely, that the request so as a fact, does he not? on the floor of the Senate. He is com­ of the Senator from Michigan to modify Tne PRESIDING OFFICER. The pletely inaccurate in that statement. his amendment to the extent of inserting Senator is advised that the Presiding The very last amendment which was certain language between lines 15 and Officer cannot count to see whether a submitted and ratified, the 22d amend­ 16 on page 3, be granted by the Senate. quorum is present. ment, with reference to presidential The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there Mr. FULBRIGHT. I did not ask the terms, was rewritten entirely from be­ objection? Presiding Officer that question. I asked ginning to end, in the debate on the ftoor Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President, re .. whether it is not a fact that a great of the Senate. The Senator from Flor­ serviv..g the right to object, let me say deal of businens is conducted by the ida had some part in that debate at to the S~mator from California that I Senate without a quorum being present. that time. have an amendment to propose to the The PRESIDING OFFICER. Not on So the point is not well taken. It amendment of the Senator from Michi.. the record. seems to the Senator from Florida that gan. I am wondering if the granting Mr. FULBRIGHT. I wish to ask the objection to voting on this amendment of the unanicous-consent request would Senator from Michigan [Mr. FERGUCON] comes with very ill grace from a Senator change the languag ~ so that I would lose if he would object to modifying his who himself has recognized the need for my opportunity to propose my amend .. amendment by including all agreements, such a provision by submitting a resolu.. ment. not merely treaties. The reason I ask tion precisely the same as the pending Mr. KNOWLAND. The language it Ui that i1 the amendment offered by · amendment, which resolution provided would not be changed. Whatever rights -the · senior Senator from Georgia is for an amendment to the Senate rules. the Senator from Washington now has adopted,- it is . very likely that in the 1954 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 1747 future there will not be any treaties, and Bricker amendment, lines 10 through 15 Mr. FERGUSON. If that part were to everything will be brought . to Congress on page 3, he will note the words: remain in the amendment; that is cor­ in the form of an agreement, in. order All such 'agreements shall be subject to rect. to take advantage of the majority rule.· · the -limitations .-imposed on treaties' by this . Mr. FULBRIGHT. I am not sure that Does not the Senator from Michigan article. I conectly .understand the Senator. I feel, if such an amendment as he pro­ The article refers to the ratification of am a little confused about what would poses should be adopted, it should be ap­ treaties by a two-thirds vote of the Sen­ be the effect of the amendment and plicable to all agreements? . ate. whether it would apply to agreements. Mr. FERGUSON. I believe the amend­ It seems to me that the Ferguson Mr. FERGUSON. If the language in ment should be left as it is. If the amendment, since it does not strike out lines 10 to 13, inclusive, as I read it-''All George amendment becomes a part of lines 10 through 15; as it originally pro­ such agreements shall be subject to the the proposed constitutional amendment, posed to do, but leaves in that part of limitations imposed upon treaties by this then a section dealing with executive the Bricker amendment which includes article"-were to remain in the amend­ agreements can be taken care of. The executive agreements, should be ment, it would apply. However, I do not pending amendment is purely intended amended to apply to executive agree­ anticipate that the language will remain to cover treaties, in connection with ments. in the amendment. which a two-thirds vote is required to What the Senator from Minnesota is Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President-­ ratify. saying is that the Ferguson amendment Mr. FULBRIGHT. How will that Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President­ originally was intended to strike out the language in section 3 be eliminated? Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, I reference to executive agreements. The Mr. FERGUSON. On a motion to still have the floor. Sena tor from Michigan has asked to strike it out. