Fellows News April 2007

Fall 2007 Themes include climate, measures of Tom Schmiedeler, Director Studies Classes climate change, greenhouse gases, 785-231-1010-1559 effects of global warming, population, • Kansas Characters W 1:00-3:45 [email protected] energy, consumerism, European per- Tom Averill spectives on renewable energy and • Kansas Characters (Seminar) W Deborah Altus, Human Services government policies. They plan one Tom Averill, English 1:00-3:45 Tom Averill or two local field trips. Students can Bob Beatty, Political Science • Geography of Kansas MW 1:00- enroll under Geography (GG300A), Roy Bird, KCFB 2:15 Tom Schmiedeler Political Science (PO300A) or Liberal Marcia Cebulska, Playwright • American State & Local Govern- Studies (501GA or 502GA) if seeking Jennie Chinn, KSHS ment MWF 10:00-10:50 Loran graduate credit from the Liberal Stud- Virgil Dean, KSHS Smith ies Program. Paul Fecteau, English • American State & Local Gov- Jessie Fillerup, Music ernment TR 8:00-9:15 Loran Amy Fleury, English Smith William Gilliland, Geology PIECES OF EIGHT: Rachel Goossen, History Collaborative Artist Books Amanda Hamon, Mulvane Art Museum Tom Averill, Department of Eng- Robert Hull, Finance lish, and Carol Yoho, Department Eight women artists from dif- Reinhild Janzen, Art of Art, team-taught Mapping Kansas Jim Kelly, KTWU ferent walks of life came together in Literature in the fall semester, 2006. Dave Kendall, KTWU November, 2005, with the single pur- They shared the results of their teach- Robert Lawson, English pose of collaborating on a unique ing experiences at a noon-time DART Gabrielle Lunte, Modern Languages program on Wednesday, February 21, series of artist books. Artists' books Bruce Mactavish, History 2007. Using Dreamweaver software to are not books about art; they are Ed Marchant, CIS create web pages and Paintshop Pro art expressed through book form. Judith McConnell, Education software to edit images, students also Each artist “set the tone” by cre- Mary McCoy, Biology conducted interviews, created digital ating a theme, book structures and Marguerite Perret, Art sound fi les of readings, took photo- introductory pages. The book forms Mark Peterson, Political Science graphs, scanned and loaded images of varied from handmade volumes to J. Karen Ray, English book jackets and author photos, and paper dolls to boxes to stacks of William Roach, Business created maps symbolizing signifi cant loosely bound papers and fabrics. The Betsy Knabe Roe, Art places in the lives and works of each themes, broadly defined, left room for Tom Schmiedeler, Geography author. The Map of Kansas Literature each artist to bring her unique tal- Bradley Siebert, English is now available for public viewing in ent, experience and perspective to Loran Smith, Political Science the Center for Kansas Studies web the books. The plan was for each art- Margaret Stewart, English Sara Tucker, History space at www.washburn.edu/refer- ist to pass their book from member William Wagnon, History ence/cks/mapping/ to member with each artist adding to it. The books are filled with pages Mary-Dorsey Wanless, Art of techniques and mediums includ- Ron Wasserstein, Academic Affairs ing painting, metalwork, fabric arts, Tom Wolf, Biology Chris Hamilton and Tom Schmie- sketching and layering of textures. Margaret Wood, Soc./Anthropology deler, Department of Political In March, 2007, the books Science, will be teaching the course were finished. Those involved agree Center for Kansas Studies Global Warming: Science and Inter- that working with other women art- www.washburn.edu/cks national Policies the second session (July 3 to Aug 3) on TWR, 5:30 to 8:00. —cont., p. 2

