NARCISSISM IN ’S THE PICTURE OF DORIAN GRAY

A THESIS

BY

DWI LESTARI YANTO

REG. NO. 120705010

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2017

Universitas Sumatera Utara IN OSCAR WILDE’S THE PICTURE OF DORIAN GRAY

A THESIS

BY

DWI LESTARI YANTO

REG. NO. 120705010

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2017

Universitas Sumatera Utara NARCISSISM IN OSCAR WILI}E'S THE PICTURE OF DORIAN GRAY

A THESIS

BY

DWI LESTARI YANTO

REG. NO. 120705010

SUPERYISOR CO.SUPERYTSOR

NrP. 19630216 198903 1 003 7 198503 I 003 Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACTILTY OF CULTURAL STUDMS UNTYERSITY OF' SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2017

Universitas Sumatera Utara Approved by the Department.of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies Univenity of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastrr Eremiulirn

Secretaly,

nilP. 19750209 200812 I 002

Universitas Sumatera Utara Universitas Sumatera Utara AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, DWI LESTARI YANTO, DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF

THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF

THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED

ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A

THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER

DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT

DUE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS

THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER

DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

Signed : Dwi Lestari Yanto

Date : December 14th, 2017

i

Universitas Sumatera Utara COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

NAME : DWI LESTARI YANTO

TITLE OF THESIS : NARCISSISM IN OSCAR

WILDE’S THE PICTURE OF

DORIAN GRAY

QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA

DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR

REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES,

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT

USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW

OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

Signed : Dwi Lestari Yanto

Date : December 14th, 2017

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Universitas Sumatera Utara ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

All praise to The Mightiest Allah SWT who has given me the mercy and blessing until I can complete this thesis as one of the requirements to achieve the

Bachelor’s Degree from English Department at Faculty of Cultural Studies,

University of Sumatra Utara. Sholwat and salam be with our properth Muhammad peace be upon him who has guided us from the darknest to lightnest in this world as well as in the next world.

My sincere gratefulness is devoted to my beloved family. My father & mother who always supporting me in all aspects especially in finance so that I can complete this thesis well. My sister who always complaining about my graduation, finally here

I am. And my grandpa too, finally you have another question to ask.

My gratitude goes to the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies, Dr. Budi

Agustono, M.S., the Head of English Departement Dr. Deliana, M.Hum., the

Secretary of English Department Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D., and I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Drs. Parlindungan Purba,

M.Hum., and my co-supervisor Drs. Siamir Marulafau, M.Hum.. And also to all the lectures of English Department for all assistances, valuable knowledge and facilities during my academic year.

I wanna thank to my all my marvelous friends The Denim Squad, the beginng of my hedonistic behaviour (Yoana Tasya Fietra, S.S., The Queen of Ulat Nangka-

Frissilia Ayesa, S.S., Rizky Khairunnisa, S.S., Nurhajijah Simatupang (Soon S.S.),

Suci Indriani (Soon S.S.), Lilis Karlia (Soon S.S.)). Special Thanks to Fajar

Mahendara, S.S. who give me this tittle of the thesis, Abangnda Fikry Prastya

Syahputra, S.S., M.Si., and Agus Salim, S.S. who help me so much in completing

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Universitas Sumatera Utara this thesis.

Shot out to all my crazy friends, The King coffee’s son in Parapat-Inco Rizki

Syaputra Gultom, S.S., Mother of Hedonistic-Zahara Sari Wardhani, S.S., The Next

Top Indonesian’s designer-Adimas Putra, S.S., Alumni : Bg Izal, Bg Fadil, Bg Yuda,

Bg Kiteng, Kak Chica, Kak Wina, Kak Fany Bencong, Kak Nanda, Bg Zoel, 2012 :

Sanjaya, Rinaldi, Daniel, Wahyu Maulana, Niel, Cici, Indah Permatasari, Dian,

Yayu, Miranda, Wiwid, Tifanny, Fenny, Osi, Dini, Refi, Kevin, Edo, 2013 : Reza,

Gerald, Bg Randy, Tina, Tanta, Agung Hitam, Agung Tinggi, Husna, Rezy, Baim,

2014 : Andre, Jawara, Nurul Tentara, Roni, Fitrah 2015 : Ahsan, Raja, Jaka, Akmal,

Febri, Yolla, Shinta, Nispul, Rara, Miftah, Widy, Sri, Audry, Regina, 2016 : Dede,

Azhar, Tasyabani, Olivia, 2017 : Farhan. Thank you for all the sweet enchanted circle we`ve created, and world full of serendepity here. I hope we can create amazing future and life that beyond the boundaries.

Furthemore, thank you to my best friend Fakhrurozi Pohan, S.E., Choirul

Amri, Amd., Era Syaikar Putra for all your love, kindness and supports from high school till nowadays. I ask apology because I can mention your name one by one.

Medan, December 14th, 2017

Dwi Lestari Yanto Reg. No. 120705010

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Universitas Sumatera Utara ABSTRACT

This thesis entitled Narcissism in Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray. In this paper the writer analyzes about narcissism. Narcissism is extreme , with a grandiose view of one's own talents and a craving for , as characterizing a personality type. Oscar Wilde presents the story of young and beautiful man named Dorian Gray who turns from a good innocent man into a narcissist and evil person due his frightened of the terror being old. In order to resolve the problem, the writer uses of literature and NPD (Narcissistic ) to discover how the idea of narcissism is portrayed in the novel. After doing the research by using the theory, there are two major syndromes of narcissism in the novel. They are the of self importance and lack of .

Keywords : narcissism, grandiosity of self important, lack of empathy

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Universitas Sumatera Utara ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini berjudul Narcissism in Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray. Dalam skripsi ini, penulis menganalisa kajian tentang narsisme. Narsisme adalah perasaan cinta yang berlebihan terhadap diri sendiri, yang disertai dengan rasa percaya diri yang berlebihan dan cenderung meninggikan kemampuan yang dimilikinya untuk memperoleh perhatian orang lain. Oscar Wilde menggambarkan cerita tentang pemuda tampan bernama Dorian Gray yang berubah dari sorang pria yag bersahaja menjadi pribadi narsisrik dikarenakan ketakutannya menjadi tua dan jelek. Dalam menyelesaikan masalah tersebut, penulis menggunakan teori psikologi sastra dan Narcisistik Personaliti Disorder (NPD) atau Penyakit Kepribadian Narsistik untuk menemukan tema tentang narsisme yang ada di dalam novel. Setelah dilakukan penelitian menggunakan teori tersebut, terdapat dua gejala narsisme yang terdapat pada novel tersebut, yaitu rasa untuk mementingkan diri sendiri secara berlebihan dan kurangnya rasa empati.

Kata kunci : narsisme, mementingkan diri berlebihan, kurang rasa empati

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Universitas Sumatera Utara TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ...... i

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ...... ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... iii

ABSTRACT ...... v

ABSTRAK ...... vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... vii

1. CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study ...... 1

1.2 Problem of the Study ...... 5

1.3 Objective of the Study ...... 5

1.4 Scope of the Study ...... 5

1.5 Significance of the Study ...... 6

2. CHAPTER II - REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Theory of Literature ...... 7

2.2 Novel ...... 8

2.2.1 Character ...... 8

2.2.2 Setting ...... 9

2.2.3 Plot ...... 9

2.2.4 Dialogue ...... 9

2.2.5 Idea or Theme ...... 10

2.3 Psychology of Literature ...... 10

2.4 Narcissism ...... 13

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Universitas Sumatera Utara 2.4.1 NPD (Narcissistic Personality Disorder) ...... 14

2.4.1.1 Grandiose Sense of Self Importance ...... 15

2.4.1.2 Lack of Empaty ...... 16

2.5 Relevant Studies ...... 18

CHAPTER III - RESEARCH METHOD

3.1 Research Design ...... 20

3.2 Data Sources ...... 20

3.3 Data Collecting Methode ...... 21

3.4 Data Analyzing Methode ...... 21

CHAPTER IV- ANALYSIS AND FINDING

4.1 Dorian Gray`s Grandiose Sense of Self-Importance ... 24

4.2 Dorian Gray’s Lack of Empaty for Other ...... 36

CHAPTER V- CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusions ...... 46

5.2 Suggestion ...... 47

REFERENCES ...... 48

APPENDICES i. Biography of Oscar Wilde ii. Acclaimed Works iii. Summary of The Novel The Picture of Dorrian Gray

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Universitas Sumatera Utara CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Literature is the expression of life in the world of truth and beauty; it is the writer record of man’s spirit of the thought, emotion, and expression. Literature is traditionally described as the body of writing that exists because of inherent imaginative artistic qualities (Luken, 2003: 3). Besides, Literature can be described as something written through the process of imagination which is an imitation or a reflection from real life. There are many kinds of literary works, such as poems, novels, essays, and plays. Novel is one of literary work which gives pleasure to the reader.

Novel can take the readers to a certain situation, place or periods that occur in the story of novel. Through the series of events and conflicts experienced by the characters, the readers seem to enter the character’s life in the novel. At the end of the novel, the readers can discover meaning, messages or values which are revealed in the novel, in line with Mercier in Stanford’s (2005: 2) opinion stated that people read literature to find the beauty of words of great writers. Literature teaches us the truth about our lives. People learn good values from literature like Shakespeare.

One of the good sides in studying literature is able to know about psychology.

Wellek and Warren (1990: 75), stated that by psychology of literature or psychology approach in analyzing literary works, means that the analysis of psychological study of the writer, as type and as individual, or the study of the creative process, or the study of the psychological types and laws present within works of literature, or, finally, the effects of literature upon its readers (audience psychology). It is meant

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Universitas Sumatera Utara that reader will get knowledge about psychology by reading a literary works, in this case a novel. The psychology can be portrayed though the writer side, characters and social condition/story inside the novel. Ratna (2004: 350), also agreed with those statement, she stated that psychology of literature is the analysis of texts by considering the relevance and role of psychological studies.

The picture of Dorrian Gray by Oscar Wilde is one kind of a novel that consist of psychological element inside. Oscar Wilde with the real name Oscar

Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde was born on October 16, 1854 in Dublin, author, playwright and poet. Oscar Wilde was a popular literary figure in late Victorian

England, known for his brilliant wit, flamboyant style and infamous imprisonment for homosexuality. On May 29, 1884, Wilde married a wealthy Englishwoman named Constance Lloyd. They had two sons: Cyril, born in 1885, and Vyvyan, born in 1886. After graduating from Oxford University, he lectured as a poet, art critic and a leading proponent of the principles of aestheticism. In 1891, he published The

Picture of Dorian Gray, his only novel which was panned as immoral by Victorian critics, but is now considered one of his most notable works. Another literary works are Lady Windermere's Fan (1892), A Woman of No Importance (1893), An Ideal

Husband (1895) and The Importance of Being Earnest (1895). Unconventional in his writing and life, Wilde’s affair with a young man named Lord Alfred Douglas and led to his arrest on charges of "gross indecency" in 1895. Wilde emerged from prison in 1897, physically depleted, emotionally exhausted and flat broke. He went into exile in France, where, living in cheap hotels and friends' apartments, he briefly reunited with Douglas. Wilde wrote very little during these last years; his only notable work was a poem he completed in 1898 about his experiences in prison, "The

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Universitas Sumatera Utara Ballad of Reading Gaol." Wilde died of meningitis on November 30, 1900 at the age of 46.