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The modify his amendment, but leaves intact Mr. FULBRIGHT. I do not quite Senator from Arkansas has the floor. the language pertaining to executive understand. Mr. FULBRIGHT. I did not under­ Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, we agreements. previously had a presumption by the stand the Senator's answer. Does he Yet, when it comes to his amendment mean that he anticipates that if the Chair; now we are having assumptions as it is applied to the Bricker amend­ on the floor of the Senate. What right George amendment is adopted, another ment, it refers only to treaties. There­ amendment will be offered? has any Member of the Senate to assume fore the discussion with reference to that we will strike out any part of an Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, if executive agreements and a yea and nay amendment? We should proceed on the the Senator from Arkansas will permit vote seems to be very germane and very basis of amending an amendment in line me to say so, if he will look at the Bricker pertinent. with what is before us, not on what may amendment, as reported by the Commit­ Mr. FERGUSON. Mr. President, the happen. When we leave the Chamber tee on the Judiciary, he will note a sec­ Senator will have an opportunity to vote some kind of accident may happen and tion in it dealing with the question of on striking out the language which was we may be dead. We cannot afford to executive agreements. If the distin­ previously included under the amend­ assume that we will strike section 3 or 4 guished Senator from Arkansas desires ment. or 5, or any other section. to have a yea-and-nay vote required for Mr. HUMPHREY. I happen to be one I wish to say to the Senator from Ar­ Executive agreements, it seems to me of the Senators who intend to cast their kansas [Mr. FULBRIGHT] that while the that that is the section he should seek to votes in favor of a yea-and-nay vote in Senator from New York was making his amend. connection with the ratification of strong objection I felt he was possibly What we are trying to do in this sec­ treaties. being too obstinate, which is very difficult tion is to cover the matter of ratification I am not at all impressed by the ar­ for me to say about my friend from New of treaties, which under the Constitu­ gument with reference to statutes, be­ York. But, now, Mr. President, I find he tion only the Senate acts upon, not the cause the majority leader made it quite was dead right. The Senator from Mich­ House, and which does require a two­ clear that a treaty is ratified by only one igan does not really know what the thirds vote. We are dealing with a House of Congress, and I believe he amendment means. The Senator from treaty section. made a very good point in that connec­ Michigan started out with a clean I plead with the distinguished Senator tion. amendment to strike out certain lan­ from Arkansas to let the Senate come to However, I must say to my good friend guage and add in lieu thereof the lan­ a vote on this issue. Then, if he desires from Michigan that I believe in his haste guage of his amendment. The difficulty to provide for a yea-and-nay vote in a to modify his amendment he failed to is that when he started to adjust it, what section dealing with executive agree­ take into consideration the fact that he did was to propose an amendment to ments, he can offer such an amendment he was striking out lines 10 to 15, which the whole language of the Bricker to that section, either to the amendment basically related to executive agree­ amendment, which, in my opinion, does reported by the Committee on the Ju­ ments, and now ends up with an amend­ not relate to the core of the problem. diciary or to any other amendment deal­ ment which touches only the treatymak­ Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, will ing functions and leaves in the original the Senator from Arkansas yield in order ing with executive agreements which that I may make a response to the Sena­ may be offered from the floor. proposal-by striking out the provision tor from Minnesota? Mr. FULBRIGHT. I have no objec­ to eliminate lines 10 to 15-affecting Mr. FULBRIGHT. I yield. tion to voting on the pending amend­ treaties only, when the real problem is Mr. KNOWLAND. The facts of the ment. I was trying to clarify the situa­ executive agreements. situation are simply these: It is true that tion. I would not object to the amend­ Therefore I believe he has gone to the the original amendment offered by the ment. I have already stated my position, mountain and the product which has Senator from Michigan on behalf of which is that the objective sought should been delivered is hardly related to all himself and other Senators did propose be accomplished by a change in the rules the effort involved. to strike out certain language between of the Senate or by the passage of a Mr. FULBRIGHT. I should like to ask lines 10 and 15, but at the request of a statute. I shall vote against it, not be· the distinguished Senator from Michi­ number of Senators who wanted to vote cause I object to its merits, but because gan a question. If we do not agree to on this issue standing alone and not be I believe the only purpose of offering it the Senator's unanimous-consent re­ deprived of the opportunity of voting on now is to try to strengthen and make whether they wanted to retain the lan­ quest and vote on the pending amend­ guage as reported from the Judiciary more palatable a constitutional amend­ ment as it is, would it deal only with Committee, the Senator from Michigan ment, whether it be the Bricker amend­ treaties? sought to modify the amendment in con­ ment or the George amendment.