1 Fellows News, cont. Kansas Gubernatorial Election ists from Topeka and Lawrence TV Ads Analyzed in New Study has been a very rich and reward- ing experience for inspiration, Washburn political science profes- Findings learning and encouragement. sors content analyze 230 different ads from 1968-2006. Different ads by candidate analyzed Exhibitors: (in order of most ads made by a can- ► Reinhild Janzen What kind of message do Kan- didate in a given election year) ► Lois Kruse sas gubernatorial candidates feel ► Maria Raquel Morales they need to impart to voters in 1. Hayden 1990 (28) ► Marguerite Perret order to help them win? One way 2. Bennett 1978 (23) ► Betsy Knabe Roe to assess that question is to ana- 3. Hayden 1986 (21) ► Barbara Solberg lyze the TV ads these candidates 4. T. Docking 1986 (13) ► Mary Dorsey Wanless have aired, which is what Wash- 5. Bennett 1974 (12) ► Barbara Waterman-Peters burn political science professors 5. Finney 1990 (12) Bob Beatty and Mark Peterson have 5. Slattery 1994 (12) done, watching and coding 230 dif- 6. Carlin 1982 (11) left and below: ferent TV commercials from Kansas 7. Weigand 1990 (10) Book art gubernatorial campaigns from 1968 7. Sebelius 2006 (10) to 2006. The research was partially 8. Graves 1994 (9) funded by a grant from the Center for 8. Bicknell 1994 (9) Kansas Studies. The research, which 8. Sebelius 2002 (9) is only one part of an ongoing project 9. Anderson 1972 (8) analyzing TV ads from all statewide 10. Harmon 1968 (6) and congressional elections in Kan- 10. Frisbie 1972 (6) sas from the 1960s, yielded some 10. Shallenburger 2002 (6) interesting results. Says Beatty, 11. Knight 2002 (5) “The data we have on the types of 12. Barnett 2006 (4) messages Kansas gubernatorial can- 13. Carlin 1978 (3) didates have made over the years is 14. Several candidates with only fascinating. And, after watching 230 one or two ads different TV ads, we also had some fun and made some lists about some 1. Types of ads run of the ads.” (1968-2006) Beatty and Peterson had to work Total: 230 Ads to get access to so many ads. The Issue: 166 (72%) researchers utilized the archives of Values: 106 (46%) the Julian Kanter Political Commu- Attack: 76 (33%) nication Center at the University of Endorsement: 50 (22%) Oklahoma and also relied on candi- Lt. Governor only: 2 (1%) dates themselves to supply ads. Says — Continued on page 3 Beatty, “These ads are really a part of Kansas history. We can learn a lot about ourselves by what our leaders feel is important to impart in their political ads.” Beatty and Peterson coded the TV ads based on issue and “values” con- tent, negativity, and endorsements. The coding was not mutually exclu- sive, so ads could be classified under more than one category.

