Chapter IV
Quality of life of migrants in Pune city
78 4.1 Introduction:
Quality of life is directly related to the development (Erdogan, 2012). Quality of life can be determined by a person’s sense of security; peace and freedom while taking into account his social exclusion and vulnerability (Marans, 2012). Although quality of life is nested within the broader concept of sustainable development. Both quality of life and sustainable development are integral parts of the vision and guiding principles of plan winning (Paul and Campanera, 2011). Social exclusion is a significant contributor to poor quality of life and can cause the individuals to become trapped in their impoverished situation (Bhowmik et al., 2001). The United Nations goal is to improving the life of 100 million slum dwellers by 2020 is limited in scope to physical quantitative improvement, such as access to improved water and sanitation facilities, sufficient living area, quality of dwellings, and security of tenure (Zainal et al.,2012). High rate of in-migration creates problems relating to residential houses, safe drinking water, schools, colleges, public sanitation facilities, inadequate sewage disposal provisions, mushrooming of slums, roads, travelling facilities, entertainment, parks, gardens and basic amenities in Pune city. An attempt has been made to study, five basic amenities, such as houses, safe drinking water, educational, health and transport facilities of the migrants of Pune city. 4.2 Source of data:
The primary data is generated from urban areas of Pune city by preparing questionnaires. There are 176 census wards in the three boards namely: Pune Municipal Corporation, Pune Cantonment and Kirkee Cantonment, having more than 6,00,000 households and more than 3.2 million population (Pune Municipal Corporation 2006). Data has been collected for 162 census wards (144 electoral wards) under the Pune Municipal Corporation. Data is collected from 0.5 percent households out of total households from every ward. Total 2,606 questionnaires have been filled up from 144 electoral wards during 2007 to 2009.1 have collected the data of migrants who arrived after the year 2001. 4.3 Methodology:
GIS techniques have been used to show information on the maps and graphs. To determine the quality of life using site of house - environment point of view Scalar method is used (Giannias, 2003). This method’s equation is follow-
79 Quality^ i-^ of riu- life = ------Vl+V2 + K3------+ V4 + V'5 x^ 100 4.4 Residential Complexes:
The high rates of in-migrants create problems of residential houses in cities (Zheng et al., 2010). Pune is one of the city’s growing very fast in terms of population. Two lakh increases in the total population, every year is the characteristic of Pune city (Census of India, 2001). The proportion of new houses created is very less, compared to the growth of population. Therefore many economically weaker migrants live in slums or in houses where, there is no facility of sanitation, water, sufficient road width and fresh air (Abdullah et al., 2012). The present study determines the quality of life of new migrants, using the following indicators.
4.4.1 Number of rooms occupied by migrants: The three basic needs of human being are food, clothing and shelter. There is a high variation found the shelter. Economically well people build their shelter in a suitable environment, while economically middle class people afford their house in apartment and economically weaker people live in informal, and semi-formal squatter settlements in and around the city (Shamsuddin et al., 2012). Table 4.1 Number of rooms in a house of migrants of Pune city Administrative Total Living Rooms of Migrants Wards Surveyed One Two Three Four > Four Household Aundh 148 53 47 35 11 2 Karveroad 109 34 43 22 7 3 Gholeroad 202 81 65 37 14 5 Warje Karvenagar 236 62 74 62 29 9 B. S. Dholepatil Road 119 38 38 24 15 4 Hadapsar 206 37 78 49 35 7 Yerawada 272 121 87 45 15 4 Sangamwadi 142 74 37 25 4 2 Bhavanipeth 219 87 113 19 0 0 Kasbapeth 129 60 51 18 0 0 Vishrambaugwada 137 65 48 23 1 0 Tilakroad 304 134 122 44 3 1
80 Administrative Total Living Rooms of Migrants Wards Surveyed One Two Three Four > Four Household Bibvewadi 243 95 64 76 5 3 Sahakamagar 140 58 35 35 9 3
Figure 4.1 Living rooms of migrants of Pune city:
LiAin® Rooms
Pune city has a phenomenal number of people living in slums. Practically half of the city dwellers live in informal and semi-formal squatter settlements (Chandrashekhar, 2005). Large scale migration of the rural people to cities has reached magnifying proportions and the supply systems of providing land and infrastructure to them do not fulfil their demands. The area under slums amounts to less than 10 percent of the available land in the city. It means 50 percent of the city
81 dwellers live in 10 percent of the available land. They have very limited access to formal housing and sanitation facilities and remain victims of the inequitable distribution of v>ealth and natural resources (Pune Municipal Corporation report,
2010). There is a high amount of people having the white collar and weaker economic section among the migrants. They do not purchase suitable qualitative houses because of financial difficulties. Land prices are very high in Pune city. To afford houses, people need to have high incomes. Therefore, migrants including people in the higher economic strata afford small houses. Financial deficient people mainly live in a slum area. The slum area mostly consists of one room houses. 40 percent of the total population of Pune city lives in a slum. As a result one room houses are in large number in Pune city. 71.37 percent migrants’ families live in one room or two room houses in Pune city (figure no. 4.1). 87 percent migrants are living in one or two room houses in Bhavanipeth, Kasbapeth and Vishrambaugwada administrative wards. This area is also known as high density area (Pune Municipal Corporation report. 2007). For example, Bhavanipeth had more than one lakh population density per sq. km. in the year 2007. Quality ol' rooms is like a slash in the three administrative wards mentioned above. Pune Municipal Corporation promotes higher housing densities without compromising design or quality of life in those housing sociefies. Peripheries of the city have better infrastructure of houses. There are 30 to 40 percent migrants living in two and more room houses. Magarpatta city ward has 87 percent migrants live in three room and foui room houses.