· Mr. FERGUSON. That is correct. formity with such request. The Senator Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, will Mr. FULBRIGHT. Whereas if we from Michigan asked to modify his the Senator from Arkansas yield?. leave it as it is, the second sentence, by amendment. It was an attempt to Mr. FULBRIGHT. I yield. referring to the proposed amendment, oblige Members of the Senate so that Mr. HUMPHREY. If the Senator will apply both to treaties and executive they might be able to vote on a single from Arkansas will read section 3 of the agreements. issue. 1748 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE February 15 I quite agree with the Senator that no Mr. KERR. I shall not object, but Mr. KNOWLAND. The majority one has a right to assume that the Sen­ I would remark that we could have saved leader has not charged any obstruction. ate will do or will not do a certain thing; some two hours of time had the request Mr. HUMPHREY. Oh, no; there are but unless we can arrive at a vote, we been made earlier in the afternoon when no charges at all. It is a matter of the shall not know what the final answer the understanding of Senators would record being quite complete. will be. probably have been clearer. Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, re­ All the majority leader is trying to do Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, a serving the right to object, I wish to is to get the amendment to the point parliamentary inquiry. point out that I was perfectly willing where a vote can be taken on it tonight. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The to vote on the original amendment at I would then propose that the Senate Senator will state it. the beginning. I made no delaying re­ take a recess until tomorrow and con­ Mr. HUMPHREY. Have not the yeas quests. I think it is better for the Sen­ sider the other amendments in order, so and nays been ordered? ate to know whether the requirement that Senators who desire either to re­ Mr. KNOWLAND. Yes, Mr. Presi­ for the yeas and nays is to apply only tain certain sections or eliminate them dent; but the order can be rescinded by to treaties or to agreements, or to both. will have an opportunity to debate and unanimous consent. I think we should know that. If yea­ vote on them in turn. Mr. HUMPHREY. Reserving the and-nay votes are to be required only It seems to me, Mr. President, that is right to object, I want to say to the on treaties, though if I correctly un­ the orderly and sensible procedure and majority leader that I realize what is derstood the Senator from Michigan, the one which both the Senate and the Na­ desired with reference to the amend­ amendment would probably be made to tion will thoroughly understand. ment. When the Senator explained it apply later on to agreements, it seems Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, why to me I was perfectly willing to co­ to me we should know whether it ap­ is it not more orderly to wait until sec­ operate, and I am at this time. The plies to both. tion 3 is deleted before an amendment truth is that this amendment might have Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, the is offered? If the Senator from Michi­ been quickly modified on the floor of Senator from Michigan did not say that. gan anticipates that section 3 will be the Senate without full understanding He said it depended on whether that par­ eliminated, let us eliminate it and then of the situation. The first amendment ticular section was left in the resolution go on with the amendment. was the one upon which we should have or was eliminated by the Senate. No Mr. KNOWLAND. Let me say to the voted, because it applied to treaties. We one can guarantee that section will be Senator from Arkansas that under the ended up, however, by considering an kept in or left out. general procedure of the Senate perfect­ amendment which applies to treaties at­ Mr. FULBRIGHT. Do I gather that ing amendments are first in order. The tached to a provision applying to agree­ the Senator from Michigan thinks it will Senator from Michigan has 3 perfecting ments. be left out? amendments, 1 has been adopted, 1 is I think the Senator from New York Mr. KNOWLAND. That is my per­ now pending, and he has 1 which he had [Mr. LEHMAN] made a distinct contribu­ sonal opinion. But, after all, there are hoped to bring up today, but