The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde tells about a man named Dorian

Gray as the subject of a full-length portrait in oil by Basil Hallward, an artist who is impressed and infatuated by Dorian's beauty; he believes that Dorian’s beauty is responsible for the new mode in his art as a painter. Through Basil, Dorian meets

Lord Henry Wotton, and he soon is amazed by the aristocrat's hedonistic worldview: that beauty and sensual fulfillment are the only things worth pursuing in life.

After knowing that his beauty will fade, Dorian expresses the desire to sell his soul, to ensure that the picture, rather than he, will age and fade. The wish is granted, and Dorian pursues a libertine life of varied and amoral experiences, while staying young and beautiful; all the while his portrait ages and records every soul- corrupting sin. The behavior of narcissism is reflected in the attitude of Dorian Gray that is willing to sell himself to demons for the sake of beauty.

The concept of narcissism started centuries ago with a simple story told by the Roman poet, . There are so many stories about it. In simple term, the story is about a handsome Greek youth named who rejected the existence of the . Her heart broken. And she died because of sorrow but before that she prays to Aprhodite that someday Narcissus might feel as sorrow as her and he won’t get back what his love. Her pray is granted. As punishment, Narcissus was cursed to fall in love with his own reflection in a pool of water. Unable to consummate his love, Narcissus 'lay gazing enraptured into the pool, hour after hour, and finally he jumped into the water and sink. Until someday, another nymph pleaded with him to come away from the pool and it's appear changing into a white flower that bears his name, The Narcissus.

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Universitas Sumatera Utara This study will aim to discover the psychological elements which portray as narcissism in Wilde’s novel. Narcissism is named as a psychological disorder by some psychiatrist. Knowing about what is narcissism is will give a good benefit in social life. Because, when the symptom occurs, people with the knowledge can encounter it. By this study it is hoped that it will give some knowledge about narcissism described in the novel as a social life reflection. The reason in choosing this novel because of the writer reputation, the novel fame and also appropriate with the urgency of study stated before.

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Universitas Sumatera Utara 1.2 Problem of the study

It is important to make the specification of problems which are going to be analyzed. It helps the writer to avoid the ambiguity of the analysis and get clear description about the object of the analysis itself. So in this thesis the writer decide some problems that should be analyzed. They are:

1. How is Dorian Gray’s grandiosity of self importance as narcissistic characteristic

reflected in the novel?

2. How is Dorian’s lack of empathy as narcissistic characteristic?

1.3 Objective of the study

Related to the questions on the problem of the study, this research tries to find out the answer of those questions. They are:

1. To describe how Dorrian Gray’s grandiosity of self importance as narcissistic

characteristic is reflected in the novel.

2. To describe Dorian’s lack of empathy as narcissistic characteristic.

1.4 Scope of the study

Related to the problem and the scope of the study, the writer will limit the scope of study in order to avoid wider analysis. In this thesis the writer analyzes grandiosity of self importance and lack of empathy as a narcissistic characteristic portrayed in a major character of Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray by using psychological approach (Wellek and Warren, 1990). The parameter used to determine the Narcissistic Syndrome is according to Krajco (2007: 64) and the parameter to determine the Grandiosity of self importance is according to Krajco

(2007: 70). The study focus on one character and event happen around the character.

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Universitas Sumatera Utara The material to support the analysis is based on the theory used in the study.

Furthermore, the finding will then relate to the benefit of study and formulating the conclusion of the study.

1.5 Significance of the study

The analysis of this thesis is expected to be able to give significance for the reader, both theoretical and practical. Theoretically, the significance is to enrich the literary narcissism studies through novel. Practically, this study can be some references to student who want to analyze about psychological elements in a literary works.

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Universitas Sumatera Utara CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Theory of Literature

Literature is a part of human life. People can express what they are feeling, to criticize social life. Literature is a term to express idea by written or spoken.

Etymologically, literature is from Latin word “litteratura” and it is derived from

“littera” (letter), which is the smallest element of alphabetical writing. The word text is related to “textile” and can be translated as “fabric”: just as single threads form a fabric, so words and sentences form a meaningful and coherent text. The origins of the two central terms are, therefore, not of great help in defining literature or text. It is more enlightening to look at literature or text as cultural and historical phenomena and to investigate the conditions of their production and reception. n Literature: An

Introduction to Reading and Writing written by Roberts and Jacobs (1993) gives an explanation about literature. Robert and Jacobs state that literature refers to compositions that tell stories, dramatize situations, express emotions, and analyze and advocate ideas. Literature helps us grow, both personally and intellectually. It provides an objective base for knowledge and understanding. It links us with the broader cultural, philosophic, and religious world of which we are a part. Literature may be classified into four categories or genre; poetry, drama, prose fiction, and nonfiction prose (1993:1). Each genre still has subgenres and one of the subgenres of fiction prose is novel.

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Universitas Sumatera Utara 2.2 Novel

The term "novel" is now applied to a great variety of writings that have in common only the attribute of being extended works of fiction written in prose. As an extended narrative, the novel is distinguished from the short story and from the work of middle length called the novelette; its magnitude permits a greater variety of characters, greater complication of plot (or plots), ampler development of milieu, and more sustained exploration of character and motives than do the shorter, more concentrated modes, Abrams (1999:190). According to Robert and Jacobs, there are several elements in a fiction. Here are some of them.

2.2.1 Characters

Roberts and Jacobs stated that in a fiction character may be defined as a verbal representation of human being. Through action, speech, description, and commentary, authors portray characters that are worth caring about, rooting for, and even loving, although there are also characters you may laugh at, dislike, or even hate. According to the British Novelist and critic E.M. Foster, in his critical work

Aspects of the Novel, calls the two major types “round” and “flat”. The basic trait of round characters is that they recognize, change with, or adjust circumstances. The round character-usually the main figure in a story-profits from experience and undergoes a change or alteration, which may be shown in an action or actions, the realization of new strength and therefore the affirmation of previous decisions, the acceptance of a new condition, or the discovery of unrecognized truths. In contrast,

Flat characters do not grow. They remain the same because they may be stupid or insensitive or lacking in knowledge or insight. They end where they begin and are static, not dynamic (Roberts and Jacobs, 1993:135).

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Universitas Sumatera Utara 2.2.2 Setting

Robert and Jacob stated that setting is the natural, manufactured, political, cultural, and temporal environment, including everything that character know and own. There are three types of setting (1993:230). (a) Nature and the outdoors. The natural world is an obvious location for the action of many narratives and plays.

Therefore, it is important to note natural surroundings, living creatures, the condition which things happen, which may influence character and action. (b) Object of human factures and construction, to reveal or highlight qualities of character, and also to make a fiction lifelike, authors include details about buildings and objects of human manufacture and construction. (c) Cultural conditions and assumptions, just as physical setting influences character, so do cultural conditions and assumptions.

2.2.3 Plot

The pattern in which protagonist, or the central character meets and resolve the conflict is called the plot. The plot is based on the interactions of causes and effects as the developed sequentially or chronologically. The controlling impulse in a connected pattern of causes and effects is conflict, which refers generally to people or circumstances that character must face and overcome. Conflict is the major element of plot because opposing forces arouse curiosity, cause doubt, create tension, and produce interest (Roberts and Jacobs, 1993: 88).

2.2.4 Dialogue.

Dialogue is a conversation of two people, but more than two characters may participate. The major medium of the dramatist, dialogue is just one of the means by which the fiction writer makes a story vivid and dramatic. Dialogue is hence a means of rendering rather than presenting. Dialogue may be about anything, including future plans, reactions to the past, indications of emotion, and political, social,

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Universitas Sumatera Utara philosophic, or religious ideas (Roberts and Jacobs, 1993:56).

2.2.5 Idea or Theme

The word idea refers to the result or result general and abstract thinking.

Synonymous words are concept, thought, opinion, and principle. In literary study the consideration of ideas relates to meaning, interpretation, explanation, and significance. Though ideas are usually extensive and , separate ideas may be named by a single word, such as justice, right, good, love, piety, causation, and not unsurprisingly, idea itself (Roberts and Jacobs, 1993:361).

2.3 Psychology of Literature / Psychological Approach

Literature and Psychology is one of the literature‟s extrinsic approaches out of the other two, which are: Literature and Biography, and Literature and Society.

Psychology of literature is the analysis of the text by considering the relevance and role of psychological studies. In the other words, psychology played a role in analyzing a literary work, the author's psyche from the elements, characters and readers of literary works. Psychology is also an important role in analyzing a literary work based on the elements of the author, the characters, and the readers. There is a close relationship between psychology and literature. Psychology deals with the study of observable patterns in human‟s behavior, and Literature exhibits how human beings behave in dealing with their problems and environment.

Literary works are no longer considered only as a mere entertainment, but also to invites the readers to understand about the characters in the story. In literary work, the character also has problems in living a life, have the same emotional fluctuation with other humans in real life. This is possibly to learn a literary work by connecting literature with the science. And novel is one of the literary works written

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Universitas Sumatera Utara by the literary worker. A novel discusses something that describes the human life, although for something fictious, but it becomes as something that people may understand with the same principle in daily life, such as psychological truth or holding the up to nature, a consciousness of moral values and many more.

Wellek and Warren consider analysis of characters the only legitimate application of psychological analysis in literary study. Such an analysis, however, they find lacking on its own merits: individual characters do not fit psychological theories of the time they are written. Works which are true to certain psychological theories, meanwhile, are not necessarily better (Warren and Wellek, 1990).

According to Harjana (1991: 60) the psychology literature can be interpreted as a way of analysis based on the viewpoint of psychology and proceed from the assumption that literature always discusses the events of human life which is emitted in living and dealing with life. Here the function of psychology itself is conducting exploration conducted into the inner soul of the figures contained in literary works and to learn more about the intricacies of human action and its response to other measures.