right: Jim Slattery, Washburn graduate and 1994 gubernatorial candidate

2 Kansas Gubernatorial Election TV Ads, continued

Issue Attack Endorsement Values Issues mentioned in ads: 1968 5/6 (83%) 0/6 (0%) 0/6 (0%) 5/6 (83%) Total # of Issues in all ads: 402 1972 14/18 (78%) 5/18 (28%) 0/18 (0%) 12/18 (67%) 1. Taxes 102 (25.4%) 1974 5/12 (42%) 3/12 (25%) 7/12 (58%) 8/12 (67%) 2. Govt Effi ciency/Spending/ 1978 18/26 (69%) 8/26 (31%) 9/26 (35%) 8/26 (31%) Waste: 54 (13.4%) 1982 11/12 (92%) 5/12 (42%) 0/12 (0%) 4/12 (33%) 3. Education: 50 (12.4%) 1986 22/34 (65%) 10/34 (29%) 4/34 (12%) 21/34 (62%) 4. Law/order/crime/death 1990 45/52 (87%) 23/52 (44%) 22/52 (42%) 16/52 (31%) penalty: 46 (11.4%) 1994 19/33 (58%) 9/33 (27%) 8/33 (24%) 21/33 (64%) 1998 1/1 (100%) 1/1 (100%) 0/1 (0%) 0/1 (0%) 2002 14/20 (70%) 8/20 (40%) 0/20 (0%) 5/20 (25%) 2006 12/14 (86%) 4/14 (29%) 0/14 (0%) 6/14 (43%) below: Mark Peterson, Specifi c campaigns and types of ads (only campaigns with three or more campaigns ads cited) Tim Shallenburger (2002 gubernatorial candidate) and Bob Beatty 1968 – Rick Harmon (R, primary and general) Issues: 83%, Attack: 0%, Endorsement: 0%, Values: 83% 1972 – John Anderson (R, primary) Issues: 75%, Attack: 25%, Endorsement: 0%, Values: 88% 1972 – Ray Frisbie (R, primary) Issues: 83%, Attack: 33%, Endorsement: 0%, Values: 33% 1974 – Robert Bennett (R, primary and general) Issues: 42%, Attack: 25%, Endorsement: 58%, Values: 67% 1978 – John Carlin (D, general) Issues: 100%, Attack: 100%, Endorsement: 0%, Values: 0% 1978 – Robert Bennett (R, general) Issues: 65%, Attack: 22%, Endorsement: 39%, Values: 35% 1982 – John Carlin (D, general) Issues: 100%, Attack: 36%, Endorsement: 0%, Values: 36% 1986 – Tom Docking (D, general) Issues: 77%, Attack: 31%, Endorsement: 0%, Values: 85% 1986 – (R, primary and general) Issues: 57%, Attack: 29%, Endorsement: 19%, Values: 48% 1990 – Nestor Weigand (R, primary) Percentage of ads per candidate coded as issue ads, in Issues: 70%, Attack: 50%, Endorsement: 20%, Values: 40% descending order (candidates with three or more ads only): 1990 – Mike Hayden (R, primary and general) 1. Carlin 1978 – 100% Issues: 100%, Attack: 39%, Endorsement: 43%, Values: 18% 2. Carlin 1982 – 100% 1990 – (D, primary and general) 3. Hayden 1990 – 100% Issues: 50%, Attack: 42%, Endorsement: 58%, Values: 33% 4. Barnett 2006 – 100% 1994 – Gene Bicknell (R, primary) 5. Harmon 1968 – 83% Issues: 33%, Attack: 22%, Endorsement: 11%, Values: 100% 5. Frisbie 1972 – 83% 1994 – (R, primary and general) 5. Slattery 1994 – 83% Issues: 44%, Attack: 44%, Endorsement: 22%, Values: 33% 5. Shallenburger 2002 – 83% 1994 – Jim Slattery (D, primary and general) 6. Sebelius 2006 – 80% Issues: 83%, Attack: 8%, Endorsement: 42%, Values: 67% 7. Sebelius 2002 – 78% 2002 – Bob Knight (R, primary) 8. T. Docking 1986 – 77% Issues: 40%, Attack: 40%, Endorsement: 0%, Values: 80% 9. Anderson 1972 – 75% 2002 – Tim Shallenburger (R, primary and general) 10. Weigand 1990 – 70% Issues: 83%, Attack: 50%, Endorsement: 0%, Values: 17% 11. Bennett 1978 – 65% 2002 – Kathleen Sebelius (D, general) 12. Hayden 1986 – 57% Issues: 78%, Attack: 33%, Endorsement: 0%, Values: 0% 13. Finney 1990 – 50% 2006 – Jim Barnett (R, primary and general) 14. Graves 1994 – 44% Issues: 100%, Attack: 75%, Endorsement: 0%, Values: 0% 15. Bennett 1974 – 42% 2006 – Kathleen Sebelius (D, general) 16. Knight 2002 – 40% Issues: 80%, Attack: 10%, Endorsement: 0%, Values: 60% 17. Bicknell 1994 – 33%