4.4.2 Carpet area of house belongs to migrants: As per census of India, almost 40 percent of the population lives in a slum area of Pune city. There are 564 slums in the Pune city (Pune Municipal Corporation report, 2007). Since, growing economic acfivities in Pune, the slum population has been increasing at a tremendous rate. The growth of slum population is higher than that of the grow^th rate of total population. It is observed that during 1961, the armual growth of slum population was about 10 percent against the total growth in population at 3.5 percent (Pune Municipal Corporation report, 2008). According to census 2001, annual growth of slum population was 6.06 percent while armual growth of total population was 4.14 percent. However, 40 percent of the city’s population resides in
82 slums but they occupy only 10 percent of the total city area (Pune Municipal Corporation report. 2011). Table 4.2 Area of house of migrants in Pune city Administrative W ards Total Area of Houses (in square feet) Surveyed <100 101 201 4001 601 >800 Houses 200 400 600 800 Aundh 148 12 35 43 52 5 1 Karveroad 109 9 41 23 27 5 4 Gholeroad 202 24 55 57 62 4 0 Warje Karvenagar 236 36 61 47 72 17 3 B. S. Dholepatil Road 119 28 32 24 22 11 2 Hadapsar 206 21 34 66 44 28 13 Yerawada 272 34 57 72 88 16 5 Sangamwadi 142 33 18 19 34 28 10 Bhavanipeth 219 49 78 68 17 7 0 Kasbapeth 129 48 38 29 14 0 0 V ishrambaugwada 137 39 45 17 23 9 4 Tilakroad 304 28 53 89 91 36 7 Bibvewadi 243 19 37 67 82 27 11 Sahakamagar 140 23 38 18 37 18 6
As per table (table 4.2) 80 percent migrants are occupy carpet area less than 600 sq. feet.
83 Figure 4,2 Area of house of migrants of Pune city
Ai ea of Houses of Migi ants
A
About 30 percent houses are equal to or below 100 sq. feet in Pune city and about 90 percent houses of the migrants are below 600 sq. feet. 65 percent of the migrants arrived from rural areas and they cannot afford good houses to live (figure no. 4.2). The area of houses is small in the Bhavanipeth, Kasbapeth and Sangamwadi administrative wards. These three administrative wards have higher share of slxun population and highest density of population. The Bhavanipeth ward consist for above 1,00,000 population per sq. km. in the year 2007 (population projection analysis). Areas like Hadapsar, Magarpatta city ward, Aundh ward and outside part of Bibvewadi, Yerwada and Sahakamagar administrative wards have sufficient area of houses of migrants, which is more than 600 sq. feet.
84 Land for building houses is also one of the problems in Pune city. Bhavanipeth, Sangamwadi and slum area of Pune city have very small space between two houses. Now days, Pune grows vertically and faces a problem of unavailability of fresh air, accessibility and noisy environment.
4.4.3 Age of Houses of migrants in Pune city: The rate of population growth of Pune is more than 50 percent; it is higher than any other cities in India (Census of India, 2001). Large volume of population needs to be sheltered in a suitable place. But land is a constant resource as it does not increase. It is acquired from surrounding areas of the city. Therefore, the city expands horizontally as well as vertically. After increasing population, buildings or houses extend vertically. New buildings are erected surrounding the area of the city compared to the old area of the city (Paramasvaran and Khurana, 2003). Table: 4.3 Age of house of the migrants in the Pune city: Administrative Total Age of Houses (in years) Wards Surveyed 0 to 5 to 10 to 15 to 20 to 25 & Houses 5 10 15 20 25 more Aundh 148 34 27 42 11 14 20 Karveroad 109 28 33 17 13 9 9 Gholeroad 202 53 41 38 28 27 15 Warje Karvenagar 236 88 56 42 9 6 35 B. S. Dholepatil Road 119 40 27 12 8 14 18 Hadapsar 206 52 48 39 33 21 13 Yerawada 272 94 85 17 35 22 19 Sangamwadi 142 32 34 47 9 5 15 Bhavanipeth 219 14 28 42 36 43 56 Kasbapeth 129 7 11 6 18 39 48 Vishrambaugwada 137 18 14 22 31 24 28 Tilakroad 304 72 37 46 49 33 67 Bibvewadi 243 89 45 51 21 23 14 Sahakamagar 140 35 44 18 15 6 22
85 Figure 4.3 Age of house of in-migrants in Pune city
Pune city is also reflective of this picture of housing pattern. There are 36.09 percent of new houses of migrants (built by within 5 years) in Bibvewadi, Yerwada and Warje-Karvenagar administrative wards. These wards are newly merged wards in the city area. Oldest residential houses (25 years old and above) of migrants occur in Bhavanipeth (25.57 percent), Kasbapeth (37.21 percent) and Vishrambaugwada (20.44 percent) administrative wards (figure 4.3). Sangamwadi and B. S. Dholepatil road are having 73.56 percent houses between 5 years and 15 years old. High percents of kachha (raw) houses are available in these areas. Overall, 60 percent of houses of in-raigrants are less than 10 years old in Pune city. Migrants live in houses with a minimal age compared to the total age by houses of Indian cities (Gupta and Mitra, 2002).
86 4.4.4 Types of Accommodation: Most of the people migrate to Pune city, mainly for education and to search of jobs (Sawant, 1998). Mostly the migrants stay in rented houses, because 65 percent of the migrants’ native place is in the rural areas and most of the migrants’ economic condition is low. They are not able to afford houses in Pune immediately. The second reason is that, there is a high price of houses in Pune city. Figure 4.4 Types of accommodation of migrants of Pune city
Types of Acconimmlation
N ikJkl I Ot»«^ A I
The map (figure 4.4) indicates more than 70 percent of the migrants live in rented houses. The interior part of the city especially, Karveroad, Bhavanipeth, Kasbapeth and B. S. Dholepatil road have a large number of migrants staying in rented houses. In the same ward the percent of houses owned by migrants is less and
87 these houses are located in a slum area. 40 percent of migrants in the Yerwada, Aundh and Hadapsar wards own houses.
The map (figure. 4.4) shows that, most of the migrants purchase their own houses in the peripiiery of the city, because prices in the periphery of the city are less than the prices in the core of the city. There is also a high proportion of apartment system in the periphery of the city.