Psychology of literature is not only focused to solve the psychological problems of character, but also to understand psychological aspects contained in a literary work. Psychology itself was made to learn about the human physics, which is human becomes the object of the psychology study. And Literature was based on the social problem, which means the authors as the human being are the social people who create the literary work. Psychology Literature is the analysis of the text by considering the relevance and role of psychological studies. That is, psychology played an important role in analyzing a literary work by working from the corner of the psychiatric literature both elements of the author, the characters, and readers. By

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Universitas Sumatera Utara paying attention to the figures, it will be analyzed the inner conflict inherent in literature. It is obvious enough that psychology, being the study of psychic processes, can be brought to bear upon the study of literature, for the human psyche is the womb of all the sciences and arts. We may expect psychological research, on the one hand, to explain the formation of a work of art, and on the other to reveal the factors that make a person artistically creative. The psychologist is thus faced with two separate and distinct tasks, and must approach them in radically different ways.

Psychoanalysis is the term to discuss about the relation between human and psychology, which are definitely has a close relation to talk about. According to the study, is a branch of science was developed by as a psychological study of human behavior. Freud said that our personality develops from the interactions among what he proposed as the three fundamental structures of the human mind : the Id, Ego, and Superego. Conflicts among these three structure and our efforts to find balance among what each of them “desires”, determines how we behave and approach the world. With the assumption, the characters that appearing in a literary work in considered alive and real in the mind of the author like human beings generally. Conflict is based on the existence of the characters, and the psychological conflict is described through literary texts that will be considered as a reflection of the author‟s conflict. Because, accidentally, the author actually writes his own personal experiences into a literary work.

According to the psychology approach, the literary works of some authors are expressed to represent the confusion and the inner turmoil of human being through their works. What they have seen is not necessarily the same as the reality that occurs in them because people often try to covering it. Honesty, loves, hypocrisy, and the other terms we have always seen all this time are in the human mind itself.

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Universitas Sumatera Utara Therefore, the study of character must be a priority on the psychiatric aspects and certainly cannot be separated from the psychological theory. There are three theories of literature which can be called imitative (mimetic theory), expressive theory

(theory of expression) and pragmatic or (affective theory). However, the writer will use mimetic theory, which have related to the analysis.

2.4 Narcissism

The word narcissist is derived from an mythology, of a handsome young man named Narsisus who was cursed in love with his own face reflection/shadow in the river. This mythology was used in psychology for the first time by the father of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) to describe individuals who exhibit excessive self-love. Freud named "The Narsissist" and the culprit was called a narcissistic individual or a narcissist. The narcissistic or narcissistic person sees himself in an exaggerated manner, likes to boast about himself and wishes others to give praise (Abnormal Psychology, 2000). Narcissistic person will experience personality disorder. Personality disorder in question is a narcissistic personality disorder (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental

Disorders - Fourth Edition). This personality disorder is characterized by features of the superior feeling that he is the most important, the most capable, the most unique, extremely excessive to be admired and adorned, lacking empathy, arrogance and always feeling himself worthy of being treated differently from others.

Furthermore, Dr. , author of "Malignant Self Love - Narcissism

Revisited" explains: "Everyone is a narcissist in a different degree. Narcissism is a healthy phenomenon. It helps survival. The difference between healthy and pathological narcissists is in size. The pathological point here is, if this individual is

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Universitas Sumatera Utara unable to distinguish between reality and imagination, thus undermining and disrupting the individual functions both psychically and especially its social function.

Pathological narcissism is a trait and behavior that denotes insanity and self- obsession. Tend to override others, be selfish and do not feel wrong in using others for the sake of satisfaction and self-purpose. In contrast to possessed by all, pathological narcissism is non-adaptive, rigid, violent, causes significant suffering, and impairment. Pathological narcissism has an extreme form of NPD (Narcissistic Personality Disorder).

2.4.1 NPD (Narcissistic Personality Disorder)

"NPD" stands for Narcissistic Personality Disorder. It is not mere

"narcissism" in the usual sense of the word. To distinguish it from that, the term

"" has been coined for NPD. Many authorities agree disputing

NPD classification as a personality disorder. And the (American) Diagnostic and

Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR, a handbook mental health professionals use to diagnose mental disorders) lists it as a personality disorder.

Malignant narcissism is a psychological complex. Complex comes from the

Latin word that means "folded back upon itself" or "played backwards". Like an , which is an ingrained sense of inferiority "played backwards" to come off as a superiority act. The superiority act is just "playing Pretend." It's put on to compensate for the sense of inferiority, to remain in of it. Malignant narcissists have an inferiority complex. So, their narcissism is a compensatory . It is caused by and is low esteem in disguise.

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Universitas Sumatera Utara In this study, the psychological approach is used to reveal the pattern found in one of the novel characters to determine the narcissism in the novel. The determiner used in this study is based on NPD, here are the principal characteristic of NPD:

1. Inflated Self-esteem

2. Lack of empathy for others

3. Feeling entitled to special treatment and privileges

4. Disagreeableness (Krajco, 2007: 64).

Upon determining the characters of NPD in the novel, the analysis relate to the parameter of self-esteem to answer the first problem in the study.

2.4.1.1 Grandiose sense of self- importance

The word grandiose sense of self importance can be interpreted as that oneself exaggerates achievements and talents, expect to be recognized as superior without commensurate achievements. (Krajco, 2007: 70).

Since the real world conflicts with their view of themselves, narcissists live in a world of their own. This is like fantasy world little children live in. Like the of little children these fantasies aggrandize the narcissist`s importance, service, and accomplishments. The NPD illusion of superiority is facet of a generalized disdain for reality. These individuals feel unconstrained by rules, customs, limits, and discipline. Their world is filled with self – fiction in which conflicts are dismissed, failure redeemed, and self- effortlessly maintained.

They easily devise plausible reasons to justify self- centered and inconsiderate behavior. They have an uninhibited imagination and engage in self-glorifying fantasies. As they consistently devalues others, they do not questions the correctness of their own beliefs; they assume that others are wrong. (Krajco, 2007: 65).

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Universitas Sumatera Utara Most observers regard grandiosity as the most important single trait of narcissistic personality. It is important to note that grandiosity implies more than or prideful display as such – it signifies self- aggrandizement that is not borne out by reality. Grandiosity in NPD is related to some of the diagnostic criteria listed by DSM-IV-TR, such as demanding special favors from others or choosing friends and associates on the basis of prestige and high status rather than personal qualities. In addition, grandiosity complicates diagnostic assessments of narcissists because it frequently leads to lying and misrepresentation of one`s history and present accomplishment. (Krajco, 2007: 71)

Thus Grandiosity is usually the most outstanding feature of individuals with

Narcissistic Personality Disorder. As the diagnostic of Grandiosity shows that the grandiose narcissist express an unrealistic overvaluation of talents and abilities; preoccupation with fantasies of unlimited beauty, power, wealth or success; and a belief in unrealistic superiority and uniqueness. This is usually accompanied by boastful, pretentious, self-centered and self-referential behavior, where he grandiose narcissist exaggerates his talents, capacity, and achievements in an unrealistic way.

He believes in his invulnerability, or does not recognize his limitations. His grandiose fantasies lead him to believe that he does not need other people.

2.4.1.2 Lack of Empathy

This characteristic can be considered as oneself is unwilling to recognize or identify with the feeling and needs for other. Narcissists view other people as object.

To be powerful on. So they have as much regards for other`s feeling as we do a nail we are hitting with a hammer. Which is why they have no compunctions about exploiting people. (Krajco, 2007: 68)

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Universitas Sumatera Utara Narcissists and psychopaths are unique in that they have light switch permanently turned off for everyone but themselves. In fact, they don`t know what humanity is. They think it`s having hurt feeling. Since their feeling are easily hurt, they think they have humanity. Which would be funny if it wasn`t so pathetic. It is well documented that they often (badly) imitate the normal human feelings they see in others by putting on melodramatic show of “concerns” and “sympathy” that are so overdone one sometimes wonders if it parody. (Krajco, 2007: 69)

A narcissist remain forever such an infant. His world resolve around him. The people init are but object to use and control – existing for his sake not their own.

There to fulfill his needs and enhance his image. Beyond that, they have no importance. It never occurs to him that he owes them anthing in return or that he should consider the effects on his action on them. (Krajco, 2007: 145)

Narcissists and psychopaths are not the only people who can turn off their humanity. All people can turn it off like a light-switch, thus becoming guilty of inhumanity. What makes people suffering from Narcissistic Personality Disorder different is they have theirs turned off permanently for everyone but themselves.

Narcissist are as unfeeling toward whomever they abuse as you or I are toward a spike we are pounding with a sledgehammer. Thus, his or her total lack empathy will show, despite their efforts to conceal. And when it shows, it1s unmistakable. (Krajco,

2007: 147)

This is not to say that narcissists have no feelings. They do have feelings, but only for themselves. Even those feeling are strange, however. Presumably because they so reflexively repress their feeling, they don`t experience the full range of normal human emotions and are limited to experiencing vague primitive emotions such as rage. As for other though-to a narcissist, other aren`t worthy of any feeling.

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Universitas Sumatera Utara They are but object to exploir and plunder for ego gratification. It is impossible to overstate the significance of that. (Krajco, 2007:148)

2.5 Relevant Studies

In this study, the writer presents some researchers who discussed and subjected to the same work field; which is literary works analysis. Precisely, the studies cited focus on character analysis. This contribution provides some idea, method and theory toward this study. Some previous studies are also done focusing on novel‟s characters, Ismiati (2012), has studied about „An Analysis of Conflicts of

The Main Character in Thomas Hardy‟s The Return On The Native.‟ In this study, she finds out the conflicts of the main character and also finds the character of the main character. She found two kinds of characters; they are major and minor character. Another research, Riyanti (2007), that conducted the study about character of the main character, Morrie Schwartz, presented in Mitch Albom‟s Tuesdays with

Morrie. She found that Morrie Schwartz‟s characteristics are open minded, helpful, strong, attentive, compassionate, patient and wise. Febriani (2011) on An Analysis on The Main Character Conflict in the First Series of and the Soccere’s also had found the character of the main character and the minor character.

According to Kah Khei (2011) undergraduate thesis, which talk about a study of the use of satire to express feminism in the novel Pride and Prejudice. She said that satire played an important role in the expression of feminism in Pride and Prejudice.

She also clarifies: „This could be contributed to the influence of Austen‟s life over her works, as her liberal manner of living a life of spinsterhood and writing to support herself had been said to be mannerism close to that of feminist, which were emulated by her heroines, particularly her favourite, Elizabeth Bennet, who had been

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Universitas Sumatera Utara said to be most alike to herself‟. This opinion may prove that Elizabeth is main character in Pride and Prejudice who has feminism.

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Universitas Sumatera Utara CHAPTER III

METHOD OF THE STUDY

3.1 Research Design

The method of this research is a qualitative descriptive research. It means that

the study merely describes something based on refrential books. There is no

manipulation of variable and no testing hypothesis. The analysis is done in

qualitative, Chreswell (2011) said “Qualitative research is the research that intended

to pronounce symptom in a holistic and contextual manner by means of data from

background natural with make us a researcher as a key of instrument”. The finding

is of analysis is displayed in a descriptive explanation. Ary, et al (2002: 425) stated

that “the qualitative inquirer deals with data that are in the form of words, rather

than numbers and statistic. The data collected are the subjects experiences and

perspectives: the qualitative researcher attempts to arrive at a rich description of the

people, objects, events, places, conversations, and so on”.