3 Percentage of ads per candidate coded as attack ads, in de- 7. Independent, Bipartisan, Not Political 11 (4.4%) scending order (candidates with three or more ads only): 8. Abortion (5 pro-life, 5 pro-choice, combined is 10) 10 (4%) 9. Patriotic 8 (3.2%) 1. Carlin 1978 – 100% 9. Everyone work together 8 (3.2%) 2. Barnett 2006 – 75% 9. For Business Business Acumen 8 (3.2%) 3. Weigand 1990 – 50% 10. Effi cient 7 (2.8%) 3. Shallenburger 2002 – 50% 10. Cares about Rural Kansas/ Farmers 7 (2.8%) 4. Graves 1994 – 44% 10. Caring/Compassionate 7 (2.8%) 5. Finney 1990 – 42% 11. Pro life 5 (2%) 6. Knight 2002 – 40% 11. Pro choice 5 (2%) 7. Hayden 1990 – 39% 11. Thrifty 5 (2%) 8. Carlin 1982 – 36% 12. For Youth 4 (1.6%) 9. Frisbie 1972 – 33% 13. Faith/Prayers 4 (1.6%) 9. Sebelius 2002 – 33% 14. Decision-maker 3 (1.2%) 10. T. Docking 1986 – 31% 15. Anti-Special Interests 2 (.8%) 11. Hayden 1986 – 29% 15. Listener 2 (.8%) 12. Anderson 1972 – 25% 15. Positive 2 (.8%) 12. Bennett 1974 – 25% 15. Diversity 2 (.8%) 13. Bennett 1978 – 22% Only one mention: Fair, Intelligence, For Elderly, Problem Solv- 13. Bicknell 1994 – 22% er, Anti-Drug, Character, No big government, Straight forward, 14. Slattery 1994 – 8% Judeo-Christian values, Common sense, Respect, Responsibility, 15. Sebelius 2006 – 10% Judgment, Dedication 16. Harmon 1968 – 0% Candidate slogans from ads Percentage of ads per candidate coded as values ads, in de- scending order (candidates with three or more ads only): 1. 1968 Rick Harmon (R, general) – “Vote as if your future depended on it.” 1. Bicknell 1994 – 100% 2. 1972 John Anderson (R, primary) – “Anderson: A man you 2. Anderson 1972 – 88% know.” 3. T. Docking 1986 – 85% 3. 1972 Morris Kay (R, general) – “Kay for Kansas.” 4. Harmon 1968 – 83% 4. 1972 Robert Docking (D, general) – “The man who knows 5. Knight 2002 – 80% Kansas…Kansans know.” 6. Bennett 1974 – 67% 5. 1974 Bob Bennett (R, general) – “Bennett’s better.” 6. Slattery 1994 – 67% 6. 1978 John Carlin (D, general) – “Carlin: For responsible 7. Sebelius 2006 – 60% government.” 8. Hayden 1986 – 48% 7. 1978 Robert Bennett (R, general) – “Bob Bennett: A man 9. Weigand 1990 – 40% you can believe.”“He’s doing what Kansans want done.” 10. Carlin 1982 – 36% 8. 1982 John Carlin (D, general) – “Because he’s on our 11. Bennett 1978 – 35% side.” 12. Frisbie 1972 – 33% 9. 1986 Tom Docking (D, general) – “Tom Docking: For a 12. Finney 1990 – 33% change.” “Leadership for our future.” 12. Graves 1994 – 33% 10. 1986 Mike Hayden (R, primary and general) – “Hayden: 13. Shallenburger 2002 – 17% He’s earned it.” 14. Barnett 2006 – 0% 11. 1990 Dick Peckham (R, primary) – “Pick Peckham” 15. Sebelius 2002 – 0% 12. 1990 Nestor Weigand (R, primary) – “A Governor to make Kansans proud again.” Specifi c Values mentioned in ads 13. 1990 Mike Hayden (R, primary and general) – (anti- Values cites total:250 Weigand) – “Don’t get caught in Nestor’s noose!” “Mike 1. Leadership 23 (9.2%) Hayden: A good man for tough times.” “Vote for some- 2. Experience 20 (8%) one you agree with.” 2. Family 20 (8%) 14. 1990 Joan Finney (D, primary and general)) – “A Gover- 3. For all Kansas/the people 16 (6.4%) nor for all Kansans.” 3. Hard Working: 16 (6.4%) 15. 1994 Joan Wagnon (D, primary) – (anti-Slattery) – “A 4. Tough, Fighter, Courage 15 (6%) Kansan we can’t afford.” 5. Vision, Forward-looking, progressive 13 (5.2%) 16. 1994 Jim Slattery (D, primary and general) – “Kansas 6. Honesty, Integrity, Trustworty 12 (4.8%) roots, Kansas values.” 7. Kansas Values, Roots, Tradition 11 (4.4%)

4 17. 1994 Bill Graves (R, primary and general) – “Load em’ episode of jumping out of a trunk on a drug bust when he high and tight.” was Attorney General. 18. 1994 Gene Bicknell (R, primary) – “A businessman, not a 2. 1986 Hayden ads features narrator saying, “Let’s list Tom politician.” Docking’s accomplishments,” and screen goes black for 20 19. 2002 Bob Knight (R, primary) – “Bob Knight: Pro-life, seconds. pro-business, pro-people.” 3. 1986 Hayden ad features a man knocking on Docking’s 20. 2002 Tim Shallenburger (R, primary and general) – “Tim economic development offi ce door and saying “Hello, Shallenburger: The courage to fi nd a better way.” hello…Tom, are you there? Hello, hello…” 21. 2002 Kathleen Sebelius (D, general) – “Let’s move Kansas 4. 2006 Sebelius ad features pretend legislators in a class- forward.” room fi ghting and squabbling and strangling each other. 22. 2006 Jim Barnett (general) – “Put Kansas families fi rst.” 5. 1990 Hayden. Cartoon of hangman scaffold with stick 23. 2006 Kathleen Sebelius (D, general) – “Moving Kansas fi gure person and the slogan “Don’t get caught in Nestor’s forward.” noose!” Lists from project by Beatty and Peterson

