Index of Keywords

A Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer Abiotic resources, 90, 1338 (AVHRR), 1586, 1615, 1621, Aboveground biomass (AGB), 68, 288, 319, 1666, 1668 343, 379, 617, 832, 833, 1234, 1643, Adventitious root, 298, 301, 376, 378, 385, 387, 1644, 2012 389, 390, 393, 1475 Acacia, 66, 1198, 1200 Adverse change, 474, 475, 600, 606, 761, A. nilotica, 33 870, 1717 Access and benefit sharing (ABS), 565, Aeolian sand systems, 1144, 1145 2143, 2144 Aerenchyma, 298, 301, 302, 364–368, 372, Acid sulfate soils, 1446, 1450 378–380, 384–387, 389, 390 Acorus calamus, 365, 1094 cortical, 386 Acoustic methods, 1662 and fractional porosity, 386 Acrocephalus phellem, 372 A. paludicola, 439, 483 root, 386 A. schoenobaenus, 1944 Aerial photographs, 40, 1472–1473, Acrotelm, 1521, 1522 1547, 1747 Active microwaves, 1600, 1615 Aerobic decomposition, 289, Adaptation, 69, 385, 606–607, 1899, 1940 1199, 1325 anatomical/morphological, 298, 1474, Aeschynomene, 32 1475, 1674 A. indica, 33 to climate change, 611, 613, 635, 713, 798, Aeshna viridis, 1944 1010, 1199, 2020, 2154 Aesthetics, 152, 153, 792, 911, 919, 927, ecological, 1092 933–935, 964, 1131, 1304, 1309, physiological, 298, 1350, 1355, 1357, 1418–1419, 383–393 1872, 1882, 2067, 2079 root, 379 The African Convention on the Conservation of to salt, 380–381 Nature and Natural Resources 2003, salt marshes, 279 508 structural, 365, 1214 African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbird Adaptive approach, 257, 1048, 1051, 1151, Agreement (AEWA), 438, 439, 483, 1899, 1918 484, 508, 517, 522, 523 Adaptive cycle, 2107, 2108 history of, 520–521 Adaptive management, 10, 527, 601, 1150, 5th Meeting of Parties (MOP5), 440 1152, 1399, 1400, 1814, 1827, 1846, species covered, 520 1850, 1851, 1858, 1884, 1887, Aggregates, 209, 327, 328, 909, 921, 998, 1898–1900, 1928, 1931, 1949, 1955, 1045, 1784, 2095, 2137 2048, 2072, 2079, 2081 Agreement on Conservation of Seals in the Administrative Compliance Order (ACO), 892 Wadden Sea 1990, 509

# Springer Science+Business Media B.V., part of Springer Nature 2018 2169 C. M. Finlayson et al. (eds.), The Wetland Book, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9659-3 2170 Index of Keywords

Agreement on the Conservation of Small Airborne Light Detection and Ranging Cetaceans of the Baltic and North (LiDAR), 1587, 1606, 1615, 1643, Seas 1991, 509 1683, 1735, 1775 Agreement on the Conservation of Small Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (AIRSAR), Cetaceans of the Black Sea, 1589, 1606, 1613, 1695 Mediterranean Sea and Contiguous data, classification of wetlands from, 1694 Atlantic Area, 509 flight-lines, 1693 Agricultural landscapes, wetland, 151, 186, The Alaska Initiative-Born to Fly, 661 1308, 1309, 1978 Albedo, 1178, 1182 aquatic ecosystems, 1286 Alepidea amatymbica, 1094 biogeochemical functioning, 1287 Alfisols, 1448 catchment scale effects, 1288–1289 Algal primary production, 321 climate change, 1290 Alkborough Flats, 921–922 eutrophication, 1286 managed realignment, 910 food production, 1289 Allogenic succession, 18 hydrological fluxes, 1287 Alnus, 405 loading effects, 1288 A. glutinosa, 380 nitrogen and phosphorous, 1289 ALOS PALSAR, 1587, 1589–1591, 1605, small-scale redox, 1287 1611, 1613, 1620, 1627, 1633, 1634, water quality, 1289 1636, 1637, 1643, 1645, 1646, 1653, Agricultural run-off, 175, 588, 898, 1281, 1288, 1655, 1667–1670, 1675, 1676, 1686, 1967, 2161 1687, 1705–1708 eutrophication, 1131–1132 Alternanthera sessilis, 33 floodwater, 1308 Alternative Rice Management (ARM), management, 1310 1624, 1628 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 1308 Amazon, 602, 1338, 1343, 1344, 1355, 1466, pollutants, 171, 246, 1308 1574, 1589, 1591, 1646, 1686, role of wetlands, 214, 239, 1688, 1689 1309–1310 Amazon basins, 598, 1589 Agriculture Amazonia, 1093, 1620, 1686 abandonment, 27, 49, 50, 61 Amazonian pirarucu fish, 1687 expansion, 66, 1011, 1014, 1331 Amazonian manatee, 1687 management, 1018–1019 Amazon rainforests, 603, 1455, 1646, 1696 in Papyrus wetlands, 1117, 1118 Amazon river, 1574, 1686, 1687 production, 359, 422, 599, 804, 896, 898, Ambrosia trifida, 288 902, 965, 1000, 1117, 1133, 1232, Ambystoma 1331, 1590, 1623–1628, 1631–1634, A. macrodactylum, 186 1999, 2005, 2128, 2152 A. opacum, 95, 96 program benefits, 875 A. tigrinum, 107 roles of wetland, 1017–1018 Amenity, 153, 328, 329, 331, 422, 847, 911, subsidies, 873–876 919–921, 933, 935, 960, 964, 1078, uses, 68, 415, 875, 1010, 1222, 1290, 1322, 1183, 1309, 1431, 1764, 2136 1323, 1980, 1981 American Carbon Registry, 1192 wetland drainage, 166, 214, 239, 246 America's River Initiative, 661 wetland interactions, 457, 1013, 1016–1017 Ammannia Agusan Marsh, 1408–1409 A. auriculata, 33 Aichi Biodiversity Targets, 436, 446, 490, A. sessilis, 33 493–498, 651, 1414 Ammonium, 168, 290, 402, 1119, 1170 Strategic Plan for Biodiversity (2011–2020) oxidation, 290 and, 489 Amphibians wetlands and the Strategic Plan for breeding activity, 106, 107, 145, Biodiversity 2011–2020 and, 158–162 497–498 dispersal, 93, 96, 162 Index of Keywords 2171

landscape connectivity, 84, 85, 92–96, facilities, 798 110, 186 farm, 1050, 1143, 1144 movement, 92–93, 107, 143–145, 162 fish resources, 1025, 1027 Anaerobic(s), 203, 266–273, 1170, 1287, ponds, 778, 1532, 1565, 1633 1316, 1986 remote sensing, 1590, biogeochemical transformations, 203, 1631–1634 266–275 waste water, 1296 decomposition, 289, 1222 and wild capture fisheries, 1050–1051 denitrification, 168 Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC), 1000 flooded conditions, 202, 218, 266 Aquatic ecology, 1857 metabolism, 378, 385, 388–389 Aquatic ecosystems, 267, 488, 584, 585, 706, Anaerobic avoidance strategies 1048, 1114, 1286, 1308, 1534, 1872 aerenchyma, 378–379 Clean Water Act, 816 root adaptations, 379 comanagement of, 999 thermo-pressurized gas flow, 379–380 decline in, 1870 Anas penelope, 719 estuarine, 1535–1357 Anatomy, wetland plant root, 364 marine, 1535 aerenchyma, 365–368 phosphorus, 271 aerenchymatous phellem, 372 protection, 886 endodermis, 368–370 South African system, 1466 epidermis, 365, 367 underground, 1207, 1235, 1492 exodermis, 368, 370, 371 water quality, 1286, 1978 stele, 369–372 water resources, 798 Anaxyrus boreas, 186 Aquatic plants, 260, 273, 495, 674, 1026, 1120, Andromeda polifolia, 402, 1913 1142, 1156, 1298, 1477, 1692, 1845, Angling, 927, 935, 1050, 1076–1079, 1398, 1945, 2005 1403 Aquatic Terrestrial Transition Zone (ATTZ), Anillo de Cenotes, 1408 1571 Animals Araceae, 1088, 1677 buffer zones, 92, 150 Arapaima gigas, 1687 health of, 722, 1254, 1761 Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), 395–399, 402 heterogeneity, 180 Archaeological resources, wetlands, human food, 1082 1394–1395 medicinal purposes, 1094–1095 environment, 1392 movements, 92–93, 97, 107, 143–145, 162 erosion, 1392 pollinators, 1133, 1156 fuel, 1392 Annual Assembly, International Peat Society, 677 long-term stability, 1393 Anoxia, 302, 1984 mitigation strategies, 1394 avoidance, 386–391 organic remains, 1393 long term survival, of, 391 palaeoenvironmental resource, soil, 73, 297–298, 301 1393, 1394 tolerance, 72, 91, 302, 383, 385–386, protection policy, 1393 391–392 resource management, 1393 Antarctic Treaty System (ATS), 443 resource protection, 1393 Antarctic wetlands, 443 sites, 1394 Anthropocene, 1308, 2113 Archaeology, 1303, 1343, 1347, 1391–1395, Anthropogenic drivers, 1254–1257, 1760 1423, 1715, 1924, 2079 Apis mellifera, 1133 Arctic Council/Conservation of Arctic Flora Apparent optical properties (AOPs), 1596 and Fauna (CAFF), 444 Aquaculture, 10, 496, 639, 641, 730, 1193, Arctic wetlands, 288, 444, 1635–1640 1297, 1319, 1455, 1589 Area-isolation paradigm, 144, 146 agriculture and, 1294 Area-wide Impact Assessment Guidebook, 858 applications of, 1631–1634 Arenicola ssp., 1947 2172 Index of Keywords

Army Corps of Engineers, 220, 688, 814, 818, B 865, 885, 893, 952, 953, 983, 1265, Baldcypress, 18, 20–22, 24, 27, 204, 301, 305, 1473, 1477, 1548, 1733, 1854, 1999 379, 381 Chicago District of, 839–840 Banaue Rice Terraces, 1031 Clean Water Act, 816, 838 Banrock Station Environmental Trust, 942 compensatory mitigation, 878, 885, 2055 environmental involvement, 942 hydrophytic vegetation, 1474–1475 fine wine, 942 limits of federal jurisdiction, 815 story centres, 943 Artificial wetlands, 215, 244, 875, 1144, 1371, success of, 942 1418, 1530, 1573, 1574 Baptism, 1343, 1354, 1410, 1411, 1418, Artisanal salt production, 1108 1840, 1841 Artistic relationships, 1422 Bar-built estuary, 1510–1511 Asian Wetland Directory, 1564 Barcelona Convention, 508 Assembly rule model, 36 Barratta Creek Catchment, 709 Assessment Barrier beach, 1360, 1511 biological, 828, 1717, 1723–1727 Basal angiosperms, 365, functional, 1556, 1560, 1717, 1718, 367–372 1729–1738, 2056 Baseflow, 153, 155, hydrological, 1717, 1741–1758 210, 693 integrated, 1717, 1718, 1759–1765, 2087, Baseline monitoring, 417, 463, 2095, 2122 475, 1790 Aster, 62 Basin, see River, basin Asteraceae, 1088 Basin fen, 1518 Astronomic tides, 221, 222, 225 Baumea Atlantic salmon, 1049, 1050, 1076 B. articulata, 1498 Atmospheric deposition, 291, 342, 344, 1573, B. juncea, 1498 1743, 1757, 1907, 1908, 1914 Beach, 218, 328, 331, 1504 Australia Benefit transfer method, 2122, climate change, 604 2123, 2159 conservation agreement, 991 Bergia ammannioides, 33 education centers, 1376 Best Management Practices (BMPs), 239, ELOHA framework, 1845 246, 892 environmental watering, 1866 Betula, 1908 federal policy, 760–761 Big Rivers Initiative, 661 geomorphic-hydrologic classification, 1492 Bilateral agreements, 428 lakebed cropping, 1033–1041 Canada and United States, 593 (see also Lakebed cropping) Mexico and United States, 594 Murray-Darling Basin, 1666, 1668, 1805, Bilateral Convention, 428–429 1814, 2145 Biodiversity, 293, 1089, 1142 natural resources management, 1799 benefits, 9, 496–497 state/territory policies, 762 conventions, 7, 429, 434, 445, Sydney Olympic Park, 1365 448, 494 water sensitive urban design, 1183–1184 definition, 1442 WetlandCare, 705–709, 942 disturbance, 28–29, 58, 61 Autogenic succession, 18, 74 function, 1443 Autotrophs, 316–317 loss of, 61–62, 106, 338, 495, 498, 624, Avicennia, 301, 379–381 626, 634, 635, 729, 823, 898, 1882, A. alba, 1645 1970, 1984, 2038, 2145 A. germinans, 75 origin, 1442 A. marina, 1644 restoration, 2038 Avoid-mitigate-compensate sequence, 8, 824, river system, 654 869–871, 878, 885, 957, 1429 screening map, 2033–2036 Azolla, 32 traditional management, 61–63 Index of Keywords 2173

Biodiversity conservation, 146, 437, 693, 713, Blue Globe award, 725 775, 798, 991, 1015, 1069, 1070, Blumea obliqua, 33 1299, 1403, 1540, 1960, 1980, 2137, Blyxa, 32 2145, 2151 Bog, 23, 27, 28, 287, 1498, 1517 metapopulation approach, 142 blanket, 1485, 1521, 1522 tools, 61–63, 988 classification, 1681–1683 Biodiversity-ecosystem function (BEF) theory, Cors Caron, 1680 1992 Cors Fochno, 1680–1681 challenges, 1995 dicotyledonous plants, 1093 large grassland field experiment, 1992–1993 factor limits, 1907–1908 wetland experiment, 1993–1994 favorable conservation status, 1913–1915 wetland restoration, 1994–1995 Labrador tea, 1094 Biodiversity Hotspots program, 655, 707–708 ombrotrophic mires, 91, 320, 1518, 1525 Biodiversity Liaison Group (BLG), 434–435, 445 peatlands, 279, 319 Bio-filtration, 152 performance indicators, 1905–1906 Biogeochemical cycling, 180, 201, 266–275, quaking, 1944, 1947 602, 1270, 1488 Sphagnum, 278–279 Biological assessment, 7, 1257, 1717, 1724 Bogbean, 1093 detailed community mapping, 1725 Bog snorkelling, 1423 habitat mapping, 1725 Bombus, 1157 quadrat/transect surveys, 1726 Bonn Convention rapid assessment and indicators, 1726–1727 Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Biological control, 942 Animals of 1983, 429, 434, Biological oxygen demand (BOD), 933, 1304 481–485, 505, 509, 864 Biome Expert Groups, 347 (see also Convention on migratory Biomphalaria, 1259 species (CMS)) Biophysical approaches, 2121 Boreal Biophysical characteristics, 387 carbon storage, 602 mangrove, 1642–1644 peatland fires, 65–71 peat swamp, 1651–1652 region, 581, 660, 1524, 1588, 1615, 1635 wetland, 330, 604, 2158 species and climate change, 603, 605 Biosphere 2 project, 122 wetlands, 319, 400, 1635–1640 BirdLife International, 8, 439, 514, 517, 644, Boreal Forest Initiative, 661 645, 647–651 Boreholes, 1753 commitments, 650 Borrichia frutescens, 229 history, 648–649 Bos indicus, 60 mission, 650 Botaurus stellaris, 1944 Secretariat, 648 Botswana, 571–578, 1271, 1666 strategic objectives, 650 Okavango Delta Management Plan, vision, 650 1951–1955 Black and white panchromatic film, 1472 open water in freshwater marsh, 30 Blackwater, 919, 920, 1867 Botswana Department of Environmental Blue carbon, 706 Affairs, 1952 carbon reservoirs, 600, 1188 Brackish marsh, 28, 227, 293 climate finance and policies, 1191 Brackish tidal wetland, 28, 227, 293 coastal, 1186–1189 Brazilian wetlands coastal wetland, 593, 599 definitions, 1571–1574 drained organic soils, rewetting of, 1193 Flood Pulse Concept, 1571 greenhouse gases, 1190 hierarchical classification system, 1571 intact wetlands, conservation of, 1193 politicians and decision-makers, scientific restoration and creation of vegetated basis for, 1571 wetlands, 1194 wetland delineation, 1571–1574 wetlands, 593, 599 Brinson hydrogeomorphic system, 1466 2174 Index of Keywords

British culture, 1421 Federal Policy on Wetland Conservation, Brundtland Report, 478, 622–629, 632, 1040 766–767, 1733 Bubalus arnee, 720 International Peat Society, 675 Bucharest Declaration, 546 mire ecosystems, 1523 Buffalo, 575–576, 720, 1031, 1099, 1100, 1338 non-government organization, 947 Buffer zones, 154, 576, 662, 721, 1018, 1077 nonregulatory approach, 740, 741 See also Riparian buffer zone North American Waterfowl Management Bufo Plan, 525–528 B. bufo, 160 peatland ecosystems, 1129–1130 B. calamita, 145 strategic environmental assessment, 2086 Building block approach, 1815 Wetland Habitat Fund, 978 Building block methodology (BBM), 1850 World Wide Fund for Nature, 728 concept, 1836–1837 Canadian Wetland Classification System Downstream Response to Imposed Flow (CWCS) Transformation, 1838 conservation policy development, 1579 ecosystem dependencies, 1836 environmental conservation objectives, future challenges, 1837–1838 1579 holistic flow assessment methods, 1836 evolution of, 1578 water legislation in South Africa, 1837 feature of, 1580 Building materials, 644, 1044, 1082, 1083, federal and provincial policies, 1579 1247, 1338, 1402, 1492 wetland classes, 1579 Bulinus, 1259 wetland forms, 1579 Bulrushes, 252, 253, 260, 1088, 1093, 1314 wetland mapping projects, 1578 Busan Outcome, 350 wetland types, 1579 Business and Biodiversity Offsets Programme Cancun Agreements, 616–618 (BBOP), 879, 2045, 2046, 2048, Candaba Ramsar Site, 1366 2049, 2057 Capacitance sensors, 205 Business model, 683, 1108–1110, Capacity building, 351, 352, 497, 535, 558, 1201 706, 740, 779, 787, 1063, 1064, Business sector, 566, 706, 2021 1072, 1299, 1700, 1703, 1937, Buttonland Swamp (Illinois), 27 1939–1941, 1953, 1960, 2062, 2152 Capacity development, for wetland management, 706, 1937–1938 C action plan and implementation, 1939 Cabomba caroliniana, 365, 367, 372 capacity assessment, 1938 Caesulia axillaris, 33 evaluation, 1940 California Wetlands Initiative, 661 facilitation and adaptation, 1940 Calluna vulgaris, 1681–1683, 1913 initiatives, 1940 Camargue, 1356, 1409 internet resources, 1941 Cambodia, 720 monitoring, 1940 cranes, 720 strategy, 1939 fishing dependency, 1068, 1069 vision, 1938 Mekong Agreement, 558 Captive breeding, 672–673, 1371 rice paddy, 1031, 1624 Carbon, 292, 1168 Tonle Sap Lake, 1068, 1692 accumulation, 344, 1169, 1190, 1223, transboundary management, 557 2011, 2012 Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust, 720 amendments, 2014 Canada assimilation, 299, 318 bilateral agreements, 591–594 blue (see Blue carbon) compensatory mitigation, 867 cycle, 48, 277–282, 338, 341–344, 1223, Delta Marsh in, 38, 39 1473, 1591, 1652, 1705 Ducks Unlimited, 659–660 emission, 67, 68, 599, 600, 616, 618, 702, environmental impact assessment, 853 933, 1199, 1782 Index of Keywords 2175

fire, 66 Cellular metabolism, 315–318 fixation, 298, 299, 303, 306–312, 381, 1215 Cellulose, 268, 289, 378, 402 mineralization, 271, 280, 290, 342 Central Cardamoms Protected Forest (CCPF), and nutrient cycling, 11, 2010–2015 656 sequestration, 81, 167, 180, 268, 422, 423, Ceratophyllum demersum, 33, 253 593, 600, 617, 618, 847, 904, 911, Ceriops decandra, 1157 913, 918, 920, 933, 935, 938, 960, Chairs of the Scientific Advisory Bodies of the 964, 967, 968, 972, 1129, 1186, Biodiversity Conventions (CSAB), 1191, 1192, 1214, 1217, 1218, 1264, 435, 445–446 1304, 1651, 1718, 1999, 2014 Change Detection (CD) maps, 1700, 1701 stocks, 68, 342, 343, 497, 600, 611, Chara, 253, 1945 615–617, 1129, 1171, 1188, 1193, Charadrius alexandrinus, 1107 1201, 1215, 1217, 1650 Charles Darwin Foundation Research Station, storage, 66, 167, 172, 175, 320, 532, 599, 729 617, 896, 1018, 1129, 1169, Chemical defences, 1092 1186–1188, 1215–1218, 1309, 1516, Chemical transformations, microbially 1966, 1974, 2153 mediated, see Microbially mediated storage function, 1119, 1199 chemical transformations wetland, 1171 Chemistry, see Water, chemistry Carbon capture Chicago District wetland, 839–841 global significance, 1217–1218 Child mortality, 624, 640 mechanisms of, 316, 1215 Chilean wetlands rates of, 1215 action plan, 774 Carbon dioxide (CO2), 281, 293, 1169, 1190 geographical distribution of, 772–773 emissions, 165, 281, 429, 435, 599, 600, international importance, 773 610, 615–618, 624, 714–716, 730, national committee, 774 1193, 1198–1200, 1203, 1217, 1652 policy, 8 Carbon flux in wetlands regional conservation, 775 decomposition, 6, 277–282 sustainable use, 775 primary production, 278–280 Chile’s National Wetlands Strategy, 773–774 Cardamom Mountain Range, 654–657 Chilika Development Authority (CDA), 1060, Carex, 832 1063–1065, 1958 C. acutiformis, 1323 Chilika Fishermen Central Cooperative Society C. echinata, 1914 (CFCCS), 418, 1064 C. riparia, 1323 China C. stricta, 62, 180, 181 cattle grazing, 61 sedge & sedge meadow, 62, 74, 180, 181 ELOHA framework, 1845 tussock, 62, 180 environmental flows, 1815 Case law, 431–432, 845, 848, 985, 1430 Environmental Impact Assessment Law, Casparian bands, 364, 366, 368–370, 372, 373 853 Catchment-scale management, 422, 533, 536, environmental watering schemes, 1867 640, 693, 709, 1264 Indus River Treaty, 551–554 Catotelm, 1522 International Crane Foundation, 672–674 Catskills–Delaware system, 928, 966 Mekong River, transnational management, Catskills Mountains, 928, 966 556–559, 653–657 Cattail, 25, 167, 171, 252, 253, 256, 368, 1093, Poyang Lake, 673, 674 1314, 2162 rice paddy, 1030, 1340, 1624 Cattle grazing, 6, 59–63 Sanjiang Plain, 19 heavy in wetland vegetation, 60–61 Sloping Land Conversion Policy, 964 lighter, 60 Spartina salt marsh, 74 restoration of wetlands, 60 succession, 19 sedge tussock damage, 62 turtle carapace, 1095 in world wetlands, cessation of, 59–63 Typha pollen, 1093 2176 Index of Keywords

Chinese wetland conservation Clean Water Act (CWA), 166, 736, 737, 814, challenges of, 782–784 816, 838, 842, 865, 866, 868, 884, ecological risk assessment, 779 885, 890, 952, 956, 957, 1730, 1814, history of, 778 1967, 1998, 2055 laws, 781 avoid-mitigate-compensate sequence, 878 management agencies, 780–781 Sections 401 and 404, 828 management system, 780 Clements, F. E., 5–6, 18–24, 44–45, 48, 52, 56 plans, 781–782 Clementsian succession, 5–6, 18–24, 44–45, policies, 781 48, 52, 56 regulations, 781 Climate change, 29, 31, 96, 292, 594, 904, strategic targets of, 779–780 1172, 1176 Chlidonias niger, 1944 adaptation, 597, 632, 713, 716, 1010, 1199 Chloephaga rubidiceps, 439, 483, 773 assessment, 598 Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), 1176, 1757 drought, 342–343 Chlorophyll fluorescence, 308–312 elevated CO2, 343 Choice modelling, 2136, 2137 fire, 65–71 Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter mitigation, 338, 359, 497, 599–600, 1172, (CDOM), 292, 1596, 1598, 1599 1186–1188, 1191, 1193, 1201, 2020 Chronosequence, 20, 27, 52 sea level rise, 343, 602, 1242 Chrysemys picta, 144 vulnerability of wetlands to, 597–601 Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Program warming, 117, 342, 606, 1171 (CBMP), 444 waterbirds impact, 604–606 Cirsium, 1915 on wetlands, impact of, 601–606 Citizen science, 1364, 1721 Climate regulation, 8, 117, 324, 327, 329, Citizen science projects, 1366, 1367, 716, 920, 961, 1115, 1129–1130, 1721, 1776 1208, 1210 Civil enforcement, 890–891 carbon Civil society, 356, 444, 559, 645, 646, capture, 1213–1218 724–726, 808, 879, 914, 991, wetland, 1171 2027, 2081 ecosystem services, 1129 Cladium jamaicense, 252, 305 future aspects, 1172 Cladonia, 1913 greenhouse gases, 1169–1171 Classical theory of succession, 56, 57 local climate, 1171 Classic hydrosere succession model, 48 salt marshes and blue carbon, 1185–1194 Classification systems, wetland, 9, 1463–1464, Southeast Asian peat swamps, 1197–1203 1471, 1476, 1478, 1502, 1537, by urban wetlands, 1181–1184 1556–1559, 1570–1574, 1771, 1783 wetlands and carbon, 1168–1169 in Brazil, 1466 Climatic condition, tidal flooding, 220, 224, Canada (see Canadian Wetland 230, 293, 1552 Classification System (CWCS)) Climax, 5, 18, 24, 44–45, 48, 52, 56–57, 1121, Earth Observation Methods for Wetlands, 9 1215 evolution, 9, 1464–1465 Clostridium botulinum, 1254 geomorphic-hydrologic (see Geomorphic- Club goods, 914 hydrologic classification system) Clusia, 1092 hydrogeomorphic system, 1484–1488 Coarse spatial resolution sensors, 1590, 1621 in India, 1466, 1564–1565 Coast purpose of, 1462 and beach tourism, 1402 Ramsar, 9 classification, 1502 in South Africa, 1466, 1533–1542 defense, 920, 1051, 1250 in USA, 1465, 1545–1553 ecosystems, 292, 599, 600, 1186, 1283, Clayey-silty soils, 1275 1502, 2035, 2159 Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), 611, ecosystem services, 327–329 616, 1192, 1201 flooding management, 917, 918 Index of Keywords 2177

geomorphology, 215, 1502–1506 tide hydrology, 217–223 nature and variability, 209, peat formation, 66, 1650 211–215, 220 plain, 240, 1448, 1450, 1510, types, 220–222 1512, 1650 water levels, 223–226 succession, 73–75 vegetated, 1168 tide, 209, 211–215 water budget, 219–220 wetland hydrology challenges, 230 zones, hydrology, 227–229 Coastal squeeze, 908, 918, 921, 1190 Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA), 358, Coastal wetlands, 9, 28, 180, 211–212, 215, 456, 479, 534, 866, 1242, 1399 218–219, 292, 331, 378, 593, 599, Cognitive development, 1350, 1406 600, 602, 1240, 1270, 1565, 1566, Coldenia, 32 1573, 1699, 1782, 1783, 1969, 2113 Collaboration, 436, 455, 672, 791, 823, 1064, adverse effects on, 601 1072, 1078, 1332, 1347, 1402, 1770, in Australia, 604 1921, 1938, 1940, 1954, 2047, 2061, in Chile, 772–773 2069 in China, 778 basin-wide, 546, 1954 climate change, 605, 613 Chilika Development Authority, 1958 coastal ecosystems, 1502 Convention on Biological Diversity, 435 combinations of dike and dunes, 1250 cross-sectoral, 455, 811 definition, 218–219, 1502 formal and informal, 680 dike, 1248 GlobWetland I projects, 1699 dissipation, 1248 Interim Mekong Committee, 558 economic value, 2135, 2136 with IWRB, 667 ecosystem services, 327–329 multi-convention, 446 effectiveness, 1249–1250 Ramsar Convention, 437, 441, 488–490 erosion, 1132 South African-Australian, 1815 flood protection, 1246 tripartite, 1259 flood-pulsing, 1572 UNEP, 350 freshwater river and wetlands, tidal WetlandCare Australia, 706 influence, 226–227 Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust, 720 future aspects, 1251 Colocasia esculenta, 1015 geomorphology, 215, 1502–1506 Colonization, 20, 26, 97, 109, 145, 401–403, 406, groundwater interactions, 227–228 832, 1134, 1215, 1408, 2006, 2007 hydrological services, 1206–1208 arbuscular mycorrhizas, 398, 400 hydrology, 217–230 dark septate endophytes, 399, 400 maintenance, 1250 initial stage, 405 management, 1251, 1283 by non-woody vegetation, 69 mangroves, role of, 1240–1242 tiger salamanders, 107–108 megascale, 1504 of vacant wetlands, 144 mesoscale, 1505 Colored dissolved organic matter, multiple ecosystem service benefits, see Chromophoric Dissolved 909–910 Organic Matter (CDOM) natural hazard regulation, 1235, 1236 Combretocarpus rotundatus, 69 red mangrove, 1092 ComCoast project, 909, 918–920 restoration, 1250, 1283, 1972 Commelina, 32 robustness, 1248 Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC), 897 sand, 1248 Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), 846–848, sea-level impact, 230, 1272 1434 Sekovlje Soline saltworks, 1338, 1339 Common Fisheries Policy (CFP), 919, 999 soft defenses, 1247, 1248 Common law, 431, 742, 743, 845–846, 848, soil saturation, 226–227 853, 985, 1015, 1429–1431, 1433, succession, 73–75 1434 2178 Index of Keywords

Common-pool resource regimes (CPRs), Complementarity effects (COMs), 1993, 1994 1382, 1399 Completing the cycle initiative, 661 Common property, 502, 982 Complex adaptive systems, 2106, 2108, 2112 Common reed, 180, 1102, 1314 Complexity, 90, 206, 240, 241, 293, 542, 607, fencing, thatching and matting, 1100 802, 1612, 1716, 1743, 1780, 1871, LandSat TM images, 1101, 1102 1878, 1879, 2114, 2123, 2135 for livestock, 1099, 1100 biophysical, 2138 management, 1101 of coastal wetland, 1503 origin, 1098 of gradients, 1463 paper pulp production, 1101 habitat, 107, 1337 Phragmites, 24, 26, 39, 40, 74, 171, hydrogeomorphic, 181 1116, 2162 hydrological regimes, 1272 stems uses, 1101 of landscape, 1666 Common Standards Monitoring, 1724, 1725, of mire ecosystems, 1523 1727 of property rights, 2152 Communication, 346, 351, 435, 437, 442, 456, of spiritual services, 1406 490, 574, 575, 644, 668, 680, 684, systems thinking, 420 690, 706, 753, 754, 767, 1026, 1150, wetland conservation, 783 1266, 1330, 1357, 1362, 1367, 1371, Compliance monitoring, 948, 1768, 1769, 1403, 1464, 1804, 1806, 1808, 1878, 1773, 1788, 2050 1888, 1899, 1918, 1958, 1960, 2061, application, 1789 2063, 2089, 2153 compliance control, 1791 Communication, education, participation and demonstration of, 1791 awareness (CEPA) Programme, 454, designing, 1789–1790 456, 1266, 1357, 1364, 1369–1371 measurement parameters, 1791 Community-based management, 1071, 1072, regulatory monitoring, 1791 1380, 1381, 1797 self monitoring, 1791 Community participation, 775, 810, 2000, Composite Environmental Benefit, 920 2027, 2161 Comprehensive Assessment of Water Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager Management in Agriculture, (CASI), 1644, 1645, 1696 1010–1013, 1016 Comparative analysis suite, 1754 Computer Aided Simulation Model for Compensation, 803, 823, 824, 840, 845, Instream Flow and Riparia 877–880, 887, 912, 956, 960, 1262, (CASiMiR), 1832–1833 1970, 1979, 2024, 2044–2048, 2057, Conceptual hydrological model, 1773–1774 2058, 2072, 2074, 2121, 2134, 2144, Conceptual model, 238, 1751, 1768, 1773, 1899 2154 definition, 1743 for adverse impacts, 854, 860, 2023 ecohydrological, 1742–1748, 1750, 1757 for agriculture, 965 of ecosystem components, 830 banked, 841, 2054 groundwater-dependent wetlands, 1152 financial, 553, 740, 991 of hydrological connectivity, 1151 habitat, 884 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 1354 in-lieu fees, 956, 958 Conditionality effect, 2026 mitigation banking, 884, 2056 Condition and trend, 356, 448, 601, 1804, 1805, Ramsar Convention Conference, 870 1808 wetland banking, 838, 839, 841–842 Conference of contracting parties (COP), 430, Compensatory mitigation, 816, 867, 878, 885, 458, 460, 463, 464, 474–479, 948, 956, 957, 1771, 1998, 2045, 2055 488–490, 498, 520, 616, 626, 627, in Germany, 2055 708, 724, 725, 755–757, 774, 1010, measurement, 885–886 1013, 1128, 1192, 1330, 1331, 1336, mechanisms for, 886–887 2029 methods, 885–886 Conflict resolution, 417, 541, 553, 1063, 1382, in USA, 2054 1399, 2062 Index of Keywords 2179

