Bab Ii Landasan Teori

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BAB II LANDASAN TEORI 2.1. Konsep Dasar Android Konsep dasar android ini berfungsi sebagai dasar terhadap rumusan masalah yang diajukan. Dalam bab ini penulis menjelaskan beberapa teori yang berkaitan dengan permasalahan yang akan dibahas sebagai dasar dalam pembuatan aplikasi. 2.1.1. Program Manusia kini hidup berdampingan dengan smartphone. Semua yang dilakukan dan dikerjakan adalah suatu kumpulan dari aplikasi mobile. 1. Definisi Program Menurut Sutarman dalam Maarif (2017) menjelaskan bahwa “program adalah barisan perintah atau intruksi yang disusun sehingga dapat dipahami oleh komputer dan kemudian dijalankan sebagai barisan perhitungan numeric, dimana barisan perintah tersebut berhingga, berakhir, dan menghasilkan output. Sekumpulan instruksi yang diwujudkan dalam bentuk bahasa, kode skema, ataupun bentuk lain, yang apabila digabungkan dengan media yang yang dapat dibaca dengan komputer akan mampu membuat komputer bekerja untuk melakukan fungsi-fungsi khusus termasuk persiapan dalam merancang instruksi- instruksi tersebut”. Berikut ini beberapa langkah yang harus diperhatikan oleh pemrogram sebelum mengimplementasikan suatu permasalahan dalam program adalah: 6 7 a. Mendefinisikan masalah b. Mencari solusi masalah c. Memilih Teknik pemecahan masalah dan algoritma d. Menulis program e. Melakukan testing debugging f. Melakukan dokumentasi 2. Pemrograman Mobile Menurut Nugroho dalam Sianturi (2013) memaparkan bahwa “pemrograman mobile atau aplikasi adalah program siap pakai yang direka untuk melaksanakan suatu fungsi bagi pengguna atau aplikasi yang lain dan dapat digunakan oleh sasaran yang dituju”. Perangkat lunak aplikasi adalah suatu subkelas perangkat lunak komputer langsung untuk melakukan tugas yang diinginkan pengguna. 2.1.2. Mobile Mobile atau telepon genggam (handphone) adalah alat komunikasi yang mudah dibawa kemana-mana yang dapat menyampaikan pesan berupa suara atau percakapan melalui sinyal listrik. Telepon membuat kita menjadi mudah berkomunikasi jarak jauh dengan orang lain dalam hitungan detik. 1. Internet Jumlah pengguna internet yang besar dan semakin berkembang, telah mewujudkan budaya internet. Internet juga mempunyai pengaruh besar atas ilmu dan pandangan dunia. Dengan hanya berpanduan mesin pencari seperti Google, pengguna diseluruh dunia mempunyai akses internet yang mudah atas bermacam- 8 macam informasi. Dibanding dengan buku dan perpustakaan, internet melambangkan penyebaran (decentralization) atau pengetahuan (knowledge) informasi dan data secara ekstrim. Menurut Subaeki (2016) memaparkan bahwa “Internet adalah rangkaian komputer yang terhubung di dalam beberapa rangkaian. 2. Aplikasi Mobile Menurut Wahana Komputer (2014:2) mendefinisikan bahwa, “Aplikasi yang dapat berpindah-pindah dari smartphone satu ke smartphone lainnya.” Aplikasi mobile yang sering digunakan adalah game, web, browser, pembelajaran, dan sebagainya. 3. Android Menurut Jubilee Enterprise (2015:1) memaparkan bahwa “android adalah sebuah platform penghubung antara software dan hardware pada mobile device. Adapun sistem operasinya berbasis Linux yang dirancang untuk perangkat seluler layar sentuh seperti telepon pintar. Platform android ini di produksi dan dikembangkan oleh Open Handset Alliance, sebuah anak perusahaan dari Google, sejak tahun 2007”. 4. Operating System Android Menurut Safitri (2016) memaparkan bahwa “Sistem operasi yang digunakan pada smartphone antara lain: Android OS, Symbian OS, BlackBerry OS, Palm OS, Windows Mobile, Microsoft Windows Phone, Apple iOS, Bada OS, Meego, WebOS, dan MXI (Motion eXperience Inteerface)”. 