Ads that prominently featured candidate’s wives: 1. 1974 Bennett – Olivia Bennett is shopping with Bennett in the supermarket 2. 1978 Bennett – Olivia Bennett talks to camera about Bob Bennett’s personality, saying, “Some people think my hus- band is distant and aloof, but he’s not…” 3. 1990 Hayden – Patti Hayden talks to camera about strengths of her husband 4. 2002 Shallenburger – Linda Shallenburger talks to camera about compassion of her husband Ads that featured candidates engaged in some sort of sporting activity above: Mark Peterson, Governor Bill Avery, and Bob Beatty 1. 1972 – Morris Kay plays football with his kids “Haven’t I seen that before?” ads 2. 1986 – Tom Docking plays basketball with his son 1. 1986 and 2006: In 1986 Mike Hayden runs an ad that 3. 1986 – Mike Hayden referees a basketball game features him hard at work in his statehouse offi ce at the 4. 1986 – Mike Hayden goes fi shing with his daughters crack of dawn; In 2006 Kathleen Sebelius runs an ad that 5. 1990 – Mike Hayden fl ies a kite with his daughters features her hard at work in her statehouse offi ce at the 6. 1994 – Jim Slattery rides a horse crack of dawn. 7. 1994 – Jim Slattery pitches horseshoes 2. 1990: In 1990 Nestor Weigand ran an ad implying fl ip- 8. 1994 – Gene Bicknell rides a horse fl opping by Mike Hayden that featured rotating pictures 9. 1994 – Gene Bicknell plays softball of Hayden. The ad was called “The Two Mike’s.” Mike Ads that compared opponents to national Democrats Hayden ran an ad implying fl ip-fl opping by Nestor Weigan that featured rotating pictures of Nestor Weigand. The ad 1. 1990 (D, primary) – “John Carlin is the Mi- was called “Two Nestor’s.” chael Dukakis of Kansas.” 3. 2002: Kathleen Sebelius runs an ad where she pretends to 2. 1994 Bill Graves (R, general) – “If you like Bill Clinton, fi nd bags of money in the insurance commissioner’s offi ce you’ll love Jim Slattery.” as part of her “clean up” operation. Tim Shallenburger uses 3. 2002 Tim Shallenburger (R, general) – “Kathleen Sebelius those same scenes from that ad but makes them black and says she is a Clinton Democrat. She’s learned from the white and in slow motion to imply she’s taking illicit dona- best.” tions. Most titillating ad (and only titillating ad) 4. 2006: Sebelius ad features Kansan’s holding up the signs “progress” and “forward” without speaking. This is an 1. 1994 Bill Graves primary ad features a clip of an almost- homage to the 1967 movie “Don’t Look Back,” where Bob naked stripper and the charge that Gene Bicknell helped to Dylan starts the fi lm holding signs during the playing of his fund “semi-pornographic” movies. song “Subterranean Homesick Blues.” This technique was also used in the 1987 INXS music video “Mediate” and Funniest ads parodied in the 1992 Tim Robbins fi lm “Bob Roberts.” 1. 1974 Bennett ad is done in “silent movie” fashion and 5. 2002 and 2006: Sebelius laments the negative campaign of show keystone kop characters jumping out a car trunk. Tim Shallenburger in 2002. In 2006 Sebelius laments the The ad is making fun of opponent Vern Miller’s real-life negative campaign of Jim Barnett.