4.4.5 Separate kitchen facility in the houses of migrants:
Most of the unskilled, illiterate migrants, who migrate to urban centres, take shelter either in slums or along the railway lines, open spaces or on footpaths
(Aklanoglu and Erdogan, 2012). Therefore, there are no separate kitchen facilities in houses. Proportions of students among the migrants are high and students live in the single room of house. Only the migrants, who come as a skilled worker they affords such a house with separate kitchen facility.
Table 4.4 Separate kitchen facility of migrant houses
Administrative Kitchen facility Fuel use for cooking
W ards Yes No Gas Kerosene Others
Aundh 56 92 65 76 7
Karveroad 77 32 52 55 2
Gholeroad 56 146 79 116 7
Warje Kar\ enagar 54 182 85 148 3
B. S. Dholepatil Road 33 86 64 51 4
Hadapsar 48 158 87 105 14
Yerawada 90 182 111 142 19
Sangamwadi 24 118 61 63 18
Bhavanipeth 14 205 102 108 9
Kasbapeth 8 121 71 55 3
V ishrambaugwada 18 119 29 102 6
Tilakroad 49 255 94 188 22
Bibvewadi 48 195 68 152 23
Sahakamagar 24 116 49 83 8
88 Figure 4.5 Separate Kitchen facility of migrant houses:
Kitchen Facilil> in a Mi}?i ant’s House
Index N lO I A 0 Yen No
Most of the migrants live in one and two room houses, where no separate kitchen facility exists. Therefore, about 80 percent of the migrants live in a house without separate kitchen facility. There are 60.85 percents of one or two rooms in the wards of Bhavanipeth, Kasbapeth and Vishrambaugwada, where 8.25 percent houses have separate kitchen facilities. Separate kitchen facility in the Karveroad (70.64 percent), Aundh (37.84 percent), Yerwada (33.09 percent) and Hadapsar (23.30 percent) wards exists for the migrants.
4.4.6 Fuel used for cooking in the migrant houses:
T>pes of used fuels for cooking are different in the rural and urban areas
(Pednekar and Sita, 1991). In an urban centre most of the people used Liquefied
89 Petroleum gas or Kerosene for cooking and in a rural areas most of the people used fire woods for cooking.
Figure 4.6 Fuel use for cooking in the migrant homes:
Fuel use for Cooking
N Crae lO I A 0 Kaosaie Oil OrtKf!
As for fuel used for cooking purpose in the houses, data has been collected from migrants, those arrived after 2001. These newly migrants are unable to provide residential proof or documents to take a separate gas connection. Therefore, many migrants used kerosene for cooking. Most of the households used kerosene and wood in slum areas of Pune city. In Kasbapeth, Bhavanipeth, B. S. Dholepatil road and
Hadapsar wards, 50 percent of the migrants used gas for cooking.
90 4.4.7 Separate sanitation in the migrant households:
Availability of sanitation is the indicator of health condition. In an urban area numbers of public and private sanitations are less especially slum area of the urban
(Mehani, 2013). Table 4.5 Sanitation and electricity facilities in the migrant households and last residence place of migrants:
Administrative Sanitation Facility Electricity Last Residence
W ards Place
Private Common No Yes No R ural Urban facility
Aundh 56 78 14 132 16 74 74
Karveroad 77 23 9 98 11 88 21
Gholeroad 56 141 5 189 13 129 73
Warje Karvenagar 54 178 4 222 14 198 38
B. S. Dholepatil Rd. 33 81 5 111 8 56 63
Hadapsar 48 135 23 194 12 99 107
Yerawada 90 163 19 260 12 139 133
Sangamwadi 24 92 26 132 10 99 43
Bhavanipeth 14 203 2 219 0 115 104
Kasbapeth 8 114 7 128 1 55 74
V i shrambaugwad a 18 111 8 134 3 64 73
Tilakroad 49 244 11 299 5 207 97
Bibvewadi 48 178 17 230 13 153 90
Sahakamagar 24 103 13 129 11 77 63
91 Figure 4.7 Separate sanitation facility availability of the migrants houses in Pune city
Sanitation facility
N I Private l O I Caim Km A 0 8 No f»c ilK)-
Sanitation is directly related to health. Poor sanitary conditions lead to sickness and also affect the expectancy of life (Mostafa, 2012). Next to good housing and safe water, sanitation is important not only for a healthy living but also for ensuring a non - polluted environment (Silva and Mendes, 2012). According to
World Health Organization, nearly two-thirds of urban population in developing countries does not have adequate sanitation facilities (Zlaman and Lehmann, 2011).
Pune also reflects the conclusion of Zaman and Lehmann, that there is lack of sanitation in households of Pune especially in the slums. In Pune city, there is one toilet used by 70 people (Pune Municipal Corporation report, 2008). About 80 percent of the migrant use of common sanitations facilities and 5 percent of them do not
92 possess sanitation facility. They use open space, on road side or railroad and riverbank as sanitation. There is an urgent need for public sanitation near slum areas and also need to create awareness among people regarding use of sanitation facilities.
4.4.8 Availability of electricity connection in the household of m igrants:
This section discusses the lack of electrification in Pune city, focusing on the slums in the city of Pune. Electrification is important for the quality of life of the dwellers, and is a path towards further development (Townsend, 2000). For a variety of sociological, infrastructural, and economic reasons, traditional electric service is not available in the slums (Ballesteros et al., 2012). A unique solution to this problem is the use of renewable distributed generation technologies, specifically solar energy and wind power (Song, 2011). Because they are flexible, cheap, suited for Pune’s climate, and empower the community, solar or wind arrays should be made available through micro-credit to slum-dwellers in Pune.
