10.10.2018 12:40:42 6 Zaphon marru Herausgegeben von Joachim Marzahn und Friedhelm Pedde Hauptsache Museum Fokus im Orient Alte Der Wartke Ralf-B. für Festschrift

Hauptsache Museum • Der Alte Orient im Fokus marru 6 Festschrift für Ralf-B. Wartke www.zaphon.de marru-6-FS-Wartke-Cover.indd 1

Hauptsache Museum

Der Alte Orient im Fokus Festschrift für Ralf-B. Wartke

Herausgegeben von Joachim Marzahn und Friedhelm Pedde

Zaphon Münster 2018

Illustration auf dem Einband: © Vorderasiatisches Museum; Foto: Olaf M. Teßmer.

Hauptsache Museum. Der Alte Orient im Fokus. Festschrift für Ralf-B. Wartke Herausgegeben von Joachim Marzahn und Friedhelm Pedde marru 6

© 2018 Zaphon, Münster (www.zaphon.de)

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ISBN 978-3-96327-036-9

Ralf-Bernhard Wartke, Berlin 2013 (Foto: Olaf M. Teßmer, Archiv Vorderasiatisches Museum)

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Tabula Gratulatoria ...... IX Joachim Marzahn und Friedhelm Pedde Vorwort der Herausgeber ...... XI Schriftenverzeichnis von Ralf-B. Wartke ...... XIII Joachim Marzahn und Friedhelm Pedde Biographisches ...... XXXI Evelyn Klengel-Brandt Erinnerungen ...... XXXIX Claudia Beuger The Tools of Stone Age Masons at Göbekli Tepe. An Experimental Approach ...... 1 Bernd Müller-Neuhof Erfindungen, Normierungen und Fernhandel. Aspekte eines innovativen Zeitalters im spätprähistorischen Vorderasien ...... 41 Margarete van Ess Die überlebensgroße Herrscherskulptur aus dem Riemchengebäude in Uruk. Ergänzungen zur Rekonstruktion ...... 57 Lutz Martin Auf großer Fahrt. Die Terrakottawagenmodelle vom Tell Abu Hǧaira I ...... 71 Dietrich Sürenhagen Original oder Fälschung? Bemerkungen zu einer jüngerfrühdynastischen weiblichen „Beter“statuette ...... 91 Astrid Nunn Eine späthethitische Statue ...... 111 Friedhelm Pedde Licht und Nahrung für die Toten. Von Nischen, Lampen und Speisegaben in den mittel- und neuassyrischen Grüften Assurs ...... 121 Reinhard Dittmann A View to a Kill. The Last Puff – An Irreversible Moment in Neo-Assyrian Art. A Short Note ...... 135 VIII Inhaltsverzeichnis

Stefan M. Maul Möbel aus Ton ...... 175 Olof Pedersén Cut it down and built it up again. Three Examples of Rebuilding Monumental Architecture in Babylon ...... 191 Joachim Marzahn Ein Stein von hinten. Untersuchungen am kudurru VA 2663 ...... 199 Iris Gerlach Zum äthio-sabäischen Kunsthandwerk des frühen 1. Jahrtausends v. Chr...... 229 Arnulf Hausleiter Statuen der Zeit der Dynastie von Liḥyān (6.–2. Jh. v. Chr.?) aus Dadan und Taymāʾ, Nordwest-Arabien, im archäologischen Kontext ...... 253 Volker Kästner Die Vögel sind ausgeflogen … Auf den Spuren eines verlorenen hellenistischen Mosaiks ...... 293 Sabine Böhme Die Goldene Leibniz-Medaille, eine Grußblatt-Sammlung, eine „Festschrift“ sowie ein Exlibris und die „deutsche Wissenschaftstradition“. Späte Ehrungen für Bruno Güterbocks (1858–1940) „unendliche Arbeit“ als Schriftführer der DOG im Jahr 1928 ...... 311 Brigitte Pedde Sonnenobservatorium und Zikkurrat. Erich Mendelsohns Einsteinturm in Potsdam und Fantasien von (alt)orientalischer Architektur ...... 331 Mamoun Fansa Krieg zerstört Weltkulturerbe. Gedanken zum Wiederaufbau der Altstadt von Aleppo ...... 341 Nadja Cholidis Eine Nacht im Vorderasiatischen Museum. Gespräch mit einem Fürstenpaar aus Guzana ...... 365