5 Sweetest and/or humbling ads Jarring ads in the current political context 1. 1972 Ray Frisbie. Gruff looking Frisbie explains how he’s 1. 1990 Hayden. The Republican candidate saying the anti- hip with the younger generation. abortion Democratic candidate (Finney) is wrong on abor- 2. 1986 Hayden. Hayden goes fi shing with his daughters. tion! 3. 2006 Barnett. Barnett helps kids in the computer lab. 2. 1978 Bennett. A Sebelius (Congressman ) 4. 1974 Bennett. Bennett helps his wife Olivia with her shop- endorsing the Republican candidate (Bennett). ping. 3. 1982 Carlin. Ad after ad featuring the issue of the sever- 5. 1974 Bennett. Bennett talks to a 95-year old woman and ance tax. Severance tax? says to her, “Oh, you’re still young.” 4. 2006 Barnett. Kathleen Sebelius’ giant face on a Kansas 6. 1994 Slattery. Ad features man helping another man with driver’s license. A much better picture than most people’s artifi cial limb fi x a fence and a policeman helping a kid driver’s license photos, therefore unbelievable. pick up his bike. Slattery himself helps pass a plate of 5. Bennett 1978. A fi ve-minute ad. Will we ever see that chicken around and high-fi ves a little girl at the family again? picnic. 7. 2006 Sebelius. Sebelius drives kids to school in their school bus. Most effective and/or memorable? 8. 1986 Hayden. Hayden is refereeing a kids basketball game. 1. 1994 Graves. “High and Tight.” Features Bill Graves in a 9. 1994 Graves. Graves is helping load one of his dad’s work shirt and inside one of his father’s trucks. The phrase, trucks. “Load em’ high and tight” became a catch-phrase through- 10. 2006 Barnett. Calls Governor Sebelius a “nice lady.” out the campaign. 11. 1990 Hayden. Hayden apologizes for the property tax 2. 1978 Carlin. Carlin ran an ad at the end of the campaign evaluation issue, saying “I got the message.” that hammered Bennett on the utility rate issue. Bennett 12. 1990 Finney. Finney shows her face getting splattered was caught-off guard and lost by only a few thousand with mud .This ad is one of the oldest in the book and was votes. most recently featured by in the 2nd District 3. 1974 Bennett. Bennett’s making fun of opponent Vern Congressional race. Miller’s jumping out of a car trunk on a drug bust as At- torney General is still remembered. Ads without words 4. 1990 Hayden (primary). “Don’t get caught in Nestor’s 1. 1978 Bennett. The ads starts off with the narrator say- noose” is about as good as it gets, catch-phrase wise. ing, “During the last minute charges of the campaign the 5. 2006 Sebelius. Her homage to Bob Dylan made an impres- friends of Governor Bob Bennett are pleased to bring you sion. And her ads with her driving a school bus and with these few moments of peace and quiet…” The next 20 sec- legislator’s squabbling got a lot of people talking. onds are then fi lled with bucolic images of Kansas (fami- lies, a sunset, the capitol building, etc.) with background guitar music. 2. 2006 Sebelius. The one-minute “forward” and “progress” sign-holding ad featured no spoken words.

Candidates looking very cool 1. 1986 Hayden. There’s a picture in a Hayden bio ad that shows him as a soldier during the Vietnam war, in Cambo- dia as part of the invasion of Cambodia. He looks incredi- bly rugged, authentic and his muscles are rippling. Nothing comes close to this in Kansas TV ad history. 2. Sebelius 2002 and 2006. Sebelius folds her arms and con- fi dently looks at the camera in what is known as the “gang pose.” Paul Morrison also was seen doing this in a 2006 ad. 3. 1972 Kay. Walking confi dently down the street with his jacket off and slung around his back, this former KU foot- ball star has simply got it going on. above: Bob Beatty and Governor John Anderson 4. 1968 Frisbie. So uncool he’s cool.