Figure 4,8 Availability of electricity connection in the household of migrants
Avail:ibilit> of Electrkitv
93 About a quarter of the world’s population (1.5 billion people), do not have access to electricit>, according to United Nations estimating (United Nation Manual,
2005). In South Asia alone, according to the same estimates, 800 million people have no access to electricity. While 80 percent of those in both the World and South Asia live in rural areas, remote from power generators, a rising number live in the informal urban settlements called slums (United Nation, 2005). Approximately one-third of the world’s urban residents (over 1 billion people), lives in such slums. While some of these slums do have access to electricity, many do not (Price, 2000). In total, some 40 percent of the world’s urban poor have little or no access to electricity (United Nation,
2005). Lack of eleciricity can bring more hardships to the urban poor than the rural, as the urban poor have no agricultural economic system on which to rely (Petrie et al.,
1999). Electrification can raise the quality of life in slums dramatically, as well as serve as a gateway for further development (Batliwala and Reddy, 2000). These slums that do not have access to electricity therefore constitute a unique problem for sustainable development.
Rapid urbanization, population growth and growing economy and industry of the region have placed an enormous strain on the infrastructure of city leading to the usual problems of developing metropolis in the form of acute electricity shortage.
Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Company Limited (MSEDCL) has two heavy duty stations i.e. one at Lonikand and other at Jejuri catering to the basic power requirement of the city of Pune (Pune Municipal Corporation report, 2007).
Present pov^ er requirement of Pune is 782 MW per day has increased by about
32 percent over tlie last 3 years (Pune Municipal Corporation report, 2010). The per capita requirement of population of Pune comes to 230 watts which is much lower than the primary energy requirement of 12.82 KW per person (The national sample survey, 2003). The condition of electricity connections is better in Pune city. About
97 percent of the migrants have separate own electricity connections including these in rented and own liouses. Kasbapeth, Bhavanipeth, Tilakroad and Vishrambaugwada wards have almost 100 percent electrical cormections in the households (Pune
Municipal Corporation report, 2010). But, the problem is that every ward has faced a two to four hours of load shedding in a day. This shedding increases in the summer season.
94 4.4.9 Place of last residence of migrants:
Pune city is the cultural and educational capital of the India (Sawant, 1998).
Pune city has to receive different types of migrants. These migrants came from rural and urban areas of India. International migration is also occurring in Pune city but, this is mainly for education and tourism purposes.
Figure 4.9 Place of last residence of migrants
Last Residence Place of Migi ants
Urt*ai
It is observed that, skilled and literate migrants mostly came from other urban areas, while unskilled and illiterate persons came to Pune, mostly from rural areas of
India. From the state wise point of view, Bihar (24,532), Uttar Pradesh (78,673) and
Southern states of India send more number of unskilled and illiterate migrants to
Pune, according to 2001 census. Within Maharashtra state, Solapur and Beed districts
(35 percent) send number of illiterates and unskilled people to Pxme city. Migrants
95 from rural and other urban areas stay in every part of the city but a large number of rural migrants stay in Warje- Karvenagar (83.90 percent), Tilakroad (68.10 percent),
Gholeroad (63.86 percent), and Bibvewadi (62.96 percent) administrative wards. On the other hand, urban migrants live largely in the Kasbapeth (57.36 percent),
Bhavanipeth (47.49 percent), Hadapsar (51.94 percent), B. S. Dholepatil road (52.94 percent), Vishrambaugwada (53.29 percent) and Aundh (50 percent) administrative wards. Overall 65 percent migrants came from rural areas to Pune city.
4.4.10 Availability of home appliances in the migrant houses:
House is a wide concept which is not only related to shelter but also related to love, affection, fulfilment of needs, caring etc (Rizvi and Makhija, 2003). There are many things useful for life of man. For example, television, radio, refrigerator, washing machine, etc.
Table 4.6 Availability of home appliances in the migrants house:
Sr. No. Instruments Availability (in percent)
1 Radio 55.12
n Music Systems 62.37
3 Television 37.17
4 Telephone / Mobile 24.11
5 Sewing machine 2.09
6 Washing Machine 1.45
7 Refrigerator 2.14
8 Cooking Gas 42.06
9 Bicycle 67.12
10 Two Wheeler 29
11 Car/ Jeep/ Van/ Auto Rickshaw 1.99
12 Tempo / Trucks 0.001
96 Figure 4.10 A v a ila b ility o f h om e a p p lia n ces in th e migrant households
67.12
There is lack of availability of home appliances in the migrant houses. The map (figure 4.10.) indicates that about 45 percent of migrants’ houses have no radio or any transistor facilities. 62.37 percent of households have music system or CD player. 37.17 percent households have television set, in the Pune city. Two wheelers are owned by only 29 percent of the migrants. Cooking gas is available up to 42 percent of households. Less than 2 percent availability of sewing machines, washing machines, refngerator, car, jeep, van, auto rickshaw, tempo and trucks is noticed. 4.5 Drinking Water:
Safe and purified drinking water is one of the essential qualitative aspects in the study of quality of life (Bhan and Jana, 2013). More than 1.4 billion people in developing countries lack access to safe drinking water, which is one of the essentials need for good health (Rasoolimanesh et al., 2012). Worldwide, about 2.3 billion people suffer from diseases that are linked to water quality. An estimated 4 billion cases of diarrheal diseases occurs every year causing 3 to 4 million deaths mostly among children (World Health Organization, 2001).
There are four major dams namely Khadakwasla, Panshet, Warasgaon and
Temghar which provides water to Pune city. These dams have a total capacity of 30.
96 TMC (Trillion Cubic Meter) and useful water is 19.05 TMC (Pune Municipal
Corporation report, 2008). Drinking water to Pune city is 14 TMC provided by the dams. Pune Municipal Corporation serves water 195 liters per day per person (Pune
Municipal Corporation report, 2008). There are 17 pumping stations having a total of
97 109 operating pumps. At present there are 5 water works in Pune city. The list is given below
Table 4.7 W ork stations of water supply
Name of Pumping Location Capacity (million Establishment
Station liters/ day) Year
Parvati Sinhagad Road 500 1969
Holakar Holakar Bridge 25 1919
Warje Kakde city 100 2006
Warje Regional Plan Warje 10 1999
Vadgaon Vadgaon 125 2007
(Source: Water Supply Department, Pune Municipal Corporation, Pune, 2008)
Though the water supply of Pune city is more than the standard quantity water supply (135 liters) per person, there is a large quantity of water wasted. This waste due to break or to leak water pipeline, abuse of water, and use of water more than needed. Location of Pune city is in the east of the Western Ghats. This part is in the lee ward side of monsoon winds known as the rain - shadow zone area. Irregular and indefinite rainfall occurs every year. Population growth is also rapid. Therefore stress on water supply exists in the month of May and June.