Conflicts, stakeholders, 1298, 1921 Constructed wetlands (CWs), 6, 11, 49, 239, Congo Basin, 1054, 1056, 1455 243–261, 271, 290, 588, 600, 768, Connectedness, 91, 159, 532, 1410, 2107 778, 786, 804, 911, 932–934, 1017, Connectivity, 79–80, 84–86, 89–97, 105–110, 1115, 1119, 1131, 1257, 1258, 1281, 141–146, 157–162, 173, 183–218, 1288, 1302, 1309, 1323, 1331, 1332, 531, 720–721, 975, 990, 1060, 1967, 1980, 1981, 2013 1151–1152, 1222, 1270, 1274, 1299, definitions, 244, 1967 1466, 1535, 1538, 1556, 1559, 1675, denitrification, 1983–1989 1718, 1764, 1818, 1820, 1866, 1868, free water surface, 1314–1315 1960, 2005, 2015, 2038 future aspects, 1319 dispersal, 173, 2005 future challenges, 1319 flow of water, 91–92 with horizontal subsurface flow, functional, 158, 160 1315–1316 genetic diversity and, 184–186 hybrid, 1319 genetic estimates of, 160 vertical subsurface flow, 1317, 1318 legal protection, 90–91 wastewater treatment, 1313, 1314 modeling landscape, 186–188 Consumable wetland products, movement of wildlife, 92–95 1108–1110 with ocean, 1535 building materials, 1083 of ponds, 161 categories, 1082 restored and extant wetlands, 2005 economic significance, 1084 structural vs. functional, 107–109 exploitation, 1084 surface and groundwater, 1151 fibre, 1084 wetland and groundwater, 1151 fodder, 1084 Conservation and Management of Wetlands, 8, food, 1082 80, 667, 745, 762, 783, 810, 812, fuel, 1083 1591, 1707, 1708 management tools, 1085 economic incentives, 907–915 medicinal products, 1083 regulation of activities, 843–848 provisioning ecosystem services, 1082 Conservation International (CI), 654 salt, 1083 Greater Mekong works, 654–655 small-scale exploitation, 1084 landmark contributions, 655 Contaminated water, 171, 965, policy, 656 1258, 1302 science, 655 Contemporary theory of succession, 56, 57 3-S River Basin, 655 Contingent valuation method, 2136, Conservation leadership, 672–674 2137, 2166 Conservation management, 780, 1082, 1146, Contracting Parties (CPs), 428, 436, 453–455, 1796, 1800, 1889, 1894 460–463, 468–470, 505–507, Conservation Management System 532–535, 546–549, 610, 611, 667, International (CMSi) 668, 708, 721, 740, 746, 750–753, history, 1929 755, 757, 766, 797, 854, 859, 1010, integrating mapping, 1930, 1931 1260, 1346, 1698, 2028 LibraryLink, 1931, 1932 African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbird management plan, 1929–1930 Agreement, 521 ownership and asset data and species Convention on Biological Diversity, 506 recording, 1932–1934 International Commission for the Protection site status report, 1933, 1934 of the Danube River, work plan report, 1933, 1934 547–548 Conservation policy, 762, 766, 779, International Union for Conservation of 1413–1414, 1435, 1579 Nature, 668 Conservation reserve, 564, 973, 1980 Ramsar Convention, 468 Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), 8, UN Framework Convention on Climate 895–898, 939, 967, 1018, 2145 Change, 610 2180 Index of Keywords

Conventional natural resource monitoring light energy, 309 schemes, 1796 of mercury-methylmercury, 273 bilateral and multilateral, 428 natural wetlands, 1117 bodies, 430 of nitrogen, 290 challenges, 432 Papyrus wetlands, 1122 development, 429 photosynthesis, 317 legal effect, 430–432 salt marshes, 1190 ratification, 429 solar energy, 317 on wetlands, 532 Coordination, 346, 356, 435, 444, 445, 447, Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), 7, 454, 546, 556, 618, 623, 625, 645, 336, 337, 350, 356, 429, 430, 648, 724, 753, 754, 757, 761, 783, 435–438, 445, 448, 455, 457, 478, 939, 979, 1070, 1072, 1345, 1399, 479, 487–490, 494, 498, 503, 1770, 1771, 1937, 1949, 1952 505–507, 515, 563, 565, 580, 610, Copernicus, 1591, 1606, 1708 623, 627, 638, 645, 646, 680, 725, COP6 Resolution VI.1, 474 729, 741, 854, 859, 860, 864, 892, COP11, 11th meeting of the Conference of the 913, 914, 1027, 1049, 1069, 1380, Parties, 616 1398, 1413, 1442, 1720, 1814, 1952, Coral reefs, 331, 358, 415, 453, 496, 497, 601, 1966, 2028, 2029, 2032, 2038, 2102, 604, 909, 1006, 1026, 1048, 1051, 2153, 2154 1234, 1241, 1246, 1247, 1350, 1351, Convention on Conservation of Migratory 1364, 1402, 1403, 1409, 1418, 1530, Species of Wild Animals, 505, 509, 1531, 1565, 1661, 2075, 2142, 2150 520, 864, 892 Corine Land Cover system, 1700 Convention on Cooperation for the Protection Cornus, 62 and Sustainable Use of the Danube C. sericea, 62 River of 1994, 509, 546, 547 Corporate reporting, 1934 Convention on Environmental Impact Corporate Wetlands Restoration Partnership, Assessment in a Transboundary 941–944 Context, 858, 2087 Corps of Engineers, 688, 737, 954, 1265, 1473 The Convention on International Trade in Corridors, 6, 101–102, 106, 108, 109, 153, 184, Endangered Species (CITES), 429, 662, 802, 804, 973, 1431, 2005 435, 441, 536, 847, 1432 definitions, 101–102 Convention on Migratory Species (CMS), 356, Cors Caron, 1680–1681 429, 435, 438–440, 503, 505–507, Cors Fochno, Wales, 1680–1681, 1683 520, 536, 645, 649, 673, 1929, 1934 Cortex, 301, 364, 370, 372, 388, 396, challenges, 484 402–405 international co-operation and protection, aerenchyma, 365–367 482–484 barrier layers, 368 origin, 482 Cost based methods, 2135 Convention on Wetlands of International Cost-benefit analysis (CBA), 589, 721, 928, Importance, 286, 428, 452, 460, 504, 966, 1304, 1999, 2160 864, 892, 946, 1705 Cost sharing, 741, 971–975 Conversion, 289, 310, 324, 326, 358, 415, 421, Coto Doñana National Par, 729 452, 498, 598, 641, 753, 778, 786, Council Directive on the Conservation of Wild 811, 814, 815, 822, 828, 875, 886, Birds (2009/147/EC), 508 896, 903, 904, 956, 965, 984, 1000, Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ), 1001, 1010, 1013, 1016, 1017, 1027, 852, 1782 1064, 1115, 1169, 1190, 1193, Course angling, 1077 1199–1201, 1241, 1266, 1296, 1338, Cowardin system, 228–229, 1466, 1537, 1464, 1466, 1596, 1680, 1706, 2004, 1556, 1637 2012, 2073, 2153, 2164, 2166 C4 photosynthetic pathway, 381 Conservation Reserve Program, 896 Cranes, 166, 514, 515, 520, 671–674, 701, land, 1007, 2099, 2103 720, 1530 Index of Keywords 2181

Created riverine (riparian) wetlands (CRW), nitrogen cycling, 270–271, 291, 1966, 1983–1989 1968, 1985, 1989 Created wetland, 11, 56–58, 828, 829, 832, 834, nutrient cycling, 9, 11, 81, 83, 117–119, 1144, 1288, 1967–1969, 1971, 1973, 122, 167, 321, 324, 325, 328, 329, 1978, 1981, 1985, 1994, 1998, 331, 398, 913, 918, 935, 1018, 1398, 2010–2013, 2015 1432, 1437–1440, 1443, 1449, 1450, Created wetland ecosystems, 1985 1454, 1455, 1768, 1882, 1992, Creation/restoration, wetland, 5, 6, 10–11, 2009–2014 55–58, 162, 165–175, 215–216, 230, phosphate, 719 236, 293, 474, 566, 629, 706, 739, phosphorus cycling, 291–292, 1323, 1974 741, 779, 815, 817, 818, 824, 838, sulfur cycling, 273–274 840, 867, 870, 886, 938, 942, 947, water, 1398, 1455, 1591, 1882 948, 972, 974, 975, 990, 1192, 1194, Cygnus cygnus, 719 1263, 1264, 1274, 1276, 1281–1283, Cynodon dactylon, 33 1304, 1377, 1590, 1720, 1764, 1781, Cyperaceae, 832, 1088, 1093, 1677 1965–1974, 1981, 1991–2000, 2004, Cyperus, 32 2007, 2009, 2120 C. articulatus, 1093 approaches, 1967–1968 C. difformis, 33 community involvement, 1999–2000 C. papyrus, 1114, 1120, 1122, 2162 definition, 828, 1967–1968 C. rotundus, 33 hydrology, 2010 Cyprinus carpio, 1867 landscape-scale restoration, 1998–1999 limitations of, 1968–1970, 1998 management and restoration, 1979–1980 D marshes, 2014 Dactyloctenium aegyptium, 33 natural system ecosystem, 2010–2011 Dams, 114, 139, 213, 416, 549, 552–554, 556, performance, 1971 563, 577, 654, 656, 673, 694, 695, policy and governance, 1970–1971 731, 738, 798, 904, 905, 926, 928, projects, 947, 2003, 2004 961, 1022, 1023, 1055, 1145, 1160, targets, 2153 1162–1164, 1256, 1264, 1265, 1273, Credit banking model, 2054 1281, 1388, 1532, 1590, 1655, 1836, Criminal and Civil Enforcement of Law 1840, 1845, 1853, 1854, 1857–1859, Protecting Wetlands, 890–891 1870, 1871, 2010 Criminal enforcement, 890–891 Danube River Basin Critical Site Network Tool (CSN), 440, 517 future challenges, 550 Croatia, 547, 549, 1339, 1341, 1357 location, 549 Cryptosporidium, 1308 Danube River Basin Regional Management Cultural relevance, 1421 Agreement Cultural services, 8–9, 654, 753, 791, 918, history of cooperation, 546–547 1006, 1018, 1019, 1115, 1128, 1138, management of, 547–548 1231, 1339, 1348–1351, 1354–1357, Daphnia ambigua, 186 1391–1395, 1398, 1406, 1428, 1442, Dark septate endophytes (DSE), 399–400 1454, 1882, 2034, 2138, 2166 Dark septate fungi (DSF), 399 Cultural values, 96, 1183, 1269, 1336–1345, Data collection, 50, 237, 310, 438, 567, 898, 1350, 1356, 1407, 1413, 1418–1419 1055, 1571, 1605, 1745, 1769, 1777, Culverts, 210, 229, 248, 260 1781, 1806, 1808, 1826, 1854, 1858 Cumulative impact, 816, 856, 1132, 1308, Data integration, 1707, 1932 1781, 2025, 2040, 2079, 2092 Data recording, 1753–1754 Cycling, 316, 317, 414, 903, 1018, Decision-making, 11, 170, 260, 351, 359, 415, 1044, 1170 420–423, 479, 494, 541, 589, 618, biogeochemical, 266, 602, 1270, 1488 639, 684, 736, 738, 754, 767, 787, carbon decomposition, 268–270, 919, 1129, 809, 811, 823, 824, 844, 848, 854, 1398, 1481, 2009–2014 859, 860, 874, 905, 910, 912, 913, 2182 Index of Keywords

915, 920, 922, 960, 961, 986, 1001, 599, 616, 622, 626, 629, 634, 635, 1006, 1016, 1134, 1151, 1251, 1298, 639, 640, 661, 668, 684, 692, 703, 1325, 1331, 1332, 1381, 1382, 1398, 722, 729, 731, 737, 753, 754, 767, 1399, 1403, 1407, 1414, 1431, 1466, 768, 779, 782, 786, 791, 796, 808, 1698, 1715, 1735, 1770, 1772, 1807, 811, 846, 871, 875, 879, 903, 910, 1828, 1878, 1880, 1918, 1920, 1953, 914, 960, 974, 975, 984, 989, 998, 1960, 2020, 2039, 2040, 2061, 2062, 1007, 1010, 1027, 1051, 1060, 1114, 2069, 2072, 2074, 2086, 2088, 2095, 1121, 1122, 1129, 1138, 1156, 1157, 2112, 2120, 2122–2124, 2128, 2131, 1160, 1164, 1168, 1194, 1236, 1255, 2134, 2142, 2154, 2158, 2160, 2166 1256, 1264, 1348, 1350, 1380, 1381, Conservation International science, 655 1393, 1402, 1428, 1432, 1443, 1636, environmental impact assessment, 205, 852, 1656, 1714, 1720, 1730, 1870, 1905, 853, 2025–2027, 2060 1908, 1915, 1936, 1966, 1969, 1970, health impact assessment, 2069 1984, 2005–2007, 2040, 2049, 2066, Intergovernmental Panel for Biodiversity 2113, 2124, 2128, 2131, 2136, 2152, and Ecosystem Services, 449 2153, 2160, 2166 International Peat Society, 677 anthropogenic change, 2004 markets, 910–911 causes and effects of, 693 meeting of the parties, 521 coastal Marsh, 1232, 1233 Millennium Development Goals, 641, 642 coastal wetlands, 605 payments for ecosystem services, 964 The Economics of Ecosystems and strategic environmental assessment, 858, Biodiversity, 336, 1882 2090–2094 environmental impact assessment, 11, 2021 Sustainable Development Goals, 625, 633 peatland, 714, 1198, 1199, 1202 The Economics of Ecosystems and peat swamp forest, 1200–1201, 1655 Biodiversity approach, 336–338 restoration and creation of wetlands, 10 wetland restoration and creation, 1969, World Wide Fund for Nature, 729 1980 Dehydrated floodplain wetlands, 1820 Decomposition, 66, 119, 121, 266, 278, Delimitation, 580 280–281, 286–291, 308, 320, Delineation methods, 9, 1473, 1476 342–344, 1171, 1199, 1215, 1222, challenges, 1480–1481 1223, 1241, 1322, 1451, 1571, 1572, on-the-ground delineation, 1471–1472 1612, 1624, 1650, 1984, 1992 primary indicators method, 1478, 1479 carbon cycling, 268–270, 2011–2012 problems, 1480 carbon dioxide, 281, 1170 three factor approach, 1478 net primary production, 289 tiered approach, 1478, 1480 nitrogen, 290 Delta, 379, 594, 604, 661, 713, 1030, 1162, peat soils, 1325, 1326, 1447 1280, 1282, 1283, 1294, 1403, 1502, phosphorus, 291 1512, 1531, 1807, 1979, 2142 primary production, 292–294, 1129 Colorado River, 701 Deepwater habitats, 1530, 1540, 1546–1550, Danube River, 549, 1101 1553, 1559 Guadalquivir, 729 Definition of wetland, 28, 453, 585, 768, 867, Indus River, 552 952, 1463, 1485, 1530, 1534, 1547, Inner Niger, 668, 1208, 1210, 1408, 1410 1548, 1573, 1788, 1979, 2010, 2159 Lena River, 1638 Deforestation, 68, 70, 616, 639, 654, 702, 786, Louisiana, 75 964, 1129, 1198–1202, 1217, 1234, Mahakam, 1633, 1634 1236, 2144 Mekong, 668, 673, 1626, Defra PES Best Practice Guide, 912, 914 1627, 2137 Degradation, 6, 66, 151, 167, 168, 181, 266, Mississippi River, 212, 224, 1192, 1233, 268, 270, 304, 324, 357, 358, 379, 1419, 1512 393, 414, 418, 422, 435, 449, 464, Neretva, 1339–1341, 1357 495, 498, 526, 541, 546, 563, 598, Nile, 1098, 1101 Index of Keywords 2183

Okavango, 571–578, 1116, 1271, 1272, Disaster management, 1242 1364, 1666, 1667, 1951–1955 Disaster risk reduction, 713, 716, Red River, 1627 1261–1264 Rhone, 1409 Discharge regime, 1692 San Francisco Bay, 166, 171 Disease, 150, 324, 331, 358, 398, 405, 406, Tidal, 1503 534, 572, 575, 594, 603, 624, 632, Volta, 947 634, 638–641, 719, 722, 952, 990, Xixi Yangtze, 1408 1018, 1045, 1095, 1121, 1128, 1138, Yellow River, 1867 1146, 1231, 1253–1260, 1294, 1336, Zambezi, 673 1419, 1715, 1730, 2066, 2067, 2069, Delta du Saloum, 469 2080 Delta Marsh, 38–40, 224, 729 Disease control, 1128 Demographic network model, 160–161 Dispersal, 21, 40, 81, 84–86, 95, 102, 105–110, Demographic source-sink model, 158 122, 134, 136, 138, 139, 143, 145, Demographic stochasticity, 106, 144 158–160, 162, 173, 186, 188, 604, Denitrification, 81, 152, 170, 180, 271, 290, 838, 2074 300, 317, 358, 829, 1170, 1287, amphibian, 93, 96 1288, 1314, 1316, 1319, 1439, 1450, large-scale flood pulse, 135 1980, 1985–1988, 1994, 2012–2014 limitations, 2007 nitrogen, 290, 1439, 1985–1986 one-way, 94, 106 nitrous oxide, 1986–1987, 1989 seed, 36, 56, 68, 117, 126, 131, 484, in treatment wetlands, 1987–1988 2005–2006 Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia Forestry (DAFF), 797 (DNRA), 271 Department of Environment, Food and Rural Dissolved organic carbon (DOC), 280, 282, Affairs (Defra), 912, 1050 342, 343, 602, 829, 1119 Deschampsia cespitosa, 1915 Disturbance, 5, 19–22, 36, 37, 49, 52, 69, 113, Desert, 603, 661, 715, 729, 730, 781, 1518, 155, 266, 406, 407, 828, 855, 861, 1705, 2004 884, 956, 1107, 1129, 1130, 1146, Designation, Ramsar, 463–464, 565, 797 1206, 1215, 1270, 1342, 1350, 1371, of Lake Chilika, 1065 1394, 1480, 2032, 2073, 2099 Ramsar Site, 436, 462 anthropogenic, 6, 118, 139, 1272 Tonle Sap Lake, 1069 definition of, 18, 49, 113–114 Designer approach, 6, 57 dynamics, 60 Desktop methods effects, 2006–2007 comprehensive assessments, 1827 environment changes, 125 hydrological data, 1827, 1856 event, 2106–2110, 2112, 2113 water management problem, 1827 fire, 66 Destination wetland, 1402, 1403 forest, 67, 68 Development planning, 1431, 1718, 1872, functional outcomes, 82 2069, 2093, 2120 human, 832, 1107, 1272, 1662, 1727 Dialogue and transparency effect, 2026 hydrologic, 214, 1652 Digital terrain models (DTMs), 1606, 1621 increased frequency, 146 Digitaria, 32 landscape heterogeneity, 81 Dignity of labor, 1422, 1423 local, 56 Dike, 214, 669, 1117, 1246–1248, 1250, 1262, models and succession, 25, 28–31 1264, 1325, 1571, 2010 moisture and flood, 135, 137 Diplomatic relationships, 890, 892 natural, 23, 81, 118, 1272 Diplotelmic, 1522 parameters, 81 Dipwells, 1748, 1752, 1753, 1756 patches, 130 Direct market valuation methods, 2134–2135 pre-disturbance tropical peat land area, 1651 Direct payment programs, 972–975 re-establish flooding pattern, 1274 Direct value transfer, 2159 remove biomass, 125 2184 Index of Keywords

Disturbance (cont.) natural vegetation and loss of latent heat, 1225 resilient ecosystems, 24 networks, 271, 273, 1162 sedimentation, 272 No Further Drainage, 808, 812 small-and large-scale, 126 patterns, 1472, 1477 soil, 60 of peatlands, 68, 1393 wild species, 1402 peat swamp forest, 1199–1201 Diurnal tides, 221, 223 pollution, 908 Domestic animals, wetland for, 1254, 1256, regulation, 1450 1257, 1338 seasonal channels, 1676 Domestic permit schemes, 865 spatial and temporal, 1655 Domestic waste water, 1330 subsurface exchanges, 210 Dominance test, 1474, 1475 sustainabilty, 421, 1310 Doñana National Park, 729, 1142, 1271, 1343 tidal marshes, 1192 Doñana wetlands topographically induced, 210 biodiversity, 1142–1145 tropical peatland, 1199 Doñana National Park, 1142 urban features, 1183 future aspects, 1146–1147 urban systems, 1418 hydrological regime, 1145 wetland, 236, 237, 239, 1191, 1234, 1464 location, 1142, 1143 DRAINMOD model, 239 marshland, 1144, 1145 Dredge and fill, 865, 953, 954 population, 1142 Drill rigs, 1750, 1753 Double-bounce, 1611, 1612, 1615, 1620, 1670, Drosera, 1088, 1094 1688 D. anglica, 1906 Downstream Response to Imposed Flow D. rotundifolia, 1913, 1947 Transformation (DRIFT) Drought, 25, 26, 29, 38, 68, 70, 91, 96, 109, application, 1842 204, 224, 253, 298, 306, 342–343, method, 1850 381, 396, 398, 406, 407, 539, 563, structure, 1840–1841 574, 594, 602–604, 606, 796, 990, Drainage, 6, 21, 67, 68, 70, 74, 109, 151, 208, 1022, 1068, 1146, 1153, 1163, 1210, 229, 414, 693, 786, 814, 816, 855, 1222, 1230, 1272, 1387, 1455, 1473, 984, 1015, 1115, 1199, 1264, 1271, 1571, 1624, 1653, 1655, 1751, 1765, 1273, 1275, 1282, 1294, 1310, 1449, 1806, 1836, 1866, 1908, 2004, 2005 1574, 1590, 1652, 1748, 1857, 1905, Dryopteris cristata, 1944 1907, 1908, 1947, 2005, 2006, 2046, Ducks in desert initiative, 661 2113 Duck stamp, 817, 979 for agriculture, 214, 908, 1330 Ducks Unlimited (DU), 91, 526, 527, 659 artificial, 1281 activities of, 660–662 basins, 538, 572, 577, 772 conservation methods, 662–663 boundary systems, 1743 Ducks Unlimited Canada (DUC), 660, 662 canals, 1198 Ducks Unlimited Mexico (DUMAC), 660, 662 channels, 1121 Dunes, 204, 328, 1144–1146, 1207, 1234, cultural activity, 790 1246, 1248, 1250, 1251, 1572, 1887 ditches, 214, 983, 1720 Dyera, 1203 dry seeding and midseason, 1624 Dynamic management tool, 1931 effectiveness, 1480 extensive, 146 Fenland area, 1716 E Lake Chad, 538 Earth observation, 5, 9–10, 1585–1591, 1620, land, 1451 1631, 1697–1708, 2072 Mekong network, 556 Earth Observation for Dynamic Habitat mine, 1315, 1316 Monitoring (EODHAM) system, Mississippi River Basin, 152 1681 muck (organic) soil, 246 Earthquake, 24, 223, 802, 1230, 1234 Index of Keywords 2185

Earth Summit, 488, 610, 623, 625, 632, 633 768, 772, 822, 828, 1121, 1122, EARTH University, 48–49 1251, 1870, 1871, 2057, 2069, 2092 East Kolkata Wetland (EKW), 1330 Economic valuation of wetlands, 5, 11–12, 171, historical background, 1294–1296 694, 854, 859, 960, 1002, 1762, location, 1294–1295 1763, 1952, 1998, 2138, 2158, 2166 management planning, 1298–1299 biophysical/preference-based approaches, regulation, 1296 2121 water quality improvements, 1297–1298 decision making, 2120 East Kolkata Wetland Management Authority direct market valuation methods, (EKWMA), 1296, 1330 2134–2135 Echinochloa crus-galli, 33 The Economics of Ecosystems and Ecohydraulics, 1818 Biodiversity, 336, 337 Ecohydrological conceptual models, 1742, ecosystem services, 326–331, 921, 2122 1744, 1757 Kala Oya River Basin, Sri Lanka, characteristics of, 1743 2160–2161 desk study, 1746–1747 monism and utilitarianism, 2124 site investigation and monitoring, Nakivubo Swamp, Kampala, Uganda, 1748–1754 2162–2164 walkover survey, 1747–1748 Randers Fjord, Denmark, 2161–2162 water loss, 1745 revealed preference based methods, water retention, 1745 2135–2136 water supply, 1743 revealed preference techniques, 2121 Ecological character, 441, 448, 453, 456, 457, shrimp farming, 2164–2165 463–465, 473–476, 478, 479, 506, stated preference based methods, 2121, 564, 565, 600, 606, 627, 628, 750, 2136–2137 761, 762, 824, 854, 859, 867, 870, uncertainty, 2123 879, 991, 1011, 1084, 1109, 1121, value transfer approach, 2159 1128, 1296, 1429, 1466, 1485, 1496, Economic value, 6, 8, 11, 12, 324, 326, 330, 1698, 1717, 1768, 1807–1809, 332, 452, 707, 809, 936, 946, 948, 1953–1955, 1958–1960, 2028, 2036, 960, 1077, 1084, 1088, 1089, 1122, 2039, 2072, 2073, 2134 1156, 1232, 1233, 1351, 1364, 1805, Ecological condition category, 828, 832, 835, 1970, 2067, 2068, 2120–2124, 2131, 1064, 1108, 1162, 1231, 1539, 1720, 2134, 2135, 2138, 2143, 2150, 2159, 1780, 1805, 1836, 1862 2162–2164, 2166 Ecological drift, 134 Eco-point scores, 2057 Ecological footprint, 730, 731 Ecosystem Health Assessment, 1761 Ecological functions, 287, 452, 456, 628, 752, programme, 1064 779, 952, 1162, 1325, 1485, 1851, Ecosystem services, 6–8, 106, 109, 118, 1978, 1993, 2047, 2056, 2128 121–122, 168, 171, 213, 316, 332, Ecological limits of hydrologic alteration 339, 346, 348–350, 352, 358, 407, (ELOHA), 1817, 1857, 1858 414, 420–423, 438, 448, 449, 453, adaptive management context, 1846 461–464, 475, 478, 488, 489, 494, application, 1845–1846 498, 542, 594, 598–600, 611, 612, features, 1844 617, 618, 622, 628, 633, 635, flow alteration-ecological response, 1844 638–640, 654–656, 683, 684, 689, framework, 1845 692, 700, 736, 743, 752, 753, 781, Ecological monitoring, 1063, 808, 811, 822, 824, 845–848, 1779–1785 896–898, 902–904, 908–910, 915, Ecological processes, GDW, 1152 918, 922, 929, 932, 933, 936, 947, Ecological restoration, 616, 779, 1060–1062, 958, 960, 961, 968, 984–986, 998, 1302, 1992, 2058 1000, 1006, 1017, 1078, 1183, 1247, Economic development, 357, 358, 423, 494, 1263, 1286, 1398, 1409, 1434, 1731, 573, 610, 622, 632, 633, 667, 668, 1788, 1809, 1882, 1970, 1971, 2020, 2186 Index of Keywords

2046, 2047, 2054, 2066, 2098–2104, pollination, 1133–1134, 1156–1158 2142, 2150, 2164, 2165 provisioning services, 1001–1002, 1082, aesthetic value, 1355 1084, 1114, 1116–1118, 1128, 1254, approach, 437, 453, 457, 479, 490, 506, 1442, 1456 606, 627, 721, 750, 914, 934, 985, Ramsar Convention, 1128 1065, 1128, 1254, 1258, 1260, 1380, recreation and ecotourism, 1354 1398–1400, 1800, 1872, 2032, 2034, regulating services, 1118–1119, 1122, 1128 2073 (see also Regulating ecosystem benefits, 496–497, 1018, 1187, 1231, 1346, services) 1768, 1999 resilience, 2121 biodiversity and habitat, 1120 resources, 1339, 1381 biodiversity screening map, 2034–2035 restoration, 167, 172, 175, 215 challenges, 1357 sense of place, 1355 climate regulation, 1129–1130 spatial planning system, 1430 ComCoast project, 920 spiritual and religious values, 1354, 1355 Comprehensive Assessment, 1012, 1013 statutory legislation, 1429–1430 concept, 324–325, 1006, 1128, 1138, 1350 supporting services, 1128, 1438 cultural ecosystem services, 1120, 1122, systemic recognition, 911–912 1354–1357 TEEB economic valuation, 11, 337, 338 cultural heritage, 1355 water purification, 1131–1132 cultural services, 1128 water regulation, 1130–1131 decision-support tools, 1431 WET-EcoServices tool, 1539 definition, 1354, 1882 wetland management, 415–416 degradation, 357 wetland soils, 1445–1451 description and examples, 325–327 Ecosystem Services Partnership double counting, 1128 (ES-partnership), 6 economic valuation, 11, 326–331, 921, aim/goal, 345 2120, 2121, 2123, 2130, 2134, 2138, conferences, 347 2158 journals, 347–348 education, 1355, 1356 membership, 346–347 emergence, 2094 working groups, 347 erosion regulation, 1132–1133 Ectomycorrhizas, 402, 405 functions, 117–119, 150, 180, 268, 321, Eddies, 310 325, 421, 484, 494, 603, 832, 870, Eddy correlation, 308–310 932, 938, 960, 1013, 1114, 1144, Education, 47–52, 167, 328, 329, 423, 456, 1270, 1276, 1432, 1454, 1456, 1733, 505, 624, 625, 634, 638–640, 644, 1968, 1970, 1972, 1992–1995, 2123, 661, 672, 674, 688, 689, 696, 2124, 2159, 2166 706–709, 728, 754, 767, 780, 792, GAWI Guidelines, 1014–1016 803, 868, 890, 965, 1048, 1063, human well-being: synthesis, 1011 1115, 1120, 1150, 1231, 1266, 1330, hydrological regime, 1274 1343, 1355–1357, 1362, 1370, 1371, informal education, 1361, 1365 1375–1378, 1403, 1435, 1451, 1758, inspiration, 1355 1882, 1894, 1952, 1960, 2062, 2068, integrated constructed wetland, 934, 935, 2137 1302 benefits, of wetlands, 1363–1368 Millennium Development Goals, 641–642 CEPA Programme’sdefinition, 1364 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 1010, formal, 1365, 1372 1011, 1044 informal, 1361, 1365–1367 natural hazard regulation, 1133 London Wetland Centre, 1360 no net loss, 823 Education centre, 672, 1365, 1369–1378 outcomes, 1815 Effects of flow regime change, 1844, 1845 Papyrus marshes, in sub-Saharan Africa, EIA, see Environmental impact assessment 1115–1116 (EIA) Index of Keywords 2187