3.2 Data Sources

The main data source of this study is novel The Picture of Dorrian Gray. The novel is published in 1890 by Lippincott's Monthly Magazine. The data in the novel can be in the form of words, phrases, or sentences. However, the writer only focuses on data that indicates the characteristic of narcissism and how the characteristics of narcissism expressed in the major character. Supporting the primary data, the writer also uses some related text books, articles, in reference to further guidance.

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Universitas Sumatera Utara 3.3 Data Collecting Method

In the step of data collecting method, the writer will need both primary and secondary data sources. Ary, et al (2002: 430) in Introduction to research in

Education stated that the most common data collection methods used in qualitative research are; (1) observation (participant and non participant) (2) interviewing, and

(3) document analysis. In collecting data, the researcher use document analysis.

Document analysis is focus in analyzing and interpreting the recorded material within its own context. It is used to discover the description of data from the primary and secondary data which are relevant with the research. In collecting data, the following steps are done:

1. The writer starts with getting the novel The Picture of Dorrian Gray which is

the primary data source of this research

2. Read it over and over until the writer understands the story well.

3. The writer will also look into secondary data such as gathering data from

books, articles, webs and other supporting material that is relevant to the

topic of the study.

3.4 Data Analyzing Method

The analysis is conducted by using descriptive qualitative method. According to Miles and Huberman (1992: 16), "Qualitative descriptive method consists of a flow of activities that occur simultaneously and coherence, which include: data reduction activities (grouping), presentation of data, drawing conclusions, and verification."

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Universitas Sumatera Utara Below are the steps of analysis conducted by the writer:

1. Data Reduction

Data reduction refers to the grouping of data. Grouping the data starts from

sorting out the data related to trauma and its effects.

2. Presentation of Data

Presentation of data is presenting the data that have been gathered. The

presentation of data is related with quotations or statements about narcissistic.

3. Drawing Conclusion

Conclusion is drawn by showing quotations or statements about narcissistic.

4. Verification

After drawing conclusion, the last step is verification. It refers to check the

precision of the primary data which is gathered based on the results of

reading the novel.

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Universitas Sumatera Utara Below is the flowchart of research design:

Source of data: a novel Researcher The Picture of Dorian Gray

Quote/selected text related to themes

of narcissism

Data selected: Interpreted analysis using the theories: literature and

idea, narcissism, grandiosity and Conclusion also by descriptive and qualitative method.

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Universitas Sumatera Utara CHAPTER VI

ANALYSIS AND FINDING

4.1 Dorian Gray`s grandiose sense of self-importance

The word grandiosity is commonly associated with the symptoms of narcissism. This principal refers to an unrealistic sense of superiority or a sustained view of oneself as better than others. In this case, this view also can be translated as oneself exaggerates achievements and talents, expects to be recognized as superior without commensurate achievements. This is also meant that the person has grandiose fantasies, the person behaves self-centeredly, and the person regards himself/herself as unique or special when compared to other people. In his novel,

Oscar Wilde introduce us the phenomenon of narcissism and the term of grandiose sense of self-importance through the life of a beautiful young man named Dorian

Gray. In his fantasy world, Wilde presented the possibility of making time stand still for a man who wishes to be youthfully attractive. The whole story shows us strong connection among beauty, art and narcissism, where beauty is associated as the main topic that leads Dorian changes himself into a narcissistic person.

The scene begins in London in the home of Basil Hallward, a painter, who is discussing his latest unfinished painting with a friend, Lord Henry Wotton. The painting is a portrait of a young man, Dorian Gray, whom Basil met at a party. Since then Dorian has become not only his best friend, but his muse as well. To begin with, the likeness between Narcissus and Dorian Gray is mentioned below

This young Adonis, who looks as if he was made of ivory and rose leaves. Why, my dear Basil, he is a Narcissus‖ (Wilde, 1992: 6)

Lord Henry look at him. Yes, he was certainly wonderfully handsome, with his finely-curved scarlet lips, his frank blue

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Universitas Sumatera Utara eyes, his crisp gold hair. There was something in his face that made one trust him at once. All the candour of youth was there, as well as youth`s passionate purity. One felt that he had kept himself unspotted from the world. No wonder Bassil Hallward worshipped him. (Wilde, 1992: 16)

At the beginning of the novel, Dorian Gray's unique appearance definitely distinguishes him from other individuals, where Lord Henry express the beauty of the model in Basil`s painting reminds him of the myth of Narcissus. In this sense, he is already different from others, and that attracts Basil to paint him.

I turned halfway round, and saw Dorian Gray for the first time. When our eyes meet, I felt that I was growing pale. A curious sensation of terror came over me. I knew that I had come face to face with someone whose mere personality was so fascinating that, if I allowed it to do so, it would absorb my whole nature, my whole soul, my very art itself. (wilde, 1992:9)

The dominance of beauty and youth is shown straight from the first chapter of the book. At those passages above, we can tell that Dorian has an outstanding handsome appearance and spirirt. Just like Narcissus, Gray is admired for his beauty, and complimented as being perfect and flawless on more than one occasion in the story. For all reasons above, as an artist, Basil Hallward interested to paint him into a portrait in the first sight.

He is all my art to me now, said the painter, gravely. ‗I sometimes think, Harry, that there are only two eras of any importance in the world`s history. The first is the appearance of a new medium for art, and the second is the appearance of a new personality for art also.

. . .

But he is much more to me than a model or a sitter. I won`t tell you that I am dissatisfied with what I have done of him, or that his beauty is such that art cannot express it. There is nothing

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Universitas Sumatera Utara that Art cannot express, and I know that the work I have done, since I met Dorian Gray, is good work, is the best work of my life.-his personality has suggested me an entirely new manner in art, an entire new mode of style. I see things differently, I think of them differently (Wilde, 1992: 11-12)

Basil Hallward captivated by the great beauty of young man Dorian Gray paints his portrait to immortalize his aesthetic perfection. Basil Harward really understands the power of his desire since he sees the strong character that is shown in

Dorian`s inner. For Basil, Dorian's beauty makes him an image of perfection. Most importantly, Dorian's personality suggests to Basil an "entirely new manner in art" and "new mode of style" which enables him to "recreate" life in a way that was hidden from him in the past. Dorian Gray is a muse who inspires him to create a masterpiece of art for the sake of its beauty.

The character of Dorian remains innocent, naïve until he meets Lord Henry.

Hence, his identity is easily shaped by someone who can use words more craftily than others. This someone is Lord Henry Wotton, who, as a master of language, molds Dorian's character the way he desires.

He has a simple and a beautiful nature. Your aunt was quite

right in what she said of him. Don‘t spoil him. Don‘t try to

influence him (Wilde, 1992: 15)

In the novel, Lord Henry Wotton proclaims the aesthetic philosophy with an elegance and bravado that persuade Dorian to trust in the principles he espouses.

Even though Basil already warns Lord Henry not to invade Dorian`s thought with his philosophical view, Lord Henry keep vocalizes his aesthetic ideas and hedonistic

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Universitas Sumatera Utara lifestyle and Dorian regards to him. It happens when they are sitting together and

Lord Henry complements how marvelous the appearance of Dorian.

‗It should matter everything to you, Mr. Gray.‘

‗Why?‘

‗Because you have the most marvelous youth, and youth is the one thing worth having.‘

‗I don`t feel that, Lord Henry.‘

‗No, you don`t feel it now. Someday, when you are old and wrinkled and ugly, when you thought has seared your forehead with its lines, and passion branded your lips with hideous fires, you will feel it, you will feel it terribly. Now, wherever you go, you charm the world. Will it always be so?... You have a wonderfully beautiful face, Mr Gray. Don‘t frown. You have. And beauty is form of Genius – is higher, indeed, than Genius, as it needs no explanation… To me, Beauty is the wonder of wonders. It is only shallow people who do not judge by appearances. The true mystery of the world is the visible, not the invisible… Yes, Mr Gray, the godshave been good to you. But what gods give they quickly take away. You have only a few years in which to live really, perfectly and fully… Ah! Realize your youth while you have it. Live! Live the wonderful life that is in you! Let nothing be lost upon you. Be always searching for new sensations. Be afraid of nothing… a new hedonism – that is what our century wants… Youth! Youth! There is absolutely nothing in the world but youth!‘ (Wilde, 1992: 21)

Lord Henry Wotton enlightens Dorian and teaches him the philosophy of

―New Hedonism‖ being a proponent of it. Lord Henry idealizes art and devalues beauty. He put great value on beauty. Lord Henry assures Dorian that there is nothing impossible for one who has two privileges: beauty and youth. His hedonistic ideals soothe Dorian into believing that it is pleasure which matters most. Lord

Henry easily influences on Dorian and gives the young innocent man the faith in life dedicated to seeking forbidden pleasures regardless of reproach from society.

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Universitas Sumatera Utara A look of joy came into his eyes, as if he had recognized

himself for the first time. He stood there motionless, and in

wonder . . .The sense of his own beauty came on him like a

revelation. He had never felt it before. (Wilde, 1992: 23)

Dorian in turn accepts Wotton's ideals and this is the awakening moment of self-centered dimension`s of Dorian`s faith through his reaction to the picture Basil

Hallward has recently made of him. This is the beginning moment of his puffed-up self esteem where he thinks he is a special person.

How sad it is! Murmured Dorian Gray with his eyes still fixed upon his own portrait. How sad it is! I shall grow old, and horrible, and dreadful. But this picture will remain always young. It will never be older than this particular day of June. . . . If it were only the other way! If it were I who was to be always young, and the picture that was to grow old! For that— for that— I would give everything! Yes, there is nothing in the whole world I would not give! I would give my soul for that (Wilde, 1992: 24)

Thus, the portrait brings out Gray‘s first major narcissistic moment in the novel. Gray like Narcissus seemingly falls in love with his own image but, after realizing that he is a very beautiful man, thoughts of aging and loss of beauty due to the passage of time results in Gray panicking and wishing that the portrait would age instead of him. The irrational terror of old age is closely associated with the narcissist because they have very few inner resources, because narcissists tend to have preoccupation with outward appearance image or public opinion rather than inner reality. His envious about getting old shows the sign of narcissism. He burns himself with because the picture will remain beautiful and will never be older than this particular day. Narcissists want to be admired for their beauty, charm, power or

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Universitas Sumatera Utara status; attributes that more often than not fade with the passage of time. Once Gray understands that with the passage of time he will lose his source of admiration, he is depressed and panic and makes an irrational wish born out of the narcissistic fear of aging.