6 The Golden Age of Bison Ranching

nyone who has traveled the high- ways of Kansas over the past A decade or so has noticed the increasing numbers of American bison or buffalo, as they are more commonly known, grazing on the prairie. For most people, these ani- mals are evocative of the golden age of the Plains when the triad of regional elements—boundless prairie, colos- sal herds of noble beasts, and the consummate Native hunter—merged above: to form one of the most indelible Wayne Copp's bison herd impressions of the American frontier, by Tom Schmiedeler, Geography particularly as it was popularized increasingly regimented, collectivized and romanticized in the paintings of society.”i Charles Russell, George Catlin and to the western horizon a hundred I am contemplating these conflict- Frederic Remington, and by films thousand bison are grazing on the ing notions on a pleasant February such as Dances with Wolves. Less mixed-prairie grasses. A band of afternoon as I drive to the home of popular was the image of the Anglo Pawnee drifts into the scene. What Wayne Copp, a small-scale bison buffalo hunters whose rapacious is it about this image or one simi- rancher whose four hundred acres desire for profits from the sale of the lar that many of us would so greatly of native prairie lie adjacent to the buffalo hides led to their near exter- admire? Certainly the sheer dimen- west side of Auburn about five miles mination. Historical accounts reveal sions of it all can be both inspiring southwest of Topeka. I have been that the Kansas High Plains extend- and humbling. And we may reflect here before on two field trips with ing southwest of Dodge City into the my Kansas Geography students and Oklahoma and Texas Panhandles on another occasion after Wayne was part of one of the last great kill- graciously agreed to an impromptu ing fields. By the late nineteenth The Kansas High visit by a group of Brazilians who century, when the Sharps sporting Plains...was one of the were thrilled with the opportunity to rifles finally fell silent, fewer than last great killing fields. see his herd, the size of which varies a thousand bison remained. Some from season to season but averages of these animals were saved by the about a hundred animals. I am here efforts of hunters themselves, such to learn about bison ranching from as Charles Jesse “Buffalo” Jones of on how the symbiosis of the actors a veteran who has acquired his Garden City, whose conversion to on this stage symbolizes a harmoni- extensive knowledge partly from a buffalo preservationist was drama- ous life as it was intended to be, a variety of historical and contempo- tized in Zane Grey’s The Last of the perspective undoubtedly supported rary sources and partly through trial Plainsman. by the contemporary advocates of and error. I am not quite ready for I suspect that most of us would the Buffalo Commons. On the other lesson one. enjoy the experience of time travel hand, perhaps our romanticism back to the pre-settlement era in has run so totally amok that it has At the Carcass Kansas to view from some ethereal completely transformed the images perch the splendor of one of the great of these actors so that they, like the A cow that had gone lame had to be bison herds roaming in the vastness cowboy and the cattleman, have harvested and when I arrive Wayne is of their mid-continental prairie. My become, in the words of geographer imaginary journey lands me atop a Walter Kollmorgen, “enshrined in i Kollmorgen, Walter. “The Woods- west-facing escarpment of the Blue our cherished folklore” where they man’s Assaults on the Domain of Hills just south of the Solomon River “constantly tempt our alter egos to the Cattleman.” Annals of the Asso- valley in southern Mitchell County. rejoin them in the purple sage, thus ciation of American Geographers. Below me and beyond Carr Creek to escape the tangled net of our 59(1969):239.

7 The Golden Age of Bison Ranching

butchering it. In the ranch yard the and through him Wayne first learned Wayne learned from Ray Smith, carcass is hanging by the hind legs about farming and ranching. He an early bison rancher residing near from a front loader on a tractor. The enjoyed it so much that he “missed Longford, Kansas, that one could buy hide has been nearly stripped from a lot of school” so he could just be bison at an annual sale held at the the flesh and sags in rumples below on the farm. By the early 1980s he Maxwell Game Preserve in McPher- the hump and down to the ground. had his own beef cattle operation. son County. Wayne bought his first Two resting dogs stare at the head two bison calves in lying in the dirt nearby. Wayne has 1984 for $450 each backed one of his pickups up to the and three more the carcass. As he carves through the following year. As he membrane at the lower ribs, a stom- increased his bison ach the size of a beach ball plops onto herd, he sold off his the open end gate. Wayne slits the beef cattle in thirds reticulum, the second of four cham- over a three-year bers, exposing what appears to be period. During this finely chopped grass, the cow’s last time he had bison and meal that, with the help of stomach cattle in the same pas- juices and bacteria, is being trans- ture but he knew that formed into cud. I’m surprised at the such an arrangement contents so Wayne explains: “I think would not last. “It it takes about three days before they worked fine when the digest…. Here are the lungs. They’re above: Copp owns over four hundred acres buffalo were small but big…. That’s the good thing about of native prairie just west of Auburn, KS. as they got bigger they would chase field kill. When we are butchering like the [beef] cows around” in a play- this we can always tell what kind of ful manner. “They would never get shape they’re in…. She was in good tired and they were chasing old cows shape.” He hoses down the carcass “I like history and old cow- around and they would get tired and and will leave it hanging covered over boy movies and I heard that their tongues were hanging out.” So night before taking it to the proces- partly in response to the frolicking buffalo were a lot tougher…” sor in the morning. He can not sell of the adolescent bison and partly this meat because animals that have —Wayne Copp because the pasture was becoming been killed are usually inspected. overstocked, Wayne moved the cat- “The vet comes out and we shoot tle to rented pasture away from his them and clean them up real good ranch. and they’re hauled into the [process- He is not sure why he started bison ing] plant and they do everything.” ranching; images of the Old West on The Great Escape the silver screen were probably influ- From Beef to Bison ential. He remembers, though, that It wasn’t too much later, on Moth- the transition from cattle rancher to er’s Day, 1988, that the bison herd We proceed into the house and sit bison rancher was gradual: paid Auburn a visit. Wayne thinks at a table near a picture window with I used to run beef cattle and in what prompted the escapade was a view of part of a quarter section the mid ‘80s I just got interested the powerful herding instinct in the of grassland purchased by Wayne’s in it. I don’t know why. Like right animal. His bison “started wander- parents in the mid 1950s after they now I want a windmill and I don’t ing around like they were lost, like were forced to move from their farm- know why. I’m looking for an they were hunting for the cattle.” An stead along the Kansas River by the old one . . . I like history and old unfenced pond straddling his prop- great flood of 1951. Later, the fam- cowboy movies and I heard that erty line was the escape route. Wayne ily bought an adjacent half section buffalo were a lot tougher and never fenced the pond because “the of pasture. Wayne’s father was a I went through a stretch of bad cattle wouldn’t swim it,” but in their plumber but his grandfather farmed weather and we’d lose a bunch of wanderlust the bison easily did and just southwest of Topeka calves and I just got tired of it. headed into Auburn. As Wayne