Cut it down and build it up again Three Examples of Rebuilding Monumental Architecture in Babylon

Olof Pedersén, Uppsala

Cut it down Rebuilding of monumental architecture in ancient time has often been recorded in archaeological excavations and is described regularly in royal inscriptions. The extent of such rebuilding will be discussed here with reference to details in three different well-known monumental buildings in Babylon all situated in the centre of the city on the east side of the river, the Nabû temple, the Ištar temple, and the Ištar Gate. When rebuilding a building on a higher level, there must be a taking down of the old building’s upper parts. But how far down was it demolished? When archaeological excavations in Babylon started with Robert Koldewey 1899, most of the upper parts of baked brick walls and also foundations of such material were missing. The good Nebuchadnezzar II (604–562 BC) baked brick walls above the surface and a few meters deep under the surface had been taken down by brick miners in order to reuse the Nebuchadnezzar bricks in modern buildings. The not so permanent unbaked mudbrick walls had been of no interest for brick miners. Hence, mudbrick walls sometimes were better preserved and stood higher than the more stable baked brick walls. Due to reshaping and elevat- ing of the terrain during the reign of Nebuchadnezzar, baked brick walls were sometimes covered by earth or other constructions and in this way protected and preserved until today despite brick mining attempts. The elevations given here is according to Koldewey’s excavation with his ±0.0 m equals 25.5 m above sea level according to present benchmark in the area. Some additional elevations are given here with permission and thanks to World Monuments Fund and State Board of Antiquities and Heritage.

Nabû Temple The Nabû ša ḫarê temple was situated on the west side of the Street of Procession between the South Palace (Südburg) and the ziqqurrat area in the Kadingirra area, in the part in modern time called Sahn. The long name, Nabû of the ḫarû is used to distinguish it from two other Nabû temples, in Tuba in West-Babylon and in the Esangil complex. 1It was excavated and partly reconstructed 1979–1981 by an Iraqi team supervised by Danial Ishaq. Due to a, some 4 m, raised floor level with

1 GEORGE 1992. 192 Olof Pedersén infilling protecting the old walls, the excavators found rather well preserved white lime wall plaster with black geometric decoration of bitumen and a large number of Cuneiform school tablets.2 Two main levels were reported archaeologically and expected according to in- scriptions. The far better-preserved level (+3.8 m) is the Esarhaddon temple in unbaked mudbrick. In the reign of Nebuchadnezzar, the walls of this temple were cut down to about the middle height or just above. A protecting kisû of baked brick was constructed around the remains of the mudbrick walls as protection, the rooms of the temple were filled with earth and a new temple was constructed on the remains of the mudbrick walls (+8.0 m). The upper temple was built with baked brick, not unbaked mudbrick (Fig. 1). This exception of a long tradition of temple construction in Mesopotamia is clear both from the small remains of walls on this upper level and from Nebuchadnezzar’s inscriptions recording the con- struction. As can be expected, most of the baked brick walls of the rebuilding including upper parts of the kisû were taken away by brick miners.3 The present reconstruction of the Nabû temple that can be seen in Babylon con- sists of the remains of the unbaked mudbrick walls of Esarhaddon’s temple, sur- rounded by the lower parts of Nebuchadnezzar’s baked brick kisû. The mud brick walls have been completed upwards with modern material and covered with a roof in old style, the baked brick kisû have been raised to a middle level. The whitish lime wall plaster with black bitumen decoration recorded on remains of the pre- served walls have been completed on the reconstructed walls. Ištar Temple The Ištar of Akkad temple was situated among the private houses on the east side of the Street of Procession in the Kadingirra area, in the section now called Merkes, just some 90 m east of the Nabû temple. There were five or six more Ištar temples in Babylon distinguished by means of different epithets, one in the Esangil complex, two or three in East-Babylon and two in West-Babylon.4 Oscar Reuther excavated the temple in 1910–1911. Additional excavations and a recon- struction of the deepest level followed by Iraqi archaeologists in the years around 1980.5 Like the Nabû temple, the Ishtar temple had the level of the floor raised, almost 2 m, which resulted in the preservation of the wall plaster on the infilled lower part of the walls. White plaster had black decoration of bitumen paint of geometric forms like the Nabû temple and the main front of the courtyard and the niche in the cella were black.6