Table 4.8 qualitative indicators of water supply:
Sr. No. Particulates Standard Value Present condition of Pune city 1 No. of household have supply 100 percent 94.19 percent water by tap 2 Per day per person water 135 liters/ person/ 195 liters/ person/ supply day day 3 Tap connection with meter 100 percent 29.71 percent reading 4 Volume of water do not 20 percent 30 percent revenue 5 Water supply hrs. per day 24 hrs. 4 to 6 hrs. 6 Water cjuality 100 percent 100 percent 7 Percent of problem solution of 80 percent 98.36 percent people {Source-. Pune Municipal Corporation report, 2010)
98 For the study of quality of drinking water in the migrants’ household three indicators were selected, such as source of drinking water, water availability per person and activity done by purifier of water.
4.5.1. Source of drinking water:
Though the supply of water is adequate in Pune city, slum areas not get enough quantity of water for the drinking, washing clothes and other use of water.
Inadequate water supply facilities and poor sanitary conditions can have a deleterious impact on household outcomes. If the local supply of water is inadequate, women and female children spend a considerable amount of time in fetching water. This affects the decision of the girl child to go to school and also reduces the likelihood of women participating in other economic activities.
Table 4.9 Source of drinking water:
Administrative Wards Source of Drinking Water Water Availability per Person
Private Tap Common Tap Sufficient Insufficient
Aundh 47 101 35 113
Karveroad 56 53 52 57
Gholeroad 98 104 87 115
Warje Karvenagar 87 149 62 174
B. S. Dholepatil Road 57 62 37 82
Hadapsar 67 139 55 151
Yerawada 89 183 39 233
Sangamwadi 37 105 22 120
Bhavanipeth 78 141 14 205
Kasbapeth 39 90 17 112
Vishrambaugwada 55 82 33 104
Tilakroad 103 201 72 232
Bibvewadi 107 136 65 178
Sahakamagar 51 89 38 102
99 Figure 4.11 Source of drinking water
Four major dams provide water to Pune city and this is the main source of drinking water of Pune city. About 95 percent of household uses the tap connection for water supply either separate or common connection. The proportion of common tap connection is about 65 percent. The quantity of common tap water provided is 97 percent in the slum areas of Pune city such as Juna Bazar, Parvati wards.
Administrative wards Sangamwadi, Yerwada, Bhavanipeth and Tilakroad have more than 65 percent of Common tap connections while Gholeroad and Karveroad have about 50 percent separate tap cormections. TK - 1A17S
100 Figure 4.12 Availability of drinking water per person:
Availability of Drinking Water per Person
Index
N I KM
0 I SnffKicot S UMififKieiit
Though the Water Supply Department provides 95 percent tap connection to household and water supply is more than standard water supply (135 liters) per person, but as per 70 percent people, there is in sufficient water supply compared to need and demand. Every ward have only 2 to 4 hours water supply in an everyday and this time is not sufficient especially for common tap. Every slum of Pune city faces a problem of insufficient water supply. In the Bhavanipeth, Kasbapeth and Sangamwadi wards more than 80 percent people told that face a problem of insufficient water supply, especially in the month of May and June.
101 4.5.2 Activity undertaken to purify drinking water:
Improper sanitary conditions and insufficient water quality lead to sickness, cause diarrhea and other water borne diseases among children, adults and also affect life expectancy (Kesztenbaum and Rosenthal, 2011). Water-borne diseases are caused by contamination of water with viruses (viral hepatitis, poliomyelitis), bacteria
(cholera, typhoid fever, bacillary, dysentery, etc.), parasites (amoebiasis, giardiasis, worm infestation, guinea worm, etc.), or chemicals (Holme et al., 2003). India still loses between 0.4 and 0.5 million children under age five each year due to diarrhea
(Health survey, 2003).
Table 4.10 Activit> undertaken to purify drinking water:
Administrative Wards Activity undertaken to purify drinking water
Purifier Cloths None
Aundh 7 54 87
Karveroad 11 38 60
Gholeroad 5 39 158
Warje Karvenagar 3 72 161
B. S. Dholepatil Road 6 24 89
Hadapsar 17 29 160
Yerawada 13 48 211
Sangamwadi 2 37 103
Bhavanipeth 1 31 187
Kasbapeth 3 27 99
V i shrambaugwada 4 22 111
Tilakroad 8 58 238
Bibvewadi 5 25 213
Sahakamagar 3 17 120
102 Figure 4.13 Activity undertaken to purify drinking water:
About 90 percent of migrant households use water directly in the Pune city.
They not use any method for purifying water. About 8 percent of households use cotton cloth to purify the water. This purifier method is largely used in the rainy season, because water is contaminated by mud. Only 2 percent households use simple or electrical purifier to purify the water. 4.6 Health:
Status of health is a key indicator of human well being (Pascal et. al., 2013).
The health of people does not depend only on the number of doctors and hospitals, but also on a clean and safe environment. Environmental pollution affects human health in many ways and contributes to a wide variety of diseases (Silva and Mendes, 2012).