I am jealous of everything whose beauty does not die. I am jealous of the portrait you have painted of me. Why should it keep what I must lose? Every moment that passes takes something from me, and gibes something to it. Oh, if it were only the other way! If the picture could change, and I could be always what I am now! Why did you paint it? It will mock me someday mock me horribly!‘ (Wilde, 1992: 25)

Without realizing, Dorian changes his trait and behavior because he wants to,

Lord Henry is only function as the speaker that voicing something already exists inside him. From the statement that Lord Henry gave to Dorian, it makes him feel confuses at first. Then he realized that Lord Henry was totally right about Dorian‘s inner willingness, and he realized that Lord Henry is voicing his desires and secret wishes which he never express and did before. Those questions are answered by the portrait that made by Basil Hallward at the passages above, after seeing the portrait,

Dorian has the courage to express his excessive admiration for his appearance.

Harry, imagine a girl, hardly seventeen years of age, with a little flower-like face, a small Greek head with plaited coils of dark-brown hair, eyes that were violet wells passion, lips were like the petal of a rose. She was the loveliest thing I ever seen in my life

. . .

"I have seen her in every age and in every costume. Ordinary women never appeal to one's imagination. They are limited to their century. No glamour ever transfigures them. One knows their minds as easily as one knows their bonnets. One can always find them. There is no mystery in any of them. They ride in the Park in the morning, and chatter at tea-parties in the

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Universitas Sumatera Utara afternoon. They have their stereotyped smile, and their fashionable manner. They are quite obvious. But an actress! How different an actress is! Harry! Why didn't you tell me that the only thing worth loving is an actress?" ( Wilde, 1992: 42- 43)

As the story goes, Dorian‘s relationship with the actress Sibyl Vane plainly illustrates this marked change in personality. Dorian pursues Sibyl from first sights, intent on acquiring her before he ever attempts to truly know her.

The passage above is one supreme example of his brief story with Sibyl

Vane. In searching for the perfect love, Dorian instantly falls for Sibyl‘s unique appearance which resembles to him a Greek ideal. This is the indicator of narcissism speaking about ideal love and excessive hunger for power, beauty and brilliance can also be clearly identified in Dorian‘s personality. Though he insists on his appreciation of both Sibyl's personality and her "consummate art-instinct", it is obvious that he merely treats Sibyl as a source of inspiration; in other words, he loves Sibyl only as an artist, but not as human beings. Dorian falls in love with Sibyl, or rather with her stage projection where she symbolizes a genius of acting.

However, he falls for an imaginary ideal of Sibyl based on her acting and not with her true self.

You can dine with me tonight, Dorian, can`t you? He shook his head. ‗Tonight she is Imogen.‘ he answered, ‗and tomorrow night she will be Juliet.‘ ‗When is she Sibyl Vane?‘ ‗Never‘ ‗I congratulate you.‘ `How horrid you are! She is all the great heroines of the world in one. She is more than an individual. You laugh, but I tell you she has genius. I love her, and I must make her love me. You, who know all the secrets of life, tell me how to charm Sybil Vane to love me! I want to make Romeo jealous. I want the dead lovers of the world to hear our laughter, and grow sad. (Wilde, 1992: 45)

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Universitas Sumatera Utara In fact, Dorian never actually cares about Sibyl the person at all; Dorian is marveled at the range of roles she can play not with her true self. Dorian is obsessed with superficiality of her brilliance acting. He creates an image that Sybil is the perfect ideal love because she is brilliance with acting, not because of her personality. This behavior is sign of Dorian`s narcissistic personality of grandiosity.

He create an of talents in unrealistic way and also he projects a fantasy of ideal love based on superficiality of genius acting. Without his realization, he deserves to be with Sybil because Dorian has an outstanding appearance and Sybil has a beauty like a Greek. He believes that he is special and he should be associated with special person as well. Dorian‘s love for Sibyl is driven by desperation. Dorian is desperate for her affection to flatter his ego. Thus, Dorian‘s confession of love sounds more like a hunger for love. He intends to make Romeo jealous, suggesting that narcissistic love is not about the mutuality of the feeling but about the superiority. Romeo and Juliet are considered as the symbol of true romance and he want to overcome it. He makes grandiose fantasy that his love and Sybil are going to surpass the love of Romeo and he also want to show it off to the others.

Once, in boyish mockery of Narcissus, he had kissed, or

feigned to kiss, those painted lips that now smiled so cruelly at

him. Morning after morning he had sat before the portrait

wondering at its beauty, almost enamoured of it, as seemed to

him at times. (Wilde, 1992: 85)

Dorian is completely absorbed with himself. Dorian`s narcissistic trait is clearly portrayed way he looks at the portrait with loathing and gazing with secret pleasure. Just like Narcissus, Dorian is drowned with his physical appearance. This

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Universitas Sumatera Utara moment can be described as Narcissists‘ grandiose sense of self importance. When he sees the portrait Dorian is amazed with his appearance and leads him to do unrealistic manner as reward for himself, such as kissing the painting. In indirect way, Dorian believes that he is special and he is preoccupied with that fantasy.

For there would be a real pleasure in watching it. He would be able to follow his mind into its secret places. This portrait would be to him the most magical of . As it had revealed to him his own body, so it would reveal to him his own soul. And when winter came upon it, he would still be standing where spring trembles on the verge of summer. When the blood crept from its face, and left behind a pallid mask of chalk with leaden eyes, he would keep the glamour of boyhood. Not one blossom of his loveliness would ever fade. Not one pulse of his life would ever weaken. Like the gods of the Greeks, he would be strong, and fleet, and joyous. What did it matter what happened to the coloured image on the canvas? He would be safe. That was everything. (Wilde, 1992: 86)

Narcissism is about looking or feeling good about oneself and the narcissist acts and thinks in ways that keep these self-views viable. Self-centeredly is the main orientation for them. Here, Dorian's eternal youth seems assured now, and it allows him to relax. The perspective is from this moment is he values youth and beauty above the health of his soul. Dorian self- esteem is inflated as he compares his appearance will remain brilliance just like the Greek god, and because of this he will be recognized special and surrounded with excessive admiration.

I know you are surprised at me talking to you like this. You have not realized how I have developed. I was a schoolboy when you knew me. I am a man now. I have new passions, new thoughts, new ideas. I am different, but you must not like me less. I am changed, but you must always be my friend. (Wilde, 1992: 88)

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Universitas Sumatera Utara Later, Dorian remains indifferent to everything and everybody excluding himself and his vain wishes. He becomes indifferent to the effects of his actions, which is ultimately generated by his unchanging youthful, beautiful appearance. In this passage, Dorian exaggerates himself to Basil that he is someone different now.

His youthful appearance leads to have an inflated self–esteem. Initially, this passage could be the sign of grandiosity where Dorian behaves boastfully toward Basil because Basil criticizes him. Because Narcissistic tends to be hypersensitive to criticism, thus in defending themselves they behave in boastful way, because they believe in their invulnerability.

He grew more and more enamoured of his own beauty, more and more interested in the corruption of his own soul… he would place his white hands beside the coarse bloated hands of the picture, and smile. He mocked the misshapen body and the failing limbs….Yet he was not really reckless, at any rate in his relations to society, Once or twice every month during the winter, and on each Wednesday evening while the season lasted, he would throw open to the world his beautiful house and have the most celebrated musicians of the day to charm his guests with the wonders of their art…indeed, there were many, especially among the very young men, who saw, or fancied that they saw, in Dorian Gray the true realization of a type that was to combine something of the real culture of the scholar with all the grace and distinction and perfect manner of a citizen of the world. To them he seemed to be of the company of those whom Dante describes as having sought to ‗make themselves perfect by the worship of beauty‘. (Wilde, 1992: 103)

Dorian grows into darkly narcissistic. His belief in the power of beauty is reinforced by the adoration of society. Society of all times highly appreciates beauty and youth. His beauty and exceptional character are naturally in need of a caring affection. As a narcissistic, Dorian believes special and unique individuals thus,

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Universitas Sumatera Utara Dorian seek forbidden pleasure in order to be recognized superior around his society and he also downgrade people if they can`t fit the standard of beauty.

His search for sensation that would be at once new and delightful, and posses the element of strangeness that is so essential to romance he would often adopt certain modes of thought that he knew to be really alien to his nature, abandon himself to their subtle influence, and then, having, as it were, caught their colour and satisfied his intellectual curiosity,… (Wilde, 1992: 106)

Surpassing others is also important for narcissistic. He realizes that he can lead an indifferent life with the least care about the ethics of society. And when his expectations are not gratified by the society, his temptation is strenghtened even more squarely. For, in his quest of finding his lost identity, he yearns to have self- esteem by the power of which he might be able to regain his status among others. He is more preoccupied in the world full rein to his love of beauty and his quest for sensations. This trait reflects his grandiosity because he spend a good deal effort, exaggerate achievements in order to look good or recognized superior.

His mode of dressing, and the particular styles that from time to time he affected, had their marked influence on the young exquisites of the Mayfair balls and Pall Mall club windows, who copied him in everything that he did, and tried to reproduce the accidental charm of his graceful, though to him only half-serious, fopperies. (Wilde,1992: 104)

Dorian realizes, he becomes the centre of attention. His style of mode influences a lot of gentleman in his society. He is young and beautiful, everyone who meets him certainly amazed. His good look make someone impressed and even adore to him, and he wants to be remain like that. He wants to be remain special and superior around them.

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Universitas Sumatera Utara It was rumoured of him once that he was about to join the Roman Catholic communion; and certainly the Roman ritual had always a great attraction for him.

. . .

and he would now study perfumes, and the secrets of their manufacture, distilling heavily –scented oils and burning odorous gums from the East…at another time he devoted himself entirely to music… (Wilde, 1992: 106-107)

On one occasion he took up the study of jewels, and appeared at a costume ball as Anne de Joyeuse, Admiral of France, in a dress covered with five hundred and sixty petals. (Wilde, 1992: 108)

And so, for a whole year, he sought to accumulate the most exquisite specimens that he could find of textile and embroided work, getting the dainty Delhi Muslins,..the Dacca gauzes.. - (Wilde, 1992: 111) Dorian dedicates his life to the chase for new adventures and vain desires

Dorian shows amorous narcissism which is hedonistic desire and focuses on his physical appearances, clothes, and other attributes. Essentially, he became aware on his appearance to feed his amorous narcissism and . He was also attracted to be dandyism with collection of beautiful things, such as jewel, perfume, and musical instrument. This behavior is featured in Narcissists where they also related to buying expensive clothing, appearance focusing, to impress others. His attachment to earthly brings to light his Faustian destiny. Like Faust, he yields to a pact with evil. His expectations lead him to such an excess that he is only obsessed to achieve the utmost degrees of pleasure. Furthermore Dorian admires beauty to such an extent that he even use it to escape from awareness of the terrifying consequences of his reckless acts.