Eichhornia crassipes, 253, 721, 1116, 1298, 1314 Environmental Benefits Index (EBI), 897 EKW, see East Kolkata Wetland (EKW) Environmental credit markets, 938–940 Elatine triandra, 33 Environmental-economic accounts, 2153 Electromagnetic spectrum, 9 Environmental flow(s), 5, 10, 171, 564, 566, infrared region, 1600 589, 607, 673, 703, 1032, 1176, microwave region, 1600–1601 1276, 1299, 1588, 1688, 1830–1833, spectral regions, 1586, 1596–1600, 1604 1960 thermal regions, 1586 adaptive management, 1851 Eleocharis, 32 Building Block Methodology, 1836–1838 E. atropurpurea, 33 challenges, 1814 E. dulcis, 1093 classification, 1815 E. sphacelata, 1315 description, 1814, 1815 Elevated CO2, 343 desktop approaches, 1826–1828 El Niño/La Niña-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Downstream Response to Imposed Flow events, 68, 70, 225, 1198, 1655 Transformations, 1839–1842 Embayment, 218, 1511, 1512 ecohydraulics, 1818 Emergent aquatic vegetation (EAV) species, ecological limits of hydrologic alteration, 246, 248, 252, 1677 1843–1846 Emergent properties, 420, 2106 environmental watering, 1865–1868 Emergent zones, 204 explicit flow-ecosystem, 1817 Emission rates, 1171, 1194 habitat suitability, 1819 Endangered species, 171, 507, 730, 792, 816, hydrological variable, 1816 884, 938, 947, 956, 974, 984, 989, integrated water resources management, 1142, 1859, 1883, 2074, 2150, 2151 1869–1873 Endangered Species Act (ESA), 866, 956, 988 in management regimes, 1819–1820 Endodermis, 364, 366–373, 402 natural flow regime paradigm, 1815, 1817 Endophytes, 396, 405–407 PHABSIM, 1819, 1830–1832 Energy analysis, 2121 prescription, 1852 Energy balance, 1179 Savannah process Energy production, 387, 390, 903, 1024, 1101, data collection and research, 1854 1160, 1338, 1406, 1870 flow prescription, implementation of, Enforcement, wetland, 503, 507, 656, 740, 742, 1853–1854 783, 810, 811, 818, 842, 853, 855, orientation meeting, 1850 860, 867, 868, 884, 893, 939, 958, workshop, 1852–1853 966, 985, 1072, 1121, 1146, 1346, three-level approach, 1856–1859 1347, 1362, 1399, 1791, 1792, water levels, 1862–1863 2025–2027, 2050, 2151 Environmental flow components (EFCs), criminal and civil actions, 890–891 1851–1853, 1857 through administrative action, 891–892 Environmental flow requirements (EFRs), through diplomacy, 892 desktop approaches, 1826–1828 Engineered flooding, 1866, 1867 Environmental governance, 713, 1069 England, recreational game, see Recreation, sea Environmental impact assessment (EIA), 5, 8, angling 11, 431, 443, 456, 564, 628, 737, English common law, 845 738, 787, 797, 852–858, 860, 1430, Engraulicypris, 1055 1434, 1714, 1717, 1814, 1952, 2020, Enhanced Vegetative Index (EVI), 1626, 1668 2028–2029, 2043–2050, 2066, Entisols, 1448 2071–2075, 2078, 2086, 2153 Environmental assessment, 534, 564, 738, 852, application, 853 853, 1579, 1854, 2020, 2023, 2044, characteristics, 2091 2066–2067, 2069, 2086, 2091, 2094 concept, 853, 859 Environmental assessment process, 2047–2049 decision-making, 2025 Environmental benefits, 920, 1289, 1446, 1872, definition, 2020 1999, 2044, 2127 directive, 853 2188 Index of Keywords

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) (cont.) Epipactis thunbergii, 400 effectiveness, 2026–2027 Epulorhiza, 400 factors, 2027 Erica framework, 2021–2026 E. ciliaris, 1145 future challenges, 2050 E. tetralix, 1681, 1914 history, 2021 Ericoid mycorrhiza, 402, 403 impact analysis and assessment, 2024 Eriophorum, 1681 law, 853 E. vaginatum, 1913 minimum and maximum ambition levels, Erosion, 153, 213, 229, 291, 320, 407, 415, 2026 420, 496, 594, 693–695, 964, 967, mitigation banking, 2053–2058 1051, 1100, 1132, 1209, 1248, 1249, origins and development, 852–853 1282, 1283, 1310, 1392, 1429, 1432, principle, 2020 1438, 1467 public participation, 2060–2063 bank, 1840 reporting, 2024 in coastal areas and river valleys, 1392 review, 2024 coastal landform, 1502, 2113 scoping, 2023, 2037–2041 coastal wetlands, 752, 1132, 1187 screening, 2021, 2031–2036 coast line, 1209 stakeholders, 2060 Conservation Reserve Program, 898 Environmental impact plan, 858–859 control, 911, 946, 960, 961, 978, 1883, Environmental impact statement (EIS), 817, 1966, 2142 852–854, 860, 2023–2025, 2038, glacial, 1508 2072 mitigation, 1133 Environmental indicators, 1763 net, 1215 Environmental law, 503, 507, 508, 510, 522, offsite wind, 896 810, 853, 859, 870, 880 protection, 327, 329 Environmental Liability, 822 regulation, 1078, 1132–1133 Environmentally harmful subsidies, 2143, 2145 risk of genetic, 2074 Environmental monitoring, 577, 585, river, 1511 1770, 1771 sedimentation, 1121, 1133, 1645 Environmental planning, 1954, 2088–2089 shoreline, 604 Environmental policy, 728, 842, 853, 859, 2145 soil, 896, 898, 964, 1014, Environmental Programme for the Danube 1234, 1308 River Basin (EPDRB), 546, 547 in upland areas, 1273 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 814, wetland resource, 415, 1018 865, 885, 952 Esch-Belval project, 503 Environmental Protection Bureau (EPB), 853 Escherichia coli, 1304 Environmental receptors, 1303 Esiribi Lake, 1408 Environmental/reverse auctions, 2145 Essex sites, 919 Environmental risk, 640, 939, 1288 Estuaries, 9, 203, 210, 212, 218, 223–225, 229, Environmental sieve model, 20, 28 328, 344, 453, 584, 628, 772, 790, of succession, 36–41 797–799, 803, 817, 920, 1049, 1106, Environmental standards, 1763, 1792, 2026, 1107, 1207, 1214–1216, 1218, 1235, 2027, 2091 1249, 1287, 1392, 1463, 1467, 1503, Environment Canada, 766, 1579 1508–1512, 1531, 1535, 1537, 1799 Environment Management Group (EMG), 434, bar-built estuaries, 1510–1511 444, 446, 447 barrier beaches, 1511 Environment Protection and Biodiversity coastal plain estuaries, 1510 Conservation Act (EPBC Act), 564, complex estuaries, 1511 565, 761, 852 definition, 1508 Eorhiza arnoldii, 399 delta, 1512 Epidermis, 364, 365, 367, 368, 396, 402, 405 embayments, 1512 Epilobium hirsutum, 1915 fjards, 1508, 1510 Index of Keywords 2189

linear shore systems, 1512 1163, 1171, 1179, 1182–1183, 1208, rias, 1510 1210, 1273, 1388, 1488, 1518, 1557, types of, 1507–1512 1745, 1751, 1754 Estuarine ecosystems, 1051, 1535, Africa, 603 1537, 1814 Asia, 604 eThekwini catchment, 1431 Australia, 604 Ethiopia, 1023–1024 cooling effect, 1224–1226 Ethylene (C2H4), 303, 378, 385, 386, 390 Europe, 602 EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020, 823 North and Central America, 602 Eucalyptus Russia, 602 E. camaldulensis, 1041 South America, 602–603 E. coolabah, 1041 Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA), 245–246 E. largiflorens, 1041 Everglades Protection Area, 245, 257 E. rudis, 1498 Everglades Stormwater Treatment Areas Eudicots, 365, 366, 368, 370–372 (STAs), see Stormwater Treatment Euro-Asia Crust, 802 Areas (STAs) European Space Agency (ESA), 1590, Exodermis, 364, 365, 367, 368, 370, 371, 393 1605, 1634 Expanded Public Works Programme (EPWP), Data User Element Permafrost (DUE 692, 693, 696, 974 Permafrost), 1636 Expansigeny, 366 GlobWetland projects, 1699–1704 Expected damage function approach, 2164 European Union, 91, 462, 508, 521, 548, Experiential learning, 1938 584–586, 588, 738, 741, 822, 823, Expert Groups (EG), 548 858, 865–867, 1193, 1263, 1726, Externalities, 960, 986, 1304, 2142, 2143 1888, 1912, 1918, 2021, 2087, 2094, Externalization, 908, 960 2143 Extinction, 40, 84, 93, 109, 134, 138, 142–145, European Union Birds Directive, 508, 580, 822, 482, 496, 601, 603, 606, 624, 649, 844, 909, 1429, 1918 650, 666, 672, 773, 855, 860, 1089, The European Union Birds Directive (2009/ 1157, 2032 147/EC), 508 Extractible materials, 1006 European Union Habitats Directives Annex Extreme events, 338, 415, 447, 562, 604, 796, 1 (92/43/EC), 508 1211, 1290 European Union Natura 2000, 582 biogeographical regions, 581 bird sites, 580 F habitat sites, 580 FAPS, see Functional Assessment Procedures The European Union Water Framework (FAPS) Directive (2000/60/EC), 508, Farm Bill, 876, 973 583–589 Farmer benefits, 898 Eutrophication, 168, 170, 171, 213, 292, 294, Farming, 229, 730, 922, 927, 928, 942, 965, 358, 910, 1051, 1131, 1132, 1146, 1015, 1406 1222, 1286, 1290, 1308, 1322, 1323, in Catskills, 967 1439, 1440, 1443, 1662, 1984, 2162 community, 527, 1387, 1765 EU Water Framework Directive (WFD), 548, drainable swamps, 1464 583–589, 911, 919, 1399, 1429, extensive farming practices, 966 1764, 2162 fewer farming-related jobs, 898 Evaporation, 91, 206, 209, 219, 235, 604, 796, fish, 721, 1978, 2163 943, 1106, 1108, 1115, 1120, 1171, flood recession, 1022, 1023 1179, 1210, 1270, 1272, 1455, 1559, input-intensive irrigated farming systems, 1668, 1745, 1773, 1774 1022 Evapotranspiration (ET), 91, 209, 210, 219, intensive livestock, 423, 1131 220, 227, 234, 236, 237, 239, 240, irrigation, 902, 1022 250, 256, 260, 317, 381, 602, 1162, labor-intensive farming practices, 61, 154 2190 Index of Keywords

Farming (cont.) Fertilizer, 49, 50, 174, 273, 291, 319, 320, 344, landscapes, 1310 642, 721, 855, 927, 1085, 1098, livestock, 1099, 1978 1121, 1131, 1132, 1439, 1449, 1450, low-yielding flood recession systems, 1022 1734, 1757, 1978, 1980, 1981, 2012, mixed farming landscapes, 1018 2163 paddy field, 1030, 1031 Fiber, 316, 321, 324, 327, 328, 331, 357, 422, paradigm, 1001 730, 796, 960, 998, 1000, 1006, rice paddy, 1030 1044–1045, 1082, 1084, 1114, 1129, and river ecosystem benefits, 927 1138, 1336, 1428, 1443, 1450, 1715, sectors, 1381 1882, 1966, 2113, 2134 shrimp, 1631, 2113, 2164–2165 Field experiments, 1992, 1995, 1996 traditional flood recession farming system, Fimbristylis, 32 1022 Financial incentives, 868, 874, 898, 945–948, and urban development, 594 991, 992, 1230 water-sensitive practices, 847 Financial resources, 494, 497, 693, 811, 887, Farm Service Agency (FSA), 897, 898 948, 956, 978, 1373, 2144 Favourable conservation status (FCS), 1888, Fire, 23, 44, 59, 130, 166, 343, 603–604, 709, 1889, 1896, 1913–1915 1018, 1198, 1201, 1223, 1230, 1526, concept, 1912 1620, 1656, 1908, 1915 definition of, 1912 adverse climate impacts, 1130 features, 1912 bog, 1905, 1915 and management objectives, 1912–1916 climate change, 603–604, 1130 Federal agencies, 738, 814, 815, 817, 884, 948, in Borneo Peatlands, 65–71 984, 1473, 1556, 2056 firewood, 1115–1116, 1232 Federal authority, 815, 818 forest, 343, 1655 Federal Clean Water Act, 890, 1473, 1474 management, 673, 708 Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC), peat, 1197–1201, 1654–1656 1471, 1547, 1553, 1556 peat drainage, 1649, 1652 Federal government, 563, 564, 566, 752, susceptibility monitoring, 1653, 1655 760–762, 766, 767, 815, 890, 947, uncontrolled human-induced, 1652 954, 975, 982, 984, 1263, 1478, Fire damaged peat, 68 1578, 1730, 1807 Fisheries, 166, 415, 418, 495, 558, 617, 657, Federal policy, 760–762, 766–768, 668, 674, 684, 713, 739, 772, 803, 1733, 1782 845, 903, 913, 919, 920, 935, 960, Federal-Provincial Committee on Land Use 961, 999, 1000, 1012, 1023, 1027, (FPCLU), 766 1053–1057, 1059–1065, Federal regulation in Canada, 866 1068–1072, 1099, 1117, 1131, 1145, Federal Wetland Policy, 761 1199, 1203, 1232, 1233, 1251, 1297, conservation, 766–767 1299, 1340, 1343, 1346, 1347, 1430, evolution of, 766 1660, 1686, 1687, 1781, 1814, 1840, state-level action, 768 1883, 1960, 1967, 2113, 2143, 2164 strategies, 767–768 Atlantic salmon, 1076 Fens, 10, 168, 204, 287, 398, 400, 414, 768, economic value, 1077 1223, 1271, 1422, 1423, 1449, 1474, ecosystem, 1049 1517–1518, 1521, 1531, 1679–1683, freshwater angling, 1077 1764–1765, 1830 integrating nature conservation, calcareous, 1745, 1754 1048–1050 peatlands, 279 Sea trout, 1076 phosphorus concentrations, 1322–1324 Tonle Sap lake restoration, 1325–1326 and agriculture, 1070, 1071 (see also Minerotrophic peatlands) management, 1071 Feral cattle (Bos indicus) graze, 60 wider pressures, 1051 Fermentation, 268, 270, 281, 378, 1099 wild capture, 1050 Index of Keywords 2191

Fisheries Resource Management Plan (FRMP), control, 155, 171, 327, 329, 448, 558, 752, 1064 846, 874, 979, 984, 1161, 1207, Fish farms, 1294, 1296, 1573 1265, 1283, 1331, 1381, 1386, 1731, Fishing, 153, 171, 484, 539, 657, 702, 720, 721, 1918, 1966, 1967, 1999, 2010, 2020, 730, 731, 786, 790, 898, 1057, 1131, 2048, 2113, 2128, 2152 1142, 1232, 1240, 1338, 1339, 1364, defense, 846, 918, 921, 1211, 1818, 2150 1367, 1403, 1406, 1408, 1872, 1890, fluvial flooding, 1262–1265 1919, 1921, 2130, 2142, 2143, 2161, Mississippi-Ohio-Missouri, 1281 2162 proofing, 1266 in Chilika, 1064 protection, 1246, 1247, 1882, 2166 coastal fishing communities, 1051 pulse-driven wetland systems, 1271 commercial, 919, 1071 recession agriculture, 1021–1024, 1031, communities, 1056 1034 customary regulations, 1410 regulation, 358, 766, 914, 918, 919, dependency, 1068, 1069 1231–1233, 1267, 2142 destructive methods, 1049, 1050 retreating crops, 1022, 1023 equipment and motorboat, 947, 1018 risk, 556, 804, 846, 910, 911, 918, 922, 964, Fishery Law, 1072 1078, 1133, 1209, 1211, 1431, freshwater coarse, 1076, 1077 1716–1718 game, 1076 San Pedro River, 82, 114 gears, 1117, 1340 soils, 300 methods, 1340, 1357, 1410 tidal swamps, 219, 226 in Papyrus wetlands, 1117, 1119 tolerant plants, 298 practices, 1048, 1068, 1072, 1337 warning systems, 1266 recreational, 919, 1351 wetland buffers, 153 techniques, 1118 Flood management, 786, 803, 846, 1002, 1049, traditional system, 1055 1069, 1209, 1279–1284, 1431, 1435, traps, 1114, 1115 1628, 1765, 1883, 2090 Fishing zone, 1049 catchment-scale management, 1264–1265 Fish ladders, 102 fluvial flooding, 1262 Fish survey data, 919 institutional issues, 1265–1266 Fixed-width approach, 154 interventions, 1262 Fjord, 1508–1510, 2161–2162 river and floodplain, 1262–1264 Flagship species, 730 Tonle Sap lake, 1069 FLATWOODS model, 239, 240 Floodplain, 29, 81, 91, 102, 126, 130, 135, 155, Floatant, 379 167, 171, 173, 204, 210, 213, 287, Floating aquatic vegetation species, 253, 260 469, 556, 695, 713, 715, 720, 817, Flood, 22, 29, 44, 81, 83, 102, 114, 118, 122, 868, 943, 1022, 1023, 1031, 1040, 126, 130, 131, 135, 137, 152, 155, 1045, 1055, 1130, 1144, 1209, 1222, 167, 204, 206, 215, 222, 224, 229, 1233, 1235, 1286–1288, 1408, 1454, 237, 274, 303–305, 324, 326, 331, 1466, 1472, 1474, 1476, 1485, 1571, 378, 379, 397, 399, 573, 577, 603, 1572, 1610, 1654, 1667, 1670, 1836, 695, 701, 786, 803, 886, 898, 908, 1841, 1844, 1850, 1852, 1862, 1870, 920, 921, 934, 946, 952, 960, 1035, 1998, 1999 1039, 1068, 1117, 1120, 1131, 1146, Alaskan, 26 1206, 1208, 1211, 1223, 1270, 1271, alluvial material, deposition of, 1447 1274, 1275, 1294, 1308–1310, 1472, Amazonian river, 1574 1488, 1511, 1570–1574, 1605, 1620, area, 1265 1624, 1626, 1666, 1667, 1674, 1686, Barotse, 2134 1692, 1706, 1751, 1784, 1818, 1820, communities and processes, 1815 1846, 1857, 1863 Curuai lake, 1689 abatement, 172, 175 ecological conditions, 1162 coastal defence solutions, 918 environmental watering, 1866–1867 2192 Index of Keywords

Floodplain (cont.) Flyways, 440, 534, 661, 671, 673, 1443 environments, 604 AEWA, 520 flat form, 226 Atlantic Mississippi, 660 forests, 1674 Central, 660 governance, Tonle Sap lake migratory bird, 7, 439, 824 biodiversity value, 1069 Pacific flyways, 660 fisheries and agriculture, 1070, 1071 waterbirds, 511–517 flood management, 1069 Fodder, 327, 328, 721, 1031, 1082, 1084, 1099, management challenges and 1100, 1115, 1116, 1338, 1381, 1386, opportunities, 1072 2160 grasslands, 1862 Foggara, 1342 high-integrity floodplain creek systems, 709 Foliage Projective Cover (FPC), 1642 infrastructures, 1866–1867 Folk medicine, 1098, 1100–1101 Kissimmee River, 2006 Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act landform, 1557 (FACTA), 817, 874, 875 Lippe River, 2057 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 446, in lower Brahmaputra, 1271 599, 682, 1332 management, 1262–1264, 1423 Food production, 352, 449, 552, 610, 632, 641, Mississippi River, 661, 1281–1282 778, 897, 903, 904, 908, 911, 998, Monte Alegre Lake floodplain region, 1688 1001, 1013, 1014, 1018, 1027, 1044, Murrumbidgee River, 566 1134, 1160, 1256, 1257, 1289, 1380, Pantanal and the Araguaia River, 603 1386, 1389, 1871, 1978, 1981, 2166 Pecatonica River, 173 Food security, 484, 494, 625, 634, 639, 657, re-creating, 701 666, 682, 713, 714, 846, 905, 908, restoration, 1266 1002, 1031, 1121, 1454, 1624, 1628, Senegal River, 1022, 1820 1960, 2075 Southwestern riparian, 137 Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF), 616 species-rich meadow restoration, 1862 Forest Code, 1570, 1571 tidal swamps, 226 Forest degradation, see Reducing Emissions in Tonle Sap lake, 656–657 from Deforestation and Forest wetlands, 153, 239, 586, 943, 1133, 1145, Degradation (REDD+) 1163, 1208, 1262, 1274, 1743, 1814, Forest ecosystem, 126, 616, 617 1820, 1830 Forested ecosystems capture carbon, 1215 wet soils, 1448 Forested wetlands, 22, 93, 168, 298, 319, 327, Flood-pulsing Brazilian wetlands, 1572 379, 617, 880, 1168, 1207, 1235, Flood recession, 1034 1355, 1531, 1549, 1552, 1775, 1999 agriculture, 1021–1024, 1031 Formal and informal protocols, 844, farming, 1022–1024 847–848 Flood risk management, 804, 846, 910, 911, Formal processes, 866 920, 922, 934, 1231, 1262, 1263, CITES processes, 441 1284, 1764 environmental impact assessment, 852 Flora and fauna, 205, 245, 452, 532, 593, 706, integrated assessment, 1761 792, 1060, 1111, 1303, 1365, 1407, metapopulation, 142 1443, 1883, 1908, 1915 wetland education, 1365 Florida Everglades, 286, 292, 1969 Fort Lamy Convention, 542 Flow regime, 10, 96, 537, 1164, 1539, 1724, Fossil fuel, 68, 273, 293, 319, 904, 1652, 1908, 1764, 1814–1818, 1820, 1827, 1914, 1984, 2113 1836–1838, 1840, 1844, 1845, 1857, FQAI vegetation scores, 833 1858, 1871–1872, 1985, 2112 Fractional porosity (FP), 386–388 Flumes, 210 Fragmentation, 6, 84–86, 97, 102, 105–110, Fluvial flooding management, 1262–1264, 130, 134, 139, 146, 158, 484, 495, 1266 603, 990, 1101, 1157, 1410, 1443, Fluvisols, 1448 1781, 2035, 2099, 2103 Index of Keywords 2193

The Framework Convention for the Protection snails in, 1256, 1258, 1259 of National Minorities, 503 tidal influence, 226, 1558 Framework for integrated assessment and Fringe wetland, 204, 236, 1466 valuation of wetland services, 2122 Fuel, 69, 170, 286, 316, 321, 324, 327, 328, Frangula alnus, 1157 357, 415, 422, 721, 731, 904, 947, Freedom of choice, 848, 864 1044–1045, 1082, 1083, 1085, 1088, Free, prior and informed consent (FPIC), 1098, 1114–1116, 1392, 1450, 1652, 2078, 2081 1715, 1718, 1882, 1966, 2113, 2143, Free water surface constructed wetland (FWS 2164 CW) Function(s), 3–12, 19, 23, 91, 93, 102, 107, coal mine drainage, 1316 109, 143, 150, 153–155, 159, 161, macrophytes, 1314 162, 167, 178, 179, 188, 204, 206, nitrification/denitrification, 1314 211, 215, 235–237, 266, 282, 286, shallow basin, 1314, 1315 289, 292, 293, 299, 320, 321, 325, types of polluted water, 1315 326, 405, 414, 423, 474, 484, 496, water hyacinth, 1314 577, 598, 599, 644, 669, 684, 706, Frequency, 70, 81, 96, 114, 146, 160, 195, 205, 719, 722, 725, 773, 774, 779, 824, 206, 209, 218, 227, 253, 320, 398, 828, 829, 834, 855, 864, 866, 878, 405, 442, 463, 602, 604, 737, 952, 880, 885, 886, 891, 923, 927, 948, 1034, 1036, 1121, 1215, 1222, 1230, 956, 958, 1018, 1063, 1070, 1072, 1234, 1270, 1274, 1276, 1303, 1458, 1122, 1131, 1152, 1157, 1161, 1163, 1484, 1485, 1506, 1552, 1572, 1586, 1199, 1202, 1209, 1215, 1225, 1246, 1587, 1590, 1601, 1604, 1610, 1615, 1247, 1251, 1257, 1296, 1298, 1309, 1626, 1643, 1687, 1755, 1773, 1791, 1322, 1330, 1365, 1386, 1388, 1398, 1815, 1827, 1833, 1845, 1851, 1852, 1433, 1443, 1485, 1488, 1496, 1499, 1994, 2006, 2033, 2038, 2100, 2113 1526, 1596, 1597, 1600, 1637, 1717, data recording, 1753–1754 1720, 1721, 1734, 1736, 1742, 1743, flooding, 74, 224, 228–230, 1624, 1666, 1789, 1871, 1912, 1913, 1929, 1936, 1706, 1734 1978, 1979, 1993, 2010, 2014, 2020, hydrological regime, 1271, 1272 2039, 2046, 2048, 2054, 2069, 2074, local climatic conditions, 224 2114, 2146, 2154 of SAR, 1675 abiotic and biotic wetland, 1270 Freshwater, 74, 203, 213, 218, 220, 224–229, analysis, 2122 241, 270, 320, 358, 447, 537, 542, biodiversity, 1443 598, 600, 601, 603–605, 629, 635, biodiversity-ecosystem function, 1866, 654, 655, 703, 729–731, 796, 798, 1968, 1969, 1972, 1991–1996, 2113 799, 943, 946, 982, 1010, 1013, biological, chemical, and energy, 1484 1027, 1034, 1049, 1076, 1077, 1082, biophysical, 1760 1145, 1146, 1159, 1160, 1163, 1164, carrier, 286 1199, 1232, 1233, 1270, 1274, 1276, connectivity, 158 1286, 1294, 1299, 1308, 1322, 1323, conservation, 1107 1325, 1337, 1360, 1403, 1408–1410, core, 351 1439, 1440, 1454, 1466, 1497, 1512, eco-hydrological, 1274 1532, 1538, 1542, 1543, 1564, 1590, ecological, 287, 452, 456, 462, 464, 752, 1601, 1651, 1717, 1781, 1783, 1805, 779–781, 783, 803, 809, 824, 832, 1814, 1844, 1959, 1960, 1984, 2000, 840, 952, 965, 1325, 1485, 1851, 2004, 2150 2046, 2047, 2056, 2128 biodiversity, 798, 1088 economic, 965 coastal wetlands, 211 ecosystem, 81, 117–119, 321, 325, 617, habitat, 1088, 1552, 1732 628, 680, 870, 932, 938, 1114, 1270, marsh, 25, 30, 61, 244, 279, 288, 319, 1143, 1276, 1432, 1442, 1444, 1454, 1456, 1144, 1449, 1531, 2005 1761, 1974, 1992, 1994, 2159 medicinal plants, 1089 environmental, 874 2194 Index of Keywords

Function(s) (cont.) General Habitat Categories (GHCs), flood detention and food web support, 1331 1682–1683 food-web, 181 General permits, 865, 953 groundwater recharge, 2135 Genetic(s), 95, 97, 106, 159, 162, 188, 189, habitats and wider landscape-scale, 929 488, 639, 772, 998, 1018, 1082, hydrogeomorphic, 1485 1083, 1598, 2068, 2074–2075 hydrological, 213, 415, 462, 2165 connectivity, 184–186 hydrologic and water quality, 239 diversity, 184–186, 496, 855, 861, 1050, information, 286 1442, 1444, 1883, 2150 Nakivubo swamp, 2162, 2166 drift, 106, 185, 191–195 natural, 326, 1308 environmental impact assessment, 2074 nutrient cycling, 2013, 2014 landscape (see Landscape, genetic(s)) physico-chemical and biological functions, resources, 494, 505, 506, 753, 1045, 1309 2128, 2144 primary production, 316 source-sink dynamics, 160 production, 286, 1107 variation, 106, 184, 185 “production function” techniques, 2130, Genipa, 1092 2135, 2138, 2164 Geodiversity, 1442 regulation, 286 Geogenous, 1520–1522 riparian buffer zone, 152–154 Geographic displacement, 841 root, 301 Geographic information systems (GIS), 151, socioeconomic, 766, 767 184, 517, 628, 1070, 1274, 1471, stabilizing, 2113 1472, 1542, 1703, 1720, 1773, 1780, storm protection, 2166 1921, 1930, 1937, 2073 Technical Committee, 522–523 Geomorphic-hydrologic classification system, transfer, 2159 1466, 1499 wetland, 180, 294, 332, 422, 753, 842, 865, descriptors for landforms, 1496 867, 946, 1470, 1488, 1553, 1556, descriptors for water, 1496 1557, 1559–1561, 1731–1734, 1789, ecosystem structure and function, 1496 1798, 1998, 2010, 2054, 2068, 2163 emergent wetlands, 1493, 1495 Functional Assessment Procedures (FAPS) permanently inundated and seasonally application, 1735 inundated categories, 1494 challenges, 1736–1738 primary categories of wetlands, 1494 development, in Europe, 1734 sumpland, 1498 pathways, 1734, 1736 terrain-conforming wetlands, 1492 Functionally equivalent, 134, 828 vegetation formation, 1496 Fungi, 167, 266, 268, 280, 290, 396–407, 1045, Geomorphology, 9, 223–224, 227, 234, 1117, 1088, 1092, 2067, 2068 1150, 1466, 1467, 1495, 1499, 1502–1506, 1731, 1836, 1857, 1980 Geophysical methods, 1750 G Geo-political flyways, 513 Galapágos Marine Reserve, 729 Geospatial data layers, 1472, 1561 Gallinago gallinago, 719 Germany, 346, 351, 469, 470, 547, 865, 918, Game angling, 1076 1094, 1246, 1263, 1271, 1302, 1319, Gap dynamics, 82, 113, 125–126 1517, 1819, 1832, 2054, 2058, 2144 Garcinia, 1092 Danube Delta, 549 Gas exchange, 303, 311–312, 385, 390, 1222 Ems river basin, 589 GAWI guidelines, 1010, 1013–1016 heterogeneity, 180 GDW, see Groundwater dependent wetlands Platform’s Plenary, 350 (GDW) TEEB, 336 Gender equality, 624, 625, 634, 635, 639, 999 in wetland mitigation banking, 2056–2057 Gene flow, 84, 95, 97, 106, 160, 184–188, Germany’s 1976 Law of Nature Protection, 192–194, 2074 2056 Index of Keywords 2195

Ghana’s national wetland strategy, 785 history, 556 aim of, 787 levels of, 779, 799, 905, 2158 classification, 786 and policy, 1970–1971 implementation, 788 productive governance arrangements, 1382 principles in, 787 systemic management, 422–423 Gleason, H.A., 44 Tonle Sap Lake, 1068–1072 Gleasonian approach, 48 traditional community, 1060 Gleasonian succession, 19, 21, 44 water reforms, 1873 Gley soils, 1446, 1448 wetland restoration, 1970–1971 Gleysols, 1448 wetlands and river basin, 562, 566, 567 Glinus, 32 Government of Canada, 760, 766, 1579 G. oppositifolius, 33 Grain for Green, 964 Global climate change, 342–343, 358, 536, Grande Source, 965 1176, 1205–1211, 1290, 1451, Graphical model of riverine metacommunity 1553, 1887 dynamics, 136 Global climatological events, 225 Greater Mekong program, 654–655, 657 Global Conservation Fund (GCF), 655 Great Lakes, 166, 167, 171, 654, 817, 1055, Global Partnerships, 624, 626, 634, 641, 1071, 1272, 1558 647, 648 Eastern Africa, 1054, 1055 Global Rain Forest Mapping (GFRM) project, initiative, 661 1688 North America’s, 218 Global warming, 291, 342, 606, 1169–1172, Tonle Sap, 1068, 1621, 1692, 1693 1176, 1190, 1224, 1987 Water Quality, 593 Globe Awards, 724–726 Greek Biotope–Wetland Centre, 1343 GlobWetland indicators, 1702 Green belt, 804 GlobWetland projects, 1590, 1591, 1699–1703, Greenhouse effect, 1176, 1177 1707, 1708 Greenhouse gases (GHGs), 67, 68, 598–600, GlobWetland toolbox, 1700, 1703 611, 904, 919, 1031, 1168–1171, Glyceria 1177, 1186–1188, 1190, 1192–1194, G. acutiflora, 1169 1200, 1201, 1222–1226, 1288, 1624, G. maxima, 367, 1323, 1915, 1995 1628, 1989 Gnaphalium polycaulon, 33 Greenhouse gas regulation, 1221–1227 Good governance, 617, 2061 Green infrastructure, 421, 823, 911, 932, 933, Goods and services, 286, 287, 289, 291–294, 1231, 1389, 1418 325, 326, 332, 617, 915, 992, 1006, Green Plan, 766 1233, 1449–1450, 1731, 1883, 1998, Gross primary production (GPP), 287, 316, 2100, 2128–2131, 2135, 2142, 2150, 317, 1169 2161 Ground heat flux, 1179 Goose, 288, 605 Groundwater, 84, 91, 109, 152, 204, 205, 209, Governance, 430, 448, 558, 617, 618, 633, 638, 211, 219, 220, 226, 234, 235, 239, 641, 642, 655, 666, 713–715, 731, 240, 270, 273, 324, 415, 533, 535, 736, 742, 902, 911, 968, 999, 1019, 546, 584–586, 602, 683, 829, 831, 1381, 1435, 1844, 2000, 2062, 2079, 834, 896, 946, 1006, 1010, 1024, 2081, 2110–2113, 2142 1121, 1128, 1130, 1144, 1145, 1154, Ecosystem Services Partnership, 346 1162, 1170, 1199, 1208, 1271, 1272, environmental, 713 1275, 1303, 1308, 1309, 1386, 1387, financial and technical assistance, 1783 1446, 1448, 1449, 1466, 1472, 1484, fisheries, 1064 1485, 1488, 1492, 1502, 1516–1518, floodplain, 1068–1071 1520, 1557, 1743, 1745, 1746, 1751, formal and informal, 984 1752, 1757, 1774, 1863, 1870, 2004 global, 432 abstraction, 926, 1146, 1150, 1151, 1748, good, 2061 1789, 1830 groundwater, 683 interactions, 227, 1558 2196 Index of Keywords

