Professor Alex Wright, Head of Architecture
University of Bath 2018-2019
Sam Bunn Yee Wei Gan Tom Lowe Yuchen Mei Stephen Oldham Hugh Pearce PRESENTATION STRUCTURE
VISITING SPLIT
Where we went Our impression
RESEARCH Background information Key themes: Connectivity Diversity Resilience
PROPOSAL City scale strategy Infrastructure South locale Kopilica locale Brodosplit locale VISITING SPLIT
BACKGROUND TRIP TO SPLIT: SUMMARY Day One (Saturday) Day Two (Sunday) Day Three (Monday) Day Four (Tuesday) Day Five (Wednesday) Day Six (Thursday) Day Seven (Friday)
CHAPTER 2.4: F R A M E W O R K DEVELOPMENT
8 9 1 2 3
4
Split 2
AirBnb
Old Town
Ferry Terminal
ATTRACTIONS HARBOUR AND OLD TOWN
1.!Cars unloading at ferry terminal 2.!Ferry terminal car parks 3.!Charter boats in front of old city 4.!Promenade in front of old city 5.!Narrow streets in Split 2 6.!Narrow streets in Split 2 5 6 7 7.!Delivery vehicle for narrow pedestrian streets
10 1
Lucica Bay Peripheral route
Marjan summit Marjan entrance
2 3 4 ATTRACTIONS MARJAN HILL AND LUČICA BAY
1.!Ascent of Marjan: viewing platform 2.!Beginning of Marjan ascent 3.!Near the top of Marjan 4.!Marjan peripheral route 5.!Road tunnel underneath Marjan 5 6 7 6.!Lučica Bay marina 7.!Lučica Bay swimming area
12 1
Bačvice boulevard Znjan beach Bačvice beach
2 3 4 ATTRACTIONS BAČVICE BEACH AND SOUTH COAST
1.!Along south coast towards Bačvice 2.!Modern building on Bačvice 3.!Old town from south coast 4.!Bačvice promenade 5.!Boulevard to Bačvice 6.!Marina on south coast 5 6 7 7.!Znjan beach, south coast
14 1 5
2 Palace extents
Bell tower
3
ATTRACTIONS DIOCLETIAN’S PALACE AND BELL TOWER
1.!Inside the palace 2.!Inside the palace 3.!Inside of bell tower 4.!View from bell tower 5.!External view from bell tower
4
16 1 5
Main university 2 campus
Axial route with accomodation
3
CULTURE UNIVERSITY OF SPLIT
1.!Student centre and accomodation 2.!New library 3.!Shops along axial street 4.!Barren area to north of university 5.!Main university axis
4
18 1
Stadium Poljud
2 3 4 CULTURE HADJUK SPLIT FOOTBALL MATCH
1.!Stadium Poljud 2.!Hadjuk Split grafti 3.!Hadjuk Split grafti 4.!Hadjuk Split grafti 5.!Hadjuk Split grafti 6.!Turbulent crowd during Hadjuk match 5 6
20 1
Bačvice beach
2
CULTURE PICIGIN
3 1.!A test of group communication 2.!Points for flair 3.!Flair not forthcoming
22 1
Main entry road to Split Spine road
South coast
2 3 4 TRANSPORT CYCLING AROUND THE CITY
1.!South coast 2.!South coast 3.!South coast 4.!Bridge over main entry road 5.!Spine road 6.!Junction along spline road 7.!South of Marjan 5 6 7
24 24 1
Unused area
Slipway
2 3 4 THE NORTH BRODOSPLIT SHIPYARD
1.!Cranes, viewed from slipway 2.!Metal sheets ready for cutting 3.!Carcass under construction 4.!Unused space due to downscaling 5.!Ship under construction 6.!Ship under construction 5 6 7 7.!Laser cutting metal sheets
26 1 5
2 Military port Pipi factory
Brodosplit Train line
3
THE NORTH EXPLORING THE NORTH COAST
1.!Dalmacijavino Factory 2.!Dalmacijavino Factory 3.!Junk yard 4.!Abandoned new building 5.!Train lines cutting of north from south 4
28 “SPLIT: CAPITAL OF THE ADRIATIC” University of Bath 2018-2019
RESEARCH
BACKGROUND PLACE PLACE CITY COMPARISON INTERNATIONALLY CITY COMPARISON WITHIN CROATIA
Bath, England: Dubrovnik:
Population: 88,859 (2011) Population: 43,950 (2011) Area: 24.2 km2 Area: 21.35km2 Population Density: 4,171/km2 (1,610/sq mi) Population Density: 2,100/km2 (5,300/sq mi)
Basel, Switzerland: Rijeka:
Population: 171,017 (2017) Population: 128,624 (2011) Area: 23.85 km2 Area: 44 km2 Population Density: 7,400/km2 (19,000/sq mi) Population Density: 2,923/km2 (7,570/sq mi)
Split, Croatia: Split:
Population: 178,102 (2015) Population: 178,102 (2015) Area: 79.38 km2 Area: 79.38 km2 Population Density: 2,244/km2 (5,810/sq mi) Population Density: 2,244/km2 (5,810/sq mi)
Vancouver, Canada: Zagreb (capital of Croatia):
Population: 631,486 (2016) Population: 802,588 (2015) Area: 114.97 km2 Area: 641 km2 Population Density: 5,492.6/km2 (14,226/sq mi) Population Density: 1,300/km2 (3,200/sq mi) PLACE DEMOGRAPHICS
Split and Croatia as a whole are sufering has resulted in a 367% increase in emigration. from an aging, declining population due to The young, educated population in particular emigration and a declining birth rate. Since have sought new opportunities in Europe joining the EU in 2013, freedom of movement and away from Croatia.
367% EMIGRATION INCREASE SINCE JOINING THE EU 0-14 15-29 30-44 45-59 60-74 75+
Population by age
Migration by age
Source: Croatian Bureau of Statistics URBAN REALM DENSITY BY DEVELOPMENT
In the 1960s, Yugoslav planners divided the distinct architectural characters of these city into ‘Split 1’ (the palace built by the Roman zones are discussed on the following pages. emperor Diocletian), ‘Split 2’ (the unplanned After Split 3, the city developed in another Split 1 60-65% 0% building density green space city that had grown around the palace) and unplanned sprawl due the lack of a planning ‘Split 3’, (a planned extension that would run department after the War of Independence. eastwards along the Adriatic Coast). The This area might be referred to as Split 4.
Split 2 45-50% 1-2% building density green space
Split 3 25-30% 8-10% building density green space Split 1 (zone A) Split 2 (zone B) Split 2 (zone C) Split 3 URBAN REALM DEVELOPMENT: SPLIT 1
The area defined as Split 1 is contained within architecture. This rich history has earned the the walls of Diocletian’s Palace, which dates palace UNESCO world heritage status. In back to 305AD. After the Romans left Split, the spite of this, the palace is still regarded by the palace buildings were continuously adapted residents of Split as the city centre and not a by a series of occupants: Split 1 therefore museum. The cathedral and baptistery are in contains buildings and embellishments from use, the peristyle court is a popular meeting the medieval, Renaissance and Baroque place, shops occupy the Roman arcades and periods as well as the original Roman the main market is just outside the palace. URBAN REALM DEVELOPMENT: SPLIT 2
Split 2 is the unplanned city that has grown shuttered windows, and streets are narrow around the Old Town. Its urban characteristics and organised in an organic, unplanned are similar to those in Split 1: buildings are low layout. The majority of houses in Split 2 are to mid-rise limestone tenements with small now used as holiday homes. URBAN REALM DEVELOPMENT: SPLIT 3
Split 3 was built during the Yugoslavian floor social space is moderately successful. administration of the 70s and 80s. Buildings However the full extent of the masterplan are designed on modernist principles and was left unfinished in the 1980s and as a are mostly towers and slabs blocks, often consequence the main street through Split with car parks underneath. In contrast to 3 terminates awkwardly into an area of many modern developments, the ground abandoned and incomplete buildings. URBAN REALM URBAN REALM TYPOLOGY STUDY TYPOLOGY STUDY
Split 1 Split 3
INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT SOCIAL SPACE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT SOCIAL SPACE
Shutters Narrow Passageways Pocket Spaces Balconies Trees Communal Parks