which it is tion this afternoon when he said we were 96 Senators, and until they have voted, now proposed to hold over until tomor­ legislating without full understanding. we will not know. row. The distinguished Senator from At the time I thought he was incorrect, Mr. FULBRIGHT. I do not see what Ohio [Mr. BRICKER] has an amendment and I so indicated to a colleague of mine. would be wrong with determining to which he has presented to the Senate If the Senator from Michigan wants to what the requirement for the yeas-and­ and which is at the table. The distin­ propose his original amendment, which nays will apply. We shall have to wait guished Senator from Georgia [Mr. is a clear amendment, we can vote it up to decide that question until the Senate GEORGE] has a substitute which is at the or down, or we can follow along the line determines whether the section is to re­ table. The Senator from Tennessee suggested by the Senator from Arkansas. main in the resolution. That seems very [Mr. KEFAUVER] has an amendment in Mr. FULBRIGHT. The present situa­ logical to me. But I do not wish to in­ the nature of a substitute, which is at tion is just what the Senator has de­ terfere with the program of the majority the table. scribed. leader. I still think it would be perfectly It seems to me, Mr. President, that if Mr. HUMPHREY. The majority proper to vote on the original amend­ we can vote on them in that order, we leader is asking unanimous consent to ment. shall at least have an opportunity to get withdraw the entire amendment. Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President, re­ the expression of the Senate. Mr. KNOWLAND. That is the situa­ serving the right to object- Each Member has his own ideas as to tion. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does whether we should try to amend the Mr. HUMPHREY. I know the major­ the Senator from California yield to the Constitution on the floor of the Senate. ity leader has been most patient, but, Senator from Washington? We have previously discussed that situa­ frankly, we are in rather a ridiculous Mr. KNOWLAND. I yield. tion. We have been debating this mat­ position. We went up the hill and now Mr. MAGNUSON. I reserved the ter for several weeks. No Senator is we are coming down. right to object. Probably I helped start being foreclosed from voting. We shall Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, if this discussion, but I did so without hav­ consider the joint resolution all week if the Senator will permit me a moment, ing in mind any delay. the Senate so desires, but we are now all I am trying to do is to move along I asked the Senator from Michigan at a point where I think the Senate un­ so that the Senate can proceed in an [Mr. FERGUSON] what I thought was a derstands the issue, and we are merely orderly manner. simple question. I think before the Sen­ trying to get a vote at this time. Mr. FULBRIGHT. Why not vote? ate passes on any of these amendments, Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, I Mr. KNOWLAND. It will undoubtedly there should be some legislative history would rather vote on the first proposal require two rollcalls. I am going to make as to what is considered to be a treaty of the Senator from Michigan. a suggestion. The hour is almost 6 and what is considered to be an execu­ Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, I o'clock. If permission is granted, the tive agreement. I failed to get an an­ ask unanimous consent to withdraw the amendment will be withdrawn, a new swer, so I have prepared an amendment, amendment lettered "B." amendment will be drafted, which will which I wish to offer. I propose it in The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there not be taken up tonight. It will be all seriousness. I think the Senate objection? printed and lie on the table, and Sena­ should vote on all these questions. So Mr. KERR. Mr. President, reserving tors will have an opportunity to study i.: the amendment under consideration is the right to object, is a request now being it, and we shall then have an opportu­ withdrawn, I now serve notice on the made to withdraw the amendment? nity to proceed with a fresh look at the Senate that I shall propose an amend­ Mr. KNOWLAND. To withdraw the situation at noon tomorrow. ment to add, ''and/ or executive agree­ Ferguson amendment which has been Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, I ments." Unless there can be definitions offered. think the Senator's proposal is eminently of treaties and executive agreements, I Mr. KERR. Does that refer to this fair. I should not want to be in the posi­ cannot see any objection to the amend­ specific document which the Senator tion of objecting to an orderly proce­ ment which I shall propose. from California so kindly furnished me? dure such as he has outlined. Some of Mr. FERGUSON. Of course, the Sen­ Mr. KNOWLAND. It applies to that us did not participate in the debate for ator from Washington can offer what specific document. the purpose of obstruction. he wishes. 