Groundwater (cont.) Habitats directive, 580, 581, 822, 844, 909, interception of, 267 921, 984, 1050, 1429, 1517, 1714, pumping, 214, 215 1788, 1912, 1918 recharge, 152, 153, 155, 236, 237, 874, 972, Habitat Suitability Curves (HSCs), 1831, 1832 1163, 1164, 1210, 1270, 1274, 1296, Hadejia-Nguru system, 1163 1754, 1774, 2034, 2135 Hammarbya paludosa, 1944 resources, 447, 547, 1152, 1153, 1164, Hand augers, 1448, 1748, 1750, 1752 1211, 1381 Haplotelmic, 1522 supplies, 1163–1164 Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research terrestrial ecosystems, 588 Centre, 1952 Groundwater dependent wetlands (GDW) Harvesting of helophytes, 1324, 1326 adaptation to change, 1152 Hay Wain, 1418, 1422 adaptive approach, 1151 Hazard-pathway-receptor model, 1303 conceptual models, 1151–1152 Hazards, see Natural hazard regulation future challenges, 1153–1154 Health Impact Assessment (HIA), 2021, integrated management, 1151 2065–2070, 2078 management, 1150 Heartland Heritage and Habitat Initiative, 661 monitoring, 1152 Heat fluxes, 1179, 1182, 1225 social learning processes, 1150 Hedonic pricing method(s), 1419, 2135, 2136 Groundwater outflow (Go), 219 Heliotropium, 32 Grus antigone, 720 Helophytes, 1323, 1324, 1326 Guadalquivir Estuary, 1143–1145 Helsinki Convention, 535 Guadiamar River, 1142–1144 Hemiadelphis polysperma, 33 Guidelines on Agriculture and Wetland Hemicellulose, 268, 289, 402 Interactions (GAWI), 1001, 1010, Herbaceous plants, 287, 289, 318, 365, 402, 1013–1014, 1016 1093–1094, 1188 Gulf Coast Initiative, 661 dicotyledonous plants, 364, 1093–1094 Gunnera, 371, 372 vegetation classes, 1691–1696 G. flavida, 373 Herbal remedies, 1089 G. magellanica, 365, 372 Herbivory, 23, 25, 30, 40, 49–50, 56, 119, 406, G. perpensa, 1094 407, 515, 832, 1092, 1438, 1841, 1974 Heritage management, 1392, 1393 H Heterogeneity, 6, 80–83, 86, 113, 125, 130, Habenaria, 400 144–146, 155, 177–181, 986, 1162, Habitat banking, 883–887, 2144, 2146 1183, 1351, 1457, 1574, 1639, 1675, Habitat buffers, 110, 155 1805, 1818, 2012 Habitat conservation, 526, 527, 660, 884, 978, challenges, 181 979, 989, 992, 1018 effects of, 180 Habitat creation, 718–719, 896, 918 riparian landscape, 82 Habitat fragmentation, 108–110, 990, 1443, 1781 sources, 180 Habitat Fund, 977–979 spatial, 81–83, 178, 180, 1183, 1805 Habitat heterogeneity, 144, 146, 178, 180, 181 temporal, 80, 179, 180 factors, 144 terrestrial matrix, 144 role of, 145 vertical, 178 Habitat modelling, 1830–1832 Heterotrophic denitrification, 1986 environmental variables, 1830, 1831 Heterozygosity, 185, 192–193 fuzzy habitat models, 1833 Hierarchy theory, 83 and PHABSIM, 1830–1832 High peat formation, 1650 salmonid fish species, 1830 Himantopus himantopus, 1107 wetland environments, 1830 Hippocamelus bisulcus, 773 Habitat patch, 101, 108, 130, 143, 144, 146, Hippocrates, 1338 158, 161, 173, 1818 Hirudo medicinalis, 1094 Index of Keywords 2197

Histosols, 1448, 1475, 1476, 1479 Hydrogenetics, 1520–1522 Hochmoor, 1517 Hydrogeology, 1151, 1742, 1746 Hold the Line’ scenario, 921, 1233 Hydrogeomorphic Units (HGMUs), 1466, 1734 Holistic Basin-wide strategic planning, 1840 Hydrogeomorphic (HGM) wetland, Holy wells, 1418 1483–1488, 1556 Hong Kong Wetland Park, 1369 allocation of wetland, 1486 Horizontal flow constructed wetlands approach, 1485, 1538, 1733, 1734 (HF CWs), 1315–1317 Brinson approach, 1485–1488 aerobic, anoxic and anaerobic zones, 1315 descriptors, 1466, 1556 crushed rock, 1315, 1317 geomorphic setting, 1466, 1484–1488 municipal sewage, 1315, 1316 hydrodynamics, 1485, 1486, 1488 nitrification/denitrification, 1314, 1316, multiphase nomenclature, 1488 1317, 1319 principles and objectives, of, 1484 wastewater, 1315, 1316 unit, 1466, 1734 House Bill (HB) 1437 Agriculture Water water source, 1485–1488 Conservation Program, 822 Hydrograph, 179, 206, 207, 225, 235, 1815, Human alteration, 214–215 1866 Human disturbance, 18, 832, 1107, 1727 Hydrolea zeylanica, 33 Human impacts, 6, 294, 484, 542, 709, 1273, Hydrologic Simulation Program-Fortran 1392, 1450, 1574, 1631–1634, 1805, (HSPF), 239 1808, 1969 Hydrology, 6, 114, 204, 214–215, 320, Human rights, 2078, 2079, 2081 1258, 2011 Humber Estuary, 910, 921 assessment, 684, 1717, 1741–1758 Humification, 268 classification, 1845 Hunter Estuary Shorebird Protection Program, coastal wetlands, 217–230 708 cycles, 586, 588, 1162, 1164, 1176, 1182, Hunters, 528, 660, 706, 708, 817, 978, 979, 1206, 1222, 1653, 1674, 1688, 2113 1920, 1971 definition, 235 Hunting, 484, 514, 526, 534, 576, 660–662, descriptors, 204–205 730, 786, 790, 817, 898, 946, 978, desktop methods, 1856 979, 1099, 1115, 1117, 1142, 1157, exchanges, 209–213 1256, 1337–1339, 1342, 1890, 1919, atmosphere, 209–210 1921, 2112, 2162 functioning, 415, 462, 464, 538, 542, 1133, Hurricane Katrina, 28, 1233 1162, 1210, 1225, 1262, 1274, 1742, Hybrid constructed wetlands, 1319 1743, 1746, 1758, 1765, 1788, 2165 Hybrid designs, 1251 health benefits, 2067–2068 Hydrarch succession, 19 modelling, 6, 233–241, 1164, 1274, Hydraulic civilization, 1386 1844, 1952 Hydraulic habitat models, 1833 model types, 238 Hydraulic loading rate (HLR), 257, 259 modification, 171, 1232, 1631–1634, 1674 Hydric mineral soil, 1476 properties, 1160, 1162 Hydric soils, 9, 378, 737, 828, 834, 1474–1476, regime assessment, 1271–1272 1478, 1480, 1548, 1572 regime of wetland (see Water regime, Hydric soil indicators, 1474, 1476, 1572 wetland) Hydrilla, 33, 253 restoration, 215–216 H. verticillata, 33, 253 role, 792 Hydrocharis morsus-ranae, 1156 services, 1138, 1205–1211 Hydrodynamics, 211, 1063, 1132, 1160, 1485, simulation, 237–240, 1840, 1841 1486, 1488, 1535, 1868 wetland hydrology indicators, 1474, Hydroecological relationships, 1844 1476–1478, 1480 Hydro-environmental Supporting Conditions zones, tidal wetlands, 218, 228, 236 (HSCs), 1745–1746 Hydrolysis, 268 Hydrogenetic mire types, 1520, 1521 Hydromorphic soils, 1446, 1573 2198 Index of Keywords

Hydromorphology, 587, 1519–1522, Indian classifications, 1564–1565 1524–1526 aquatic vegetation, 1564 Hydropattern, 205–209, 213, 1270 hydrological regime, 1564 Hydrophilous pollination, 1156 saline and freshwater types, 1564 Hydrophily, 1156 Indian Ocean tsunami of December 2004, 1234, Hydrophytes, 298, 380, 400, 1257, 1240, 1241, 2000 1548, 1573 Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration (IHA), Hydrophytic vegetation, 9, 737, 768, 1816, 1851, 1852, 1857 1473–1478, 1480, 1534 software, 1857 Hydropower dams, 654, 1840, 1859 Indicators, wetland, 137, 1471, 1478–1479, Hydropower generation, 904, 1819 1481, 1700, 1703 Hygrochloa, 32 aerial photographs, 9, 40, 1472–1473, 1547 Hymenachne, 32 field indicators, 1473 Hymenoclea sp., 130 hydric soil, 9, 1475–1476, 1478, 1480 Hyperspectral data, 1589, 1598 hydrology, 1476–1478, 1480 Hypocalymma angustifolia, 1498 hydrophytic vegetation, 1473–1475 Hypodermis, 364, 365, 368, 402 Indigenous Maori landowners, 967 Hypothetical markets, 2121, Indigenous peoples, 356, 417, 456, 562, 567, 2136, 2137 628, 644, 741, 761, 774, 775, 1343, 1345, 1399, 1409, 1410, 2061, 2078 Indigenous spiritualties, 1355, 1407, I 1409–1410 Ikhathazo, 1094 Individualistic concept, 44 Impact analysis and assessment, 859, 2024, Individual permits, 739, 865, 866, 953 2072 Indus River, 416, 551–554 ecosystem, 2075 Indus Waters Treaty, 553–554 genetic studies, 2074 location, 552 practical lessons, 2072–2074 Industrial installations, 1336, 1337 species, 2074 Informal education, 328, 329, 1355, 1360, tasks, 2072 (see also Human impacts) 1361, 1364–1367 Impacts and Benefits Agreement (IBA), 2081 Informal Forestry Sector and Sub-National Implementation plan, 446, 528, 755, 761, 782, Integration, 618 1201, 2110 Information and Knowledge Management Incentives, 8, 326, 337, 423, 495, 506, 599, (IKM), 446 616, 618, 669, 683, 721, 736, 740, Information exchange, 346, 515, 534, 1953 741, 743, 753, 754, 787, 811, 844, InforMEA, 446 847, 848, 864, 867, 868, 874, 876, Infrared region, 9, 1586, 1600, 1604 880, 896, 898, 907–915, 927, Inherent optical properties (IOPs), 1596 945–948, 960, 965–968, 972, 974, Initial floristics, 20, 26, 44, 50, 51 975, 985, 986, 988, 991, 992, 1000, Inland aquatic ecosystems, 1534, 1537–1543 1002, 1019, 1023, 1057, 1072, 1084, HGM units, 1538–1541 1085, 1095, 1211, 1230, 1233, 1266, hydroperiod and inundation depth-class 1432, 1606, 1919, 1999, 2000 categories, 1542 developing countries, 600, 611 primary HGM types, 1539, 1540 economics, 8, 847, 874, 907–915, 966, Inland fisheries, Africa 1085, 1233, 1999 Congo Basin, 1054, 1055 financial, 868, 874, 898, 945–948, 991, 992, Great Lakes, 1055 1230 ichthyological provinces, 1054 Inclusive management planning, 1924–1926 value and characteristics, 1055–1057 Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI), 832, 1761 Zambezi River system, 1055 India Inland wetlands, 236, 273, 327, 331, 338, 440, Indus River Basin, 551–554 453, 602, 786, 909, 1207, 1235, wetland classification, 1563–1566 1270, 1271, 1273, 1484, 1492, 1493, Index of Keywords 2199

1499, 1530, 1538, 1539, 1553, Integrated Water Resource Management 1564–1566, 1571, 1573, 1574 (IWRM), 10, 479, 535, 713, 999, In-lieu fee (ILF), 740, 880, 887, 955–958, 1365, 1814, 1869–1873, 1959, 2152 2054, 2055 approach, 1870, 1959 concept, 956 environmental flows integration, future challenges, 958 1872–1873 mitigation, 887 gross domestic product, 1870 process, 956 limitation, 1871–1872 role, 956–957 water allocation, 1870, 1871 Inorganic (mineral) soils, 68, 279, 1132, Integrity, 9, 422, 496, 577, 666, 702, 709, 783, 1446–1449, 1466, 1475, 1476, 1479, 787, 816, 832, 848, 865, 890, 922, 1485, 1486, 1525, 1531, 1532 946, 948, 978, 983, 998, 1000, 1001, Institutional issues, wetlands, 1010, 1011, 1016, 1018, 1046, 1049, 1265–1266 1051, 1114, 1138, 1160, 1233, 1249, Instream Flow Incremental Methodology 1394, 1398, 1399, 1411, 1428, 1433, (IFIM), 1830 1443, 1454, 1456, 1573, 1720, 1724, Integrated assessment, 1717, 1718, 1759–1765, 1726, 1727, 1761, 1771, 1784, 1788, 2087, 2095, 2122 1805, 1807, 1814, 1815, 1841, 1870, process, 1762–1763 2073, 2114, 2151, 2164 South Lincolnshire Fens and River Glen Intensive livestock farming, 1131 Catchment, 1764–1765 Interagency Review Team (IRT), 884 types of, 1761 Interferometric SAR (InSAR), 1615, Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM), 1621, 1643 358, 456, 479, 534, 628, 1242, Intergovernmental agreement, 435 1402, 2152 Intergovernmental cooperation, Integrated constructed wetlands (ICWs), 911, 635, 757 932, 934–935, 1131, 1301–1304, Intergovernmental Panel for Biodiversity and 1309 Ecosystem Services (IPBES), biodiversity enhancement, 1302, 1304 349–352 concept, 1302 concept, 351, 352 costs, 1303, 1304 framework, 351, 352 efficacy, 1302 history, 349–350 environmental receptors, 1303 outcomes, 350, 351 Glaslough system, 1304 Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change guidance document, 1303 (IPCC), 31, 598, 600, 606, 609–613, hazard-pathway-receptor model, 1303 616, 1177, 1188, 1192, 1194, 1209, landscape fit, 934, 1302 1217, 1225, 1987, 1989 principal contaminants, 1303 Intergovernmental science-policy platform risk-based assessment, 1303 on biodiversity and ecosystem water-vectored pollutants, 1303, 1304 services (IPBES), 6, 324, 331, Integrated Framework for Wetland Inventory, 349–352, 446, 449 Assessment and Monitoring Internalisation, wetland value, ecosystem (IF-WIAM), 456, 600, 628 services, 913–914 Integrated management, 7, 479, 533, 627, 750, International agreement, 416, 502, 507, 535, 751, 1065, 1131, 1150–1151, 562, 563, 567, 576, 612, 626, 635, 1296, 1330, 1345–1347, 1952, 796, 868, 1000 1958, 1960, 2151 International Association for Impact Integrated mapping, 1931 Assessment (IAIA), 852, 2020, Integrated resource recovery, 1294, 2025, 2026, 2092, 2093 1953, 1954 International Bog Day, 1423 Integrated river basin management, 479, International Commission for the Protection of 534, 1870 the Danube River (ICPDR), Integrated synusial phytosociology, 1519, 1520 546–550, 1264 2200 Index of Keywords

International cooperation, 443, 453, 454, 457, International Union for Conservation of Nature 462, 468, 482–484, 504, 511–517, (IUCN), 446, 522, 665–669, 1762, 520, 532–533, 535, 592, 612, 626, 2146, 2154 773, 775, 787, 892, 2040 history of, 666–667 CMS, 482–484 Ramsar Convention, 667 Ramsar Convention, 468 vision, 666 waterbird conservation, 512, 513, 516, 517 and wetlands, 668–669 International Council for Bird Preservation World Conservation Strategy of 1980, 667 (ICBP), 648, 649 International Water Management Institute International Court of Justice Statute, 504 (IWMI), 441, 681–685, 1012 International Crane Foundation (ICF), 8, history, 682–683 671–674 research, 683–684 breeding and rearing facilities, 672 vision, 682 conservation action, 673 wetland research, 684 conservation leadership, 672, 673 International Whaling Commission (IWC), 442 ecosystems, watersheds, and flyways, 673 Intertidal, 218, 222, 227, 587, 588, 908, 915, local livelihoods, 673 918–922, 1132, 1192, 1207, 1216, policy and action, 674 1235, 1531, 1537, 1552, 1557, 1565, threats to crane populations, 1662 672–673 Inundated Wetlands Earth System Data Record Whooping Crane, 672, 673 (IW-ESDR), 1591, 1706, 1708 International Environmental Governance (IEG) Inundation, 74, 179, 204–206, 218–220, reform, 434 224–226, 239, 267, 293, 320, 437, International framework, 5, 7, 502, 505–507 604, 1022, 1023, 1084, 1130, 1162, International Law, 428, 430, 431, 502–505, 1208, 1211, 1215, 1270–1273, 1280, 507, 548, 742, 864, 892 1282, 1337, 1388, 1408, 1467, 1477, International Law on Domestic Wetland Law 1494, 1506, 1510, 1523, 1524, 1539, and Policy, 742 1540, 1542, 1552, 1557, 1572, 1574, International Mechanism of Scientific Expertise 1586–1591, 1600, 1605, 1609–1615, on Biodiversity (IMoSEB), 350 1619–1621, 1626, 1627, 1642, International non-government organization, 1666–1671, 1674, 1687–1689, 1706, 517, 644–645, 724, 725 1707, 1840, 1851, 1867, 1868, International organisation, 482, 547, 593, 624, 2010–2012, 2014, 2072 644, 666, 680, 688, 728, 779, 1377, Landsat sensors, 1610 1941, 2087 mapping and detection method, International organisation partners (IOP), 1610–1615 441, 462, 684, 724, 731, 775 Synthetic Aperture Radar, International Peat Society (IPS), 8, 675–680, 1611–1614 1521 Invertebrate disease vector management, activities, 677 1258–1259 collaboration and links, 680 Iowa State University Hydrologic Watershed congress, 677, 678 Model (ISUHM), 239 executive board, 676, 677 IPCC, see Intergovernmental Panel for Climate member services, 678 Change (IPCC) national committees, 676, 677 Ipomoea, 32, 721, 1085 principal aim, 676 I. aquatica, 33 publications, 677, 678 Iris pseudacorus, 368, 370 International projects, 714, 1109, 1590 Irrigation, 153, 214, 246, 272, 273, 319, International protocols, 847, 1429, 1431–1432, 326–328, 359, 539, 552, 559, 566, 1434 572–574, 577, 605, 682, 683, 731, International river basin, 545, 574 774, 802, 803, 905, 943, 984, 1006, The International Treaty on Plant Genetic 1012, 1022, 1024, 1037, 1044, 1082, Resources (ITPGR), 429, 435, 441 1115, 1117, 1118, 1131, 1145, 1161, Index of Keywords 2201

1208, 1259, 1271, 1330, 1338, 1386, Kyoto and Carbon (K&C) Initiative, 1590, 1388, 1408, 1423, 1532, 1692, 1764, 1591, 1636, 1698, 1703–1706, 1708 1819, 1820, 1920, 2020, 2113, 2145 Kyoto Protocol, 429, 610, 612, 1186, 1192, 1201 Everglades Agricultural Area, 246 groundwater storage, 153 International Water Management Institute, L 682, 683 Labrador tea, 402, 403, 1094 tank-based, 1386 Lacustrine settlements, 1337 Isoetes, 32, 390 La Doñana, 1409, 1411, 1412 Isolated wetlands, 90, 109, 180, 815, 953, Laggera aurita, 33 954, 1557 Lagoons, 171, 274, 328, 418, 601, 790, 802, IUCN, see International Union for 942, 943, 1056, 1060, 1065, 1098, Conservation of Nature (IUCN) 1143–1145, 1207, 1234, 1235, 1246, IWMI, see International Water Management 1270, 1337, 1355, 1360, 1465, 1503, Institute (IWMI) 1510, 1511, 1531, 1565, 1572, 2137 Laguncularia, 380 Lake(s) J Burullus, common reed, 1097–1102, 1701 Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency energy production, 1101 (JAXA) K&C Initiative, 1590, 1591, fencing, thatching and matting, 1100 1636, 1698, 1703–1706, 1708 fodder, 1099 Japanese Earth Resources Satellite (JERS-1) folk medicine, 1100–1101 SAR, 1589–1591, 1605, 1620, 1633, geographical map, 1099 1634, 1636, 1637, 1645, 1646, 1653, LandSat TM images, 1101, 1102 1654, 1676, 1687–1689, 1706 management, 1101 Japan International Cooperation Agency paper pulp production, 1101 (JICA), 1064 site characteristics, 1098–1099 Joint learning, 2088 uses of stems, 1101 Joint management, 534, 574, Chad, 8, 537–542, 1054 1013 basin commission, 541–542 Juncus chronological change, 539 J. effusus, 1915 drought, 539, 541 J. gerardii, 74, 225, 229 ecosystems, 539 J. roemerianus, 227, 229 hydrology, 539, 541, 542 Jurisdiction, 90, 431, 438, 482, 505, 507, 575, long-term rainfall, 541 618, 736, 742, 745, 746, 751, open water flooding, 540 753–755, 760, 762, 783, 815, 816, permanent and temporary swampland, 818, 823, 845, 853, 866, 868, 878, 539 879, 890, 938, 945, 983, 1200, 1399, Sahelian droughts, 539, 541 1430, 1472, 1476, 1578, 1579, 1733, temporary climatic change, 539 1856, 1954, 2028, 2068, 2111, 2113 Chilika, 418, 1059–1065, 1957–1960 Canada, 1578 assessment and monitoring, 1063–1064 U.S. wetland policy, 815 awareness generation campaigns, 1063 Justicia americana, 366, 367, 372 basin management, 1063 community led fisheries, 1064–1065 ecological restoration, 1060 K hydrological connectivity, 1060 Kakadu, 1409, 1644, 1645, 1668, 1669 integrated management planning, 1065 Kihansi River, 1819 location, 1060, 1061 Knowledge systems, 351, 1350, 1355, 1406 management plan, 1957–1960 Kobus leche, 1162 Guatavita, 1408 Kolkata, see East Kolkata Wetland (EKW) Kyoga, 1056 Krom River, 695 Mweru-Luapula River, 1056 2202 Index of Keywords

Lake(s) (cont.) disadvantage, 188 Skadar, 1409 diversity, 184–186 Titicaca, 1340, 1408 focus of, 184 Tonle Sap Lake, Cambodia, 654–657, issues, 188 1068–1072, 1620, 1621, 1692, 1693, methods, 93 1695 microsatellites, 184, 185 types, 1677, 1678 modeling, 186–188 Victoria, 1055, 1056, 1113–1122, 1131, Nei’s distance, 186 1132, 2162 straight-line network, 186 Lakebed cropping, 1033–1041 literature, 1289, 1423 benefits of, 1040 marshland people, 1422 ecological impacts, 1035–1040 outlaw, 1422 historical origin, 1034 pictures, 1422 Murray-Darling Basin, south-eastern scale changes, 166–168 Australia, 1034, 1035 components, 173 recommendations for management, Duck-Pensaukee Watershed Approach, 1040–1041 171, 172 types of, 1034–1035 restoration, 166, 168, 1998–1999 Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC), strategic wetland restoration, 168–171 541–542 wetland area, 166–167 Lamellae, 368, 370 wetland services, 167–168 Lamiaceae, 1088 silver gridiron, 1423 Land conversion, 358, 753, 1007, 2004, 2073, Land Surface Water Index (LSWI), 1626, 1627 2099, 2103 Land use, 62, 70, 81, 93, 96, 97, 154, 158, 167, Land Cover Classification Scheme (LCCS), 168, 172, 174, 261, 271, 289, 324, 1588, 1681–1683 348, 359, 415, 465, 528, 589, 599, taxonomy, 1681 603, 656, 673, 693, 694, 696, 721, Land retirement, 895–898, 964, 1018 722, 761, 766, 779, 782, 804, 832, Landsat sensors, 1586, 1588, 1604, 1610, 1620, 845, 847, 858, 896, 914, 961, 968, 1634, 1638, 1642, 1645, 1666, 985, 986, 988–991, 1001, 1002, 1668–1670 1016, 1030, 1129, 1132, 1142–1145, Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data, 1666 1150, 1152–1154, 1170, 1186, Landscape, 183–189, 191–196, 1303, 1191–1193, 1198, 1200–1203, 1230, 1417–1424 1232, 1233, 1236, 1247, 1262, 1266, aesthetics and wetlands, 1417–1424 1271, 1273, 1286, 1289, 1294, 1296, architects, 57, 1418, 1419 1298, 1308, 1382, 1386, 1414, 1430, connectivity, 90, 107–108, 146, 186–188 1433, 1473, 1476, 1485, 1591, cultural significance, 1423 1699–1701, 1708, 1716, 1720, 1731, dignity of labor, 1422, 1423 1743, 1747, 1751, 1764, 1782–1784, dreary landscapes, 1422 1836, 1894, 1978, 1981, 1998, 1999, ecology, 5, 6, 79–86, 184, 346, 978, 1780 2012, 2035, 2039, 2098, 2100, 2103, connectivity, 84, 90 2120, 2144, 2145, 2151–2153, disturbance, 81–83 2159–2161 fragmentation, 85 for agriculture, 1016–1017 human element, 85–86 definition of, 1485 scale, 83 ecological corridors, 804 scaling issues, 83 Groundwater-dependent wetlands, 1150 spatial heterogeneity, 81–83 licensing in USA, 952 spatial patterns, 81, 86 payments for ecosystem services, 8, 896, fit, 934, 1131, 1302 961, 968, 1433, 2144 genetic(s), 84, 86, 93, 183–189, 191–196 phosphorus, 271 chord distance, 186 spatial planning system, 804, 1430 connectivity, 184–186 Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) maps, 1699, 1700 Index of Keywords 2203

Lantana, 721 Lepironia, 673 Large scale, 5, 62, 66, 70, 106, 114, 126, 135, Leucojum aestivum, 365 137, 168, 261, 465, 527, 693, 695, Lhamo La-tso, see Oracle lake 701, 730, 778, 828, 1024, 1082, Liaison Group of Biodiversity-related 1083, 1117, 1193, 1198, 1233, 1288, Conventions (BLG), 445 1325, 1347, 1411, 1496, 1503, 1506, LibraryLink, 1931, 1932 1522, 1610, 1768, 1775–1776, 1973, License, 953, 1056, 1099, 1280, 1789–1791, 1978, 1979, 1981, 1999, 2086, 2101, 1863, 2025, 2027, 2028, 2069, 2152 2110, 2113, 2114, 2159 decisions, 2152 disturbances, 114, 126 wetland use in US, 952–953 ecological experiment, 828 Lidar data, 1615, 1643, 1735 flood pulse dispersal, 135 Life cycle costs, 935 monitoring, 1775–1776 Life expectancy, 36, 38, 57 wetland restoration project, 1973, 1981, Lifelong learning, 625, 634, 1361, 1362 1999 Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), 1587, Larix 1606, 1615, 1775 L. gmelinii, 1169 Lignin, 268, 269, 280, 289, 402 L. laricina, 404 Liminganlahti Bay Ramsar Site, 1366 Latent heat flux, 1179, 1182, 1225 Limits of acceptable change (LAC) system, Lates niloticus, 1055 1906 Law and policy, 5, 8, 10, 735–743 Limnophila indica, 33 challenges, 742–743 Limnothrissa, 1055 influence, 742 Limonium nashii, 74 legal implications, 736–737 Limosa limosa, 719 non-regulatory approaches, 740–741 Lincolnshire, 910, 1422, 1764–1765 regulatory approaches, 737–740 Lindernia parviflora, 33 Learning, 49, 52, 625, 634, 639, 799, 812, Lindisfarne Holy Island, 1409 1150–1152, 1343, 1365, 1366, 1373, Liparis loeselii, 1944 1399, 1588, 1769, 1858, 1878, 1898, Litter, 155, 209, 280, 282, 291, 308, 320, 399, 1899, 1937–1940, 1953, 2061, 2110, 414, 834, 1214, 1216, 1314, 1479, 2114, 2137 1974 life and educational services, 1359–1362 Littoral and Swamp Forests, 1564 managed realignment, 917–923 Livelihoods, 71, 171, 324, 338, 415, 462, 484, Least-cost models, 108 494, 496, 541, 562, 598, 633, 639, Lecane donyanaensis, 1142 650, 656, 657, 668, 673, 682–684, Ledum 693, 694, 702, 714, 720, 721, 729, L. groenlandicum, 402, 403 787, 796, 808, 811, 843, 844, 847, L. palustre, 1094 903–905, 914, 967, 974, 1010–1013, Leech, 1083, 1094, 1095 1016, 1017, 1023, 1024, 1026, Legal frameworks 1031–1032, 1048–1051, 1057, 1060, Mekong River Basin, 555–559 1063, 1064, 1068, 1076, 1082, 1084, North America, 591–594 1085, 1088, 1114, 1121, 1122, 1162, Okavango Delta, 571–578 1163, 1187, 1203, 1231, 1242, 1254, Ramsar Convention, 503–506, 535–536 1294, 1296, 1298, 1299, 1330, 1331, transnational and regional, 7, 501–510 1367, 1380, 1381, 1386, 1402–1404, Legal mechanisms, 460, 864 1610, 1624, 1644, 1717, 1718, Legislation 1760–1764, 1797, 1814, 1870, 1871, Clean Water Act, 865, 1733 1879, 1921, 1936, 1953, 1955, EU water framework, 584, 1399, 1429, 1958–1960, 2048, 2061, 2067, 2075, 2162 2112–2114, 2150, 2160, 2166 wetland law and policy, 736, 741, 742 cranes, 673 Lemna sp., 32, 253, 1314 The East Kolkata Wetlands, 1294, 1296, Lena River, wetland vegetation in, 1638–1640 1298, 1299, 1330 2204 Index of Keywords