9 Sumber: Safitri Gambar II.1. Tampilan Operating System Android Komponen-komponen yang menyusun system operasi android adalah sebagai berikut: 1) Kernel 2) Android Runtime 3) Libraries 4) Application Framework 5) Application 5. Metode Pembelajaran Kholis dkk (2015) mengatakan bahwa “pembelajaran saat ini masih banyak yang menggunakan metode konvensional yaitu pengajar memberikan materi hanya dari buku dan belum menambahkan media teknologi dalam pengajaran secara maksimal”. 10 2.1.3. Bahasa Pemrograman 1. BASIC BASIC merupakan singkatan dari Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code merupakan bahasa pemrograman tingkat tinggi untuk keperluan umum yang dibuat dengan menitik beratkan pada kemudahan dalam penggunaanya. Bahasa BASIC berkembang pesat pada pertengahan tahun 1970 dan 1980 dimana mikrokomputer mulai digunakan. Mikrokomputer tersebut sudah dipasang bahasa pemmrograman BASIC. Begitu juga dengan komputer pribadi yang dibuat pada tahun 1980-an. Bahasa BASIC juga berkembang terus dan terdapat beberapa varian seperti QuickBasic, TurboBasic, DarkBasic. Salah satu varian yang terkenal adalah Visual Basic yang dikembangkan oleh Microsoft. Bahasa Visual Basic ini digunakan untuk mengembangkan aplikasi Sistem Operasi Windows. Mengadaptasi kemudahan dan popularitas bahasa BASIC kemudian dikembangkan Basic For Android (B4A). B4A menggunakan bahasa yang mirip dengan Visual Basic untuk mengembangkan aplikasi berbasis android. Tabel II.1. Contoh Bahasa BASIC Statement Sintaks Kegunaan CLS CLS [(1\2\3)] Membersihkan layar. COLOR COLOR [foreground],[background] Memberi warna teks dan latar belakang teks. SOUND SOUND frekuensi, durasi Mengeluarkan suara dari speaker. 11 Statement Sintaks Kegunaan END END Mengakhiri program, sub [(DEF\FUNCTION\SUB\SELECT\ program, fungsi, type atau TYPE)] select. GO TO GO TO no_baris Melompat ke baris yang dituju. LET LET variable=ekspresi Memberikan harga suatu variabel. REM REM catatan_kalimat Memberikan catatan program yang tidak di eksekusi komputer. LOCATE LOCATE [baris], [kolom] Meletakkan kursor aktif pada baris dan kolom tertentu pada layar. STOP STOP Mengakhiri program dari bagian. 2. HTML(Hypertext Markup Language) Menurut Raharjo dalam Supriyanta dkk (2015) menjelaskan tentang “HTML singkatan dari Hypertext Markup Language, yaitu bahasa (aturan) standar yang digunakan untuk menampilkan teks, gambar, video atau audio ke dalam halaman web”. HTML merupakan bahasa markup bahasa ini tidak dapat melakukan operasi logika maupun perhitungan sistematis. Fungsi HTML hanya untuk mengatur tampilan website beberapa yang dapat diatur di HTML adalah 12 pembuatan paragraf, membuat garis horizontal, mengatur font, mengatur perataan teks, membuat list (order list atau unorder list), mengambil gambar, membuat link dan berbagai fungsi lain yang di dukung oleh library HTML. Program yang digunakan untuk membuat document HTML menggunakan HTML Editor. Ada banyak HTML editor yang bias digunakan, diantaranya: Notepad, Ms. FrontPage, Dreamweaver, Brackets. Berikut adalah contoh kode yang dituliskan di Notepad dan disimpan dengan document HTML. Sumber: Supriyanta dkk (2015) Gambar II.2. Gambar Contoh Kode HTML Setiap dokumen HTML harus diawali dan ditutup dengan tag HTML <html></html>. Tag HTML memberi tahu browser bahwa yang ada didalam kedua tag tersebut adalah document HTML. Berikut adalah contoh file latihan.html tersebut dengan browser. 13 Sumber: Supriyanta dkk (2015) Gambar II.3. Contoh File Latihan.html Dengan Browser 3. CSS (Casacading Style Sheet) Menurut Raharjo dalam Supriyanta dkk (2015) menjelaskan tentang bahwa “CSS (Casacading Style Sheet), yaitu suatu bahasa yang bekerja sama dengan HTML untuk mendefinisikan bagaimana suatu isi halaman web ditampilkan atau dipresentasikan”. Dalam CSS terdapat pustaka untuk mengatur font, ukuran font, tinggi dan lebar suatu objek, serta hal lain yang berhubungan dengan tampilan web. Ada tiga tipe CSS yang biasa digunakan oleh para pengembang website. Internal CSS adalah yang diletakkan di antara tag <head> dan </head> biasanya di tandai dengan tag <style