1954 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 1749 Mr. MAGNUSON. I understand, but der. Said the farmer, "Simply observe The PRESIDING OFFICER. The I should like to have a definition. the pigeons while they are eating corn, Senator is correct. The amendment is Mr. FERGUSON. I cannot define the and rest assured that every male that the pending question. terms for the Senator from Washing­ eats will be a 'he' and every female that Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President--­ ton, because of the conflict that now eats will be a 'she'." Let me for a The PRESIDING OFFICER. The exists between the Constitution, the Su­ moment endeavor to rise to the height Senator from California has the floor. preme court decisions, and the practice of the great argument which for weeks Mr. KNOWLAND. The hour being 6 of the State Department. I cannot give has been raging in the Senate over an at­ o'clock, I ask that the amendment be a definition of or draw a line of demar­ tempt to alter the Constitution to an ex­ printed for the information of the Sen­ cation between an executive agreement tent that would render it impossible for ate and lie on the table. I understand it anc a treaty. If I could, I believe many Washington, Jefferson, Madison, and will be printed in the RECORD, thus af­ of the problems confronting us would Webster, severally or jointly, to recognize fording an opportunity for all Senators be solved. it if it were encountered in the silent to read the amendment. Mr. MAGNUSON. Then I wish to ask land. Let me enlarge the suggestion The PRESIDING OFFICER. The the Senator from Michigan if the Execu­ made by the Senator from Iowa so Senator is correct. tive head of the Government should send as to include another species of the ani­ Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President, I to the Senate an agreement or a treaty, mal kingdom as a possible source from wish to add, in line 2, after the word or both, and should say, "This is an which to obtain wisdom and discretion "treaty", so that it may become the executive agreement," would the Execu­ sufficient to enable us appropriately to pending question also, the phrase "and/ tive be the determining power, or would dispose of the Bricker amendment or executive agreements." I offer that the Senate decide 'vhether it was a treaty whether in its present stark naked im­ language as an amendment. on which it was asked to vote by the perfection or in a more or less modified The PRESIDING OFFICER. The yeas-and-nays, or was an executive form. Senator from Washington is advised agreement on which it would not be re­ In this case, we should not follow the that his amendment is out of order at quired so to vote? scriptural advice to the sluggard to go to this time. Mr. FERGUSON. I should say the an­ the ant for wisdom, because we would Mr. MAGNUSON. May I ask why? swer would depend somewhat on the not wish to be guilty of offending this The PRESIDING OFFICER. Because form of the proposal; but I believe in industrious, praiseworthy little insect by the amendment of the Senator from the majority of cases the Senate could attempting to associate it with anything Washington is an amendment in the consider it as a treaty, if the Senate de­ we have heard here today. However, it third degree, and thus would not be in sired to ratify the proposal in that form. is suggested that instead of going to the order at this time. Mr. MAGNUSON. How would that be ant or to the birds, as proposed by the The Senator from California has the determined? Senator from Iowa, we go to the friend­ floor. less insect, whose power of discrimina­ Mr. ANDERSON. Is the amendment Mr. FERGUSON. By a vote of the of the Senator from California a new Senate. tion was immortalized by the renowned Roland Young, in his matchless and amendment? Mr. MAGNUSON. That being the inimitable lines: Mr. KNOWLAND. It is a new amend­ case, and since there is so much confu­ ment. sion about what is a treaty and what is And there's the bounding little flea: You cannot tell a fenrale from a he; Mr. ANDERSON. If that be true, an executive agreement, and where the The sexes look alike you see, how could it have become the pending line is to be drawn, would the Senator But he can tell, and so can she. question, since it has not laid over a from Michigan object to my amendment, [Laughter.] day? which would simply add "and/or execu­ Mr. KNOWLAND. I know of no rule tive agreements"? Mr. President, will not the eminent of the Senate which would prevent the Mr. FERGUSON. Yes; I would ob­ Republican leader, Mr. KNowLAND, post­ amendment from becoming