Livelihoods (cont.) M fisherie, 1048 Macronutrients, 398 Lake Chilika, 1060, 1063, 1064, 1958, 1959 Macrophytes, 48, 61, 62, 202, 204, 261, 267, medicinal plants, 1088 271, 300, 832, 933, 1060, 1145, rice cultivation, 1031–1032 1146, 1297, 1314, 1317, 1326, 1537, wetland rehabilitation, 693, 694, 714 1587, 1589, 1669, 1688, 1692, 1695, Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust, 720, 721, 729 1696, 1724, 1764, 1830, 1994 Livestock, 153, 229, 417, 572, 575, 576, 639, definitions, 202 640, 684, 718, 774, 978, 1012, 1082, submerged, 1146, 1537 1084, 1094, 1099, 1115–1118, 1120, Macrotopes, 1525, 1526 1121, 1131, 1254–1256, 1258, 1259, Maidenia, 32 1303, 1308, 1310, 1381, 1386, 1840, Mainstreaming, 337, 495, 706, 753, 797, 2094, 1908, 1915, 1978, 2113, 2160, 2161 2120 fodder, 1082 Maintenance, 26, 86, 97, 106, 109, 146, 257, forage, 1099 260–261, 391, 416, 441, 453, 460, yard water, 1310 475, 478, 479, 506, 528, 534, 573, Living Lakes Initiative, 661 599, 606, 627, 682, 694, 696, 721, Living Planet Index, 731 750, 762, 767, 786, 867, 870, 912, Liza microlepis, 1063 926, 932, 934, 935, 973, 989, 990, Lobelia dortmanna, 391 1000, 1011, 1015, 1017, 1060, 1078, Local climate regimes, 1181, 1226 1092, 1108–1110, 1121, 1122, 1138, Local communities, 138, 139, 417, 418, 456, 1151, 1164, 1223, 1246, 1247, 496, 497, 559, 575, 576, 618, 628, 1250–1251, 1269–1276, 1281, 1289, 642–644, 646, 656, 657, 661, 673, 1304, 1319, 1342, 1346, 1355, 1357, 702, 713, 720, 741, 754, 775, 786, 1387, 1419, 1428, 1450, 1455, 1484, 787, 1063, 1076, 1107, 1150, 1231, 1495, 1559, 1572–1574, 1791, 1814, 1234, 1263, 1284, 1298, 1347, 1348, 1836, 1837, 1870, 1878, 1883, 1884, 1350, 1356, 1364, 1366, 1377, 1378, 1886, 1908, 1912, 1915, 1944, 1947, 1399, 1402, 1403, 1406, 1413, 1687, 1967, 2034–2036, 2048, 2058, 2094, 1734, 1799, 1879, 1881, 1937, 1953, 2100, 2102, 2128, 2136, 2143, 2161, 1958, 1959, 1970, 1999, 2000, 2020, 2164 2034, 2044, 2048, 2061, 2073, 2100, coastal wetlands, 1250–1251 2150 hydrological regimes, 1269–1276 economic incentives, 1999–2000 no net loss of wetlands, 823, 828 management plan, 1953 riparian buffer zone, 154–155 nongovernmental organizations, 644, 661 stormwater treatment areas, 260–261 Local species pool, 2007 Major diseases, 640 London Wetland Centre, 1360 Maloti Drakensberg Transfrontier Project, 967 Longwave radiation, 1177 Managed realignment, 909, 910, 917–923 Loss of wetlands, 109, 151, 293, 358, 452, 460, Management planning, 10, 586, 588, 706, 1164, 464, 505, 602, 605, 629, 767, 818, 1298–1299, 1347, 1365, 1399, 1879, 822–824, 828, 838, 840, 865, 878, 1884–1886, 1893–1901, 880, 885, 1007, 1121, 1138, 1160, 1917–1934, 1938, 1958, 1960, 2090, 1272, 1273, 1280, 1282, 1398, 1443, 2105, 2112 1579, 1782, 1788, 1967, 1998, 2046, adaptive management processes, 1887 2047, 2068, 2073, 2142 challenges, 418, 1298–1299 fl Low O2 escape syndrome (LOES), 390, 391 con icts in, 416 Loxodonta africana, 439, 483 description, 1880–1881 Ludwigia, 32, 301 drivers and approaches for, 416–417 L. perennis, 33 for ecosystem services, 415–416, 1017 Lymnocryptes minimus, 719 evaluation, 1881–1884 Lysigeny, aerenchyma, 366, 367 factors with limits, 1884–1885, 1889 Lythrum salicaria, 372 inclusive approach, 1924–1926 Index of Keywords 2205

managers, 417–418 Mapping, 708, 1471–1473, 1481, 1542, 1556, measurable objectives, 527, 1886–1889 1561, 1578, 1586, 1590–1591, 1604, and Millennium Development Goals, 633, 1699, 1703 641–642 broad habitat, 1725 for nature conservation detailed community, 1725 action plan, 1896, 1939, 1953–1955, inundation, 1587, 1600, 1605, 1960 1610–1615, 2072 features, 1164, 1298–1299, mangrove, 1589, 1642, 1645 1881–1884, 1896 regional to global wetland programs, information, 1881, 1896 1590–1591 objectives, 1896 rice, 1590, 1625–1627 planning process, 1895 wetland landscape, Pantanal of South principles, 1894–1895 America, 1674–1678 stakeholder involvement, 1895 Marine ecosystems, 342, 786, 914, 1160, 1186, performance indicators, 1888–1890, 1905 1193, 1217, 1218, 1440, 1535, 1660 plan contents and structure, 1879–1880 Marine products, 1060, 1064 policy and legislation, 1880 Marine Products Export Development preparation, 1879, 1920, 1921, 1924 Authority (MPEDA), 1064, 1065 quantified attributes with limits, 1889 Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) rationale, 1889–1890 certification scheme, 1000 SMART definition, 1886, 1887 Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP), 2151, 2152 system, 780–781 Market-based incentives, 864 vision, 1888 Market-based instruments (MBIs), 423, 824, work programmes, 1890 844, 846–847, 912–914, 1015, 1429, Managers and stakeholders, 1899, 1432–1434, 2142–2146, 2150 1925–1926 Market failure, 326, 332, 359, 846, Manalana wetland, 694 908–909, 911 Man & the Biosphere Programme, 1336 Market prices method, 805, 2130, 2134, 2142, Mangrove(s), 10, 91, 218, 230, 298, 331, 376, 2145, 2160, 2165 415, 453, 599, 601–604, 641, 642, Mark-recapture, 93, 96, 159, 160 669, 714, 786, 802, 909, 947, 972, Marsh 1083, 1157, 1168, 1169, 1186, 1207, freshwater, 25, 30, 38–40, 61, 244, 279, 1364, 1388, 1403, 1502, 1511, 1537, 287, 319, 1143, 1144, 1408, 1449, 1564, 1565, 1588, 1589, 1610, 1633, 1531, 2005 1634, 1650, 1660, 1695, 1706, 1708, restoration techniques, 2014–2015 1969, 2112, 2113, 2135, 2137, 2142, salt marshes, 60, 171, 180, 222, 224, 228, 2150, 2152, 2166 278, 279, 299, 319, 453, 599, 701, aboveground biomass of, 617, 1234, 1643 1107, 1169, 1185–1194, 1209, 1218, biophysical characteristics, 1642–1644 1246–1251, 1270, 1364, 1388, 1531, black, 75, 301, 379, 380, 1270 1578, 1830, 1969, 2013, 2014, 2150 changes, 1644–1646 Marsh Arabs, 171, 416, 1340, 1423 climate regulation, 1213–1218 Marsh Ecology Research Program (MERP), in combinations of dunes and dikes, 1250 39, 40 forests, 319, 320, 617, 1214–1217, 1234, Marshland, 171, 216, 1143–1146, 1355, 1411, 1240–1242, 1246–1251, 1644, 1646, 1422, 1979 2000, 2075, 2164 Marshland people, 1422 mapping extent, 1590, 1642 Mass effects model, 134–136 monitoring of, 1642, 1645 Matrix, 92, 93, 97, 108, 125, 126, 130, 138, red, 379, 380, 1092, 1643 144–146, 158, 170, 184, 1270, 1314, remote sensing, 1641–1646 1393, 1476, 1479, 1494, 1519–1522, restoration, 1241–1242 1600, 1639, 1939 robustness, 1249, 1251 Mauritius Strategy, 1402 Maori, 790, 967, 1366 Maximum sustainable yield, 855, 861, 999, 2032 2206 Index of Keywords

Mean high tide mark (MHW), 228 Melochia corchorifolia, 33 Mean low water (MLW), 228 Memorandum of Agreement (MOA), 885, 928 Measurements, 167, 205, 210, 211, 235, 236, 251, Memorandum of Cooperation (MoC), 436, 438, 254, 287, 600, 695, 1153, 1176, 1187, 440, 442, 1402 1188, 1190, 1209, 1215, 1225, 1226, Menyanthes trifoliata, 1093 1248, 1249, 1316, 1449, 1591, 1610, Mesotope, 1525, 1526 1626, 1724, 1727, 1750, 1752–1754, Metacommunity, 84, 133–139 1756, 1757, 1773, 1775, 1781, 1784, challenges, 136, 139 1808, 1819, 1904, 1989, 2011 definition, 134 compensatory mitigation, 885–886 lotic/instream riverine ecosystems, 136 compliance monitoring, 1791 models, 134–136, 139 GDW ecological processes, 1152 riparian landscapes, 135–139 hydraulic, 1831 Metapopulation, 84–85, 96, 107, 109, 141–146, photosynthetic, 307–312 158–162, 188, 196 primary production, 318–319, 321 approaches, 144 sea grasses, spectral measurement of, 1661 conservation implications, 146 soil moisture, 1774 dynamics, 141–146 MEaSUREs project, 1590, 1591, 1636, four conditions, 143 1706–1707 future challenges, 146 Measuring, Reporting & Verification (MRV), patch isolation, 144 616, 618, 1201, 1628 patch size, 144 Medicinal plants, 1087–1089, 1092–1095, theory, 84, 142, 144, 158 1115, 1116, 1203 Meteoric groundwater, 1517 biodiversity, 1088, 1089 Methane (CH4), 267, 268, 270, 272, 273, economic value, 1088, 1089 280–282, 291, 300, 343, 904, 919, freshwater habitats, 1088 1031, 1130, 1169, 1177, 1190, 1191, future aspects, 1089 1214, 1222, 1288, 1289, 1589, 1613, habitat loss and degradation, 1089 1624, 1689, 1707, 1994 (see also Traditional medicine) Methanogens, 270, 273, 281, 282, 291, 1191 Medicines, 8, 167, 328, 420, 640, 674, 677, Methanogenesis, 270, 273, 281, 282, 291, 1191 752, 796, 1018, 1045, 1088–1089, Methanotrophic bacteria, 282 1091–1095, 1098, 1100–1101, 1114, Methanotrophs, 270, 282 1381, 1443 Microbially mediated chemical Mediterranean wetland, 1356, 1700, 1702, 1703 transformations, 265–275, 300, 385 Meeboldina coangustus, 1498 biofilms, 267 Meeting of the Parties (MOP), 430, 440, 521, carbon cycling, 268–270 522 interception of groundwater, 267 Mega Rice Project (MRP) area, 68, 70 nitrogen cycling, 270–271 Mekong Agreement (1995) and the Mekong phosphorus cycle, 271–273 River Commission, 558 rhizosphere, 267 Mekong River basin, 555–559, 656, 720, sediment deposition, 266–267 1068–1070, 1620, 1621, 1692, 1704, sulfur cycling, 273–274 1807 wetting and drying, 267 history of transboundary management, Microsatellite, 184, 185, 193, 194 556–559 Microscale wetlands, 1504 location, 556 Microtopes, 1523–1526 Mekong works, 654–656 Microtopography, 204, 1523, 1908, 1915 alternatives, 655 Microtus oeconomus ssp. arenicola, 1944 hydropower impacts, 655 Microwave region, 9, 1587, 1595, 1596, Melaleuca, 1083, 1498 1600–1601 M. preissiana, 1498 Microwave sensors, 1586, 1605–1606 M. rhaphiophylla, 1498 Migration system, 512, 513 Melanosuchus, 1687 Migratory Bird Rule, 90 Index of Keywords 2207

Migratory species, 7, 356, 438, 482, 484, hydromorphology classification, 504–507, 509, 520, 535, 563, 580, 1520–1522 605, 773, 864, 905, 1049, 1883, 2033 minerotrophic, 1517 definitions, 438, 482 ombrotrophic, 1518 management of, 507 peat, 676, 678, 680 wild animals, 482, 505, 892 transition, 1944, 1947 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), 357, vegetation classification, 1519–1520 358, 447, 494, 623, 624, 629, Miscanthidium, 2162 632–633, 637–642, 902, 2087 Missing markets, 922 achievements of, 638, 642 Mississippi Delta ecosystem, 1233 wetland management and, 641 Mississippi Deltaic Plain (MDP), 1280, Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA), 6, 1282–1283 11, 106, 118, 121, 122, 324, 327, Mississippi-Ohio-Missouri (MOM), 1280–1283 330, 331, 350–352, 355–359, 448, Mississippi watershed, 1279–1284 453, 461, 472, 478, 479, 622, 629, Mitigation, 11, 70, 159, 161, 162, 170, 215, 632, 633, 753, 846, 847, 960, 984, 338, 359, 497, 616, 632, 695, 696, 998, 1001, 1006, 1010, 1011, 1016, 816, 818, 822, 824, 827–835, 845, 1044, 1045, 1082, 1128, 1129, 1138, 853, 855, 860, 870, 871, 878, 880, 1159, 1160, 1163, 1168, 1206, 1207, 903, 956, 957, 1154, 1182, 1209, 1230, 1286, 1308, 1350, 1351, 1354, 1226, 1230, 1394, 1556, 1624, 1628, 1428–1430, 1432, 1439, 1442, 1443, 1781, 1790, 1805, 1840, 1968, 1970, 1454, 1718, 1760, 1768, 1882, 1884, 1979, 2020, 2024, 2025, 2027, 2039, 1936, 1966, 2165, 11142 2072, 2075, 2081, 2135, 2144, 2153, general synthesis report, 356–357 2154 history, 355–356 adequate and sufficient, 2049 programme, 106, 118, 121, 122, 453, 846, bank(ing), 867, 879, 883–887, 938, 956, 847, 960, 984, 998, 1006, 1010, 2166 1011, 1082, 1114, 1128, 1129, 1138, challenges, 2057–2058 1159, 1160, 1163, 1168, 1207, 1230, Germany, 2056–2057 1286, 1350, 1428, 1429, 1439, 1443, mechanism, 882 1454, 1718, 1760, 1966 in US, 880, 2055–2056 wetland synthesis, 357–359 challenges, 2050 Mimosa, 32 climate change, 599–600, 613, 1172, M. pigra, 1162 1186–1188, 1191, 1193, 1201 Minerotrophic mires, 1517–1518 compensation/offsets, 2045 Minerotrophic peatlands desired outcome, 2044 drained fens, 1322 environmental assessment, 2047–2049 eutrophication freshwaters, 1322 fee mitigation, 740 helophytes, 1323 hierarchy, 2045 management, 1324–1325 projects, classification, 828 mineralization, 1322 sequence, 885, 956 natural fens, 1322 strategies, 1394 peat/surface water interface, 1323 wetlands, 947–948 permanent waterlogging, 1325 soil parameters, 831 restoration and processes, 1322–1324 vegetation, 832 rewetted fens, 1322, 1323 Mitigation credits, 867, 884, 957, 2054 severe soil subsidence and peat loss, 1323 Mixed tides, 220 Minnesota Model for Depressional Watersheds Moderate Resolution Imaging (MMDW), 239 Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Mires, 10, 1222, 1309, 1465, 1516–1517, 1530, 1586–1588, 1590, 1600, 1604, 1610, 1572, 1680, 1725, 1862 1621, 1625–1627, 1668, 1669, 1688 ecological, 1519 Modification of instream and riparian habitat, hierarchical classification, 1523–1525 1764 2208 Index of Keywords

Molinia, 1905, 1915 techniques, 1774–1775 M. caerulea, 1680, 1681, 1905, 1906, 1908, trend reports, 1806–1807 1914, 1915, 1945 volunteer monitoring, 1776 Mollisols, 1448 Monsoonal wetlands, 25, 29–31, 33, 60, 61, MOM, see Mississippi-Ohio-Missouri (MOM) 202 Monachus monachus, 439, 483 Morges Manifesto, 728 Monetary valuation of wetlands, 2129–2131 Morphology, 215, 223, 375–381, 386, 398, 404, Monetization, 922 514, 1247, 1503, 1517, 1520, 1579, Monitoring, wetland, 10, 48, 93, 159, 166, 172, 1610, 1724, 1817, 1818, 1831, 1857, 235, 260–261, 417, 418, 447, 463, 1979 475, 506, 515, 516, 528, 534, 546, Mosquitoes, wetland pest, 1259 574, 577, 582, 585, 601, 611, 616, Mountain, 63, 279, 453, 489, 549, 603, 635, 644, 657, 694–696, 707, 708, 726, 654, 729, 730, 773, 802, 1031, 1093, 775, 779, 782, 791, 834, 835, 855, 1406, 1668 859, 860, 867, 868, 870, 884, 898, Mugil cephalus, 1063 915, 922, 935, 948, 953, 1060, Multidisciplinary Expert Panel (MEP), 351, 1063–1064, 1122, 1152, 1153, 1201, 449 1211, 1247, 1263, 1298, 1299, 1304, Multifunctional engineered wetlands, 1968 1331, 1348, 1357, 1365, 1367, 1371, Multi-functionality, 719, 1387, 1388, 1967 1382, 1399, 1463, 1553, 1588–1590, Multilateral Convention, 428–429 1596, 1604–1606, 1610, 1611, 1626, Multilateral Environmental Agreements 1633, 1636, 1642, 1645, 1653, 1655, (MEA), 350, 429, 434, 444, 446, 1674, 1675, 1698, 1699, 1705–1708, 449, 452, 488, 517, 624, 645, 724, 1724, 1725, 1738, 1741–1758, 1796, 2151 1814, 1826, 1827, 1841, 1846, 1853, Multilateral treaties, 502, 503 1854, 1858, 1871, 1872, 1884, 1888, Multiple benefits, 422, 753, 914, 932–934, 984, 1895, 1898–1900, 1920, 1924, 1926, 991, 1015, 1231, 1267, 1284, 1302, 1929, 1931, 1932, 1936, 1937, 1958, 1872, 2152–2154 1959, 1994, 2025, 2027, 2044, Multi-species flyways, 512 2048–2050, 2054, 2058, 2070, 2073, Multi-stakeholder management, 1922 2078, 2079, 2081, 2088, 2112 Murray Darling Basin, Australia, 8, 1666, 1668, vs. assessment, 1714–1715 1799, 1805, 1866, 2145 basic requirements, 1770–1773 early European water laws and institutions, capacity development, 1940 563 communication and target audiences, 1808 indigenous laws and institutions, 562 compliance, 1773, 1787–1792 location, 562 conceptual hydrological model, 1773 non-government organizations influence, condition reports, 1805–1806 566 definition, 1780, 1904 south-eastern Australia, 1034, 1035 ecological, 1780–1785 Water Act and the Basin Plan, 565 gauging networks, 1795–1800 wetlands conservation laws and institutions, indicators, 1804–1805 563–565 large scale monitoring, 1776 Music, 1344, 1355, 1356, 1419 longer-term, 1781 Muthurajawela Marsh, 1232, 1233, 2137 and performance indicators Mutti Mangalyaya, 1388 (see Performance indicators) Mycorrhiza, 396–407 programs, 1780 arbuscular, 396–399 quality, 1784 ericoid, 402, 403 quantity, 1782–1783 orchid, 400–401 reasons, 1768–1770 Mycorrhizal associations scales of reporting, 1807–1808 arbuscular mycorrhizas, 396 sea grass, 1660–1662 dark septate endophytes, 399 strategies, 1781–1782 ectomycorrhizas, 402–405 Index of Keywords 2209

endophytes, 407 National Wetlands Committee, 774 ericoid mycorrhiza, 402 wetland strategy, 772–774 orchid mycorrhiza, 400 China shoot endophytes, 405–407 laws and regulations, wetland Myrica gale, 1681 protection, 781 plans and policy, 781–782 wetland conservation, 779–781 N wetland ecosystem protection, 783 Najas, 32, 368, 372 definition, 751–752 N. graminea, 33 drafting and organizing of, 754–755 N. guadalupensis, 253 Ghana, 785–788 N. minor, 369 New Zealand, 790–793 Nan Madol, Pohnpei, 1409 Ramsar Convention, 750–751 Nanotopes, 1523 South Africa Napo River, 1614 Ramsar convention, 796–797 Narthecium ossifragum, 1913, 1914 wetland-related policy, 797–799 NASA MEaSUREs projects, 1591, 1698, Taiwan 1706–1707 ecological corridors, 804 National Biodiversity Strategies and Action financial tools and market mechanism, Plans (NBSAPs), 752, 2032, 2073, 804 2151 issues and policy, 803 National Coastal Wetlands Conservation Grant regulation and management system, Program, 947 803–804 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) in trends, 755–757 1969, 738, 817, 852, 2021 Uganda, 807–812 National Freshwater Ecosystem Priority Areas USA (NFEPAs), 799, 1538, 1542, 1543 Clean Water Act, 816 National Health Service (NHS), 1094 federal agencies, 815 Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions federal funding, 816–818 (NAMAs), 1192, 1193 federal jurisdiction, 815 National Oceanic and Atmospheric National Wetlands Conservation and Administration (NOAA), 593, 817, Management Programme (NWP), 989, 1340, 1399, 1586, 1615, 1621, 808 1666, 1668 National Wetlands Inventory (NWI), 774, 791, National Water Act (NWA), 798, 799, 974–975, 1553, 1556, 1561 1534, 1543, 1837 National Wetlands Working Group (NWWG), National Water and Sewerage Corporation 768, 1578, 1579 (NWSC), 2163, 2164 Natural capital, 324, 326, 332, 337, 423, 623, National Wetland Policies, 8, 456, 738, 655, 669, 825, 958, 972, 1002, 1206, 745–747, 797, 809, 2034 1433, 1738, 2160, 2166 Australia Natural disturbance effects, on wetlands, 6, 23, federal policy, 760–761 24, 81, 114, 1272, 2006–2007 state/territory policies, 762 Natural flood management, 846, 1209 benefits and obstacles, 752–754 Natural habitats, 495, 506, 1133, 1143, 1388, Canada 1588, 1727, 1886, 1912 federal policy, 766–767 Natural hazard regulation, 1133 state-level action, 768 earthquakes and tsunami, 1231–1234 strategies, policy, 767–768 flood regulation, 1231–1233 Chile hazard-related deaths, 1229, 1230 geographical distribution, of wetlands, landslide regulation, 1234–1236 772–773 and wetlands, 1231, 1235 High Andean Wetlands Strategy, 775 Natural infrastructure, 338, 422, 437, 453, 489, National Wetlands Action Plan, 774 634, 669, 796, 1242, 1281 2210 Index of Keywords

Natural intoxicants, 1254 Secretariat, Australian Wetland, 708 Natural Resources Conservation Service for wetland monitoring, 1795–1800 (NRCS), 828, 874, 875, 897, 1476, WWN (see World Wetland Network 1485, 1486, 1488, 1499, 1548 (WWN)) Natural resources management (NRM), 1799 Neutral loci, 188, 193–194 Natura 2000 network, 580, 581, 1918, 1944, Neutral markers, 185 2151 Neutral model, 134, 136 Nature-based solutions, 448, 666, 669, 1246 New York City public water supply, Nature conservation, 416, 423, 478, 647, 649, 928–929 666, 680, 712, 920, 921, 961, 967, New Zealand’s National Biennial Wetland 1002, 1048–1051, 1078, 1264, 1336, Symposia, 1366 1345, 1402, 1433, 1435, 1509, 1726, New Zealand wetlands management policy 1730, 1798, 1881, 1886, 1887, development of, 790–791 1893–1896, 1904, 1924, 2154 economic importance, 790 Nature reserves, 580, 778, 780, 1409, 1632 preservation of, 792 NAWMP, see North American Waterfowl protection of, 792 Management Plan (NAWMP) public awareness, 792 Neap tides, 179, 222–223 ratification of, 791 Nelumbo, 32, 1088 Nexus, 338, 848, 1017, 1872 N. nucifera, 1092 awareness of, 905 Neofiber alleni, 144, 145 business decision-making, 905 Neretva Delta, 1339–1341, 1357 climate change, 904 Nested governance, 618 energy, 903–904 Net present value (NPV), 694, 2161, 2164, food, 903 2165 principal components, 902 Net primary production (NPP), 287–289, 293, role of, 902 315, 316, 318, 319, 343, 1129 significant, 951, 953, 983, 984 Net radiation, 1178, 1179 systems and, 902 Network, 7, 84, 96, 97, 134, 136, 138, 142, 159, water, 903 180, 186, 188, 212, 240, 254, 260, water-food-environment, 683 271, 273, 346, 347, 356, 396, 399, Ngati Porou Whanui Forests Limited 402, 404, 434, 440, 454, 460, 513, (NPWFL), 967 516, 520, 532, 534, 535, 546, 550, NGOs, see Non-government organization 552, 556, 580, 581, 585, 603, 635, (NGO) 644, 645, 662, 667, 672, 674, 689, Niedermoor, 1517 700, 728, 743, 780, 799, 802, 804, Nieuwkoopse Plassen 966, 1016, 1048, 1063, 1098, 1106, ecological system, 1944–1945 1132, 1145, 1162, 1198, 1264, 1309, good-quality peat moss reed land, 1948 1315, 1317, 1337, 1342, 1378, 1512, management, 1949 1578, 1598, 1719, 1776, 1941, 1944, poor-quality peat moss reed land, 1948, 1972, 2068, 2079, 11775 1949 canal, 68, 246, 1144, 1655 species, 1944 landscape connectivity in wetland networks, values and relations, 107–108 1945–1947 maintaining connectivity, wetland network, Nile Delta, 1101 109–110 Nitrate, 130, 168, 170, 267, 271, 290, 379, 393, models, 160–161 402, 695, 829, 910, 965, 1170, 1191, Natura 2000, 580, 1918 1286–1288, 1314, 1319, 1439, 1450, non-government organization, 645 1747, 1967, 1980, 1984–1988, 2152 oganization, developing countries, Nitrification, 170, 271, 290, 317, 1170, 1287, 712, 715 1314, 1316, 1317, 1439, 1986, 1987, Ramsar Sites, 460–463 1989, 2012 river, 102, 1605, 1666| Nitrite, 271, 290, 1170, 1439, 1985, 1986 Index of Keywords 2211

Nitrogen, 48, 74, 152, 168, 171, 260, 266, 267, North America, 25, 29, 36, 60, 61, 80, 160, 218, 270, 277, 278, 280, 290, 293, 320, 357, 372, 400, 453, 514, 526, 344, 392, 393, 399, 400, 402, 819, 591–594, 606, 659–662, 672, 1006, 829, 833, 835, 898, 1119, 1170, 1093, 1094, 1138, 1156, 1259, 1264, 1191, 1202, 1222, 1286–1289, 1297, 1271, 1273, 1280, 1351, 1355, 1558, 1298, 1308, 1314, 1316, 1319, 1450, 1588, 1715, 1727, 1734, 1966 1743, 1757, 1914, 1944, 1945, 1947, transnational legal frameworks, 592–594 1949, 1966–1969, 1971, 1974, 1984, North American Agreement on Environmental 1985, 1988, 1989, 1999, 2011–2015, Cooperation (NAAEC), 592–593 2161 North American Waterfowl Management Plan cycle, 270–271, 1439–1440 (NAWMP), 525–528, 592, and oxygen stable isotopes, 1757 817, 864 Nitrous oxide (N2O), 290, 919, 1169, 1177, The North American Wetlands Conservation 1190, 1191, 1288, 1314, 1450, Act 1989, 508, 527 1986–1989 North and Central America wetlands, No further drainage, 808, 812 598, 602 Nomia, 1158 Nothosaerva brachiata, 33 Non-equilibrium metapopulation, 143, 146 Nuphar luteum, 380 No net loss, 8, 293, 814, 818, 821, 822, 828, Nutrient cycling, 9, 11, 81, 83, 117–119, 122, 838 167, 321, 324, 325, 331, 398, 913, ecosystem level approach, 829 918, 935, 1018, 1432, 1437–1440, in EU, 823 1449, 1454, 1455, 1768, 1882, 1992, hydrology, 829 2010–2015 maintenance, 823 Nutrients, 56, 81, 84, 90–92, 119, 125, 126, objective, 870 152, 168, 204, 215, 245, 266–268, policies, 822, 880 278–280, 287, 289–292, 300–302, soils, 829–832 316, 317, 320, 344, 364, 397, 398, US, wetlands policy concerning, 822–823 402, 405, 415, 496, 656, 662, 694, vegetation, 832–835 834, 855, 903–905, 911, 1024, 1031, wetland banking, Chicago 1032, 1115, 1119, 1121, 1131, 1160, Case of Chicago, 839–840 1187, 1190, 1221, 1257, 1281, in Chicago, 842 1286–1289, 1297, 1310, 1322, 1330, geography of, 840–841 1398, 1440, 1443, 1450, 1488, 1571, wetland compensation, 838 1651, 1652, 1698, 1724, 1743, 1754, Non-government organization (NGO), 4, 8, 1818, 1862, 1908, 1914, 1944, 1945, 429, 515, 517, 527, 548, 643–646, 1948, 1960, 1967, 1971, 1984, 1995, 648, 655, 665, 694, 708, 712, 715, 2014, 2164 720, 724, 725, 783, 784, 804, 814, NWI-Plus classification system, USA wetlands 926, 947, 1000, 1013, 1120, 1266, functions, 1559 1296, 1348, 1364–1367, 1373, 1917, landform, 1557 1919, 1920, 1937, 1941, 2144, 2158 landscape position, 1557 wetland conservation, 644–645 products, 1561 Nonmaterial benefits, 808, 1350, 1406 waterbodies, 1557 Nonprovisioning services, 1015 water flow paths, 1557, 1559, 1560 Nontidal water flow paths, 1559 Nymphaea, 32, 365, 368, 370 Nonvegetated habitats, 1547, 1549 N. cristata, 365, 368, 369 Non-violent approach, 1388 N. indica, 202 Non-woody fern vegetation, 70 N. nouchali, 33 Normalised Difference Vegetation Index N. odorata, 368 (NDVI), 1615, 1626, 1627, 1639, N. peltata, 368, 370, 372 1680 Nymphoides, 32, 33, 202 Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Nyssa, 204 1600, 1611 N. aquatica, 365, 379 2212 Index of Keywords

O 1633, 1634, 1636, 1637, 1642, 1644, Odisha, Chilika Lake, 418, 1060, 1064, 1065, 1645, 1652, 1661, 1662, 1668 1958, 2135 data, 1589, 1611, 1626, 1636, 1642, 1644, awareness generation, 1063 1645, 1656, 1668, 1696, 1707 community-led fisheries, 1064–1065 remote sensing, 1600, 1634, 1652, 1662 ecological restoration, 1060–1062 sensors, 1586, 1588–1590, 1598, 1605, integrated management planning, 1065 1610, 1642, 1662 inventory, assessment, and monitoring, Optically active substances (OAS), 1599 1063–1064 Optimization, 7, 261, 422, 565, 915, 935, lake basin management, 1063 936, 986, 1012, 1016–1018, 1302, wetland management planning, 1957–1960 1319, 1598 Odynerus, 1158 Oracle Lake, 1406 Offset policy schemes, 1967 Orcaella brevirostris, 1065 Offsets and habitat banking, 2144–2145 Orchid mycorrhizas, 400–401 Offsetting, 743, 823, 878, 885, 912, 920, 1309, Organic matter, 48, 56, 66, 170, 175, 266–268, 2045, 2144, 2145, 2163 270, 278, 280, 281, 290–292, 308, Oil palm plantation, 599, 1198, 1201, 1203 320, 832, 834, 1030, 1115, 1132, Okavango Delta, Botswana, 572, 1666–1667 1146, 1171, 1188–1190, 1210, 1222, administration and legal boundaries, 573 1223, 1240, 1241, 1257, 1308, 1322, Ramsar Convention 1997, 575–576 1325, 1446–1450, 1454, 1475, 1571, SADC 2000, 575 1572, 1596–1598, 1650, 1757, 1867, UNESCO World Heritage Site, 576 1968, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2161, Okavango Delta management plan, 575, 11790 668, 1952 Organics, 1317, 1319 development, 1953–1954 solutes, 378, 380 goal, 1952–1953 Organization for Economic Cooperation and stakeholders, 1952 Development (OECD), 509, 610, structure and content, 1954–1955 772, 847, 858, 896, 912, 961, 964, vision, 1952 1940, 1941, 2086–2087, 2128 Okavango River Basin Water Commission Orissa, 1060 (OKACOM) 1994, 573–575, 577, Oryza, 29, 32, 33 1954 O. australiensis, 29 Olentangy River Wetland Research Park O. barthii, 1030 (ORWRP), 48–49, 321 O. glaberrima, 1030 Ombrogenous mires, 1520, 1521, 1650, 1651, O. rufipogon, 29, 33, 1083 1653 O. sativa, 365, 367, 1030, 1083 Ombrotrophic bogs, 91, 320 O. sativa indica, 1030, 1083 Ombrotrophic mires, 1518 O. sativa japonica, 1030, 1083 Ombrotrophic system, 279, 1525, 1743 (see also Rice) Ondatra zibethicus, 38 Osteolaemus tetraspis, 1410 1988 U.S.-Mexico-Canada Tripartite Overfishing, 495, 657, 702, 730, Agreement on the Conservation of 1056, 1131 Wetlands, 592 Ontario, 167, 741, 977–979, 1443, 1578 O2 partial pressure (pO2), 388, 389 P Open water, 24, 30, 170, 178, 204, 209, 256, Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve, 1614 539, 540, 903, 1208, 1409, 1537, Pacific salmon, 1049 1540, 1580, 1586, 1587, 1600, 1601, Pacta sunt servanda, 430, 502 1610–1614, 1620, 1625, 1666–1670, Paddies, 282, 441, 453, 673, 802, 1029–1032, 1680, 1688, 1695, 1724, 1745, 1764, 1144, 1145, 1381, 1409, 1590, 1621, 1944, 1947, 2137 1624–1626 Optical, 292, 401, 1587–1590, 1596–1600, Padi, 1026, 1029, 1030, 1381 1605, 1606, 1611, 1620, 1626, 1628, Palaemonetes varians, 1144 Index of Keywords 2213