2 ISHAQ 1985; best published plan Cavigneaux 2013, 67 Fig. 1. 3 ISHAQ 1985; LANGDON 1912, Nbk 15; DA RIVA 2012. 4 GEORGE 1992. 5 NASIR 1979; AL-SUBA'I 1985. 6 REUTHER 1926, 123–147. Cut it down and build it up again 193

ourtesy O. Pedersén) Fig. 1. Rebuilding and reconstruction of Nabû ša ḫarê temple (c temple ḫarê ša Nabû of reconstruction and 1. Rebuilding Fig. 194 Olof Pedersén

The German excavation exposed three levels with unbaked mudbrick walls, cut and rebuilt with more or less certain corresponding floors. The first structure with a foundation at +4.0 m was cut down and completely rebuilt with a floor at +5.2 m. This was followed by what seems to have been a second cutting down and rebuil- ding with a possible floor at about +7.0 m. Finally, a third cutting down and re- building with a floor at +8.0 m. The upper level was connected with a surrounding kisû of baked brick with a foundation at +6.5 m. The dating is not without problem. The lowest wall had smaller mudbricks, the two higher walls standard Neo-Babylonian size. The two lowest floors have hardly left any traces of the bricks and the upper (double) floor consists of Nebu- chadnezzar bricks. The upper wall was connected with three Nabonidus cylinders, two in situ inside the wall.7 The German excavators considered the first level pos- sibly to be early Nebuchadnezzar, the two higher Nabonidus. The Iraqi excavators took the first as Nabopolassar, the second Nebuchadnezzar and the third Naboni- dus. What is of interest here is the very clear cutting off the first mudbrick building to the new floor level and rebuilding next level on sometimes somewhat moved positions. The second wall seems also to have been cut with some movement of the walls for next level but there is hardly any floor left. The reconstructed Ištar temple now standing in Babylon uses the lowest ex- posed floor level for the reconstruction. Lower parts of exposed walls in the re- construction have an original mudbrick core but the mudbrick facades were ex- changed with new ones8 and all higher parts are of course modern in a style fol- lowing the German excavators. We therefore have basically an old structure but all surfaces that can be seen are modern and the original white walls with black decoration have not been restored. Ištar Gate The Ištar Gate was the main city gate in the wall around the inner city where the Street of Procession entered the inner city in the palace area. The wall around the inner city was a double wall; the main wall was called Imgur-Enlil and the parallel front wall surrounding the main wall on the outside was called Nēmet-Enlil. A quay wall of baked brick surrounded the double wall. The double wall including the quay wall and the areas between the walls were in most areas some 40 meters (sometimes and especially at the Ištar Gate even considerably more), on the out- side of it was an 80-meter moat.9 The Ištar Gate was a double gate, one gate in each of the city walls. The north front gate in the outer front wall was excavated in 1902 by Robert Koldewey’s team to a rather deep level permitted by a low ground water level during a few years due to a broken dam at the Euphrates. He only traced the plan of the larger main gate near the modern surface.10 Iraqi archaeologists unearthed the inner main

7 REUTHER 1926; SCHAUDIG 2001, 353–358 2.3. 8 NASIR 1979; AL-SUBA'I 1985. 9 WETZEL 1930, pl. 52. 10 KOLDEWEY 1918. Cut it down and build it up again 195 gate of the Ištar Gate complex in the 1938. Due to a higher ground water level at that time, they were not able to dig so deep as Koldewey and instead refilled part of the German excavation at the front gate preparing the area for visitors. Charac- teristic for the excavations was the several meters high standing walls with relief decoration showing bulls and dragons as well as different levels of the Street of Procession passing through the gate. Massive filling of the area during Nebuchad- nezzar protected the lower levels of the gate despite that brick miners had taken away all of the gate above the upper surface of the street.