Shutters along the facades The tight proximity of buildings Another efect of the high density The high rise residential blocks Trees are planted in the Split 3 takes advantage of the allow the buildings to modulate within the old town creates deep of structures is the creation utilise balconies to provide courtyards to provide shading benevolent Adriatic climate by incoming daylight while allowing shadow canyons. This results in of pocket spaces throughout shading for the flats below and to buildings and to the social ofering large areas of park, which good ventilation. the ground plane being in near the town, ofering secluded to allow residents to enjoy the spaces at ground level. are generally well used. constant shade, providing respite and intimate surroundings for comfortable climate. from the harsh midday sun. residents and breakout meetings. Mixed Use Industrial Sport
Tourist Commercial Recreation Highest level of protection Lowest level of protection Residential Public / social Military
URBAN REALM URBAN REALM PROTECTED AREAS CITY ZONING
The map above shows the levels of the south bay. The unplanned area to the This map ofcially shows the zoning coast; the north coast is dominated by protection assigned to diferent areas of east of the main road is also comparatively proposed by the city planning ofce. industry, and the centre of the peninsula Split by the planning department. There unprotected. This is most likely because This zoning is efectively no more than is largely residential. This makes for a stark are completely unprotected areas in the this area was developed illegally then a reinforcement of the current situation. divide between north and south in terms declining industrial estate in the north regularised under pressure from the EU Public, cultural and tourism-related of built environment. and where the current transport hub is in against the wishes of the planning ofce. activities are concentrated on the south Riva Waterfront at South Coast (Old Port)
Riva Waterfront at South Coast
Bačvice Beach
Industrial bay at North Coast
URBAN REALM
COAST LINE Marjan Hill
Split’s coastline is highly varied along its along Bačvice Beach and Marjan Hill is more length. The southern coastline is designed natural, making it a pleasant environment for for leisure and tourism; the Riva Waterfront, walking, swimming and cycling. The Northern built in 2007 along the sea-front of the coastline, meanwhile, is heavily engineered old town, is a typical example. Lined with to support a shipbuilding yard and a military restaurants and stalls, Riva is designed to port. There is low public accessibility to this maximise commercial activity. The coastline area. North Bay Tourist Picigin Local community
CULTURAL IDENTITY BEACHES, BAYS AND COMMUNITIES
Split’s south coast is one of its greatest with each neighbourhood along the east assets. The coast is divided into a series of having a bay to call its own. The most popular bays. The old harbour is mostly dominated beach is Bacvice, which is the one of the by tourism, but the bays to the east are few sandy beaches in Split and therefore a predominantly used by local communities, perfect home for the local sport of picigin. CULTURAL IDENTITY FESTIVALS AND EVENTS
Split is home to a year-round calendar of judged on artistic flair, while the Days of festivals supporting a plethora of diferent Diocletian festival brings the town back to activities and interests. Many of these are Roman times, lining the streets of the Old very particular to Split. For example, the Town with legionaries. Some festivals are Picigin World Championships is a semi- also more national and international in scale: serious sporting event for a ball game the Croatia Boat Show, for example, has an invented in Split, in which competitors are attendance of over 35,000.