Paleoenvironmental resource, 1393, 1394, 761, 818, 822, 928, 966, 978, 1000, 2087, 2145 1071, 1201, 1700, 1764, 1771, 1799, Paludification, 19, 21, 23, 28, 1557 1894, 1929, 1954 Panarchy, 2108, 2110, 2113 BirdLife International Partnership, 648–650 Panicum hemitomon, 145, 252 Corporate Wetlands Restoration, 941–944, Pantanal of South America 947 location, 1674 Ecosystem Services Partnership, 6, 345–348 mapping wetland landscape, 1674–1678 public-private partnership, 1108, 2144 Panthera onca, 1687 Ramsar-CBD, 436, 437, 488, 490 Paper pulp production, 1101 wetland international, 715–716 Papyrus Paspalidium punctatum, 33 agriculture in, 1117, 1118 Paspalum, 33 biodiversity and habitat ecosystem services, P. distichum, 33 1120 Passive microwaves, 1600, 1615 cultural ecosystem services, 1120, 1122 Patch, 81, 142–146, 155, 158, 159, 161, 173, fishing production, 1117–1119 178, 180, 184, 188, 1282, 1479, human use of, 1044, 1120–1121 1775, 1818, 2005 marshes, 1114–1116 definition, 130–131 products, 1114, 1117, 2162 dynamics, 6, 82, 113, 125–126, 130, 134 provisioning ecosystem services, model, 134 1114–1118 habitat, 101, 108, 130, 143, 144, 146, 158, regulating services, 1115–1116, 1118 161, 173, 1818 sustainability, 1113–1122 isolation, 144 uses of, 1114–1116 size, 144 vegetation harvesting, 1114–1116 Patchy ecosystems, 130 wetlands, 1114–1122 Pathogen management, 1254, 1258 Parasite(s), 1254–1258, 2066 Pattern, 20, 25–27, 39, 74, 80, 81, 83, 84, 86, 90, Parasite management, 1254, 1258 92, 96, 160, 180, 184, 186, 214, 224, Parenchyma cells, 364, 401 227, 228, 230, 236, 240, 279, 281, Participation, 10, 11, 359, 417, 438, 446, 447, 287, 304, 320, 366, 376, 398, 404, 456, 479, 497, 505, 618, 628, 661, 406, 407, 420, 461, 498, 598, 605, 731, 741, 746, 754, 760, 774, 775, 626, 634, 660, 722, 796, 841, 975 783, 786, 787, 792, 810, 854, 860, biannual fluctuation pattern, 1050 868, 915, 938, 975, 1063, 1064, diurnal, 1754 1122, 1150, 1266, 1330, 1343, 1347, hummock, 1905, 1913 1364, 1366, 1370, 1381, 1399, 1404, hydropattern, 205–206, 208, 209, 213, 1270 1413, 1797, 1917–1922, 1940, 1953, inundation, 1609–1615, 1670, 1689, 1840, 1954, 1960, 2020, 2021, 2026, 2027, 1851 2059–2063, 2069, 2089, 2092, 2110, microform, 1913 2161 microtope, 1524 Participatory monitoring, 1796 natural hydrologic, 214, 1857 Australia, 1799 rainfall, 605, 796, 1121, 1161, 1164, 1208, benefits of, 1797 1751 limitations of, 1798 seasonal flow pattern, 1845 Madagascar, 1799–1800 spatial, 81, 86, 92, 180, 1272 methods, 1797 weather, 926, 1121, 1168, 1182 UK, 1798–1799 wetland zonation, 27, 227–229, 1488 US, 1799 zonation, 20, 26, 27, 202, 203 Participatory planning, 497, 774, 1345, 1952 Payment(s), 8, 553, 593, 655, 740, 741, 847, Partnership, 351, 440, 455, 456, 517, 525, 528, 876, 961, 975, 1015, 1017, 1432, 616, 624, 626, 634, 641, 645, 647, 1434, 1999, 2000, 2143, 2144, 2146 654, 659–661, 663, 695, 700–703, direct, 876, 971–975 707, 712, 728, 729, 731, 743, 753, stacking, 937–940 2214 Index of Keywords

Payments for ecosystem services (PES), 8, 423, climate change, 1198 655, 656, 847, 896, 897, 912–914, climate impacts, 1200–1201 926–929, 960–961, 964–968, 979, conservation of, 1201–1202 1433, 1434, 2048, 2143–2146 deforestation, 1199–1200 definition, 964 degradation, 1202 future challenges, 968 drainage, 1199 schemes, 847, 912, 914, 927, 961, 964–966, oil palm plantation, 599, 979, 2048, 2146 1198, 1201 Peaks to Prairies Initiative, 662 paludicultures, 1202, 1203 Peat, 6, 21, 66–70, 130, 166, 170, 278, peat deposits, 66, 1083, 1750 291–293, 317, 327, 328, 602, pulp and paper, 1199–1200, 1315 676–678, 680, 718, 798, 903, 946, spaceborne remote sensing, 1652–1656 1044, 1084, 1121, 1162, 1168, 1169, transmigration schemes, 1198 1198–1201, 1203, 1215, 1223, 1224, Perched wetlands, 91, 204 1273, 1289, 1322, 1323, 1325, 1326, Percolation, 1521, 1522 1392, 1393, 1418, 1446–1451, 1475, Performance indicators, 1884, 1888–1890, 1476, 1479, 1488, 1495, 1496, 1900 1516–1518, 1520, 1522, 1525, 1526, habitat, attributes for, 1904–1906 1557, 1650–1655, 1708, 1724, 1745, limits for factors, 1904, 1907–1908 1750, 1752, 1905, 1906, 1908, 1915 Pericalymma ellipticum, 1498 bogs, 319, 398, 469, 669, 1143, 1145, 1449, Permafrost, 204, 210, 601, 602, 1130, 1271, 1572, 1944 1636 mosses, 1479, 1557, 1944, 1945, Permanent inundation, 437, 1494 1947–1949 Permanently waterlogged inland wetland, 1271 probes, 1750 Permit/license decisions, 2152–2153 soil, 292, 414, 1130, 1132, 1200, 1201, Permit schemes, 8, 739, 2152–2153 1217, 1323–1326, 1447, 1450, 1451, in Australia, 867 1517, 1650, 1945 in Canada, 866 soil material, 1447 domestic, 865 Peatland(s), 9, 19, 21, 60, 62, 278, 279, 282, granting permission to use, 953 289, 319, 342–344, 470, 505, 599, international laws, 864 600, 613, 617, 676–678, 680, 689, Republic of Korea, 866–867 714, 715, 773, 868, 904, 908, 946, in Uganda’s regulations, 867 1130, 1162, 1168–1170, 1198–1202, United States, 865–866 1222, 1223, 1271, 1273, 1274, 1392, Permittee-responsible compensation, 838, 840, 1393, 1454, 1462, 1465, 1530–1532, 879, 880 1557, 1578, 1579, 1610, 1650, 1652, Permittee-responsible mitigation, 886, 956, 1706, 1768, 1782, 1907, 2150 2054–2056 Borneo, 65–71 Persistence of water, 1619–1621 classification, 1515–1526 Personal property, 982 ecosystems, 1129, 1130 Pest, 327, 329, 594, 911, 1134, 1309, 1840 fire, 67–70 control, 457, 708, 1133 restored minerotrophic, 1321–1326 regulation, 960, 1018 Sphagnum mosses, 180 wetland and disease regulation, 1253–1260 tropical peatland, 279, 343, 599, 677, 903, Petola, 1108 1169, 1171, 1217, 1650, 1652 Phalacrocorax carbo, 1945 Peat swamp(s), 10, 66–70, 441, 1169, Phalaris arundinacea, 1323, 1915, 1995 1197–1201, 1203, 1524, 1589, 1591, Phased Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar 1650–1656, 1706, 1708 (PALSAR), 1625, 1626, 1636, 1654, biophysical characteristics, 1651–1652 1655, 1687, 1705, 1706 carbon storage function, 1199 Phenol oxidases, 268 change, 1652 Phloem, 364, 369–372, 403 classification, 1650 Phoeniconaias minor, 1256 Index of Keywords 2215

Phosphate, 260, 271, 272, 291, 719, 1131, anoxia tolerance, 386, 391, 392 1288, 1304, 1747, 1757, 2013 phytotoxins, 298, 302, 385–387, 390, Phosphoglycerate, 299 392–393 Phosphorus (P), 170, 239, 257, 258, 290–292, reactive oxygen species (ROS), 385–387, 320, 344, 398–400, 402, 829, 898, 391–392 910, 933, 1119, 1286–1288, 1297, salt adaptation, 380–381 1308, 1314, 1316, 1317, 1319, 1440, sensing and signal transduction process, 393 1908, 1914, 1945, 1967, 1969, 1971, Phytosociology, 1519, 1520 1974, 1984, 2013, 2014, 2113, 2161 Phytotoxins, 298, 302, 306, 385–387, 390, concentrations, 244, 1288, 1969 392–393 cycle, 271–273, 1438–1439, 2013 Picea, 405 Fen restoration, 1325–1326 P. mariana, 405 management, 1324–1325 Piezometers, 205, 211, 212, 1753 release control, 1322–1324 Pilgrimage travel, 1412 removal, wetlands, 249, 254 Pinus, 405 Photointerpretation/image analysis, 1481 Pioneer species, 21, 26 Photorespiration, 381, 385 Pista stratiotes, 253 Photosynthesis, 6, 278, 287, 316, 343, 381, 385, Plan, defined, 2086 386, 389–391, 1171, 1179, 1188, Planktonic algae, 1439, 1443 1190, 1223, 1297, 1454–1456 Planosols, 1448 anatomical and morphological responses, Plant productivity, 83, 266, 308, 1984 301 Plant productivity assessment, 308 effect of flooding, 300 Plants, 5, 7, 56, 58, 61, 73, 74, 91, 92, 97, 106, growth and biomass production, 304–306 119, 126, 167, 173, 180, 229, 230, measurements 266, 267, 271, 273, 278, 279, 283, carbon isotope technique, 309 287–293, 298–302, 304, 306, chlorophyll fluorescence method, 308–312, 316–318, 320, 343, 365, 310–311 372, 378–380, 384, 385, 398, 484, micrometeorological technique, 719, 778, 932, 1156, 1188, 1224, 309–310 1298, 1316, 2005, 2068, 2075 oxygen exchange measurements, 309 aerenchymatous phellem, 372 portable gas exchange systems, 311–312 cortex, 365–369 simple chamber technique, 311 epidermis, 365 plant nutrition, 299, 302 eudicots, 365, 366, 368–372 plant water relations, 302–304 medical, 1087–1089 primary production, 317–318 monocot, 364–366, 368, 370–372, 400 and respiration, 311, 317–318 petioles, 367, 372, 390 soil flooding and wetland plant functioning, reed, 1947–1949 300 species, 22, 36, 44, 56, 135, 180, 184, 203, underwater, 390–391 248, 266, 267, 287, 288, 366, 373, Phragmites, 24, 26, 39, 40, 171, 1088, 1116, 378, 380, 381, 387, 391, 396, 402, 2162 407, 832–834, 1088, 1089, 1092, P. australis, 39, 40, 74, 180, 244, 299, 367, 1095, 1107, 1116, 1120, 1121, 1142, 368, 1098, 1100–1102, 1169, 1222, 1198, 1203, 1210, 1388, 1473–1475, 1314, 1316, 1318, 1323, 1324, 1681, 1479, 1548, 1572, 1696, 1721, 1947, 1915, 1995 1967, 1993, 2005 Phyla, 32 stress, 310 Phyllanthus, 1092 vascular, 317, 380, 381, 396, 796, 1142, Physical Habitat Simulation (PHABSIM) 1524, 1557, 1727, 1913 computer model, 1819, 1830 Plant Senesence Reflectance Index (PSRI), Physiological adaptations, plants 1680 anaerobic avoidance strategies, 378–380 Plant-sourced medicines, 1088–1089 anoxia avoidance, 385–391 Plasmodium, 1256 2216 Index of Keywords

Platalea minor, 803 New Zealand, 789–793 Plateau wetlands, 1275, 1276 political support, 808 Pluvialis apricaria, 719 resistance, 423 Pneumatophores, 298, 301, 376, 379, 1215, Safe Harbor Policy, 989 1479 South Africa, 795–799 Poaceae, 365, 367, 1088 Taiwan, 801–805 Pole vaulting, 1423 Uganda, 807–812 Policy, 5–8, 11, 56, 70, 155, 330, 336, 338, United States, 813–818 346–348, 350, 351, 356, 420–422, Policy-based instruments, 12, 2149–2154 436, 438, 453, 482, 497, 521, 526, Pollination, 117, 118, 121, 137, 329, 352, 449, 527, 532, 558, 577, 580, 600, 617, 484, 960, 1018, 1158, 1882 618, 623, 625, 633, 645, 655, 657, ecosystem services, 1133, 1158 660, 678, 683–685, 689, 715, 728, importance, 1156 730, 745–747, 762, 814, 822–824, wetland service, 1157 828, 842, 846–848, 852–854, 858, Pollutant management, 1258 859, 865–867, 878, 879, 891, 905, Polluter pays principle, 787, 913, 923, 938, 948, 985, 986, 1001, 913, 2144 1002, 1013, 1017, 1019, 1121, 1122, Pollution, 1308–1310 1186, 1187, 1242, 1263, 1264, 1276, Pollution charges, 2143–2144 1345, 1346, 1357, 1393, 1399, Polyarch, 364, 367–372 1413–1414, 1429, 1433, 1435, 1451, Polyculture, 1031 1466, 1563, 1564, 1579, 1580, 1606, Polygonaceae, 1088 1700, 1708, 1727, 1730, 1733–1735, Polygonum, 32 1738, 1760, 1763, 1768, 1769, 1771, P. plebeium, 33 1780–1783, 1808, 1871, 1872, 1880, Polypogon monspeliensis, 33 1931, 1938, 1954, 1959, 1967, Ponds-as-patches, 143, 158 1970–1971, 1998, 1999, 2049, 2055, Pontederia cordata, 252 2066, 2068, 2069, 2074, 2081, Population genetics, 6, 160, 184, 191–195 2086–2090, 2099–2104, 2120, 2123, Populus, 131 2131, 2136, 2138, 2143, 2151, 2153, P. alba, 234 2154, 2158, 2166 Post ‘activity’ monitoring, 1790 analysis, 2122 Post-agricultural bottomland habitat, 49 Australian federal policy, 759–762 Post-anoxic injury, 391–392 awareness, 808 Post-fire vegetation response, 68 based instruments, 2151–2153 Potamogeton nodosus, 33 benefit of, 797 Potential, adaptive cycle, 2107 Canada, 765–768 Potentilla Chile, 771–775 P. erecta, 1914, 1947 China, 777–784 P. supina, 33 declaration of, 810 Pothole wetlands, 25, 91 defined, 2086 Poverty, 357, 457, 542, 622, 624, 625, frameworks, 797 632–635, 638, 639, 641, 642, 683, Ghana, 785–788 692, 694, 902, 964, 965, 974, 999, implementation of, 798–799 1012, 1068, 1518, 1870, 1890, 1960, important lessons, 811–812 1966, 2063, 2080, 2087, 2107, 2112, information, 808 2152 law, 8–9, 736 alleviation, 359, 684, 1000, 1007, 1139, challenges, 742 1351, 1402, 1428, 1457, 2066 influence, 741–742 reduction, 494, 495, 641, 642, 650, 683, legal implications, 736–737 684, 692, 713, 965, 1010, 1012, non-regulatory approaches, 740–741 1013, 1299, 2098 regulatory approaches, 737–740 Precautionary principle, 761, 787, 1429, management, 809 1894, 2110 Index of Keywords 2217

Precipitation, 37, 70, 91, 96, 108, 109, 161, amphibian dispersal, 93 179, 206, 209, 210, 219, 220, biogeochemical, 180, 204, 573, 829, 946, 225–227, 230, 234–237, 239, 253, 1170, 1287, 1297, 1689, 1980 291, 327, 342, 343, 406, 598, biological, 106, 300, 1257, 1731, 1966 602–604, 1120, 1168, 1176, 1206, Birch effect, 267 1207, 1210, 1214, 1223, 1264, 1270, coastal, 1063, 1246, 1299, 1502–1504, 1272, 1273, 1276, 1283, 1308, 1314, 1506, 1512, 1959, 1960 1316, 1324, 1466, 1476, 1484, 1485, disturbance, 113 1488, 1517, 1518, 1557, 1559, 1570, ecological, 5, 6, 80, 81, 85, 90, 286, 1666, 1773, 1774, 1776, 2013, 2014 315–322, 598, 1012, 1063, 1152, Preference-based approaches, 2121 1273, 1496, 1666, 1674, 1734, 1818, Prek Toal Nature Reserve, 1695 1872, 1968, 1978, 1979, 2020, 2040 Prescriptive approach, 1837, 1838 ecosystem, 6, 21, 90, 150, 180, 204, Preserve Our Prairies Initiative, 662 285–294, 316, 325, 332, 415, 834, Prevalence index test, 1474, 1475 910, 911, 936, 1128, 1129, 1138, Prevention effect, 2026 1818, 1868, 1870, 2035, 2040 Prey Long forests, 654 environmental assessment, 857–861, Primary education, 624, 639 2047–2049 Primary indicators method, 1472, 1478 environmental impact assessment, 787, Primary production, 6, 48, 278–279, 287–290, 851–857, 2019–2029 318, 324, 325, 331, 343, 344, 1018, fermentation, 268–269, 281 1129, 1142, 1146, 1169, 1215, GDW ecological, 1152 1454–1455, 1485, 1882 genetic drift, 191–192 algal primary production, 321 humification, 268 autotrophs, 316 hydrogeological, 1151 factors, 320–321 hydrologic, 236, 237, 239, 1487, 1499 gross primary production, 287, 315, 316 in-lieu fee, 956 linking wetland and decomposition, integrated assessment, 1762–1763 292–293 integrated wetland assessment, 1762–1763 measurements, 318–319 management planning, 10, 586, 588, 1878, photosynthesis and respiration, 317 1884, 1895, 1919, 1920, 1924–1926, studies, 319–320 1928 submerged photosynthetic organisms, 316 marine, 1502 subsidy-stress model, 320, 322 minerotrophic peatland restoration, wetland ecosystem types, 319 1321–1326 Primary productivity, 287, 298, 308, 310, natural, 113, 213, 294, 464, 824, 932, 934, 318–321, 829, 833, 1215, 935, 960, 1018, 1263, 1314, 1362, 1454–1456, 2121 1764, 1768, 1885, 1944, 2004, 2007, Primary succession, 19, 25, 27, 48, 74 2034 Private benefits, 985, 1432, 2152 paludification, 19, 21, 23, 28, 1557 Procambarus clarkii, 97, 1145 pattern and, 80, 81, 83 Process, 6, 10, 11, 24, 48, 56, 81, 83, 93, 96, 97, photosynthesis, 1455–1456 113, 117, 118, 130, 134, 135, 139, planning, 10, 495, 586, 588, 746, 799, 804, 160, 162, 180, 191, 194, 238, 239, 1232, 1233, 1264, 1399, 1878, 1882, 249, 250, 254, 256, 257, 266, 268, 1884, 1894–1896, 1904, 1926, 1928, 273, 278, 282, 289, 290, 294, 317, 1929, 1939, 1953, 1959, 1960, 2047, 350, 1287–1288, 1496, 1845, 1850, 2056, 2069, 2087–2089 1853, 1854, 1858, 1859, 1885, 2073, Ramsar site designation, 459–465 2078, 2080, 2081, 2087, 2088, 2091, recovery, 1970–1972 2093, 2106, 2108, 2110, 2114, 2124, respiration, 317–318 2158 sediment accretion, 249, adaptive management, 1152, 1887, 291, 1454 1899–1901, 1931, 2081 social learning, 1150–1151 2218 Index of Keywords

Process (cont.) Propagule pressure, 2006 source-sink dynamics, 6, 84–86, 135, Property, defined, 982 157–162, 184 Property rights, 326, 332, 737, 740, 845, 866, wetland assessment, 1718–1721, 1762 880, 981–986, 2080, 2152 Product(s), 273, 281, 298, 304, 305, 309, 448, Prop root formation, 379 474, 475, 533, 539, 667, 676, 805, Prosopis juliflora, 63 808, 811, 903, 946, 960, 998, 999, Protected area entrance pricing, 2143 1006, 1010, 1012, 1033–1041, 1044, Protected areas (PA), designation of, 2151 1045, 1064, 1081–1085, 1088, 1089, Protected sites, 423, 465, 581, 606, 1788, 1798 1093, 1095, 1108–1110, 1130, 1144, Protection, 7–10, 84, 86, 90, 122, 152, 286, 1198, 1254, 1317, 1338, 1339, 1450, 443, 463, 465, 482, 508, 510, 546, 1455, 1481, 1561, 1591, 1597, 1604, 558, 563, 564, 576, 580, 582, 584, 1615, 1626, 1628, 1699, 1700, 1703, 589, 616, 629, 642, 644, 648, 649, 1705, 1720, 2067, 2098, 2128, 2134, 657, 668, 689, 693, 703, 772, 780, 2151, 2164 782, 791, 797, 799, 818, 979, 983, building materials, 644, 1044, 1082, 1083, 985, 1071, 1079, 1100, 1408, 1435, 1247, 1338, 1402, 1492 1570, 1572, 1788, 1866, 1882, 2069, economic importance, 330, 790, 1084 2137, 2164–2166 fiber, 960, 998, 1082, 1084, 2134 archaeological resources, 1393 fodder, 1084 coastal, 8, 358, 703, 915, 1242, 1245–1252, food, 960, 998, 1082–1083 2020, 2075, 2164 fuel, 1083 cost-sharing and direct payments, 971–975 as management tools, 8, 683, 1006, 1085, environmental, 507, 772, 782, 1151, 1572, 1138, 1350, 1496, 1931, 2027 1791, 1872 reed, 1097–1102 erosion, 752 salt, 1083, 1109 financial incentives, 945–948 wetland, 1082, 1083, 1085 flood, 1117, 1246, 1247, 1264, 1281, 1882, wood and non-timber forest, 2164 2166 Production function, 2130, 2134, 2138 fragmented, 1433 approach, 2164 health, 927, 2069 methods, 2135 Hunter Estuary Shorebird Protection Productivity, 162, 167, 211, 218, 266, 287, 290, Program, 708 298, 302, 305, 308, 310–312, international cooperation, CMS, 482–484 318–321, 639, 640, 656, 674, laws and regulations, for wetland, 781 682–684, 692, 809, 810, 822, 829, legal protection, 90–91, 465, 563, 564, 833, 896, 898, 903, 1011, 1023, 1393, 2100 1031, 1032, 1044, 1050, 1054, 1121, New Zealand wetlands management policy, 1129, 1157, 1215, 1256, 1289, 1381, 790–792 1818, 1960, 1984, 1992–1994, 2013, storm, 326, 329, 332, 358, 1207, 1233, 2020 2128, 2135, 2164–2166 agricultural, 692, 822, 896, 1012, 1019, water, 150, 152–153, 290, 584 1022, 1068, 1071 watershed, 928, 966, 2144 biological, 602, 605, 1492 wetland, 11, 84, 86, 150, 152, 155, 175, 422, gross primary, 318 423, 585, 589, 707, 750, 779–782, net primary, 308, 310, 318, 320 791, 890, 891, 945–948, 971–975, plant, 83, 266, 308, 1984 979, 1432, 1574, 1790, 1805, 1936, primary, 287–289, 308, 310, 318–321, 829, 1937, 2055, 2154 1454–1456, 2121 Protocols, 417, 428, 502, 503, 508, 575, 696, 773, secondary, 287–289 844, 847–848, 984, 985, 1015, 1048, water, 684 1242, 1347, 1429, 1431–1432, 2151 Programme, defined, 2086 Protopterus aethiopicus, 1119 Programme on the Sustainable Development of Provisioning ecosystem services, for Papyrus the Rhine 2001, 509 wetlands, 1114–1118 Index of Keywords 2219

Provisioning services, 998, 1006, 1011, 567, 574–576, 611, 613, 626, 627, 1014–1018, 1044, 1128 662, 667, 703, 707, 718, 725, 746, definitions, 1006–1007 750, 759, 760, 864, 868, 907, 908, integrated planning for sustaining, 1001 1128, 1571, 1580, 1698, 2032, 2040, management of, 5, 8, 997–1002 2098, 2142, 2154 products, 1099–1101 aims, 452 sustainable harvesting, 999–1000 bodies, 453–454 swamp wetland, 1043–1046 CBD, 488 Pseudibis gigantea, 1085 Conference, 879 Pseudoraphis, 32 Conference of Parties at their third meeting, Pteridium aquilinum, 1915 478 Pteropus voeltzkowi, 1157 definition of wetlands, 1788 Public benefits, 897, 909, 912, 922, 936, 946, ecological character, 478 1018, 1434 ecosystem approaches, 479 Public education, 506, 1362, 1435 ecosystem services, 478 Public interpretation of wetlands, 1418–1419 GlobWetland, 1697–1708 Public participation, 783, 792, 868, 915, 1399, growth and evolution, 454–457 2021, 2026 implementation guidance, 457–458 basic principles, 2061–2062 Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands, 475 constraints, 2063 international cooperation, 532–533 EIA, 2060 and IUCN, 667 objectives, 2061 Management Plan, 1399 operating principles, 2062–2063 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 478 Public property, 981, 982 mission, 892 Purchasing Power Parity, 909 Ramsar Convention 199, 575–576 Purification processes, 1131–1132 Ramsar Resolution VII.6, 746 Pycnanthemum, 62 regional initiatives, 535 Secretariat, 435, 855, 859 species populations, 478 Q strategic plan, 452 Quercus falcata var. pagodifolia, 305 sustainable development, 478 Quiescence, 385, 391, 892 sustainable utilisation, 478 transboundary agreements, 536 R cooperation, 532 Radar, 360, 1600, 1606, 1611, 1612, 1615, management, 541, 556–559 1620, 1634, 1636, 1652, 1653, 1678, mechanisms, 553 1750 Ramsar regional initiatives, 535 data, 1636–1637 Ramsar sites, 467–470, 537–542 remote sensing, 1633 shared river basins, 533–534 Radarsat ScanSAR data, 1668 shared species populations, 534 Radiation, 311, 1169, 1171, 1176–1179, 1225, shared wetlands, 533 1596, 2099, 20135 typology, of wetlands, 7, 1462, 1529–1532 Radiative forcing, 1177, 1178, 1225 vulnerability of wetland, climate change, 600 Radio telemetry, 159 wetland classification, 1471 Raised bogs, classification, 1681–1683 on wetlands, 478, 626, 999, 1461, 1462, Ramsar–CBD partnership, 436 1714, 1912 Ramsar Centre for Eastern Africa, 812 Ramsar Site, 431, 436, 437, 439–441, 443, Ramsar Commission, 790, 854, 859, 1026 454–456, 474, 475, 489, 516, 533, Ramsar Convention, 4, 286, 359, 428–430, 435, 534, 575, 576, 580, 606, 625, 638, 441, 444, 446, 448, 449, 452, 668, 709, 729, 750, 773–775, 810, 459–465, 467–471, 473–479, 503, 943–944, 1060, 1065, 1098, 1116, 512, 513, 517, 532–536, 563–565, 1142, 1296, 1366, 1367, 1370, 1388, 2220 Index of Keywords

1530, 1570, 1632, 1798, 1808, 1852, sea angling 1894, 1896, 2028, 2039, 2073, 2074, fisheries, 1076–1077 2151 wetlands, 1077 authorities, 468, 575 urban, 803, 804 delisting, 464–465 wetland, 823, 1398 description, 463 Recurvirostra avosetta, 1107 designation and listing, 462 Recycling, 328, 329, 1018, 1044, 1130, 1294, ecological character, 448, 453, 456, 457, 1323, 1438, 1442, 1443, 1454, 1455 463–465, 473–476, 478, 479, 506, Red mangrove, 379, 1092, 1217 564, 565, 600, 606, 627, 628 Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and financial support, 506, 534–535 Forest Degradation (REDD+), 435, identification and criteria, 462–463 599, 600, 611, 615–618 national implementation concepts, 465 Reed products, 8, 1097–1102 transboundary, 467–470, 537–542 Reference wetlands, 1556, 1733, 1968, 1969 vision and objectives, 460–462 Reflection, 319, 696, 870, 1350, 1356, 1398, Ramsar Strategic Plan 2016–2024, 635 1406, 1477, 1606, 1611, 1612, 1620, Rana 1666, 1703, 1887, 19052120 R. catesbeiana, 97 Reforming Environmentally Harmful Subsidies R. lessonae, 144 (EHS), 2143 R. luteiventris, 186 Regeneration of species, 30 R. sylvatica, 160 Regional Agreements, 482, 507–509 Random Forests technique, 1636 NAAEC, 592 Range States, 482, 507, Tripartite Agreement, 592 521–523 Regional and national NGO, 644–645 Ranunculus repens, 365 Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs), 509 Rapanos case, 982–984 Regulated wetlands, 90, 1471 challenges, 986 Regulating ecosystem services, 1128 rights and responsibilities, 984–986 climate regulation, 1129–1130 RapidEye, 1586, 1636, 1638–1640, 1670, definition, 1128 1671, 1680, 1681 erosion regulation, 1132–1133 Rapid test, 1474 future aspects, 1134 Rastrineobola argentea, 1055 natural hazard regulation, 1133 Rating curve, 210 pollination, 1133–1134 Rationale, 494, 908, 1232, 1294, 1297, 1471, water purification, 1131–1132 1547, 1571, 1733, 1889–1890, 1900, water regulation, 1130–1131 1905–1908, 2124 Regulation, 286, 417, 423, 526, 532, 593, 594, Rauvolfia, 1092 618, 689, 736, 739, 743, 752, 843, Raw water, 910, 913, 927, 928, 1023 844, 1403, 1455, 1473, 1474, 1574, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), 385–387, 1844, 1937, 1967, 1970, 1981, 2026, 390–392 2027, 2057, 2087, 2107, 2130, 2145, Real property types, 982 2151–2152 Recreation, 167, 216, 326, 415, 422, 457, 484, biological, 327, 329 584, 701, 792, 874, 897, 913, 918, climate, 117, 324, 920, 961, 1115, 1099, 1161, 1231, 1251, 1254, 1350, 1167–1172, 1181–1194, 1197–1203 1354, 1366, 1370, 1371, 1406, 1418, disease, 324, 1253–1260 1419, 1814, 1872, 1919, 1924, 1999, erosion, 1132–1133 2075, 2136, 2152, 2153 flood, 358, 766, 914, 919, 1231–1233, activities vs. wetland, 1398 1267, 2142 and aesthetic, 153 hazard, 1229–1236, game fisheries, 1076 1245–1252 habitat, 920 landslide, 1234–1236 management, 1397–1400 and land use planning, 2151 saltmarsh, 920 natural hazard, 1133 Index of Keywords 2221

water quality, 1285–1290, 1313–1319, financial, 494, 497, 811, 887, 948, 956, 978, 2130, 2166 1373, 2144 Regulatory relief, 988 genetic, 194, 488, 497, 505, 506, 1045, Regulatory services, 8, 640, 974, 1006, 1018, 2128, 2144 1044, 1138, 1350 groundwater, 447, 547, 1152, 1153, Relay floristics, 22, 44, 45 1164, 1211 Religion, 1343, 1355, 1407, 1412 internet, 1941 Religious values, 1350, 1354, 1407, 1410, 1413 natural, 218, 416, 432, 448, 495, 498, 507, Remote sensing, 9, 685, 1143, 1274, 1471, 508, 541, 542, 563, 576, 583, 584, 1472, 1480, 1481, 1553, 1598, 1660 625, 633, 641, 646, 650, 666, 682, anthropogenic activities, 1590, 1623–1628, 702, 715, 722, 728, 729, 753, 772, 1631–1634 792, 797, 810, 811, 828, 848, 864, future missions, 1606 874, 897, 898, 1006, 1014, 1065, instruments, 1603–1606 1072, 1076, 1106, 1110, 1128, 1131, of natural and semi-natural wetland types, 1144, 1381, 1382, 1435, 1476, 1499, 1588–1590 1579, 1760, 1770, 1797, 1799, 1952, observations, 1698 1954, 2100, 2120, 2121, 2143, 2158 for seagrass monitoring, 1660–1662 ornamental, 1045 semiarid wetlands of Southern Hemisphere, palaeoenvironmental, 1394 1666–1671 pricing, 2143 spaceborne, peat swamps, 1652–1656 riverine, 1857 subtropical wetlands of Southern utilization, 1339–1343 Hemisphere, 1674–1678 water, 10, 91, 109, 110, 358, 552, 556, 575, techniques, 1471 638–640, 668, 713, 798, 799, 844, of water dynamics, 1587–1588 926, 928, 964, 986, 999, 1001, 1002, of water, wetland, 1609–1615, 1619–1621, 1012, 1044, 1151, 1153, 1164, 1265, 1635–1646 1331, 1463, 1624, 1836, 1840, of wetland types, 1649–1656, 1680–1683, 1869–1873, 1960, 2048, 2152 1686–1689, 1692–1696 Respiration, primary production and, 315–322 Renewable ecosystem services, 1966 Respiratory denitrification, 1986 Replacement/mitigation wetlands, 828 Restoration/creation wetland, 5, 6, 10–11, Replacement wetlands, 834 55–58, 162, 165–175, 215–216, 230, Republic of Korea, the Public Waters 236, 293, 474, 566, 629, 706, 739, Reclamation Act, 866 741, 779, 815, 817, 818, 824, 838, Research NGOs, 644 840, 867, 870, 886, 938, 942, 947, Residence time, 208, 209, 213, 215, 259, 290, 948, 972, 974, 975, 990, 1192, 1194, 1303, 1438, 1867, 1907, 1987, 2013 1263, 1264, 1274, 1276, 1281–1283, Resilience, 7, 11, 18, 266, 421, 497, 600, 603, 1304, 1377, 1590, 1720, 1764, 1781, 634, 682, 684, 706, 713, 716, 902, 1965–1974, 1981, 1991–2000, 2004, 910, 986, 1000, 1007, 1016–1019, 2007, 2009, 2120 1046, 1130, 1139, 1150, 1153, approaches, 1967–1968 1230–1232, 1241, 1242, 1246, 1248, community involvement, 1999–2000 1259, 1282, 1283, 1290, 1351, 1428, definitions, 828, 1967–1968 1433, 1434, 1442–1444, 1454, 1456, hydrology, 2010 1457, 1718, 1872, 2101, 2105–2114 landscape-scale restoration, 1998–1999 assessment to wetlands, relevance of, limitations of, 1968–1970, 1998 2109–2113 management and restoration, 1979–1980 theory, 2106 marshes, 2014 Resolution of Cooperation (ROC), 444 natural system ecosystem, 2010–2011 Resources, 1339–1343 performance, 1971 abiotic, 90, 1338 policy and governance, 1970–1971 archaeological, 1392–1394 projects, 947, 2003, 2004 ecosystem, 1381 targets, 2153 2222 Index of Keywords