Fig. 2. Ištar Gate, north front gate building seen from the south. Two correction levels in the masonry correspond to two levels of the Street of Procession of Nebuchadnezzar (courtesy O. Pedersén).

The four archaeologically attested street levels at the north front gate of the Ištar Gate complex are ca. -2.7 m,11 +7.2 m, +10.8 m, and +15.4 m.12 The today best- preserved street level in Babylon exposed for some 500 m in the palace area is the +10.8 m. Both the street levels and the decorations of the gate have a slope result- ing in somewhat higher levels at the larger south main gate. All these levels as well as other intermediate levels seem to be dated to different reconstructions dur- ing the reign of Nebuchadnezzar. This has been shown by the remains of an ar- chive of clay tablets found ca. +1.2 m at the northeast tower of the front Ištar Gate.

11 WETZEL 1957, 27, elevation estimated from feet of animal. 12 KOLDEWEY 1918, 8. 196 Olof Pedersén

The tablets treat the administration of barley, dates and other foodstuffs during the reign of Nebuchadnezzar years 8–12.13 A Nebuchadnezzar cuneiform inscription unearthed during the Iraqi excavation of the Street of Procession14 mentions the increase of the street 6 cubits (3 m), 18 cubits (9 m) and 17 cubits (8.5 m), a total of 41 cubits (20.5 m). The only place along the street where such elevations could correspond to physical reality would be at the Ištar Gate. If we take the highest level according to the text as corre- sponding with the highest attested street level +15.5 m, the next would be +7.0 m and the third from above would be -2.0 m and the lowest would be -5.0 m. This corresponds partly rather well with three of the main attested street levels. Two street levels have to be discussed; one is not attested archaeologically and the other archaeologically attested but missing in the text. The lowest level in the text from which the increase of the street started is below anything reached in excavation, but the upper part of a relief bull head was attested on the wall in the deepest pit of the German excavation, when giving the animal a normal size, the feet of it would be at the expected bottom line. If it was a street at this level or just the bottom of the foundations is not known. The only remaining problem is that the best-preserved street level is the only missing in the text. In several other cases, what is well preserved in Babylon are constructions very little used and quickly covered with additional material. This may be the reason here, but alternative ex- planations are possible. The preserved baked brick wall of the Ištar Gate standing in Babylon gives a unified impression with the bull and dragon reliefs. However, on a closer inspec- tion there can be seen adjustments of brick layers in some areas where new street levels have been recorded, at +7.0 m and +10.8 m of the north Ištar Gate (Fig. 2). The easiest way to explain these adjustments of the wall construction is to assume that at least on these sections of the wall the gate was demolished down to the new street level and that the gate was rebuilt anew above the new street level. When rebuilding the gate, the proper design and placement of the relief bulls and drag- ons was respected both above and below each street level. The uppermost rebuild- ing of the gate with glazed relief brick would also require a more or less complete demolition and rebuilding of the gate above the new street level. Build it up again From the three examples given above, it is clear that the rebuilding of the monu- mental architecture discussed here was done from the new ground level after rais- ing the terrain. The rebuilding of the Nabû temple with baked brick and no longer unbaked mudbrick of course required demolition of the old building above the new floor level. It is interesting that the old mudbrick walls are preserved approx- imate up to the new floor level protected by the new kisû of baked brick under- ground.