Sports Culture Seasons RESEARCH
KEY THEMES: CONNECTIVITY DIVERSITY RESILIENCE CONNECTIVITY
The majority of Split’s residents rely on Split unfriendly to walk and cycle. It will also private cars. This chapter will illustrate discuss how Split is connected to the wider factors contributing to this phenomenon, world and to the archipelago of islands to such as busy car ferries, an inefcient public which it is the stepping stone. transportation system and roads that make CONNECTIVITY SPLIT AIRPORT
Split Airport in Kaštela (20km west of Split) Stuttgart, Frankfurt and Cologne Bonn 2.5M 0.2M is the busiest airport in Croatia in terms of Airport in Germany; in the summer a wider 2M passenger numbers, having served nearly range0.15M of destinations are served to support
3 million1.5M passengers in 2017. There are year- the heavy tourist trafc. Expansion of the round services to Zagreb, Rome, Munich, airport0.1M has been underway since 2012. 1M
monthly/million 0.05M 0.5M international passengers passengers international passengers annually/million passengers Jul 2010 2014 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006
42% 65% 69% 69% in 1998 in 2004 in 2009 in 2015
Passengerpassenger tra trafcf atc at Split Split Airport Airport
2.5M 0.2M
2M 0.15M
1.5M 0.1M 1M
monthly/million monthly/million 0.05M 0.5M international passengers passengers international passengers international passengers annually/million passengers annually/million passengers Jul 2010 2014 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 19701970 19741974 19781978 19821982 19861986 19901990 19941994 19981998 2002 2006 Millions of passengers annually Millions of international passengers per month
42% 65% 69% 69% inin 19981998 inin 20042004 inin 20092009 inin 20152015
Source: Slavko rogul.jic, stanislav pavlin, denis kosor, ‘possibilities of intermodal passenger transport between split airport and islands‘
passenger trafc at Split Airport CONNECTIVITY FERRIES AND CRUISES
The Port of Split has an annual trafc of ships up to 315m long can be docked at the 4 million passengers, making it the third cruise terminal. Cruise ships cause serious busiest port in the Mediterranean. Daily overcrowding in the town centre as well as ferries serve Rijeka, Dubrovnik, and Ancona contributing to a degredation of culture- in Italy. Split is also becoming a major cruise passengers have no time for long sit-down ship destination, with over 260 ships per meals and time-consuming cultural activities. year carrying a total of 130,000 passengers; CONNECTIVITY CONNECTIVITY CAR FERRIES PASSENGER FERRIES
On average, some 236 car ferries per Additionally, the large number of cars causes The port handles more passenger ferries of the coast of Dalmatia, which is useful for week travel from the Port of Split to the trafc problems, as the cars must work their than it does car ferries, but the efect of both tourists and for the many locals who neighbouring islands. The embarking and way through the whole city to get to the these is not as deleterious. The ferries give commute from the islands to Split on a daily disembarking areas for cars take up a lot of main road. easy access to the archipelago of islands basis. valuable space to the east of the harbour. CONNECTIVITY CONGESTION
All trafc between the Old Town and the tourist attractions, the ferry terminal and main road to and from the city is funnelled many of the jobs in Split are concentrated through two arterial roads. This causes severe in the Old Town. The problem is at its worst trafc bottlenecks at the junctions with the during the peak of the tourist season, when main roads and where the arterial roads residents report that a journey that should converge in the Old Town. The trafc problem last half an hour may take up to an hour and is compounded by the fact that the main a half.