Restored wetlands, 1967, 1968, 1973–1974, water protection, 152 1998, 2003–2015 width, 154 Revealed preference theory, 2135 Riparian ecosystem, 81, 114, 118, 119, 122, Revegetated and non-revegetated wetlands, 1970 130, 131, 133–139, 150 Reverse auction, 897, 2145 Riparian landscape fragmentation, 85 Revised Southern African Development River(s) Community (SADC) Protocol on basin, 225, 240, 453, 534, 552, 553, 562, Shared Watercourse Systems, 508 572, 574, 584, 586–589, 628, 656, Rewetting wetlands, 70, 600, 1192, 1193, 1201, 668, 822, 964, 1015, 1355, 1799, 1202, 1322, 1324–1326, 1814, 1841, 1845, 1858, 1870, 1938, 1954, 1865–1868 1959, 1960, 2032, 2039, 2152, 2158 artificial watering, 1866, 1867 Atchafalya, 1281 engineering approaches, 1866, 1867 Cache, 240 physical and chemical cues, 1866 Colorado, 822 Rhine River 2020, 509 Danube, 545–550 Rhizophora, 379, 380, 1250, 1643 Indus, 551–553 R. mucronata, 1092 Kala Oya River Basin, Sri Lanka, R. stylosa, 1169, 1644, 1645 2160–2161 Rhododendron management, 547, 550, 584–586, 588, R. canadense, 402 589, 1870 R. ponticum, 1915 Mekong, 555–559, 1068, 1069 Rhynchospora alba, 1906, 1914 Milwaukee, 169 Rias, 1510 Mississippi, 152 Rice, 29, 246, 388, 389, 654, 720, 721, 746, shared, 533–534 1015, 1023, 1026, 1068, 1082–1085, Umzimvubu, 1274–1276 1115, 1117, 1118, 1142, 1145, 1338, corridor, 102, 1431 1381, 1386, 1388, 1406, 1532, 1620, discharge, 218, 223–226, 1280, 1508 1624–1628, 1692, 2160 flow, 541, 552, 572, 577, 845, 1022, 1024, cultivation, 1031, 1084, 1118, 1338, 1381, 1215, 1451, 1508, 1510, 1511, 1718, 1706 1815, 1818, 1819 in cultures and livelihoods, 1031–1032 Glen Integrated Catchment Management mapping, 1590, 1625–1627 Study, 1764 paddy, 282, 441, 453, 673, 1029–1032, 1144, management, 1854, 1872 1145, 1381, 1409, 1590, 1621, 1625 Nile, 1408 production, 654, 1069, 1624, 1627, 2160 pumpkin, 1094 wild, 288, 946, 1083 regimes, 1511 Rietvlei Wetland Reserve, 694 Riverine resources, 1857 Rights, 984–986, 2152 Riverine wetland hydrology, 234 human, 2078, 2079, 20817 Rocky shore, 218, 1504, 1547–1549, 1551, property, 326, 332, 737, 740, 845, 866, 880, 5103 981–986, 1871, 2080, 2151, 2152 Root, 68, 153, 154, 203, 267, 273, 280, 282, tenure, 617, 618 298, 300–305, 364, 365, 376, 378, water, 683, 701, 973, 1837, 2143 380, 385, 386, 388, 389, 393, Ring-fenced budgets, 420, 423, 912, 936 396–402, 405, 829, 832, 834, 1234, Riparian buffer zone, 86, 149–155, 1286 1250, 1298, 1768, 1944, 1947–1949 civilization, 150 adaptations, 378, 379 definition, 150 adventitious, 298, 301, 376, 378, 385, 387, flooding control, 153 389, 390, 393, 1475 groundwater storage, 153 aerenchyma, 386 habitat for wildlife species, 153 growth, O2-dependant, 388 maintenance, 154 Gunnera magellanica, 365, 372 recreation and aesthetic, 153 host, 396–399, 402, 404, 405 vegetation types, 154 Iris pseudacorus, 370 Index of Keywords 2223

Juncus americana, 367 flood protection, 1246 Phragmites australis, 368 low energy zone, 1251 Typha glauca, 365, 368, 371 Nationally Appropriate Mitigation wetland plant, 364 Actions, 1192 Rotala indica, 33 plant biomass, 1994 Ruhr Valley's compensation pool, 2057 robustness, 1249 Rule-based classification, 1588, 1637 in southern Maine, 219 Rumex succession, 74 R. dentatus, 33 water levels, 225 R. palustris, 390 water quality, 2150 Runoff treatment, 250 pans, 1083, 1106–1109, 1143, 1144, 1532, 1565 production S biodiversity values, 1107 Sacred groves, 1350, 1410, 1418 business model and wetland products, Sacred natural sites, 1343, 1408, 1413, 1414 1108 Safe Harbor Agreements (SHAs), 992 historical development of site, 1107 benefits, 990–991 institutional and management drawbacks, 990–991 agreements, 1107 regulatory background, 988–989 Sečovlje Salina Nature Park, 1106 voluntary agreements, 988 Saltwater wetlands working module, 989–990 Anaiwilundawa Ramsar Site, 1388 Sagittaria factors, 73 S. guayanensis, 33 Salvelinus alpinus, 1076 S. lancifolia, 252 Salvinia, 32 S. latifolia, 252 Sanjiang Plain wetland, 19, 778 Sahara, 537, 1054, 1342, Satellite-based sensors, 1775 Saintes Maries de la Mer, 1409, 1412 Satellite observation, 1707 Salicornia spp., 227, 229, 279 Satellite remote sensing, 1626 S. depressa, 229 Savannah Process Salinas, 228, 1107, 1338, 1339, 1676, 1678 environmental flows Salinity level, 22, 23, 563, 1060 data collection and research, 1854 Salix, 131, 301, 405, 1083, 1908 flow prescription, implementation of, S. alba, 1092 1853–1854 Salmo orientation meeting, 1850 S. salar, 1049, 1076 (see also Atlantic workshop, 1852–1853 salmon) Sustainable Rivers Project, 1858 S. trutta, 1076, 1832 (see also Sea trout) Scaling, 83, 684, 1217, 2122–2123 Salt, 1083 issues, 80, 83 barriers, 380 Schizogenous aerenchyma, 366, 367 elimination, 381 Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) of IPS, 677 marshes, 218, 229, 279, 920, 1218, 1531, Scientific & Technical Review Panel (STRP), 4, 2014 430, 436, 445, 449, 453, 454, 457, bare areas, 26 474, 475, 490, 684, 1708 carbon reservoirs, 1188 Scirpus, 252, 1314 carbon storage, 1186 S. cespitosus, 1913, 1914 climate change mitigation, S. mariqueter, 1169 1187–1188 S. supinus, 33 combination of, 1249 S. tuberosus, 33 with dikes, 1250 Scoping, 854, 859, 860, 2023, 2070 dunes, 1250 environmental impact assessment, ecosystem development, 2011 2040–2041, 2062 effectiveness, 1249 impact assessment, 2038 2224 Index of Keywords

Scoping (cont.) Sectoralism, 638 potential mitigation, 2047 Sediment accretion process, 249, 291, 1454 processing steps, 2038–2040 Sediment Elevation Table (SET), 235 Screening, 854 Seed(s), 26, 27, 51, 57, 58, 60, 63, 69, 83, 102, biodiversity screening map, 2034 106, 122, 126, 135, 136, 273, 288, criteria, 854, 855, 860, 861, 2023, 320, 378, 391, 400, 401, 484, 1030, 2032–2035 1045 decision, 854, 860, 2032, 2033 banks, 29–31, 36, 63, 83, 126, 828, impact assessment, 2035 2004–2007 threshold values, 2035–2036 colonization of, 401 wetlands, 2032–2033 dispersal, 36, 56, 117, 126, 131, 2005 Sea angling, 1076 establishment requirements, 36 Sea grasses, 453, 599, 701, 1156, 1246, 1531, germination, 18, 22, 36, 40, 400 1589, 1597 industry, 2144 biomass, 1994 Phragmites, 39 ecosystems, 1186 rain, 2006, 2007 habitats, 1660 survival, 2007 peatlands and, 2150 Seepage wetlands, 204 remote sensing techniques, 1660–1662 Selection effects (SELs), 1993, 1994 spectral measurement, 1661 Self-design concept, 6, 56–57 vegetated coastal wetlands, 1168 Self-emergent wetlands, 1467, 1493, 1495 Sea level, 74, 75, 215, 224, 226, 343, 582, 602, Self-organization, 57, 1971 1132, 1206, 1210, 1214, 1216, 1272, Sellers, 896, 897, 908, 961, 2145 1408, 1510, 1566, 1650, 1753 Semiarid wetlands, 1665–1671 changes, 226, 230, 1214, 1216, 1282, 1511 Semidiurnal tides, 220, 223, 227 rise, 292, 293, 306, 343, 359, 600–604, 606, Senegal River, 1022–1023, 1819 613, 1190, 1214, 1216, 1241, 1242, Sensible heat flux, 1179, 1182 1246, 1272, 1273, 1280, 1717, 1751 Sensors, 9, 1586–1589, 1597, 1598, 1610, Seasonal inundation detection, 1084, 1494, 1620, 1621, 1625, 1636, 1638, 1680 1687–1689, 1706 future missions, 1606 Seasonality, 70, 281, 385, 1055, 1064, 1161, hyperspectral, 1644 1337, 1402, 1485, 2161 IKONOS, 1660 Seasonal weather dynamics, 1120 Landsat, 1668–1670 Sea trout, 1076, 1077 L-band, 1653 Secondary production, 286–289, 293, 294, 321 microwave, 1586, 1605–1606 Secondary succession, 19, 26, 27, 49–51, 74 multispectral, 1642 Sečovlje Salina Nature Park satellite, 1600, 1661, 1775 business models, 1108–1110 in spectral region, 1596, 1604–1605 future aspects, 1110–1111 vibrating wire (see Capacitance sensors) geographical position, 1106 Sentinel 1 mission, 1606, 1708 institutional and management agreements, Sentinel 2 mission, 1606, 1708 1107–1108 Service-based wetland restoration, 1968 salt-pans, 1107 Sewage effluent, 1294 salt production, 1106 Shared river basins, 533–534 wetland products, 1108–1110 Shared species populations, 534 Secretariat, 4, 152, 338, 346, 351, 430, Shared wetlands, 453, 468, 533, 536, 787 435–438, 440, 442, 444–446, 449, Shellfish, 316, 321, 790, 922, 946, 1027, 1048, 452, 454, 455, 462, 465, 468, 475, 1082, 1142, 2164 479, 490, 494, 520–523, 548, 558, Shoots, 126, 298, 301, 304, 305, 376, 378, 380, 565, 574, 606, 612, 627, 638, 667, 385, 386, 388, 398, 400, 401, 1188, 676, 677, 708, 725, 728, 746, 1338, 1995 750–756, 853–855, 859, 860, 999, endophytes, 396, 405–407 1013, 1069, 1365, 1376, 1462, 1578, submergence, 390 1699, 1714, 1809, 1936, 2146 whole/partial submergence of, 385 Secretive marsh bird species, 180 Shorea, 1203 Index of Keywords 2225

Shoreline development, 74, 669 flooding, 298, 300, 302, 305, 306, 386–389 Shortwave radiation, 1176, 1177 formation, 324, 331, 911, 960, 1018, 1270, Shrimp farm development, 1241, 1631–1633, 1398, 1432, 1438, 1442, 1443, 1447, 2000, 2113, 2157, 2164–2165 1454, 1478, 1882 Shrub invasion, 60 material, 1446, 1447 Shrubs, 26, 44, 45, 60, 62, 153, 154, 278, 289, modifiers, 1552 318, 402, 1044, 1092–1093, 1552, parameters, 831 1589, 1670, 1675, 1681, 1695 phytotoxins, 298 Silicon, 1440 saturation, 203, 205, 214, 218, 266, 298, Silty clay floodplain, 1144 1475 Silver gridiron, 1423 coastal wetlands, 226–227 Sink populations, 134, 158–162 indirect indicators, 1477 Slapton Ley, 1360 water regime modifiers, 1522 Slippage, 185 and subsoil, 379, 1303, 1448, 1479, 1518 Slope wetland, 1275, 1276 waterlogging, 387, 1170, 1746, 1756 Slovenia, 549, 1105–1111, 1338, 1339 wetland, 203, 281, 291, 832, 834, 1027, Small island developing states (SIDS), 1403 1170, 1171, 1191, 1210, 1314, 1446, Small-scale farmers, 62, 1055, 1364 1450, 1745, 1968, 2004, 2013, 2014 Small-scale redox, 1287 soil management, 1450–1451 Small-tank(s), 1532 wetness, 1449 catchment forest and ponds, 1387 Soil and water assessment tool (SWAT), 239, Sri Lanka dry zone, 1386, 1388 1980 uses and functions, 1386 Solar constant, 1178 water management, 1388 Solidago, 62 wetland systems, 1380 Soligenous systems, 1520, 1745 zones of, 1386, 1387 Somateria mollissima, 1256 SMART, 1884 Somerset levels, 1392, 1393, 1422, 1423 definitions, 1886–1887 Sonneratia, 380 objectives, 1896, 1939, 1953 S. alba, 1644, 1645 principles, 1939 Source populations, 135, 144, 158, 160, 162, Smoldering nature of peatland ground fires, 68, 855, 861, 2032 166 Source-sink dynamics, 6, 86, 135, 298 Social ecological systems, 1389 genetic estimates, 160 Social impact assessment (SIA), 11, 1413, 2021 graph-theoretic models, 159 activities, 2080–2081 network model, 160–161 definition and description, 2078–2079 of species, 84 social impacts, 2079–2080 in wetlands, 85, 157–162 Social impact management plan (SIMP), 2081 South Africa DC Protocol on Fisheries 2001, Social learning processes, 1150–1151, 2110, 508 2114, 2137 South African wetlands Social performance, 715 classification systems, 1534 Social visitors, 1373 estuarine ecosystems, 1535–1537 Societal levers, 743, 844, 848, 985, 986 hydrogeomorphic units, 1541 Society of Wetland Scientists (SWS), 8, 680, inland aquatic ecosystems, 1537–1540, 687–690, 1259, 1941 1542 Socioecological system, 421, 1958, 2123 marine ecosystems, 1535–1536 Socioeconomic benefits, 326, 786, 1236, 2000, National Biodiversity Institute, 1541 2048 South Africa’s Working for Wetlands, 974–975 Soft defenses, 1247, 1248, 1251, 1252 Southeast Asia, 66–68, 556, 604, 656, 672–674, Soil(s) 1030, 1198–1201, 1216, 1591, 1624, characteristics, 828, 829, 833, 2012, 2113 1626, 1634, 1650, 1652 classification, 1448 Southeast Asian peat swamps, 1198–1203 cracks, 1036, 1038, 1477 Southeast Wetlands Initiative, 662 description, 1448–1449 Southern Africa, 416, 508, 522, 673, 796, 1094, ecosystem services, 1449–1450 1114, 1424, 1666 2226 Index of Keywords

Southern African Development Community engagement, 351, 616, 1330, 1377, 1765, (SADC) 2001, 508, 575, 577 1920–1921, 2048, 2120 Southern James Bay, 1408 information, 1919 Southern Prairies & Playas Initiative, 662 involvement, 617, 824, 1879, 1895, 1918, Spaceborne remote sensing, 1652–1656 1921, 1953, 2158 Spartina, 74, 279, 381, 1107, 1972 participation, 359, 618, 1122, 1266, S. alterniflora, 74, 229, 299 1917–1922, 2092 S. foliosa, 74, 229, 299 Standing Committee (StC), 430, 453, 521–523 S. patens, 74, 225, 229, 305 STAs, see Stormwater Treatment Areas (STAs) Spatial heterogeneity, 81–83, 178, 180, 1183, Stated preference, 2121, 2123, 2130, 2134, 1805 2136–2137 Spatial patterns, 81, 86, 92, 180, 1272 State/territory policies, 762 Spatial planning, 420, 804, 1337, 1346, 1347, Statewide functional assessments, 1560 1429, 1430, 2100, 2145, 2151, 2152, Statistics, for landscape genetics, 195–196 2154 Statutory legislation, 844–845, 848, 1429–1430 Special Area Management Plans (SAMPs), Statutory reserve program, 973 1399 Steart Peninsula, 910, 922 Special Areas of Conservation (SACs), 580, Stenochlaena palustris, 69, 70 581, 1798 Sterna albifrons, 1107, 1110 Special protection areas (SPAs), 580, 1145, 1798 Stewardship agreements, 708, 991 Species covered, AEWA, 439, 484, 520 Stolothrissa, 1055 Species-sorting model, 134 Stomata, 298, 299, 302, 381, 390, 1171 Sphagnum, 28, 180, 278, 1169, 1479, 1681–1683, Stormwater Treatment Areas (STAs), 243–261, 1745, 1905, 1908, 1913, 1915 1288 S. auriculatum, 1913 depth range, 260 S. austinii, 1905 design, 249–250 S. capillifolium, 1905 hydrology, 250–257 S. cuspidatum, 1905, 1906, 1913 inflow TP concentration (Ci), 258 S. fuscum, 1905 maintenance, 260–261 S. magellanicum, 1905 monitoring, 260–261 S. papillosum, 1905 operation, 257–258 S. pulchrum, 1905, 1906, 1913 operational timeline, 247 S. subnitens, 1905 outflow TP concentration (Co), 258 S. tenellum, 1905 performance, 259 Sphagnum-dominated bog, 279 Strategic environmental assessment (SEA), 5, Spiritual services of wetlands, 1406–1407 8, 11, 456, 628, 738, 775, 845, 853, Spiritualties 854, 857, 858, 1430, 1434, 1717, faiths, 1410–1412 2047, 2066, 2086, 2098, 2153 indigenous spiritualties, 1409–1410 advantages, 2092 leaders, 1412–1413 biodiversity in, 2103–2104 pilgrimage travel, 1412 characteristics, 2091 services, 1406–1407 conventional, 2106 significance, 1407–1409 effectiveness, 2091–2092 Sporobolus helvolus, 33 process, 858–859 Spring tides, 221–222, 226, 228, 1249, 1250 requirement, 2092–2094 Sri Lanka, 682, 853, 1031, 1232, 1234, 1380, scope of assessment, 2094–2095 1385–1389, 1624, 1634, 2160–2161 wetlands, 859–861, 2086–2095, 2106–2114 Stacked credits, 938 triggers, 2098–2104 Staff gages, 204–205 Strategic Plan for Biodiversity, 438, 446, 489, Stakeholder, 1918 490, 494–498, 741, 2151 analysis, 1918–1920, 1938, 1939, 1955, Strategic wetland restoration, 168–171 1999, 2080, 2122 Streamflow types, 210, 234, 235, 237, 239, categories, 1918, 1920 1559 Index of Keywords 2227

Structural adaptations, 365 Supporting services, 753, 845, 1000, 1002, Structural connectivity, 90, 107–109 1006, 1014, 1018, 1044, 1046, 1128, Structurally equivalent, 828 1138, 1350, 1351, 1398, 1428, Subak landscape, 1408 1454–1457, 1468, 1882 Submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) species, challenges, 1435 246, 248, 253, 1598, 1660, 2161 Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), 1434 Submerged photosynthetic organisms, 316 common law, 1430–1431 Submergence, 376, 385, 387, 389, fragmented protection, 1433 390, 393 international protocol, 1431–1432 Subpixel methods, 1636 market, 1432 Sub-Saharan Africa, 672, 1115 market-based instruments, 1432–1433 Subsidy, 320, 358, 495, 754, 782, 817, 846, operational tools, 1431 874–876, 939, 946, 961, 965, 1362, spatial planning system, 1430 1433, 1434, 2134, 2143, 2145, 2164, statutory legislation, 1429–1430 2165 wetland, 5, 1428–1435, 1439, 1440, 1443 Subsidy-stress model, 320, 322 Supreme Court, 90, 815, 890, 953, 982, 983 Subsistence, 415, 484, 739, 903, 999, 1000, Surface radiation temperature, 1225 1014, 1016, 1022, 1023, 1030, 1032, Surface sealing, 1308 1072, 1082–1084, 1115, 1338, 1356, Surface temperature, 1176, 1225, 1226, 1604 1381, 1386, 2128 Surface water, 152, 172, 204, 205, 239, 249, Subsurface water exchanges, 208, 210–212, 261, 291, 586–589, 796, 829, 896, 235, 1381, 1386, 1753, 2160 926, 966, 1303, 1484, 1492, 1494, Succession, 5–6, 56, 57, 62, 69, 179, 810, 1034, 1517, 1552, 1743, 1745, 1748, 1752, 1107, 1215, 1272, 1557, 1653, 1967, 1754, 1774, 1791, 1914, 1944, 1947, 1968, 1970 2005, 2152 challenges, 52 exchange, 210 coastal wetlands, 74–75 flows, 91 definition, 23 hydrological regimes, 1270–1276 drivers of, 24–27 hydrology, 2011, 2013, 2015 ecological education, 48–52 inflows, 214, 219, 236, 1559 Egler’s challenge, 44–45 in Lake Chad, 540 undergraduate life science courses, 49–51 obstruction, 214 wetlands, 18–33, 36–41 outflows, 219 Sudd wetlands, South Sudan, 1116, 1120, pumping, 1024 1666–1668 runoff, 219, 220, 1282 Sulfate reducing bacteria, 272, supplies, 172, 928, 966, 1130, 1162–1163, 273, 1191 1743 Sulfide toxicity, 302 surface exchanges, 210 Sulfur, 266, 273–274, 344, 1447 Survey and construction data, 1753 Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), 1757 Sustainability, 181, 479, 498, 506, 565, 566, Sundew, 1088, 1094, 1913, 1947, 1949 617, 623, 624, 638, 640, 650, 651, Superorganism, 23 666, 683, 689, 713, 798, 804, 811, Supertope, 1525 859, 886, 902, 926, 967, 986, 1012, Supporting ecosystem services, 1002, 1398, 1015–1017, 1031, 1095, 1121–1122, 1444, 1454, 2152 1201, 1299, 1343, 1388, 1395, 1800, challenges, 1456–1457 1827, 1871, 1872, 1940, 2062, 2069, interdependencies, 1456 2087, 2093, 2094, 2110 nutrient cycling, 1455 livelihoods, 639, 720, 1084, 1203, 1403 photosynthesis, 1455–1456 management, 414, 418, 420, 535, 563, 600, primary production, 1454–1455 611, 616, 617, 625, 626, 634, 666, provision of habitat, 1456 703, 767, 775, 779, 787, 808, 858, soil formation, 1454 998, 999, 1001, 1002, 1010, 1016, water recycling, 1455 1051, 1060, 1085, 1114, 1121, 1122, 2228 Index of Keywords

1131, 1186, 1234, 1276, 1331, 1380, Swamp wetlands 1402, 1574, 1674, 1959, 2120, 2166 biochemicals, 1045 urban drainage systems, 1418 fibre and fuel, 1044–1045 uses, 331, 336, 356, 438, 447–449, 463, food production from, 1044 478, 479, 482, 485, 488, 490, fresh water sources, 1044 495–497, 505, 506, 509, 534, 546, genetic resources, 1045 547, 562, 576, 599, 607, 618, 626, natural medicines, 1045 627, 629, 633–635, 668, 706, 729, ornamental resources, 1045 762, 767, 774, 775, 786, 797, 798, pharmaceuticals, 1045 864, 1013, 1016, 1089, 1095, 1106, Sweet flag, 1094 1113–1122, 1336, 1380, 1590, 1936, SWS, see Society of Wetland Scientists (SWS) 1954, 1959, 1960, 2040, 2073 Sydney Olympic Park, 1365, 1378 utilization, 478, 627, 786, 787, 1128 Symbiosis, 397, 1297 wetlands on coastal landscapes, 708–709 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), 9, Sustainable development, 358, 421, 453, 506, 1587–1591, 1600, 1611–1615, 1626, 541, 542, 558, 584, 593, 606, 632, 633, 1633, 1636, 1637, 1642, 1645, 1646, 638, 655, 666, 667, 714, 715, 729, 740, 1653, 1654, 1666, 1668, 1670, 1674, 750, 772, 773, 783, 798, 846, 847, 892, 1688, 1693, 1705–1708, 1775 1014, 1040, 1049, 1121, 1128, 1687, fine resolution, 1675–1678 2026, 2049, 2062, 2093 interferometric, 1621 biological diversity, 488 medium resolution, 1675 challenges, 623 polarimetric, 1620 definitions, 478, 622 wetland mapping, 1605, 1625, 1636 objectives, 479 Synusia, 1519, 1523 principles of, 624 Systemic governance, 422–423 of wetlands, 622–629 Systemic management, of wetlands, 422, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 7, 8, 1000–1001 625, 626, 629, 632–635, 902, 998 and non-systemic management, 420, 422 Sustainable Development Reserves, 1686, 1687 Systemic solutions, 932 Sustainable fishery, 984, 1048 Systems thinking, 420–421, 1302 in Africa (see Inland fisheries, Africa) System–Wide Initiative on Water Management aquaculture, 1050–1051 (SWIM), 1012 conservation, 1048–1050 management, 1051 wider pressures, 1051 T Sustainable Rivers Audit, 1805, 1807 Tabernaemontana, 1092 Sustainable Rivers Project (SRP), 1851, 1852, Taijang National Park, 803 1854, 1858 Taiwan wetland Swamp, 280, 287, 1043, 1044 challenges, 805 Banrock, 707 ecological corridors, 804–805 Buttonland, 27 financial tool development, 804 cypress, 319 importance of, 805 forests, 6, 22, 26, 66–70, 441, 714, 1092, issues, 803 1169, 1198–1201, 1203, 1365, 1409, land use planning tools, 804 1524, 1531, 1532, 1537, 1564, 1572, management system, 803 1589, 1591, 1650–1656, 1706 market mechanisms, 804 Nakivubo, 2162–2164 regulation and management system, Okefenokee, 207 803–804 palm, 48 types of, 802 wetlands, 1044–1046 Tank systems, 1380, 1387 Swampbuster, 817, 874 Tarelo lagoon, 1143, 1144 effectiveness, 875–876 Targeted stakeholder engagement, 1765 provisions, 874–875 Taxodium distichum, 204, 301, 305, 379 Index of Keywords 2229

Teacher training, 50 Tides Technical Committee (TC), 521–523, 528 climatic condition and flooding, 224 Tectonic movements, 213, 1234, 1438, 1503, fresh water regime modifiers, 1552 1510 freshwater river and wetlands influence, 226 TEEB, see The Economics of Ecosystems and and geomorphology, 223–224 Biodiversity (TEEB) global climatological events, 225 Temporal heterogeneity, 80, 179, 180 inundation, 74, 179, 220, 293, 1215, 1620, Tenure, 558, 617, 618, 708, 810, 973–975, 1121 1642, 2014 Terrain conforming wetlands, 1492, 1493 marshes, 27, 91, 206, 208, 216, 227, 229, Terra-1 Moderate Resolution Imaging 320, 909, 1143, 1144, 1168, 1188, Spectroradiometer (MODIS), 1586 1192, 1206, 2112 Terrestrial buffer zones, 109 nature and variability, 220 Terrestrialization, 23, 24, 28, 48, 1521, 1557 river discharge, 224–225 TEV, see Total economic value (TEV) salt water regime modifiers, 1552 Thamnophis sea level changes, 226 T. elegans, 160 spring, 1249 T. sirtalis, 160 swamp, 226, 1446 That Luang Marsh, 1331, 1332 types, 220–223 Thematic Working Groups, 347 water exchange, 209, 211–213 Thermal infrared scanners, 1775 wetlands, 179, 211, 216, 218, 220, 223, Thermo-pressurized gas flow, 379–380 226–229, 236, 292, 293, 320, 891, The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity 908, 1191, 1192, 1270, 1558, 1830 (TEEB), 11, 324, 909, 1114, 1882, water levels, 223–226 1884 Tiered approach, 336, 1478, 1480, 1481 activities of, 337–338 Timber, 66, 167, 316, 321, 327, 328, 357, 617, calculations, 909 618, 642, 730, 731, 903, 946, 998, economic loss, 909 1006, 1044, 1083, 1084, 1364, 1387, economic valuation, 11 1394, 1574, 1652, 1883, 2134, 2164 ecosystem services framework, 1114, 1115 Time-series data, 1668–1671, 1806, 1808 environmental regulatory approaches, 2151 Timing, 10, 25, 114, 205, 218, 320, 378, 398, guidance material, 336 880, 948, 1023, 1024, 1031, 1206, history of, 336–337 1210, 1211, 1270–1272, 1276, 1398, principles, 336–337 1620, 1660, 1814, 1815, 1836, 1851, reports, 337 1852, 1857, 1870, 1939, 1945, 1947, technical expertise, 336 1948, 2036 for water and wetlands, 338–339 Tolerance of anoxia, 391 workshops, 336 Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve (TSBR), 1069, The Nature Conservancy (TNC), 171, 173, 1070, 1695 700–703, 871, 1850, 1857, 1858 Tonle Sap Great Lake (TSGL), 1068, 1621, avoid-mitigate-compensate sequence, 871 1692, 1693 challenges, 703 Tonle Sap Lake, 655, 656, 1620, 1621 history, 700–701 biodiversity value, 1069 Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration, 1857 community fisheries, 1072 mission, 701–702 coordination, 1072 ongoing activities, 701–702 fishery management, 1071 Pecatonica River floodplain, 173 fishing dependency in Cambodia, 1068, Savannah Process, 1858 1069 Three-factor method, 1472, 1478, 1480, 1481 fishing practices, 1072 Thresholds model, 2108–2109 governance system, 1068–1071 Thresholds of potential concern (TPC), 2111, heart of Mekong River basin, 1068 2112 situation map, 1070 Thymallus thymallus, 1076 Technical Working Groups (TWGs), 1071 Tibetan Autonomous Region, 1408 Tonle Sap Authority (TSA), 1070 2230 Index of Keywords