World Summit on Sustainable Development (Sept. 2002) identified health as an
103 integral component of sustainable development, and called for a more efficient, equitable, accessible and appropriate health care system for the population that rely on them. Poor people are the agents and victims of environmental degradation (World
Bank, 1992). The concentration of economic activities in urban areas leads to the migration of the work force from rural to urban areas in search of employment opportunities for their livelihood. Such migrants, due to their poor income are unable to get good houses and occupy vacant Government or Private lands area and put up hutments. The sharp upsurge in urban population is also reflected in the rapid growth of slum population. The slum population has been growing by leaps and bounds. Most slums are situated in vulnerable locations such as river margins, water logged areas and road margins etc. that are devoid of basic amenities. The rapid growth of slums and squatter settlements has largely contributed to the social, economic and environmental problems in urban areas (Aklanoglu and Erdogan, 2012). Slums and squatter settlements are perhaps a phenomenon of Third World towns and cities.
Around 20 to 25 percent of the urban households in the country live in slums, squatter settlements and refugee colonies due to non-availability of affordable habitat in formal settlements (Zainal et al., 2012). According to the 2001 Census, the percent of slum population in million plus cities was highest in Mumbai (48.88 percent). The magnitude of slum population needing attention has increased from about 33.1 million in 1985, to over 35 million in the early 90s and to over 40 million in 2001.
Pune city is surrounded by Western Ghats and other hilly regions. Before
1960, many doctors advised as old and sick persons to go to the Pune and live there for some days (Sawant, 1998). At that time Pune was famous for senior citizen habitat. Now a day’s high urbanization, poor housing condition, inadequate and unsafe water supply, high traffic and industrial area, leads to unhealthy environment of Pune city. Almost all the wards show a similar trend of noise pollution level, air pollution and solid waste. This situation is worst in the slum area. There is a high patient-bed ratio, insufficient doctor staff in the government hospital, unavailability of specialized hospitals, corrupted government servicemen.
The map (figure 4.14 and 4.15) shows present condition of major hospitals and specialized hospital with location in Pune city.
104 Figure 4.14 Major hospital Figure 4.15 Specialist hospital
The map (Figure 4.14 and 4.15) shows location of major and specialized hospitals in Pune city. The map indicates high concentration of hospitals in the
Kasbapeth, Bhavanipeth and Gholeroad. This city is near from Satara, Ahmednagar,
Solapur and Nashik districts. Many people come to Pune city for treatments and health care. Therefore concentration of hospitals is found in Pune.
Figure 4.16 Blood banks and ambulance in Pune city
105 As compared to the number of hospitals, blood banks and ambulance services are less in Pune city. Both these services are located in the core area of Pune city.
Therefore, periphery of the city faces a problem of quick service of ambulance and blood banks.
For the study of health, data was collected relating to availability of medical facility, locality cleaned and availability of play ground, park, and temples.
Table 4.12 Availability of medical facility
Administrative Wards Total Government Medical Locality Cleaned
Surveyed Facility
Household Satisfied Unsatisfied Satisfied Unsatisfied
Aundh 148 9 139 23 125
Karveroad 109 17 92 31 78
Gholeroad 202 19 183 42 160
Warje Karvenagar 236 34 202 49 187
B. S. Dholepatil Road 119 11 108 23 96
Hadapsar 206 4 202 45 161
Yerawada 272 13 259 29 243
Sangamwadi 142 7 135 9 133
Bhavanipeth 219 4 215 4 215
Kasbapeth 129 3 126 5 124
Vishrambaugwada 137 6 131 14 123
Tilakroad 304 12 292 24 280
Bibvewadi 243 8 235 51 192
Sahakamagar 140 5 135 27 113
106 4.6.1 Medical Facility:
Figure 4.17 Satisfactions of government medical facility
Governnienf Meclicsil Fiicilit\-
Tnsaliified
As per respondents government medical facility is insufficient in Pune city.
About 95 percent of migrant people are not satisfied with the government medical facility. There is a deficiency of government hospitals, government doctors and health workers. Migrants want to go to government hospitals, but they are not satisfied with the behaviour of hospital workers, lengthy process of admission, extensive period of treatment and cleanliness of hospitals.
107 4.6.2 Opinion about cleanliness of locality in Pune city;
Figure 4.18 Opinion about satisfaction of locality cleanliness:
Locality' Clesined
Index
I KM 0
As per respondents opinion about cleanliness 80 percent of the migrants find not satisfactory. This percent is more than 90 percent in the core area of Pune city especially Bhavanipeth, Kasbapeth, Sangamwadi and Tilakroad. Every ward faces shortage of water due to waste water from open drainage or open chambers of drain line, overflow of waste water which comes to the streets occurred as a result unhygienic conditions, polluted air, noisy environment and dust neighbourhood.
4.6.3 Availability of play grounds, gardens, temples:
Play grounds, gardens and temples improve human health (Ghosh, 2012).
Green covers replace polluted air to fresh air and also reduce intensity of noise. If
108 there is availability of gardens or play ground or temple, people go to there and obtain physical and mental health. In Pune city there is only 0.2 hectares of green cover per
1000 people (Pune municipal Corporation report, 2010). This percent is very less for health. There is absence of sufficient gardens or play grounds in Pune city. 4.7 Education:
The city boasts of six universities with nearly 600 colleges and post graduate departments (Pune Municipal Corporation, 2010). The city as an educational hub has a large number ol students who are mainly under 30 years of age. Approximately 40 percent of the cit> population is below 30 years (Census of India, 2001). The city has a literacy rate of 77 percent as per the 2001 census. Literacy rate is more in males
(80.79 percent) than in females (71.38 percent). Below (table 4.13.) is given the present situation of schools and colleges with number of students under Pune
Municipal Corporation in the year 2008 (Pune Municipal Corporation, 2009)
Table 4.13 Information about education:
Medium of No. of Schools Boys Girls Total
Education
Marathi 165 49270 44658 93928
English 190 44848 37580 82428
Gujarati 2 346 381 727
Hindi 4 936 749 1685
Urdu 10 2126 4895 7021
Tamil 1 13 7 20
Total 372 97539 88270 185809
{Source: Pune Municipal Corporation report, 2C09)
There are about 613 primary schools of different institute in Pune city with 3,
37, 208 students and 6, 843 teachers in the year 2008 (Pune Municipal Corporation report, 2009). The student: teacher ratio is 49:1 which just a bit higher than the educational standard of 40:1 (Haas, 2010). There are 475 secondary schools with 3,
75, 000 students in Pune in the 2008 (Pune Municipal Corporation report, 2009).