Ferry trafc moving through the city Bottlenecks of trafc Split
Bath
Vancouver
CONNECTIVITY WALKING AND CYCLING
Comparison of scale to other cities or to gradients make cycling strenuous. However, parts of cities that are considered walkable both walkers and cyclists are put of by a shows that Split has the potential to be an high volume of vehicular trafc which makes extremely walkable city, It could also be very roads unpleasant and difcult to cross or suitable for cycling, although in places steep navigate on a bicycle. DIVERSITY
The economy of Split has been heavily illustrate how some sectors are thriving in afected by Croatia’s turbulent history and this changing economical environment, with evolving political alignment. The most support for growth coming from the EU, recent major shift in the local economy while other sectors have seen decline as a has come as a result of Croatia joining the result of shifting from a planned economy to European Union in 2013. This section will competing on the open market. DIVERSITY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
23% 25% 10% Tourism is currently directly or indirectly uncontrollable conditions. To make the responsible for 23.5% of Split’s GDP and situation less precarious, Split’s economy Tourism directly or indirectly Tourism directly or indirectly EU guidance suggests 25% of local employment. This makes the must diversify; a good target is the EU contributes to 23.5% of GDP contributes to 25% of not single sector should local economy extremely vulnerable to guideline that no single sector should in Split employment in Split contribute more than 10% to weather conditions, cost of flights and other contribute more than 10% to GDP. economy
DECREASING DUE DUE TO COMPETITIIONCOMPETITION ON THETHE OPEN OPEN MARKET
INCREASING DUE DUE INCREASING DUE DUE TO RECENTLYRECENTLY TO TOURISMTOURISM JOINING THE THE EU EU
Source: 2011 census data DIVERSITY BRODOSPLIT SHIPYARD DIVERSITY A TOURIST DOMINATED CITY
Historical capital Natural capital Island capital Why people come
Rising house prices Economic dependence Sufocating Old Town Consequences
Croatia Tourist Arrivals Split-Dalmatia 2017 Tourist Arrivals
20000000 1000000
800000 15000000
600000 10000000
400000
5000000 200000
0 0 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 J F M A M J J A S O N D
Foreign Domestic DIVERSITY A LACK OF OFFICE SPACE
An interview with Lana Ugrčic (the coordinator purposes. As well as posing an additional of the University of Split’s incubator space) challenge for local entrepreneurs, the informed us of a lack of high-quality ofce shortage of suitable ofce space is deterring space in the centre of Split. We learned that international technology companies from some start-up companies had even resorted investing in Split. to using apartment buildings for ofce
Meje: €3544/m2 Firule: €3371/m2 Bacvice: €3127/m2 Lucac: €3122/m2 Gradski Kotar: €3023/m2
DIVERSITY SOUTHERN HOUSE PRICES
Mass tourism is placing pressure on Split’s surrounding the old town and along the housing demand. Because second homes south coast. Split has seen a 10% annual and Airbnbs are more lucrative than increase in property prices, making it the normal housing, local residents are priced second most expensive Croatian city to out of many areas, particularly those live in after Dubrovnik.
3500
3000 2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0 Zagreb Split Rijeka Dubrovnik Average apartment price €/m2 Annual increase in property price
Source: Slobodna Dalmacija DIVERSITY THE BRAIN DRAIN
The absence of job opportunities within is enabling the young, educated population Croatia and widespread pessimism about the of Croatia to seek new opportunities in other future has resulted in high levels of emigration European countries. Germany is the most for those who have just finished in education. popular destination for emigrants. The loss Consequently, Croatia is experiencing a of the young, educated population will only brain drain. In particular, the freedom of compound economic problems faced by the movement that comes with EU membership country.
Countries of emigration RESILIENCE
Split is vulnerable to both immediate threats ecological issues and global sea level rise and long-term problems to do with local must be addressed. This chapter will explore and global sustainability. In the immediate the nature and extent of these concerns term, Split must contend with wildfires and and describe some of the measures that are waste management; in the long term, local already being taken. RESILIENCE WILD FIRES
Wild fires during the summer of 2017 came close to completely isolating the city combined with a strong south westerly from the mainland. It also emphasized the wind resulted in a fire advancing down the danger of the uncontrolled sprawl to the east surrounding mountains towards the city of of Split. In spite of hundreds of firefighters Split. The fire highlighted the vunerability of and soldiers battling the fires, 70 houses in the penisula: it completely blocked the main this area were destroyed. coastal road in the southern direction and RESILIENCE KAŠTELA BAY
Uncontrolled disposal of urban and industrial In 1999, with cooperation from the World waste into the sea meant that in the 1980s, Bank and the European Bank, the Croatian Kastela Bay was one of the largest and government invested € 150 million in the most widely known pollution hot-spots water supply and sewerage system, the in the Mediterranean. The pollution of the principal objective being to improve quality Bay caused red tides and mass mortality of sea water. This new system pumps waste of marine organisms, leading to a reduced into the wider Adriatic, where it can be quality of life of those living along its banks. dispersed more safely. Heavy Industry Located Sewage & Trafc Pollution Dumping
1980 2010
Pumping Station Waste Treatment Plant
Source: https://ecohydrology-ihp.org/demosites/view/99 RESILIENCE BROWNFIELD
Split’s wildfire problem means that This area is a post industrial zone with developing the greenfield land to the huge potential to take advantage of the south of the city is not only unsustainable newly cleaned Kastela Bay waterfront. but dangerous. A viable alternative is the large areas of brownfield land to the north of Split which are ripe for development. RESILIENCE KAREPOVAC LANDFILL
600 cubic meters of waste per day is Much of this waste could be upcycled as disposed of in Kareposovac landfill on the valuable raw resources while the organic outskirts of Split. 55% of this waste comes waste that forms the majority could have from Split itself, the rest from the wider uses in compost or bio energy generation. Dalmatia region. As the graph below The remediation of Karepovac and new shows, much of this waste could have been facility of Lecevica (due to open in 2022) recycled, composted or burned for energy. will hopefully ofer many of these services.