Top-down enforcement, 966 Transboundary, 7, 429, 503, 504, 548–550, 592, Topogenous systems, 1520 593, 767, 768, 892, 982, 1842, 1871, Topography, 108, 166, 179, 180, 186, 206, 226, 1919, 2021, 2024, 2040, 2093 227, 248, 261, 415, 718, 1023, 1031, agreements, 536 1054, 1176, 1214, 1258, 1446, 1477, cooperation, 515, 516, 532 1510, 1699, 1721, 1743, 1775, 1830 Indus River Basin, 551 Topsoil removal, 1170, 1325, 1326 management, 541, 556–559 Total economic value (TEV), 11, 332, 358, mechanisms, 534, 535, 541, 548, 553 2121, 2127, 2136 Ramsar sites, 468–470, 533, 537–542 bequest value, 2129 water-sharing mechanisms, 553 definition, 2130 wetland management, 532–536 direct values, 2128 Transition mires and quaking bogs, 1944, 1947 ecosystem services, 331 Translocation, 304 existence values, 2129 Transnational, 7, 502–510, 546, 556, 592–594, framework, 326, 330, 2129 999 indirect values, 2128 cooperation, 592 natural wetlands, 324 river basin management, 550 non-use values, 2128 Transpiration efficiency (TE), 1224 option values, 2128 Transport infrastructure, 858, 1331, 1336, 2069, quasi-option value, 2129 2128 use values, 2128 Trapa natans, 372 wetlands Travel cost method, 2135, 2136 ecosystems, 2129 Treaties, 151, 428–431, 441, 443, 444, 462, monetary valuation of, 2129–2131 482, 502–505, 507, 520, 532, unconverted, 1006, 2068 552–554, 594, 623, 624, 667, 741, Total suspended matter (TSM), 1597–1599, 742, 750, 864, 892, 944, 1780, 2028 1703 Treatment wetland, 249, 261, 719, 933, 934, Tour du Valat Centre, 645, 1343, 1356 1258, 1331, 1979, 1980, 1984–1989 Tourism and wetlands, 1367, 1402–1404 Tree(s), 18, 21, 44, 45, 50, 51, 68, 69, 114, 125, Tradable, 956, 2145 126, 130, 153, 154, 205, 214, 234, Trade-off analysis, 1122, 2166 278, 280, 287, 289, 311, 318, 380, Traditional boats, 1340, 1341, 1357 405, 441, 599, 896, 965, 1023, 1083, Traditional knowledge, 497, 1024, 1031, 1338, 1156, 1158, 1183, 1203, 1214, 1215, 1343, 1345, 1347, 1348, 1356, 1225, 1234, 1241, 1247–1250, 1309, 1380–1382, 1386–1389, 2048, 2067, 1354, 1373, 1388, 1410, 1474, 1524, 2144 1552, 1588, 1589, 1621, 1642, 1643, Traditional medicine, 1089 1652, 1654, 1675, 1687, 1695, 1841, bulrushes, 1093 1915, 1921, 1930, 1948, 2143, 2144 conservation and sustainable use, 1095 biomass, 1215 grasses, 1093 seedlings, 50, 51 herbaceous dicotyledonous plants, and shrubs, 153, 154, 289, 318, 1092–1093, 1093–1094 1589 over-harvesting, 1095 species, 22, 27, 66, 68, 365, 379, 380, 402, sedges and rushes, 1093 404, 603, 1045, 1092, 1214, 1549, trees and shrubs, 1092–1093 1644, 1687, 1883, 1908 wetland species, 1092 Trichechus inunguis, 1687 Training, 50, 328, 329, 440, 506, 517, 534, 535, Trichophorum cespitosum, 1906 656, 657, 672, 674, 693, 696, 701, Triggers for SEA, 2098–2104 720, 929, 974, 1331, 1346, 1356, Triglochin maritima, 181 1365, 1371–1373, 1376–1378, 1451, Tripartite Agreement, 592 1678, 1700, 1703, 1733, 1758, 1772, Trithuria filamentosa, 365 1797, 1798, 1800, 1819, 1842, 1937, Triveni Sangam, 1409, 1412, 1413 1941 Trophic level, 1056, 1994, 2011 Index of Keywords 2231

Tropical peatland fires, 67–70 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Tropical peat swamp forest, 441, 1169, 1198, Sea (UNCLOS), 1000 1199, 1524, 1650 United Nations Economic Commission for Tropical wetland, 48–49, 288, 343, 602, 1692 Europe (UNECE 2003) Protocol, Tropical wetland project, 48–49 535, 858, 2087 Trusted broker, 927, 966 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Tsunamis, 223, 415, 1246, 1247, 1249, 1250, Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 1644, 2113, 2164 286, 350, 351, 452, 576, 577, 666, coastal wetlands, 1240–1241 680, 999, 1069, 1142, 1336–1338, earthquakes and, 1234 1393, 1413, 1919 mangrove restoration, 1241–1242 United Nations Environment Programme sea level rise, 1242 (UNEP), 325, 350, 351, 356, Tupelo, 22 444–446, 483, 520, 521, 611, 638, Turlough, 1472 639, 1186, 1286, 1782, 1919 Typha, 167, 244, 252, 256, 368, 372, 721, 1088, United Nations Framework Convention on 1093, 1314, 1668, 1969, 1994, 1995, Climate Change (UNFCCC), 503, 2162 508, 600, 609–613, 616, 617, 623, T. angustata, 33 680, 847, 1186, 1192, 1201 T. angustifolia, 167 United Nations Information Portal on T. domingensis, 252, 305, 1093 Multilateral Environmental T. glauca, 365, 368, 370, 371 Agreements (InforMEA), 446 T. latifolia, 252, 364, 384, 1316, 1323 United States (US) T. x glauca, 167 Environmental Protection Agency, 838, Typhoons, 802, 2164 866, 878, 890, 1026, 1362, 1733, 1799, 1981, 2055 National Wetland Condition U Assessment, 1806, 1807, 1809 UAVSAR, 1606, 1614 Federal delineation methods, 1473 Übergangsmoor, 1517 Forest and Wildlife Service, 1571 Uganda National Wetlands Policy, 808, Housing and Urban Development 811–812 Department, 858 aims, 809 wetland policy, 814 derivation of, 808 Clean Water Act, 816, 1814 implementation strategies, 808 federal agencies, 815 principles, 809 federal authority, 851 strategies, 809 federal funding, 816 successes, 809–810 federal jurisdiction, 815 Uganda National Wetlands Programme, 808 United States Department of Agriculture United Kingdom (UK) (USDA), 152, 526, 817, 818, 875, Field Study Council Centre, 1360 896, 897, 939, 940, 973, 1485, 1486, National Ecosystem Assessment, 998, 1006 1488, 1499 National Vegetation Classification, 1725, 1862 Unmanned airborne vehicle (UAV) imagery, 2012 National Policy Planning Framework, 1587, 1682, 1683 1430 UN-Water, 447–448 Water Resources Act, 1814 Upper Awash Catchment, Ethiopia, 1023–1024 United Nationas Development Project (UNDP), Upstream Thinking programme, south west 350, 351, 556, 558, 1937, 1941 England, 910, 913, 926–929, 1001 United Nations (UN) Urban cooling islands (UCIs), 1182 Conference on Environment and Urban ecosystems, 1183 Development, 488, 623, 632 Urban heat islands (UHI), 1182 Convention on Biological Diversity, 488, Urbanisation, 1337 580, 1966 Urban riparian ecosystem, 122 Environment Program, 1966 Urban wastewater, 8, 212, 1330, 1967 2232 Index of Keywords

Urban wetlands, 634, 904, 1377, 2136 Values, 910–911, 2158 East Kolkata Wetlands, 1330 African Inland Fisheries, 1055–1057 ecosystem services, 1183 biodiversity, 495, 674, 1069, 1107, 1122, evapotranspiration role, 1182 1516, 2034 future aspects, 1332 Britain’s recreational game fisheries, hydrological cycle, 240, 1182 1076–1077 local climate regulation, 1181–1184 direct, 1055, 2128, 2159 management, 1182, 1331 economic, 6, 8, 11, 12, 324, 326, 330, 332, Ramsar Convention, 1330 358, 452, 707, 809, 936, 946, 948, That Luang Marsh, 1331 960, 1006, 1077, 1084, 1088, 1089, in urban and peri-urban environments, 1330 1122, 1156, 1351, 1364, 1805, 1970, wastewater, 1330 2122–2124, 2143, 2150, 2159, 2162, water sensitive urban design (WSUD), 1183 2163, 2166 Urochloa, 32 Muthurajawela Marsh, 1232, 1233 Urtica dioica, 1915 Nakivubo wetland, 2164 USA wetlands, 814, 815, 975, 1733, wetlands, 2067, 2068, 2120–2121, 2055–2056 2127–2131, 2134–2138 classification ecosystem service, 330, 338, 910, 2120 development, 1546–1547 existence, 324, 1354, 2128, 2129 overview, 1547–1553 indirect use, 326, 332, 2128, 2160, 2161, use, 1553 2163, 2165, 2166 NWI-Plus classification system internalization of, 913–914 functions, 1559 intrinsic, 1884, 2100, 2129, 2158 landform, 1557 market value and activity, 2056, 2057 landscape positions, 1557 multiple, 7, 421, 423, 846, 960, 1076, 1433, products, 1561 2122, 2142–2146, 2150–2154 waterbodies, 1557 Nieuwkoopse Plassen, 1945–1947 water flow paths, 1557, 1559, 1560 nonuse, 326, 332, 920, 2128, 2136, 2137, US Department of Agriculture (USDA), 152, 2165, 2166 526, 741, 817, 818, 875, 896, 897, option, 326, 332, 2128–2129 939, 940, 973, 1476, 1548, 1717 recreational sea angling in England, 1076 US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), 592, religious, 1350, 1354, 1407, 1410, 875, 988–991, 1472, 1476, 1480, 1413–1414 1481, 1533, 1546, 1548, 1556, 1720, spiritual, 351, 964, 1343, 1350, 1354, 1407, 1806 1413–1414, 2150 wetland classification, 1471 stakeholder, 1872, 2103 Utricularia spp., 32 threshold, for screening, 2035–2036 Tope System, 1526 total economic value, 2128–2129 V wetlands supporting recreational angling, Vaccinium, 402, 403, 1044 1077–1078 Valletta Convention, 1393 Vanellus vanellus, 719 Valley-bottom wetland, 1164, 1275, 1276 Variably Saturated Two-Dimensional Transport Valley-fen, 1518 model (VS2DT), 240 Vallisneria spiralis, 33 Vascular tissues, 69, 364, 369–372, 397, 402 Valuation, 5, 11, 12, 326–331, 336, 337, 347, Vectors, 594, 1156, 1158, 1254–1259, 1639 351, 416, 417, 423, 655, 694, 788, Vegetation, 6, 9, 18–20, 23, 25–29, 39, 40, 44, 824, 854, 859, 909, 910, 919–922, 45, 48, 832 960, 968, 1001, 1002, 1128, 1206, aquatic, 253, 266, 539, 1564, 1598, 1610, 1331, 1419, 1456, 1762, 1763, 1765, 1615, 1660, 1670, 1674, 1677, 1784, 1952, 1998, 2000, 2068, 2075, 2100, 2161 2120–2124, 2127–2131, climax, 56 2134–2138, 2158–2166 composition, 36, 74, 144, 154, 1275, 1519 Index of Keywords 2233

emergent, 25, 37, 38, 1314, 1531, 1540, W 1612, 1637, 1724 Wader(s), 520 hydrophytic, 9, 1473–1476, 1478, 1480, definition, 514 1534 flyways, 512, 515 native, 155, 167, 175, 707, 708, 1038, 1039 Wading birds, 514, 515 non-woody, 69, 70 Wareham study, 920–921 salt marsh, 1188, 1249, 1565 Warm season grass, 154 vicariant, 1519 Wastelands, 150, 293, 423, 952, 1419 wetlands, 37, 38, 60, 61, 213, 292, 1083, Waste Recycling Region (WRR), 1294 1132, 1171, 1257, 1456, 1472, 1498, Wastewater treatment, 600, 932–935, 1115, 1542, 1586, 1639, 1696, 1748, 1993, 1119, 1296, 1302, 1314, 1319, 1330, 1995, 2007, 2010, 2015 1331, 1532, 1979, 1984–1989, 2151, Papyrus harvesting, 1114–1116, 1120 2164 Vegetative growth, 36 Wastewater Treatment through Effective Vertical flow constructed wetlands (VF CWs), Wetland Restoration (WATER), 1318 1331 HF-VF CWs, 1319 Water macrophytes, 1317 allocation, 456, 1299, 1814, 1870, 1871, removal processes, 1317 1960, 2160 wastewater, 1317 budgets, 201, 206–209, 213, 219–220, 236, Very high resolution (VHR), 1588, 1636, 1707 237, 239, 240, 251, 255, 256, 1275 airborne/spaceborne imagery, 1645 chemistry, 144, 167, 316, 398, 1519, 1525, multispectral sensors, 1642 1547, 1549, 1556, 1724, 1743, 1745, optical sensors, 1586 1747, 1754–1757, 1837, 1840, 1866, sensors, 1680 1907, 1914 spaceborne multispectral data, 1605 modifiers, 1552 Vetiveria zizanoides, 1093 diversions, 166, 563, 564, 577 Vibrio cholerae, 1257 entitlements, 566, 2145 Vicariant vegetation, 1519 flow path, 1466, 1553, 1556, 1557, Victoria amazonica, 366 1559–1561 Vienna Convention, 502–504 funds, 2143, 2144 Visitor centres, wetland, 1365 harvesting structures, 1012, 1183, 1380 activities, 1371–1372 law, 562, 563, 781, 967, 1276, 1814, 1815, definition, 1369 1837 importance, 1370 management, 170, 339, 437, 546, 556, 565, visitors, 1372–1373 566, 584, 638, 668, 681–685, 896, Vital attribute models, 36–41 926, 931–936, 1012–1013, 1070, Volta Lake, 1056 1150, 1151, 1183, 1267, 1302, 1304, Voluntary payment mechanisms, 847 1338, 1346, 1386, 1388, 1399, 1418, Voluntary stewardship agreements, 991 1652, 1730, 1734, 1814, 1827, 1999, Volunteer(s), 700, 707, 973, 1372, 1377, 1397, 2066, 2090, 2144 1776, 1797–1799, 1928, 1929, 1932 markets, 965 Vulnerability, 422, 606, 1064, 1095, 1121, monitoring, 234, 235 1231, 1232, 1272, 1280, 1282, 1715, persistence of, 9, 1619–1621 1717, 1718, 1721, 1800, 1862, 1958 pollution, 920, 952, 1018, 1985 definition, 600 protection, 150, 152–153, 584, 2145 human interventions, 420 purification, 324, 325, 331, 357, 640, 786, over-harvesting, 1095 910, 1018, 1364, 1387, 2010, socioeconomic and ecological systems, 611 2162–2164 wetlands ecosystem services, 1131–1132 climate change, 598, 600–601, 613, 628, microbial assemblages, 1319 2036, 2072, 2114 recycling, 1454, 1455 coastal, 604 regime modifiers, 1552 2234 Index of Keywords

Water (cont.) surface water bodies, 586–588 resources, 10, 91, 109, 110, 358, 552, 556, terrestrial ecosystems, 588 575, 638–640, 668, 713, 798, 799, wetland role, 585–586 844, 926, 928, 964, 986, 999, 1001, Water levels, 23, 27, 37–39, 91, 92, 179, 1002, 1012, 1044, 1151, 1153, 1164, 203–206, 208–212, 214–216, 1265, 1331, 1463, 1624, 1836, 1840, 224–226, 229, 240, 320, 343, 372, 1869–1873, 1960, 2048, 2152 384, 387, 541, 656, 718, 829, 831, retention, 886, 978, 1044, 1275, 1387, 1449, 833, 1022, 1055, 1133, 1162, 1170, 1702, 1743, 1745, 1748 1192, 1194, 1202, 1259, 1270, 1274, sports, 1398, 2161 1294, 1393, 1450, 1552, 1557–1559, states, 1586, 1600 1572, 1573, 1636, 1742, 1743, 1745, supply, 172, 357, 553, 638, 654, 786, 847, 1746, 1751–1754, 1756, 1773, 1790, 910, 913, 926–929, 961, 966, 1001, 1820, 1857, 1937, 1944, 2007 1006, 1121, 1128, 1130, 1150–1152, fluctuations, 205, 206, 208, 674, 1273, 1160–1164, 1206, 1233, 1266, 1294, 1571, 1830 1347, 1381, 1386, 1488, 1517, 1518, ground, 91 1520, 1743, 1745, 1764, 1862, 1918, guidelines, 1862–1863 2128, 2163 hydraulic variables, 1862 synthesis report, 1138, 1351 landscape, 91 system management, 1381 seasonal, 33, 1674 table level, 1652, 1751 surface, 205, 212, 829, 833, 1745, 1752, Water Act and the Basin Plan, 565–566 1944 Water Band Index (WBI), 1680 wetland, 204, 211, 214, 215, 223, 1743, Waterbirds, 429, 438–441, 452, 453, 455, 1857, 1862–1863 482–484, 520–523, 534, 599, 645, Waterlogging, 175, 385, 387, 1120, 1168, 1170, 720, 1040, 1065, 1144, 1145, 1257, 1171, 1270, 1272, 1325, 1448, 1494, 1338, 1367, 1559, 1798, 1820, 2033, 1506, 1517, 1518, 1520, 1572, 1746, 2150 1905, 1907, 1914 climate change impact, 604–606 archaeological deposits, 1393 conservation, 440, 512–517 peat-forming systems, 1516 description, 513 salt marshes, 180 flyway initiative, 515–517 sum exceedance value, 1756 Water cycle regime (WCR) maps, 1591, 1699, Water mean normalization (WMN) technique, 1700, 1702, 1703, 1708 1638 Water Data Portal, IWMI, 685 Water quality, 10, 11, 48, 49, 86, 168, 170, 172, Water Environment and Water Services 181, 211, 213, 215, 218, 239, 244, (Scotland) Act 2003 (WEWS; The 246, 260, 271, 290, 291, 293, 317, Scottish Government 2013), 1788 342, 359, 398, 407, 542, 546, 578, Waterfowl,106,288–289, 452, 478, 505, 514, 589, 635, 656, 668, 674, 683, 701, 528, 532, 580, 592, 602, 645, 659–663, 713, 752, 774, 815, 816, 855, 866, 790, 813–814, 817, 978, 990, 874, 886, 896–898, 910, 911, 913, 1043–1044, 1161, 1465, 1555, 1559 918, 934, 938, 946, 960, 965–967, Waterfowl habitat, 428, 504, 660, 661, 818, 972, 979, 1014, 1060, 1064, 1122, 864, 892, 946, 1171, 1624 1128, 1131, 1132, 1151, 1183, 1231, Waterfowl management, 229, 525–529 1263, 1264, 1282, 1323, 1367, 1451, Water Framework Directive (WFD), 91, 508, 1470, 1484, 1485, 1496, 1598–1600, 548, 582, 844, 1145, 1754, 1784, 1699, 1703, 1704, 1708, 1743, 1764, 1788 1771, 1784, 1790, 1799, 1805, 1840, definition, 585 1866, 1870, 1882, 1907, 1914, 1945, European Union, 738, 752, 911, 1276, 1323, 1948, 1949, 1968, 1971, 1984, 1999, 1399, 1429, 1734, 1764, 1815, 2143, 2048, 2128, 2130, 2142, 2150–2152, 2162 2160, 2163, 2164, 2166 horizontal guidance, 585–586 benefits, 155 Index of Keywords 2235

catchment scale effects, 1288 valley bottom wetlands, 1275, 1276 dead zones, 171 variability, 1272 efficiency removal, 1288–1289 vegetation composition, 1549 free water surface constructed wetlands, water cycle, 1270 1314–1315 water level depth, 1272 horizontal subsurface flow, 1315–1317 Water regulation, 1122, 1206, 1386 hybrid constructed wetlands, 1319 ecosystem services, 1130–1131 improvement, 6, 152, 154, 167, 174, 1115 and purification, 713 agricultural territories, 1978–1981 Water Resources Development Act, 817, 818, definitions, 1979–1980 838 East Kolkata Wetlands, 1294–1299 Water sensitive urban design (WSUD), 932, integrated constructed wetlands, 1183–1184, 1418 1302–1304 Watershed(s), 81, 102, 151, 166–175, 181, 214, Randers Fjord, Denmark, 2161–2162 224, 226, 237–240, 279, 291, 542, wetlands for, 1979–1981 549, 602, 622, 655, 661, 662, 671, (see also Integrated constructed 673, 816, 839, 841, 884–887, 928, wetlands (ICW)) 956, 964, 966–968, 1063, 1142, loading limits, 1288–1289 1194, 1262, 1265, 1273, 1279–1284, monitoring, 260 1381, 1408, 1525, 1553, 1559–1561, New York City Public Water Supply, 1650, 1674, 1720, 1807, 1981, 2044, 928–929 2046, 2055, 2144 parameters, 1704 plan, 168–173, 175, 1720 processes, 1287–1288 protection programme, 928, 966, 2144 South West England, 926–928 Water-vectored pollutants, 1303, 1304, 1309 vertical subsurface flow, 1317–1318 Weather, 68, 114, 146, 179, 204, 210, 218, 220, Water quality constituents (WQSC), 1599 223–225, 236, 260, 389, 420, 903, Water regime, wetland, 23, 29, 73, 228, 400, 926, 1031, 1032, 1040, 1109, 1120, 452, 601, 602, 604, 1040, 1107, 1121, 1168, 1176–1179, 1182, 1449, 1208, 1210, 1270, 1450, 1465, 1467, 1776, 2113 1494, 1496, 1547, 1556, 1862, 2007 Weirs, 210, 216, 229, 1056, 1820, 1866, 1867 afforestation, 1274–1276 Welsh Government Green Paper, 914 climate change, 1272–1273 WERI, 791 environmental conditions, 1270 Westcountry Rivers Trust (WRT), 927 factors, 1272 Wetland, 503, 999, 1128, 1406, 1548, 1550, flood pulse-driven wetland, 1271 2142, 2150 frequency, 1271 categories, 236, 1161, 1494, 1531, 1532, future aspects, 1276 2159 human impacts, 1273 centres, 943, 1343, 1360, 1361, 1365, 1366, hydrological regime, 1270 1368, 1370, 1372, 1373, 1375–1377 Lake Chilika, 1062 chemical processes, 1257 man-made wetlands, 1271 classification, 9, 1461–1467, 1471, 1476, MG13 wetland plant community, 1863 1478, 1483–1488, 1491–1499, 1502, modifiers, 1552 1537, 1547, 1556–1559, 1563–1566, permanently waterlogged inland wetland, 1570–1574, 1577–1580, 1771, 1783 1271 definition, 28, 453, 585, 768, 867, 952, plateau wetlands, 1275 1463, 1485, 1530, 1534, 1547, 1548, reduction in runoff, 1275 1573, 1788, 1979, 2010, 2159 restoration, 1273, 1274 degradation of, 6, 167, 168, 324, 358, 418, slope wetland, 1275 422, 526, 684, 692, 693, 753, 767, spatial pattern and extent, 1272 768, 811, 846, 903, 984, 998, 1114, substrate composition, 1549 1168, 1236, 1348, 1402, 1432, 1443, tidal-driven wetlands, 1270 1720, 1730, 1936, 2124, 2152, 2153, timing, 1271 2160 2236 Index of Keywords

Wetland (cont.) 1705–1707, 1734, 1751, 1771, 1775, delineation, 5, 9, 405, 736, 1469–1481, 1781, 1782 1570–1574, 1699 market-based instruments, 912–913, dependent species, 443, 483, 484, 520, 533, 1432–1433, 2142–2145, 2150 674, 864, 943 modifying, 317, 791, 1308 detection, 1587, 1588, 1754, 1783 natural changes in, 213–214 dimensioning and designing, 1980–1981 natural hazards, 1018, 1133, 1207–1209, earth observation methods, 9–10, 1211 1586–1591 nitrous oxide emission, 1988–1989 ecological benefits, 6, 782, 787 nutrient enrichment of, 1222, 1484, 1748, economic benefits, 11, 946, 2128 1754 encyclopedia, 909, 1454–1457 parks, 778, 780–782 enhancement, 767, 884, 979, 2057 pathogens and parasites, 1254, 1257 environmental flows, 10 physical processes, 289, 291, 1257 faiths, 1406, 1410–1412 pilgrimage travel, 1412 features, 1018, 1556, 1764 planning process, 10, 1939, 2047 fire, 23 property value of, 152, 153, 942 future aspects, 1172, 1259, 1266 protect(ion), 11, 84, 86, 150, 152, 155, 175, habitats, 49, 90, 92, 108, 118, 178, 365, 422, 423, 585, 589, 707, 750, 779, 384–393, 398, 400, 402, 405, 421, 781, 782, 791, 817, 818, 822, 880, 429, 483, 534, 546, 701, 715, 719, 890, 891, 893, 946–948, 979, 1432, 787, 824, 884, 915, 918, 927, 929, 1574, 1790, 1805, 1936, 1937, 2055, 956, 974, 978–979, 1018, 1083, 2154 1084, 1088, 1157, 1158, 1205, 1206, areas, 780 1211, 1456, 1530, 1537, 1548, 1565, cost sharing, 741, 972–975 1588, 1589, 1674, 1682, 1714, 1721, quantifying, 1209 1724, 1760, 1764, 1773, 1774, 1782, recognition, 146, 396, 423, 489, 692, 767, 1784, 1788, 1789, 1792, 1798, 864, 910–912, 914, 984, 1001, 1017, 2046–2048 1298, 1330, 1402, 1413, 1435, 1546, hydrology indicators, 1474, 1476–1478, 1571, 1733, 1734, 1746, 1782, 2112, 1480 2150 identification, 9, 684, 890, 1473, 1478, recovery process, 1971, 1972 1480, 1530, 1699, 1715, 1724, 1734, vs. recreational activities, 1398 1746, 2101, 2153 recreational angling, 1077–1079, 1403 impacts through wetland triggers, rehabilitation, 8, 692–696, 708, 714, 767, 2100–2103 1804 importance of, 814 residence time, 208, 209, 213 inventory, 456, 628, 667, 693, 792, 1464, resources (see Resources) 1556, 1561, 1703, 1706, 1714, 1715, restoration (see Restoration/creation 1780–1782, 2073 wetland) invertebrate intermediate hosts, 1254 river and floodplain management, literature, 1344, 1462 1262–1264, 1814 livelihood benefits, 694, 787, 1012, 1088 role of, 290, 421, 489, 490, 498, 585–586, and local climate regulation, 1171, 1172, 714, 722, 1018, 1019, 1133, 1160, 1181–1184 1161, 1168, 1176, 1206, 1211, 1230, in low-energy environments, 204, 1247 1231, 1233, 1261–1267, 1279–1284, mainstreaming, 753, 797, 2120 1302, 1309, 1330, 1357, 1407, 1456, mapping, 9, 708, 1054, 1422, 1463, 1466, 1698, 1978 1471–1473, 1481, 1537, 1543, 1556, securement, 767 1561, 1565, 1578, 1579, 1586–1588, seral stages, 27–28 1590–1591, 1596, 1604–1606, solutions, 715, 1304, 1310 1610–1615, 1636, 1637, 1668, source of health, 1254 1674–1675, 1696, 1698–1700, 1703, sponsorships, 707, 942 Index of Keywords 2237

strategic environmental assessment, 11, laws and institutions, 563–565 738, 775, 853, 859–861, 2047, 2066, management agencies and system, 780–781 2085–2095, 2097–2114, 2153 markets, 846–847 structure and function, 3–12, 178, 179, 236, New York City Public Water Supply, 1361, 1400, 2010 928–929 systems, 421, 1380–1382, 1386–1389 non-government organization, 644–645 utilization, 308, 767, 779, 786, 787, 797, policy, 762 803, 1128, 1781 societal levers, 848 water cleaning function, 1161 South West England, 926–928 Wetland banking, 739, 740, 879, 880, 2143 statutory legislation, 844–845 challenges, 842 Steart Peninsula, 922 in Chicago, 839–841 strategic targets of Chinese, 779–780 geography, 840–842 systemic solutions, 932 wetland compensation, 838 tertiary treatment solutions, 932–934 wetland mitigation banking, 879 Wareham, 920–921 Wetland Bird Survey (WeBS), 1797–1799 Wetland Conservation Act (WCA), 802–805 WetlandCare Australia (WCA) Wetland conservation policy, 762, 766, 779, Australian Wetland Network, 708 1579 Barratta Creek Catchment, 709 Wetland Evaluation Technique (WET), 172, Biodiversity Hotspots program, 708 1378, 1733 Coastal 20 Project, 707 Wetland International, 517, 522, 599, 645, 667, definition, 706 668, 672, 673, 724, 1230, 1258, Hunter Estuary Shorebird Protection 1295, 1298, 1347, 1695, 1958, 2033 Program, 708 African-Eurasian migratory waterbird landmark contributions, 707 flyways, 439 major areas of activity, 706–707 developing countries, 712 sustainable wetlands on coastal landscapes, food demand, 713–714 708–709 framework, 7–8 Wetland conservation, 8, 10, 12, 80, 430, 434, goal, 714 456, 457, 479, 507, 527, 528, 534, greenhouse gas emissions, 714 566, 567, 576, 628, 660, 661, 667, International Waterbird Census, 516 668, 708, 713–715, 718, 724, 742, mission, 714–715 745, 760, 775, 778, 788, 797, 804, partnerships, 715–716 805, 809, 810, 812, 824, 875, 944, Ramsar Sites, 465 946, 978, 988, 992, 1002, 1084, reducing natural disasters, 713 1085, 1274, 1336, 1338, 1342, 1345, securing water supplies, 713 1346, 1354, 1368, 1370, 1377, 1403, targets and strategic interventions, 715 1404, 1406, 1419, 1435, 1447, 1456, vision, 714–715 1579, 1591, 1707, 1708, 1733, 1763, Wetland Link International (WLI) programme, 1782, 1783, 1804, 1936, 2136, 2137 1370, 1373 Alkborough Flats, 921–922 Wetland regulation of East Kolkata, 1296 avoid-mitigate-compensate sequence, Wetland Reserve Program, 741, 817, 828, 939, 870–871 973–975 Canada’s Federal Policy, 766–768 Wetlands Strategy for South Australia, 762 challenges of, 783–784 Wetlands vulnerability, assessment, 600, 601, Chinese policies, 781–782 1718, 2114 ComCoast Project, 918–920 Wet soils, 405, 1178, 1287, 1446, common law, 845–846 1448, 1475 constructed wetland systems, 932–934 Wetting and drying, 267, 1271, 1449, 1806, economics of, 918–923 2013 formal protocols, 847–848 WFD, see Water Framework Directive (WFD) informal protocols, 847–848 White willow, 1092 integrated constructed wetlands, 934–935 Wildfowl, 415, 514, 903, 1000 2238 Index of Keywords

Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust (WWT), 645, 724, World Heritage Convention (WHC), 429, 435, 726, 1331, 1360, 1370, 1372 440–441, 460, 577, 1336, 1337, animal health, 721 1347, 1919 Cambodia, 720 World Tourism Organization, challenges, 722 1401, 1402 Nepal, 720–721 Worldview-2 data, 1680 overseas work, 719 Worldview sensor, 1680 Welney case study, 718–719 World Wetland Day, 1063 wetland reserves, 718 World Wetland Network (WWN), 645, wetland treatment systems, 719 646, 708 wildlife health, 721–722 future aspects, 726 Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), 1085 origin, 724–725 Wildlife Habitat Canada, 978–979 Ramsar COPs, 725 challenges, 979 Wetland Globe Awards, 725 Wildlife surveys and anti-poaching projects, World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), 644, 645, 728–729 668, 724, 1331, 1347, 1439, 1842 Wildlife, wetland for, 92–96, 814, 1257 activities in, 730–731 Willingness-to-pay (WTP), for restoration, Australia, 942, 943 1999, 2162 description, 728 Wings and wetlands initiative, 662 history, 728–729 Wings over Wetlands (WOW), 439, 440, 516, investment, 728 517 mission, 729–730 Win-win, 896, 913, 922, 928, 968, 1085, 1403, WWT, see Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust (WWT) 2092 Wise use approach, 1065, 1283, 1346 concept, 359, 1000, 1007, 1128, 1138, X 1351, 1428, 1457, 1717 Xixi Yangtze Delta, 1408 of wetlands, 21, 151, 338, 359, 421, 432, Xylem, 364, 369–372, 378, 381, 403 436, 440, 443, 453, 456, 478, 479, 489, 506, 536, 606, 626–629, 707, 714, 740, 746, 750–753, 760–762, Y 767, 781, 787, 788, 864, 986, 1085, Yellowstone National Park, 186 1121, 1264, 1330, 1336, 1356, 1412, 1698, 1768, 1936, 2120, 2142–2145, 2151, 2153, 2165 Z Working for Wetlands (WfW), 8, 691–696, 929, Zambezi River system, 1055 974–975, 1368 Zingiberaceae, 1088 Work programme, 1890 Zizania aquatica var. aquatica, 288 Work recording, 1928 Zonation, hydrology, 27, 227–229 World Environment Day, 356, 1063 Zonation pattern, 20, 26, 27, 202, 203 World Health Organizations Framework Zürich-Montpellier system of phytosociology, Convention on Tobacco Control, 503 1519