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Universitas Sumatera Utara 4.2 Dorian Gray`s lack of empathy for other

Along the story, the character of Dorian Gray is growing to be to people around him. As one of the principal characteristic of Narcissistic Personality

Disorder, This feature means that the narcissists is unwilling to recognize or identify with the feelings and needs for other and somehow they repressing their feeling and conscience and refusing to empathize, and sometimes this principle can lead into brutal mode. This behavior is initially adopted by Dorian after his fantasy of ideal love between him and Sybil is destroyed by Sybil`s poor performance on stage. After three days Dorian tells Lord Henry that he has asked Sibyl to marry him, and he invites Lord Henry and Basil to come watch her play Juliet the next night. The men go to the theatre expecting the performance of a lifetime, but Sibyl falls far short of spectacular. Basil and Lord Henry are unimpressed, even Dorian‘s high opinion of

Sibyl is marred by her performance. After the show Dorian goes to Sibyl to question her about her poor performance

"You have killed my love. You used to stir my imagination. Now you don't even stir my curiosity. You simply produce no effect. I loved you because you were marvellous, because you had genius and intellect, because you realized the dreams of great poets and gave shape and substance to the shadows of art. You have thrown it all away. You are shallow and stupid. My God! How mad I was to love you! What a fool I have been! You are nothing to me now. I will never see you again. I will never think of you ... Without your art you are nothing. I would have made you famous, splendid, magnificent. The world would have worshipped you, and you would have bome my name. What are you now? A third-rate actress with a pretty face." ( Wilde, 1992: 71)

Hence, there are couple of points about this scene that have particular significance in a discussion of Narcissism Personality Disorder, and they concern about the utter lack of empathy Dorian has. Along the story, Dorian and Sibyl

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Universitas Sumatera Utara become engaged, but the sincerity of Sibyl‘s love for Dorian becomes her undoing.

She sacrifices her artistic genius in order to know true love. Her devotion to Dorian causes her to lose all interest in her acting career, and the sudden mediocrity of her performances leaves Dorian embarrassed and outraged. We can see how deep his discontent with Sybil's unpleasing performance, which acts against his beautiful ideals. Here, it becomes clear that Dorian only valued Sybil as an aesthetic object.

She was, to him, a living work of art, and, now that she can't act anymore, she's lost all of her value. The discovery that Sibyl is no longer a good actress ought to be irrelevant to her value as a wife, but to Dorian the narcissist, it is as shocking, a as unfaithfulness would be. Dorian is devastated because the dream image of his idea love is destroyed. On that point, he abandoned Sibyl calling her a third rate actress and blamed her for the fact that he had ever loved her.

There is always something ridiculous about the emotions of people whom one has ceased to love. Sybil Vane seemed to him to be absurdly melodramatic. Her teras and sobs annoyed him.

`I am going,` he said at last, in his calm, clear voice. `I don`t wish to unkind, but I can`t see you again. You have disappointed me.`

. . .

Cruelty! Had he been cruel? It was the girl`s fault, not his. He had dreamed of her as greta artist, had given his love to her because he had thought her great. Then she had disappointed him… Why should he troubled about Sybil Vane? She was nothing to him now. (Wilde, 1992: 72)

He brutally rejects her, and he breaks off with Sybil because of her bad acts in her last performance. Dorian feels confused with his own feeling to Sybil Vane, he does not understand what is going on his mind. Suddenly he feels like he is much in

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Universitas Sumatera Utara love with Sybil, but when he saw her bad performance on the stage, at that time

Dorian feel that he hate and need to dump and leave her. Dorian felt the inner conflict inside himself, whether he has been cruel to Sybil or it is the right thing to do to leave her. In one hand, he believes that it is Sybil‘s fault that makes Dorian hate her because her bad acting, but on the on the other hand he feels so selfish to dump her simply because she cannot fulfill his expectation. Here, Dorian self-centeredly creates the illusion of ideal love and he can not make a distinction between illusion and reality. After the disillusion of love and reality checked, Dorian put the blame on

Sybil. Following the trait of narcissism; Vulnerability to shame rather than guilt and difficulty with empathy, Dorian doesn‘t feel guilty for abandoning Sybil, he feels shame on himself for the love he have for her and immediately terminates his sympathy for Sybil because she ruined his superficial imagination.

And by the time he regrets his harshness, it is too late; Sibyl has already committed suicide. It is at this time that Dorian first detects a subtle change in his portrait, a sneer of cruelty that had not been there before. Dorian‘s narcissistic eyes fall on his portrait that Basil Hallward had painted and retreats in shock. When he examines the painting in detail, he sees a seam of cruelty in the mouth. It is like looking in the mirror after he had done some dreadful thing. Almost immediately he understands that his cruelty will forever be carved in the oils of the paint. He hides the portrait behind bars in a locked room of the attic, and looks at it with both obsession and repulsion. Dorian‘s life degenerates, yet he holds his beauty. It turns out the portrait records his every sin. Later, as the story goes, Dorian remains stay young but the portrait goes in the opposite way, it turns horrible and monstrous as it reflected the sins Dorian does.

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Universitas Sumatera Utara `So I have murdered Sibyl Vane . . . murdered her as certainly as if I had cut her little throat with a knife. And the roses are not less lovely for all that. The birds sing just as happily in my garden. And tonight I am to dine with you, and then go on the Opera, and sup somewhere, I suppose, afterwards. How extraordinarily dramatic life is (Wilde, 1992: 80).

Following Vane‘s suicide, Dorian displays the typical narcissistic trait of repressing unwanted thoughts and memories. Narcissists have a variety of defense mechanisms at their disposal but grandiosity, rationalization and fantasy are the primary ones. Hence, Dorian initially briefly admits his part in Sybil‘s death.

Because Sybil`s suicide happens just after he fatally rejects his love for her. But, at the same time, he doesn‘t understand emotionally how to react about Sybil`s death. It is because as Dorian has lack empathy for Sybil, where as Narcissist, Dorian has that light switch that permanently turned off for everyone but himself. Dorian doesn‘t know how to grief over Sybil, so in order to mimic that emotion, Dorian illustrate a melodramatic situation related to show his concern but it doesn‘t affect him at all.

Just as stated before, what make narcissistic different is because they have theirs turned off permanently for everyone but themselves. Thus, to pass for normal narcissists fake feelings for other. They often badly imitate the normal human feeling because it`s just mimicry of the normal human being. So, his total lack of empathy will show, despite their effort to conceal it.

‗Harry,‘ cried Dorian Gray, coming over and sitting down beside him, ‗why is it that I cannot feel this tragedy as much as I want to? I don‘t think I am heartless. Do you?

. . .

The lad frowned. ‗I don`t like explanation, Harry, ‗he rejoined, ‗but I am glad you don`t think I am heartless. I am nothing of the kind. I know I am not. And yet I must admit that this thing that has happened does not affect me as it should. It seems to

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Universitas Sumatera Utara me to be simply like a wonderful ending to a wonderful play. It has all the terrible beauty of a Greek tragedy, a tragedy which I took a great part, but by which I have not been wounded.‘ (Wilde, 1992: 81).

Dorian is looking for a defense that he is still a good person although he doesn‘t feel any sadness toward over Sybil`s death. The truth is, Dorian has turned off his sense of humanity over Sybil. He repress his feeling, thus he doesn‘t experience the full range of normal human emotion. He doesn‘t understand emotionally to react over the death of Sybil, and then he creates a dramatic fantasy that the situation is like the myth of the Greek in order to repress his sorrow.

How had she played that dreadful last scene? Had she cursed him, as she died? No – she had died for love of him, and love would always be a sacrament to him now. She had atoned for everything, by the sacrifice she had made of her life. He would not think any more of what she had made him go through on that horrible night at the theatre. (Wilde, 1992: 85)

At this point, he quickly begins the repression process by trivializing her death. Gray uses his fantasy to reduce the death of Sybil and his part in it as marvellous experience and wonders if his life has further marvelous experiences in store for him. Additionally, Dorian rationalizes the event by seemingly convincing himself that he is the victim, and Sybil‘s sacrifice is her way of atoning for her terrible theater performance.

‗You went to Operaa? Said Hallward, speaking very slowly, and with strained touch of pain in his voice. ‗You went to Opera while Sybil Vane was lying dead in some sordid lodging? You can talk to me of other women being charming, and of Patti singing divinely, before the girl you loved has even the quiet of a grave to sleep in?

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Universitas Sumatera Utara ‗Stop, Basil! I won`t hear it! Cried Dorian, leaping to his feet. ‗You must not tell me about things. What is done is done. What is past is past.‘

‗You call yesterday the past?‘ (Wilde, 1992:87)

Dorian‘s apparent lack of conscience regarding Sybil‘s death is even noticed by himself. Dorian‘s comments and thoughts after Vane‘s suicide clearly indicate that he uses primary narcissistic defense mechanisms to cope with unwanted thoughts and memories. He does not show any deep regret upon Sibyl‘s cruel abandoning, Dorian considered that Sibyl‘s death was just a selfish of Sibyl. He had no heart, no pity about Sibyl‘s death and even he regarded Sibyl‘s tragedy was not his fault, because the true murdered if he did anything violence. Dorian Gray did not realize that his cruelty to Sibyl that led to Sibyl suicide. He shows no remorse over a death of the supposed love of his life.

As soon as he got behind him, he seized it, and turned round. Hallward stirred in his chair as if he was going to rise. He rushed at him, and dug the knife into the great vein that is behind the ear, crushing the man`s head down on the table, and stabbing again and again. …..How quickly it had all been done! He felt strangely calm and walking over the window (Wilde, 1992: 126)

Another trait of Dorian`s lack of empathy is captured on the chapter where

Dorian leads Basil to the room in which h keeps the painting locked. Basil stares at the painting in shock, the painting has become hideous. Basil begs Dorian to knee and pray for forgiveness by saying that this happens because he worshipped too much. But Dorian ignores it. Feeling with hatred with him, he blames Basil for everything and he kills him.

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Universitas Sumatera Utara Therefore, Dorian truly does not show any emphatic behavior and In an act of raging paranoia and revenge for Basil‘s insightful painting, he kills his friend.

Narcissists will steal credit from others when something good happens and blame others when things go badly narcissists behave aggressively toward those who threaten, criticize, or reject them. At the beginning, Dorian is delighted with the painting as it captures his beauty appearance, but as he remains young the picture grows to be hideous and leads him into frustration, thus he puts the blame on Basil as the painter. After he kills Basil, he doesn‘t feel anything. He sees Basil as predator because he keeps criticize him and it against his life notion. What matter is himself, then he turns off his sense of empathy and kill Basil, because he can be safe after he gets rid off him. This resulting mental leads him into brutality.