the pend­ ject. I should be glad to discuss the pone the vote on the pending ponderous ing question. question on the floor, but I would object matter until tomorrow in order that we Mr. MAGNUSON. The Senator from now. may have an opportunity to go to the California has offered a new amendment. Mr. MAGNUSON. I do not object to birds, as suggested by the Senator from Has the Senator withdrawn his old withholding the amendment now, but I Iowa, and to the flea, as suggested by amendment? may say to the Senate that when the Mr. Young, for guidance in the per­ Mr. KNOWLAND. That is correct. I Senator from Michigan reoffers his formance of our official duty in this time have offered this amendment in lieu amendment I intend to offer an amend­ of unparalleled confusion which prevails thereof. ment adding the words "and/or execu­ not only at the other end of the A venue Mr. President, unless some Senator de­ tive agreements,'' because I believe the but also on Capitol Hill. sires to present matters for insertion Senate should vote on all such matters, The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there in the RECORD, I am about to move that since executive agreements sometimes objection to the unanimous-consent re­ the Senate stand in recess. become more important than treaties. quest of the Senator from California? Mr. MAGNUSON. I have not finished The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there The Chair hears none, and it is so with the matter yet. objection to the unanimous-consent re­ ordered. Mr. KNOWLAND. I yield to the Sen­ quest of the Senator from California? Mr. KNOWLAND. I send to the desk ator from Washington. I have no desire Mr. NEELY. Mr. President, reserving an amendment, which I ask to have to foreclose the distinguished Senator the right to object, please let me invite stated. from anything he may wish to say, but attention to the formulary proposed a The LEGISLATIVE CLERK. On page 3, I desired to advise the Senate what the little while ago by the distinguished between lines 15 and 16, it is proposed program would be for the remainder of Senator from Iowa [Mr. GILLETTE] for the week. the ascertainment of the meaning, if to insert: Mr. MAGNUSON. As I understand, any, of the innumerable, confused and On the question of advising and consent­ the Ferguson amendment is an amend­ ing to the ratification of a treaty the vote conflicting amendments to the bitterly shall be determined by yeas and nays, and ment to the so-called Bricker amend­ controversial Bricker amendment now the names of the persons voting for and ment. I desire to ask the Chair if under before the Senate. The beloved Iowa against shall be entered on the Journal of the rules of the Senate there is any way statesman proposed that we seek sur­ the Senate. . by which I can propose an amendment cease of our present distress, not by to the new amendment which has just means of a Shakespearean invocation of Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, a been offered by the senator from Cali­ a must of fire, or a Miltonic supplica­ parliamentary inquiry. fornia. May I offer a substitute amend­ tion for the illumination of what is un­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. The ment? doubtedly dark and the elevation of what Senator will state it. Mr. KNOWLAND. I may say to the is unquestionably low, but by simply Mr. KNOWLAND. As I understand, Senator from Washington that I think adopting the method used by a certain the amendment I have just offered is there is no question that the Senator can farmer to determine whether his pigeons now the pending question before the Sen­ offer a substitute amendment, but the were of the masculine or feminine gen- ate. substitute amendment could be acted 1750 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE February 15 upon only after the Bricker amendment I should like to make a parliamentary closed from offering it to this section if had been acted upon by the Senate. inquiry. the Senate does not adopt the Ferguson The PRESIDING OFFICER. The The PRESIDING OFFICER. The amendment. Senator from Washington is reminded Senator will state it. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The that the amendment just offered by the Mr. KNOWLAND. As I understand, Senator from California is correct. Senator from California is an amend­ the amendment of the Senator from Mr. KNOWLAND. That is precisely ment in the second ·degree, it being an Washington is not in order because it is the parliamentary situation in which we amendment to the committee amend­ an amendment in the third degree which find ourselves. ment. The amendment intended to be would further amend the committee Mr. MAGNUSON. I still ask unani­ proposed by the Senator from Washing­ amendment, which has already been mous consent to offer my amendment, ton would be an amendment in the third amended by the Senate; but if the pro­ and I ask it because I think it is only fair. degree, and would not be in order at posed language were applicable to an­ For the past 2 hours, we have been dis­ this time. other section which. had not been cussing the serious question as to wheth­ Mr. MAGNUSON. I offer as a sub­ amended, the Senator would then be in er there is a difference between treaties stitute for the amendment which is the a position to offer his amendment to that and executive agreements. I agreed pending question the same language I particular section. Do I understand cor­ with the Senator from New York [Mr. proposed earlier, namely, to add, in line rectly? LEHMAN] that the Senate should vote on 2, after the word "treaty", the words The PRESIDING OFFICER. The all such agreements. Therefore, I am "and;or executive agreements." Senator from California has stated the making a suggestion which I think the The PRESIDING OFFICER. The situation correctly, as did the Chair people of the country will understand. Senator from Washington is advised that previously. If we are to vote on all such agreements that amendment also is out of order, for Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President, I do we should not be limited by the decision the same reason. The proposed substi­ not desire to amend another section. I of the Executive as to whether a particu­ tute amendment is not in order. wish to offer an amendment to the sec­ lar agreement is a treaty or an executive Mr. MAGNUSON. May I make this tion under discussion, and I ask unani­ agreement. The parliamentary proce­ inquiry: After the amendment offered mous consent that I be allowed to do so. dure would not allow us to act at the by the Senator from California has been Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, in present time with regn.rd to executive voted on, if I proposed another amend­ order to preserve the rules of the Sen­ agreements. The Executive could call a ment, would that amendment be out of ate-and I think orderly procedure treaty an executive agreement and fore­ order? Would it be in the same degree, would indicate that that should be close the Senate from voting on it. In because of the addition of four words? done-! make the point that amend­ other words, his discretion would be flex­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. If the ments in the third degree are not in ible. I suggest that we close the door. amendment were offered to modify the order. The distinguished Senator is in I believe we should have an opportunity committee amendment, at that time it a position to offer his amendment to to vote on all these questions. would be in order. another section dealing with executive We know how the Senate sometimes Mr. MAGNUSON. Whether the pend­ agreements. becomes tied up in parliamentary pro­ ing amendment should be voted up or Mr. MAGNUSON. I do not desire to cedure. If the parliamentary situation down? offer the amendment to another section; in which we find ourselves is as has been The PRESIDING OFFICER. It would I wish to offer it to the treatymaking described, I ask unanimous consent that have to be on amendment to some part section, because the Senator from Mich­ the Senate be allowed to vote on the of the committee amendment which is igan [Mr. FERGUSON] could not define the question of whether or not executive not affected by an amendment previ­ difference between executive agreements agreements should be included in the ously agreed to. and treaties. provision requiring a yea-and-nay vote. Mr. MAGNUSON. For example, if Mr. KNOWLAND. If the Senator from I stand on my unanimous-consent the Ferguson amendment should be Washington desires to offer the amend­ request. agreed to tomorrow by the Senate, could ment tomorrow, and the Senate does not Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, for I offer a substitute which would add two adopt the Ferguson amendment, the Sen­ the reasons I have stated, I must object. words? Could I offer a new amendment ator from Washington will be in a posi­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. Objec­ which would add two words? tion to offer his amendment. The issue tion is heard. Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, a will then be before the Senate. Under parliamentary inquiry. the circumstances, it seems to me the The PRESIDING OFFICER. The proper procedure would be for the Sen­ RECESS Chair is presently considering the par­ ator to debate the question tomorrow. Mr. KNOWLAND. I move that the liamentary inquiry of the Senator from Mr. MAGNUSON. If the Senate Senate take a recess until tomorrow at Washington. adopts the Ferguson amendment, then 12 o'clock noon. The Senator from Washington is ad­ we are foreclosed from bringing execu­ The motion was agreed to; and