109 Figure 4.19 Location of colleges in Pune city:
Location of College in Pune city
A
' ....T\ [ - : . ...?
‘ , r~ - ■■< i '- / -/ w' / \ / C * t‘’
Pune is well known for good and standard education for over a period of time
(Sawant, 1998). There are many different educational institutes of various faculties located in Pune cit\. Therefore many national and international students are attracted to Pune. High student percent leads to favouritism, nepotism and influence of leaders.
Everybody does not get admission in reputed and good institutes. Therefore students give extra money to be admitted in an institute. Some institute take high donations.
Poor people are unable to take admission in an institute, if the fees are high a costly.
Data of educational facility and quality of education have been used to identify satisfaction of the migrants.
Table 4.14 Opinion of respondent about educational facilities in Pune city:
Administrative wards Total Opinion about
surveyed educational facilities
household Good Average Poor
Aundh 148 126 22 0
Karveroad 109 91 18 0
Gholeroad 202 174 28 0
Warje Karvenagar 236 204 32 0
B. S. Dholepatil Road 119 110 9 0
Hadapsar 206 180 26 0
110 Administrative wards Total Opinion about
surveyed educational facilities
household Good Average Poor
Yerawada 272 243 29 0
Sangamwadi 142 109 33 0
Bhavanipeth 219 208 11 0
Kasbapeth 129 122 7 0
Vishrambaugwada 137 124 13 0
Tilakroad 304 264 40 0
Bibvewadi 243 207 36 0
Sahakamagar 140 119 21 0
Figure 4.20 Opinion about educational facilities:
Eilucarional Facility-
SaniHiWMk
11 Respondent are satisfied for availability of education facilities in every ward.
About 90 percent of people commented that the education system and facility are good in the wards and 10 percent of people found it to be average. There is high accessibility of government, municipal and private educational institution, schools and colleges in the Pune city. These facilities are denser in the Kasbapeth,
Bhavanipeth, Gholeroad, Tilakroad and Hadapsar ward.
30 percent migrant are unhappy with the high amount of fees of admission and expenditure on education. But, 70 percent migrants told that, it is essential for good education and facilities. 4.8 Transportation facilities:
There is an increasing level of congestion on Pune road network coupled with a large number of private vehicles. The ratio of two wheelers and population of Pune city is 1:2, which means that every two person have one two wheeler in Pune city
(Pune RTO, 2012). To control this situation and the problems of noisy environment,
air pollution and traffic jams, it is requirement to improve public transport network.
Road length and traffic is very high in Pune city. The graph (figure 4.21) shows
number of different vehicles register in different years in the Pune city.
Figure 4.21 Number of vehicles registered in Pune city:
{Source: Road Transport Office register- Pune, 2012.)
The graph (figure 4.21) indicates the high rate of registered vehicles in the
years 2010 and 2011. Four wheeler vehicle registrations are more than that of two
wheelers, in Pune city. There are more than 500 vehicles register in Pune RTO every
day, which means 500 more vehicles are added in Pune city every day (Road
Transport Office register, 2012).
Growth of vehicles is higher than the growth of road length and width. The
information below (table 4.15.) indicates the different types of road length in the Pune
112 city in the year 2010. 69.20 percent roads are tar roads and other type of roads is only
30 percent.
Table 4.15 Road t> pes w ith its length:
Sr. No. Types of road Road length (in k m )
Roads in the Municipal Corporation Area
1 Concrete 57
2 Tar roads 1330
3 WBM 295
4 Gravel roads 190
5 Others (National Highway, State 50
Highway and PWD roads)
Total 1922
(Source: Pune Municipal Corporation report, 2010)
For the study of availability of road network and transportation facility
condition a data was collected about availability of Bus stop or Railway station within
500 meter distance from the household, facility of public and private vehicles and
road condition of that ward.
4.8.1 Availability of bus stop and railway station:
Table 4.16 Accommodation facility:
Administrative Total A vailability of bus stop Facilities available
W ards Surveyed or railway station go to the work
Administrative Household Yes No Public Private
Transport Vehicles
Aundh 148 148 0 130 18
Karveroad 109 109 0 95 14
Gholeroad 202 202 0 176 26
Waije Karvenagar 236 230 6 204 32
B. S. Dholepatil Road 119 119 0 102 17
Hadapsar 206 206 0 160 46
Yerawada 272 272 0 239 33
Sangamwadi 142 142 0 123 19
Bhavanipeth 219 219 0 201 18
113 Administrative Total A vailability of bus stop Facilities available
Wards Surveyed or railway station go to the work
Administrative Household Yes No Public Private Transport Vehicles
Kasbapeth 129 129 125
Vishrambaugwada 137 137 0 125 12
Tilakroad 304 297 273 31
Bibvewadi 243 234 09 216 27
Sahakamagar 140 130 10 124 16
There is a good accessibility of public and private transport network in the
Pune city. Every household has bus stop or railway station facility within 0.5
kilometres from the house, in the Pune city; expect some outer household such as
Dhanori, Mhamadwadi, etc. Most of migrants satisfied for service of transportation.
4.8.2 Facility available to go to work;
Figure 4.22 Facility available to go to work
Facility ailable to the work
V Index
N I KM {■ pubfac Trmicporlw A [ . >1
14 Although the number of vehicles is more registered (500 vehicles per day) in
Pune city, most of the migrants use the facilities of public transport to go to the work.
Public transport facilities are used by 93.68 percent of migrants in the Kasbapeth and
Bhavanipeth wards, whereas about 70 percent migrants use public transport in the
Hadapsar, Aundh and Yerwada wards. In general more than 85 percent migrants use public transport and 15 percent migrants use private vehicles to go to the work in the
Pune.