There is no good in prolonging this scene. I absolutely refuse to do anything in the matter. It is insane of you to ask me.` `You refuse??` `Yes.` `I entreat you, Alan.` `It is useless.` . . . `I am so sorry for you, Alan,` he murmured, `but you leave me no alternative. I have a letter written already. Here it is. You see the address. If you don`t help me, I must send it. If you don`t help me, I will send it. You know what the result will be. But you are going to help me. It is impossible for you to refuse me now. I tried to spare you. You will do me the justice to admit that. You were stern, harsh, offensive. You treated me as no man has ever dared to treat me – no living mna, at any rate. I bore it all. Now it is for me to dictate terms. . . . ‗You are infamous, absolutely infamous!‘ he muttered. Hush, Alan. You have saved my life, said Dorian. Your life? Good heavens! What a life that is! You have gone from corruption to corruption, and now you have culminated in crime. In doing what I am going to do— what you force me to do— it is not of your life that I am thinking. (Wilde,1992: 135- 136)

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Universitas Sumatera Utara The next morning, Dorian wakes from a restful sleep. Once the events of the previous night sink in, he feels the return of his hatred for Basil. After breakfast, he sends for Alan Campbell, a young scientist and former friend from whom he has grown distant. Campbell has come reluctantly, having been summoned on a matter of life and death. Dorian confesses that there is a dead man locked in the uppermost room of his house, though he refrains from discussing the circumstances of the man‘s death. He asks Campbell to use his knowledge of chemistry to destroy the body.

Campbell refuses.

In this case, the symptom of narcissistic personality takes more powerful form after Dorian‘s metamorphosis, Dorian is well aware of his charm and he uses it as a weapon to achieve his own ends, which is clear when forcing Alan Campbell to dispose Basil‘s dead body, for example. Since Alan Campbell is a scientist who was experienced in making various scientific experiments, he was the only person who could help Dorian discreetly turn Basil‘s body into ash. When Alan refuses to carry out the experiment to get rid of the corpse and help Dorian, Dorian does not hesitate to blackmail his old friend in order to get want he wants, removing the only evidence of his murder. Dorian doesn`t care about the crime he has done. What matter is only his reputation, he understands his charm and he can use it to Alan Campbell. He refusing to empathize about the fact that Alan also included in his terrible crime.

As the story goes to end, Dorian himself confesses to his narcissism.

Suggesting that Dorian is indeed aware of his lack of emotions and his inability to truly love other human being as consequence of his narcissistic self-investment.

Dorian Gray reaches a point in life where he only meets frustration. Finally, Dorian realizes that his insatiable desire for eternal youth is a foolish one. After all, his youth

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Universitas Sumatera Utara was just an illusion, and he used it for evil, time and time again. The outcome of

Dorian's tragic life is nothing more than suffering.

. . . Basil Harward`s disappearance would soon pass away. It was already warning. He was perfectly safe there. Nor, indeed, was it the death of Basil Harward that weighed most upon his mind. Basil had painted the portrait that had marred his life. He could not forgive him that. It was the portrait that had one everything….As for Allan Campbell, his suicide had been his own act. He had choosen to do it. It was nothing to him. (Wilde, 1992: 175) Dorian's murder of Basil Hallward is a haunting memory that chases him wherever he is. Although he attempts to console himself by creating a delusional world for himself, he comes to appreciate that there is no desirable. He doesn‘t show any empathy because he has murdered his friend, in fact he put the blames on Basil.

He also doesn‘t show any grief for the suicide of Alan who has helped him save his reputation. He doesn‘t feel guilty for terrible things that happen to his friends.

There were blood on the painted feet, as though the thing had dripped – blood even on the hand that had not held the knife. Confess? Did it mean that he was to confess? To give himself up, and be put to death? He laughed. He felt the idea was monstrous. Besides, even if he did confess, who would believe him? There was no trace of the murdered man anywhere…. But this murder – was it to dog him all his life? Was he always to be burdened by his past? Was he really to confess? Never. There was only one bit of evidence left against him. The picture itself – that was the evidence. He would destroy it. (Wilde, 1992: 176)

It is true that an individual may feel remorse over a sin, but he also may realize that there is not enough motives in life to remove that sin from it. At this stage, however, not even truthful self-awareness is enough to save Dorian. In his final moments, he attempts to repent the murder of Basil, the suicides of Sibyl Vane and Alan Campbell but the persistence not to confess his sins but and simply go

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Universitas Sumatera Utara away, because they aren`t worthy of any feeling. The portrait reflects this hypocrisy and drives him to his final, desperate act. He decides it is better to destroy the last evidence of his sin, the painting itself.

As it had killed the painter, so it would kill the painter`s work, and all that that meant. It would kill the past, and when that was dead he would be free. It would kill this monstrous soul- life, and without its hideous warning, he would be at peace. He seized the thing, and stabbed the picture with it.

. . .

When they entered, they found hanging upon the wall a splendid portrait of their master as they had last seen him, In all the wonder of his exquisite youth and beauty. Lying on the floor was a dead man, in evening dress, with a knife in his heart. He was withered, wrinkled and loathsome of visage. It was not till they had examined the rings that they recognized who it was (Wilde, 1992: 177)

Finally, at the end of the story, Dorian wants to start a new life and attempts to destroy his portrait. The depravity he seeks to destroy is, in essence, himself; therefore, by killing it, he kills himself. The only heritage that is left after his death is his jewelries as a symbol of his real essence lies in admiration of the aesthetic life.

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Universitas Sumatera Utara CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTION

5.1 CONCLUSIONS

After analyzing the novel, the writer has conclusion and suggestion that related to the result of the previous chapters. In this chapter, the writer presents the conclusion based on the whole analysis and the suggestion to the further researcher related to this study. Narcissism is the pursuit of gratification from vanity or egotistic admiration of one's own attributes. The term originated from , where the young Narcissus fell in love with his own image reflected in a pool of water. There are some principals characteristic that associated into narcissism. In this novel. There are two principals that portrayed through the heroine of the novel, Dorian Gray. They are Grandiose sense of self-importance and lack of empathy.

The word grandiosity refers to an unrealistic sense of superiority or a sustained view of oneself as better than others. In this case, this view also can be translated as oneself exaggerates achievements and talents, expects to be recognized as superior without commensurate achievements. This is also meant that the person has grandiose fantasies, the person behaves self-centeredly, and the person regards himself/herself as unique or special when compared to other people. This trait is marked when he realized how outstanding his appearance from the painting of himself made by Basil Harward. He is self-centeredly in love his appearance and refuses to get older. Later, Dorian creates grandiose illusion of perfect love between him and a girl named Sybil Vane. Dorian also exaggerates his lifestyle to be recognized special and unique around his people.

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Universitas Sumatera Utara Another trait of this symptom is lack of empathy. This feature means that the narcissists is unwilling to recognize or identify with the feelings and needs for other and somehow they repressing their feeling and conscience and refusing to empathize.

This happens when he brutally rejects the love of Sybil vane and leads her to suicide.

But, Dorian doesn’t feel remorse for her, saying that she is entitled because she has ruined his ideal love. As the story goes, Dorian goes depressed because the picture becomes more horrible every time he do sins. Surrounded with frustration, without any sympathy he kills his friend, Basil Harward and put all blames on him and the story ended with he kills him.

5.2 SUGGESTIONS

Based on the overall analysis, the writer would like to suggest for those who

are interested in literature work especially in the form of novel. Oscar Wilde is

one of greatest writer that illustrate the phenomenon of narcissism in the

nineteenth century. These issues demonstrate the relation of narcissism and

aestheticism, a philosophy based in the simplistic beauty of things The novel

discusses the social maladies about in pursuing this notion the pursuer may, in

the end and without notice, emerge uglier than ever before.

Finally, the writer hopes that this thesis will be useful and be a precious

knowledge for all, in developing and enhancing critical thinking skills and ability

to analyze and interpret literary themes and also becoming more comfortable

with examining abstract concepts and ideas especially themes in literature for the

students of English Department, University of Sumatera Utara.

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Universitas Sumatera Utara REFERENCES

Abrams, M. H. 1999, A Glossary of Literary Terms. USA. McPeek.

Ary, Donal et al. 2002. Introduction to Research in Education, 6th ed. Australia:

Wadsworth Thomson Learning.

Chreswell, John W. 2011. Research Paper Differences in The Qualitative and

Quantitative.

Febriani, Lia.2011. An Analysis on The Main Character Conflict in the First

Series of Harry Potter and the Soccerer’s. STAIN Tulungagung,

Unpublished.

Ismiati, Kuntik.2012. An Analysis of Conflicts of The Main Character in Thomas

Hardy’s The return on The Native. STAIN Tulungagung, Unpublished.

Krajco, Kathy. 2007. What Makes Narcissists Tick. USA: Operation Double.

Luken, J. Rebecca. 2003. A Critical Handbook of Children’s Literature. Pearson

Education, Inc.

Miles, Mathew B, et al. 1994. Qualitative data analysis : an expanded sourcebook.

USA. SAGE Publications, Inc.

Riyanti, Yuni.2007. The Self Actualization of Morrie Schwartz as Revealed in

Mitch Albom’s Tuesdays With Morrie. Sanata Dharma University

Yogyakarta, Unpublished.

Robert, Edgar V and Henry E. Jacobs. 1993. Literature: An Introduction to

Reading and Writing (Fourth Edition). USA: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

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Universitas Sumatera Utara Samantha Yung Kah Khei .2011. A Study of The Use of Satire to Express Feminism

in The Novel Pride and Prejudice. At: http://eprints.utar.edu.my/265/1/EL-

2011-0807669-1.pdf, accessed on 27 April 2013

Wellek, Rene and Warren Austin. 1990. Teori Kesusastraan. Terjemahkan oleh

Melani Budianta. Jakarta: Gramedia.

Wilde, Oscar. 1992. The Picture of Dorian Gray. 8B East Stret, Ware, Hertfordshire

sg12 9ET: Wordsworth Editions Limited.

Wilde, Oscar. 2015. Lukisan Dorian Gray. Yogyakata: Laksana.

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Universitas Sumatera Utara APPENDICES

i. Biography and Works of Oscar Wilde

Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde was born on October 16, 1854 in

Dublin, Ireland. His father, William Wilde, was an acclaimed doctor who was knighted for his work as medical advisor for the Irish censuses. William Wilde later founded St. Mark's Ophthalmic Hospital, entirely at his own personal expense, to treat the city's poor. Oscar Wilde's mother, Jane Francesca Elgee, was a poet who was closely associated with the Young Irelander Rebellion of 1848, a skilled linguist whose acclaimed English translation of Pomeranian novelist Wilhelm Meinhold's

Sidonia the Sorceress had a deep influence on her son's later writing.