Daily Waste Added to Karepovac Landfill
Organic - 104 Tons Paper - 63 Tons Plastic - 44 Tons Glass - 21 Tons
Metal - 10 Tons Wood - 5.7 Tons Other - 85.8 Tons Hazardous - 3.5 Tons
https://www.slobodnadalmacija.hr/dalmacija/split/clanak/id/531687/karepovac--sto-bi-trebalo-znati-kljucna-pitanja-i-odgovori-o-sanaciji-odlagalista-otpada
http://www.h-alter.org/vijesti/odlagaliste-karepovac-veliki-je-problem-a-jos-veci-je-indikator-neodgovornosti RESILIENCE WASTE
Exploring the source of waste, Split currently Of this segment residential homes make only recycles 19% of its city waste (2017) up 1.7%. Identifying a potential area of door compared to the EU standard set at 60% by to door infrastructure that could be best 2030 targeted for city wide improvements.
1.7%
17.3% Residential Commercial
Sources Of Recycling
19%
60% 40%
83%
Current Recycling of Split EU Recycling Target 2030
Landfill Waste Recycled Waste
Source: https://www.total-croatia-news.com/total-eco-croatia/16593-busting-the-myth-is-recycling-really-happening-in-split RESEARCH
SUMMARY OPPORTUNITY OPPORTUNITY 3 KEY ISSUES A MISSING PIECE OF THE COASTLINE
A crucial aspect of the masterplan will be This could be done by reactivating the addressing the ‘lost’ coastline to the North. decaying shipyard and giving new functions By tackling the three key issues laid out to the under utlilized industrial land. The opposite, the scheme aims to complete the intervention hopes to rebalance the South coastal edge and help stitch the penisula dominated city and create a new destination together. within Split.
CONNECTIVITY
DIVERSITY
RESILIENCE LOCALE AIMS
Capital of the Adriatic Stitching the peninsula Reducing vulnerability of the peninsula Reinforcing Split as the capital of the Improving connections within the city to Providing infrastructure to create a more Adriatic by providing more connectivity reconnection the north and south. sustainable and resilient city. into the city and diverse opportunities.
Reducing the dependence on car Reactivating the shipyard Working with Natural Capital Integrating with the EU Improving the connection within the Reconnecting the locals and tourists to Taking advantage of the local and Creating more economic diversity as well city by providing other methods of the forgotten historical and industrial port surrounding natural capital to improve of as job opportunities to synergise with the transportation around the city. in the north area. the city. EU economy. Brodosplit and Park Mladosti
Brodosplit used to be an important trading and shipbuilding port, but it is currently underutilised. Park Mladosti, located adjacent, could help mesh this area back into the city.
Kopilica
The current state of the Kopilica area is a significant piece of underused industrial land. The site could be redeveloped to bring more economic diversity and innovation into the city.
South Bay LOCALE The area to the east of the port of Split is SITE CHOICE currently poorly utilised. Addressing the vehicular dominance of this area creates a significant area of opportunity that could help to mesh the north and south of Split together. The masterplan identifies a huge masterplan aims to tackle sites across the disconnection between the north and peninsula to reactivate and balance the south peninsula as a result from the issues division between Split’s north and south identified in this report. Therefore, the coasts.