13 PEDERSÉN 2005, 128–129 N2. 14 ISMAIL 1985. Cut it down and build it up again 197

The rebuilding of the Ištar temple with the same construction material, unbaked mudbrick, as the previous level of the temple would had made it almost impossi- ble to distinguish any difference had it not been for the adjustment of brick layers in connection with the new floors and partly changed brick size. The simplest solution is that the wall was taken down to the new floor level and redone above it. The Ištar Gate has a complicated history during Nebuchadnezzar’s reign with a series of rebuilding connected with the raising of the Street of Precession. Here as with the Ištar temple the construction material for the different levels of the gate connected with various street levels is the same. But for the Ištar Gate all layers consist of baked brick with reliefs, except for the uppermost level with glazed brick with reliefs. Had it not been for the adjustment of brick layer in connection with the new street level very little about rebuilding activities of the unglazed lower parts could have been possible to say. The agreement of the adjustment level of the walls and the new street level supports a demolition and rebuilding of the gate from this level at least in these parts of the gate. Modern reconstructions on the site can on preserved original wall sections show the building history from the presently lowest exposed floor level on. This have been exemplified with unbaked mudbrick and baked brick walls inside the Nabû temple and baked brick walls with reliefs at the Ištar Gate. The modern recon- structions preserve more of the old constructions, using more of the old walls, not being unified above a street or floor level and are therefore cheaper to build than the ancient constructions involving more demolition and a more complete rebuild- ing. An original old building was during these circumstances a one period construc- tion standing on the remains of previous constructions under the new floor level. How far that can be a general rule is of course impossible to say from these three examples. The same construction with correction of brick level for a new floor can be seen also at other buildings in Babylon, but when there is no such adjust- ment to be seen it may still be the case, but of course it must not, even if it would be reasonable.

Bibliography

AL-SUBA'I, A.M. 1985 Ishtar Temple and the Residential Quater West of the Temple. Sumer 41, 63–66 English section, 101–107 Arabic section.

CAVIGNEAUX, A. 2013 Les fouilles irakiennes de Babylone et le temple de Nabû ša ḫarê: Souve- nirs d’un archéologue débutant. La tour de Babylone: Études et re- cherches sur les monuments de Babylone. Actes du colloque du 19 avril 2008 au Musée du Louvre, Paris. Roma. 198 Olof Pedersén

DA RIVA, R. 2012 The twin inscriptions of Nebuchadnezzar at Brisa (Wadi esh-Sharbin, Lebanon), A historical and philological study. AfO Beiheft 32, Wien.

GEORGE, A.R. 1992 Babylonian topographical texts. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 40. Peeters. Leuven.

ISHAQ, D. 1985 The excavations at the southern part of the procession street and the Nabû ša ḫarê temple. Sumer 41, 30–33 English section, 48–54 Fig. 1–18 Arabic section.

ISMAIL, B.K. 1985 New texts from the procession street. Sumer 41, 34–35 English section, 55–57 Arabic section.

KOLDEWEY, R. 1918 Das Ischtar-Tor in Babylon. Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichung der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 32. Hinrichs’sche. Leipzig.

LANGDON, S. 1912 Die neubabylonischen Königsinschriften. Vorderasiatische Bibliothek 4. Hinrichs’sche. Leipzig.

NASIR, M. 1979 The Temple of Ishtar of Agad. Sumer 35, 61–81.

PEDERSÉN, O. 2005 Archive und Bibliotheken in Babylon. Die Tontafeln der Grabung Robert Koldeweys 1899–1917. Abhandlungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesell- schaft 25. SDV, DOG, Harrassowitz. Berlin.

REUTHER, O. 1926 Die Innenstadt von Babylon (Merkes). Wissenschaftliche Veröffentli- chung der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 47.

WETZEL, F. 1930 Die Stadtmauern von Babylon. Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichung der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 48. Hinrichs’sche. Leipzig.

WETZEL, F. – SCHMIDT, E. – MALLWITZ, A. 1957 Das Babylon der Spätzeit. Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichung der Deut- schen Orient-Gesellschaft 62. Gebr. Mann. Berlin.

Download Fig. 1 in colour can be downloaded together with other Babylon material at http:// www.lingfil.uu.se/research/assyriology/babylon/.