Wilde was a bright and bookish child. He attended the Portora Royal School at Enniskillen where he fell in love with Greek and Roman studies. He won the school's prize for the top classics student in each of his last two years, as well as second prize in drawing during his final year. Upon graduating in 1871, Wilde was awarded the Royal School Scholarship to attend Trinity College in Dublin. At the end of his first year at Trinity, in 1872, he placed first in the school's classics examination and received the college's Foundation Scholarship, the highest honor awarded to undergraduates.

Upon his graduation in 1874, Wilde received the Berkeley Gold Medal as

Trinity's best student in Greek, as well as the Demyship scholarship for further study at Magdalen College in Oxford. At Oxford, Wilde continued to excel academically, receiving first class marks from his examiners in both classics and classical

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Universitas Sumatera Utara moderations. It was also at Oxford that Wilde made his first sustained attempts at creative writing. In 1878, the year of his graduation, his poem "Ravenna" won the

Newdigate Prize for the best English verse composition by an Oxford undergraduate.

Upon graduating from Oxford, Wilde moved to London to live with his friend, Frank

Miles, a popular portraitist among London's high society. There, he continued to focus on writing poetry, publishing his first collection, Poems, in 1881. While the book received only modest critical praise, it nevertheless established Wilde as an up- and-coming writer. The next year, in 1882, Wilde traveled from London to New

York City to embark on an American lecture tour, for which he delivered a staggering 140 lectures in just nine months.

While not lecturing, he managed to meet with some of the leading American scholars and literary figures of the day, including Henry Longfellow, Oliver Wendell

Holmes and Walt Whitman. Wilde especially admired Whitman. "There is no one in this wide great world of America whom I love and honor so much,'' he later wrote to his idol.

Upon the conclusion of his American tour, Wilde returned home and immediately commenced another lecture circuit of England and Ireland that lasted until the middle of 1884. Through his lectures, as well as his early poetry, Wilde established himself as a leading proponent of the aesthetic movement, a theory of art and literature that emphasized the pursuit of beauty for its own sake, rather than to promote any political or social viewpoint.

On May 29, 1884, Wilde married a wealthy Englishwoman named Constance

Lloyd. They had two sons: Cyril, born in 1885, and Vyvyan, born in 1886. A year

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Universitas Sumatera Utara after his wedding, Wilde was hired to run Lady's World, a once-popular English magazine that had recently fallen out of fashion. During his two years editing Lady's

World, Wilde revitalized the magazine by expanding its coverage to "deal not merely with what women wear, but with what they think and what they feel. The Lady's

World," wrote Wilde, "should be made the recognized organ for the expression of women's opinions on all subjects of literature, art and modern life, and yet it should be a magazine that men could read with pleasure."

Around the same time that he was enjoying his greatest literary success,

Wilde commenced an affair with a young man named Lord Alfred Douglas. On

February 18, 1895, Douglas's father, the Marquis of Queensberry, who had gotten wind of the affair, left a calling card at Wilde's home addressed to "Oscar Wilde:

Posing Somdomite," a misspelling of sodomite. Although Wilde's homosexuality was something of an open secret, he was so outraged by Queensberry's note that he sued him for libel. The decision ruined his life.

When the trial began in March, Queensberry and his lawyers presented evidence of Wilde's homosexuality—homoerotic passages from his literary works, as well as his love letters to Douglas—that quickly resulted in the dismissal of Wilde's libel case and his arrest on charges of "gross indecency." Wilde was convicted on

May 25, 1895 and sentenced to two years in prison.

Wilde emerged from prison in 1897, physically depleted, emotionally exhausted and flat broke. He went into exile in France, where, living in cheap hotels and friends' apartments, he briefly reunited with Douglas. Wilde wrote very little

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Universitas Sumatera Utara during these last years; his only notable work was a poem he completed in 1898 about his experiences in prison, "The Ballad of Reading Gaol."

Wilde died of meningitis on November 30, 1900 at the age of 46. More than a century after his death, Wilde is still better remembered for his personal life—his exuberant personality, consummate wit and infamous imprisonment for homosexuality—than for his literary accomplishments. Nevertheless, his witty, imaginative and undeniably beautiful works, in particular his novel The Picture of

Dorian Gray and his play The Importance of Being Earnest, are considered among the great literary masterpieces of the late Victorian period. ii. Acclaimed Works

Beginning in 1888, while he was still serving as editor of Lady's World,

Wilde entered a seven-year period of furious creativity, during which he produced nearly all of his great literary works. In 1888, seven years after he wrote Poems,

Wilde published The Happy Prince and Other Tales, a collection of children's stories. In 1891, he published Intentions, an essay collection arguing the tenets of aestheticism, and that same year, he published his first and only novel, The Picture of

Dorian Gray. The novel is a cautionary tale about a beautiful young man, Dorian

Gray, who wishes (and receives his wish) that his portrait ages while he remains youthful and lives a life of sin and pleasure.

Though the novel is now revered as a great and classic work, at the time critics were outraged by the book's apparent lack of morality. Wilde vehemently defended himself in a preface to the novel, considered one of the great testaments to

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Universitas Sumatera Utara aestheticism, in which he wrote, "an ethical sympathy in an artist is an unpardonable mannerism of style" and "vice and virtue are to the artist materials for an art."

Wilde's first play, Lady Windermere's Fan, opened in February 1892 to widespread popularity and critical acclaim, encouraging Wilde to adopt playwriting as his primary literary form. Over the next few years, Wilde produced several great plays—witty, highly satirical comedies of manners that nevertheless contained dark and serious undertones. His most notable plays were A Woman of No Importance

(1893), An Ideal Husband (1895) and The Importance of Being Earnest (1895), his most famous play.

Throughout his entire life, Wilde remained deeply committed to the principles of aestheticism, principles that he expounded through his lectures and demonstrated through his works as well as anyone of his era. "All art is at once surface and symbol," Wilde wrote in the preface to The Picture of Dorian Gray. "Those who go beneath the surface do so at their peril. Those who read the symbol do so at their peril. It is the spectator, and not life, that art really mirrors. Diversity of opinion about a work of art shows that the work is new, complex and vital."

iii. Summary of The Novel The Picture of Dorian Gray

The Picture of Dorian Gray is the story of one beautiful, innocent young man's seduction, moral corruption, and eventual downfall.

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Universitas Sumatera Utara We meet our three central characters at the beginning of the book, when painter Basil Hallward and his close friend, Lord Henry Wotton, are discussing the subject of Basil's newest painting, a gorgeous young thing named Dorian Gray. Basil and Henry discuss just how perfectly perfect. Dorian is totally innocent and completely good, as well as being the most beautiful guy ever to walk the earth. Lord

Henry wants to meet this mysterious boy, but Basil doesn't want him to; for some reason, he's afraid of what will happen to Dorian if Lord Henry digs his claws into him.

However, Lord Henry gets his wish Dorian shows up that very afternoon, and, over the course of the day, Henry manages to totally change Dorian's perspective on the world. From that point on, Dorian's previously innocent point of view is dramatically different he begins to see life as Lord Henry does, as a succession of pleasures in which questions of good and evil are irrelevant.

Basil finishes his portrait of Dorian, and gives it to the young man, who keeps it in his home, where he can admire his own beauty. Lord Henry continues to exert his influence over Dorian, to Basil's dismay. Dorian grows more and more distant from Basil, his former best friend, and develops his own interests.

One of these interests is Sybil Vane, a young, exceptionally beautiful, exceptionally talented and exceptionally poor actress. Though she's stuck performing in a terrible, third-rate theatre, she's a truly remarkable artist, and her talent and beauty win over Dorian. He falls dramatically in love with her, and she with him.

For a moment, it seems like everything will turn out wonderfully. However, this is just the beginning of Dorian's story. Once he and Sybil are engaged, her talent suddenly disappears she's so overcome with her passionate love for Dorian that none of her roles on stage seem important to her anymore. This destroys Dorian's love for

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Universitas Sumatera Utara her, and he brutally dumps her.Back home, he notices a something different in his portrait it looks somehow crueler. In the meanwhile, the distraught Sybil commits suicide, just as Dorian decides to return to her and take back his terrible words.

Sybil's suicide changes everything. At first, Dorian feels horrible but he rather quickly changes his tune. On Lord Henry's suggestion, Dorian reads a mysterious "yellow book," a decadent French novel that makes him reevaluate his whole belief system. The protagonist of the book lives his life in pursuit of sensual pleasures, which intrigues Dorian. From this moment on, Dorian is a changed man.

Dorian starts to live as hedonistically as his wicked mentor, Lord Henry, does. The only thing that documents this turn for the worst is the portrait, which alarmingly begins to exhibit the inward corruption of Dorian's soul; the beautiful image changes, revealing new scars and physical flaws with each of Dorian's dastardly actions. As years pass, the man in the picture grows more and more hideous, as Dorian himself stays unnaturally young and beautiful. Rumors start to spread about the various people whose lives Dorian has ruined, and his formerly good reputation is destroyed.

On Dorian's 38th birthday, he encounters Basil, who desperately asks his former friend if all the horrifying rumors about him are true. Dorian finally snaps and shows Basil the portrait, in which the horrible truth about his wicked nature is revealed. Basil recoils, and begs Dorian to pray for forgiveness. In response, Dorian murders Basil, stabbing him brutally. He blackmails another of his former friends into disposing of the body.

Dorian retreats to an opium den after dealing with all of the evidence, where he encounters an enemy he didn't know he had—Sybil Vane's brother, James.

Through a rather complicated turn of events, James (who's on a mission to punish

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Dorian is relieved that his enemy is out of the way, but this event sparks a kind of mid-life crisis: he begins to wonder if his vile but enjoyable lifestyle is worth it. He actually does a good(ish) deed, by deciding not to corrupt a young girl he's got the hots for, which makes him question his past actions even more. Seeking some kind of reassurance, Dorian talks to Lord Henry, who's not any help at all, unsurprisingly. Dorian even practically admits to murdering Basil, but Henry laughs it off and doesn't believe him.

That night, Dorian returns home in a pensive mood. Catching a glimpse of himself in the mirror, he hates his own beauty and breaks the mirror. Again, he vows to be good, but we find out that his various crimes don't really haunt him, because he doesn't consider them his fault. Instead, he selfishly wants to be good so that the painting will become beautiful again. Heartened by this thought, he goes up to see if his recent good deed has improved the painting. In fact, it only looks worse.

Frustrated, Dorian decides to destroy the picture, the visible evidence of his dreadful crimes, and the closest thing to a conscience he has. Dorian slashes at the painting with the same knife that killed Basil, trying to destroy the work as he did the artist.

A tremendous crash and a terrible cry alert the servants that something very, very bad has happened, it's even audible outside the house. Finally, they go upstairs to check it out, and are horrified by what they find: a portrait of their master, as beautiful as ever, hangs on the wall, and a mysterious, grotesquely hideous dead man is lying on the floor with a knife in his heart. Upon close examination, the rings on the dead man's hand identify him as Dorian Gray.

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