4.8.3 Opinion about condition of roads:
Table 4.17 Opinion about condition of roads
Administrative Total Road condition
W ards Surveyed Good Average Poor Household
Aundh 148 55 90 3
Karveroad 109 48 56 5
Gholeroad 202 77 116 9
Waije Karvenagar 236 79 146 11
B. S. Dholepatil Road 119 56 56 7
Hadapsar 206 85 108 13
Yerawada 272 112 143 17
Sangamwadi 142 48 70 24
Bhavanipeth 219 28 170 21
Kasbapeth 129 22 89 18
Vishrambaugwada 137 35 89 13
Tilakroad 304 119 156 29
Bibvewadi 243 103 126 14
Sahakarnagar 140 94 37 9
115 Figure 4.23 Condition of roads:
As per respondent 50 percent roads are in an average condition of their
locality. 40 percent respondent told that roads are in good condition and 10 percent
people told that roads are poor condition of their locality. Poor road condition mainly
prevails in the core part o f the city and slum area.
Road width is also a problem told by people in the slum area. Road width is
very less in the slums in Pune city. For example in the Juna Bazar slum area, less than
5 feet is the width of internal road.
11 6 4.9 Scalar method of quality of life:
To determine the quality of life using site of house - environment point of view Scalar method is useful. (Giarmias A., 2003) V1+ V2 + V3 + V4 + V5 Quality of life = X 100
Where, vi = the number of rooms of a house index; vj = the age of a house index (measured in years);
V3 = the local air quality index; (measured in microgram per cubic meter)
V4 = the mean annual temperature of a city index (measured in degrees Celsius);
Vs = Noise Pollution index (measured in dB).
Goal post value -
Variables Minimum value Maximum value Position
Rooms 1 7 Positive
Age of House 0 100 Negative
Air Pollution 0 180 Negative
Temperature 10 50 Negative
Noise Pollution 0 100 Negative
(Ward wise temperature information is not available, therefore for the study selects other four parameters only)
Calculation of positive variable index = , Max-Actual Calculation of negative variable index = Actual Max-Min Table 4.18 Indicators of Scalar method in the Pune city:
Adm inistrative wards No. of House A ir Noise rooms per age pollution pollution household (in years) (in fig /m ^ ) (in dB) Aundh 2.07 12.64 23 33 Karveroad 2.10 11.08 14 37 Gholeroad 2.00 12.00 15 42 Waije Karvenagar 2.36 10.25 13 40 B. S. Dholepatil Road 2.24 11.79 12 43 Hadapsar 2.50 11.58 12 32 Yerawada 1.88 9.98 10 31 Sangamwadi 1.75 11.30 2 21
117 Adm inistrative wards No. of House A ir Noise rooms per age pollution pollution household (in years) (in fig/m^) (in dB) Bhavanipeth 1.69 17.84 25 46 Kasbapeth 1.67 20.83 24 44 Vishrambaugwada 1.71 16.62 23 34 Tilakroad 1.73 14.72 13 30 Bibvewadi 2.00 10.15 22 35 Sahakamagar 2.03 11.75 22 70
Scalar Index:
1.22+0.87+0.87+0.67 X 100
= 90.75
Table 4.19 Scalar index of the Pune city:
Administrative Room House Air quality Noise quality Quality of W ards Index age index index index Life
Aundh 1.22 0.87 0.87 0.67 90.75
Karveroad 1.22 0.89 0.92 0.63 91.50
Gholeroad 1.2 0.88 0.92 0.58 89.50
Warje Karvenagar 1.29 0.9 0.93 0.6 93.00
B. S. Dholepatil Road 1.26 0.88 0.93 0.57 91.00
Hadapsar 1.33 0.88 0.93 0.68 95.50
Yerawada 1.17 0.9 0.94 0.69 92.50
Sangamwadi 1.14 0.89 0.99 0.79 95.25
Bhavanipeth 1.13 0.82 0.86 0.54 83.75
Kasbapeth 1.13 0.79 0.87 0.56 83.75
V ishrambaugwad a 1.13 0.83 0.87 0.66 87.25
Tilakroad 1.14 0.85 0.93 0.7 90.50
Bibvewadi 1.2 0.9 0.88 0.65 90.75
Sahakamagar 1.21 0.88 0.88 0.3 81.75
118 Figure 4.23 Quality of life in Pune city:
Quality- o f Life
Above map (figure 4.23) shows quality ol'house and environment condition of a Pune city. Hadpsar and Sangamwadi administrative wards are quality of life is above 90 percent. Others periphery wards of Pune city quality of life is between 90 and 93 percent. For example Waije- Karvenagar, Karveroad, Bibvewadi, Dholepatil road, Yerwada and Aundh. Tilakroad, Vishrambaugwada and Gholeroad wards are quality of life near about 88 to 90 percent. Sahakamagar, Bhavanipeth and Kasbapeth are worst condition in all indicators therefore; quality of life in that wards are bottom of the list, there is less than 84 percent quality of life index.
Conclusion:
The availability of selected qualitative indicators is low among the migrants as compared to the total state of the ward and Pune city. 50 percent migrants live in single room of house. Structure of houses is better in periphery than the core area of
Pune city. In terms of carpet area of houses 80 percent migrant are occupy less than
600 sq. feet. 36 percent houses of migrants are belt less than 5 years but, 70 percent
119 migrants live in rented houses. Residential houses of migrants are poor in size, space and construction. This situation is worst in all the slum areas of Pune city.
Unavailability of separate kitchen and separate sanitation facilities are more common in the migrants’ households. The proportion of rural migrants (59.59 percent) is more than urban migrants (40.41 percent). Most of the migrants (70.76 percent) use common tap for drinking water.
For health, larger use of private medical facility is more beneficial than the use of government medical facility. 70 percent of the migrants pleased with the education facility, availability and the system. Public and private transport facility is higher in the Pune city and 87.99 percent of migrants used the public transport to go to work.
120