type=”text/css”> kode CSS </style>. External CSS adalah berkas CSS yang disimpan di luar file yang dibuat oleh programmer biasanya di panggil seperti <link rel=”stylesheet” href=”http://localhost/tampilan/css/bootstrap.min.css”>. Inline CSS yaitu file CSS yang ditulis langsung satu baris dengan tag HTML. Dalam pembuatan aplikasi Rumahku Madrasahku Berbasis Android juga memanfaatkan CSS. 14 Ada dua jenis CSS yang dapat digunakan yaitu CSS yang bersifat internal dan eksternal. Akan lebih mudah menggunakan yang eksternal, karena script CSS akan tersimpan berupa file CSS tersendiri, jadi akan lebih mudah bila ingin melakukan pengeditan, karena biasanya dihubungkan dengan link. Sedangkan jika menggunakan CSS yang bersifat internal pada halaman, maka bila ada perubahan format harus melakukan banyak pengeditan pada semua file. Contoh program CSS skrip HTML: <html> <head> <title> Latihan Pertama </title> <style> h1 { Font-family:Arial; Color:Blue; Text-align:Justify; } </style> </head> <body> <h1>…………………………………………..</h1> </body> </html> 15 2.1.4. Basis Data Menurut Pamungkas (2017:2) medefiniskan bahwa “Basis data adalah kumpulan data-data yang saling berhubungan sedemikian rupa sehingga dapat mudah disimpan, dimanipulasi, serta dipanggil oleh penggunanya”. Data sendiri merupakan fakta mengenai objek orang dan lain-lain. Deta dinyatakan dengan nilai (angka, deretan karakter, atau symbol ). 1. SQLite Menurut Junindar (2017) SQLite adalah sekumpulan database SQL yang tertanam pada system yang kita gunakan, salah satu database yang bersifat open source”. Salah satu library yang terdapat dalam database SQLite adalah fungsi commandline sqlite3 (sqlite3.exe) yang memungkinkan user untuk berinteraksi dan menjalankan perintah SQL di SQLite. Tulisan ini berisi pengenalan database SQLite dan perintah (Command Line) yang dapat digunakan pada database SQLite. 2.1.5. Model Pengembangan Perangkat Lunak
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  • Trabalho De Graduação

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    TRABALHO DE GRADUAÇÃO Aplicativo Mobile de Parametrização e Precificação de Reparos de Buracos Viários no DF Lucas Willian Brasília, 22/06/2017 UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA FACULDADE DE TECNOLOGIA DEPARTAMENTO DE ENGENHARIA ELÉTRICA 1 UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA Faculdade de Tecnologia Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica TRABALHO DE GRADUAÇÃO APLICATIVO MOBILE DE PARAMETRIZAÇÃO E PRECIFICAÇÃO DE REPAROS DE BURACOS VIÁRIOS NO DF Lucas Willian Relatório submetido como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Engenheiro de Redes de Comunicação. Banca Examinadora Prof. Georges Daniel Amvame Nze, Dr., ENE/UnB ________________________________ Orientador Prof. Rafael Timóteo de Sousa Jr., PhD., ENE/UnB ________________________________ Examinador Interno Fábio Lúcio Lopes de Mendonça, Msc., LabRedes/UnB ________________________________ Examinador Externo 2 Dedico este trabalho a Deus, à minha família, ao meu grande amor, aos professores e colegas de curso. 3 Agradecimentos Ao longo da minha jornada acadêmica não faltam motivos para agradecer àqueles que contribuíram para eu poder chegar até aqui. Sou verdadeiramente grato por todo incentivo e apoio que recebi ao longo dessa graduação. Primeiramente agradeço a Deus por me sustentar em todos os Seus desígnios e me manter firme mesmo em meio às dificuldades. Certamente eu jamais chegaria até esse momento sem Ele, que com Sua graça me trouxe a viva esperança de todos os dias. Ao único Deus, mediante Jesus Cristo, glória, majestade, império, soberania, antes de todas as eras, e agora, e por todos os séculos! Aos meus pais, Willian e Márcia, agradeço com toda a sinceridade do meu coração pelo amor e apoio que me dão desde que nasci. Vejo todo o esforço que eles fizeram para que eu fosse o que sou hoje.