8 The Golden Age of Bison Ranching recalled “I didn’t have insurance on Family Ties this herd of bulls forever. Well, them and I was panicking and the someone would buy a bull and sheriff was sitting there and I told Part of the problem is that some bring it home and the bull would him to shoot them all. He didn’t, but novice bison ranchers tend to treat jump and run away or he would I was panicking because there was their bison like cattle. But according fight and kill something. They my herd of buffalo in the middle of to Wayne, “They’re wild animals…. weren’t trained socially how to Auburn.” Wayne devised a plan by They don’t like to be messed with. act. The analogy he made is which a neighbor’s cattle became a They like open spaces.” On the other that they were like a bunch of surrogate herd for the one Wayne hand, he recognizes that domestica- hoodlum teenagers, a bunch of had relocated. “I took these cattle tion is becoming more common. As gang members. No raising, no over to Auburn part way and got the Wayne explains: respect or anything else. And the buffalo part way where I saw that In the old days you would go herd, the family groups teach they ran in with the cattle and then I buy your animals at the sale them that, and I guess without ran the cattle into pens at our place and bring them home and raise the family groups keeping them and when we got all of them into the them wild. But as more people wild, not having to depend on pens, we sorted the cattle out and got into it, herds became smaller each other there just going to be took them back home. That was the and moved around more, they dumb cows. And it’s happening only way we could get the bison in.” became calmer than they were gradually. You can see it nowa- The bison’s foray into Auburn fifteen to twenty years ago… days. undoubtedly reminded Wayne of when you would unload one in his preliminary research into bison a pen and it would go crazy, you This topic ties in with genetics ranching when many told him he know, bang off the walls and try because many ranchers are selective “couldn’t do it because they’re wild, to get out of there. Now if you breeding for meat from bigger, more they get out and they do all this go to a sale and buy one from docile animals, but Wayne does not. stuff and you can’t keep them in. someone who has five or ten Everybody was negative, negative, head, and you bring it home and negative.” And Wayne admits that turn it out into the pen they just “…they were like a bunch “there are disasters if you treat them stand there. So they’re becom- of hoodlum teenagers, a wrong.” But if you acquire “them ing domesticated, but we don’t young and [they] get familiar with keep ours that way….” bunch of gang members. the place, they don’t want to leave No raising, no respect or because they feel safe. . . . And that’s ayne believes the bonds of . in the wild [too] like at Yellowstone or kinship—family ties you might anything else ” the elk at Fort Riley. All animals have W say—are being severed. “Bison —Wayne Copp a range or a territory. And once they are really family oriented; there are feel familiar in their territory they grandpas and grandmas, moms and don’t want to leave. . . .” I raise the dads” and yearlings and heifers learn “We don’t cull,” he says. The young issue about migration patterns of the from them. “The cows teach them animals are taken for meat but he great, historical herds and Wayne how to survive; they teach them how tries to “leave some good and bad responds: “That’s one thing I haven’t to behave. The old bulls and grandpa animals to breed. We figure if you figured out nor have a definite opin- bulls. . .like when little bulls are have four bulls, two good ones and ion on. I believe what I said. I believe around and they start causing trou- two average ones or some poor ones. that. Now as far as these great big ble, they teach them. And they’re I try to keep different genetics in herds they’re going to have bigger losing that.” there. The best bull is going to breed, territories. If you have a hundred To further emphasize his point, which is a survival thing.” thousand buffalo, that is going to Wayne told the story of a guy Bulls are what they are and, take up a very huge area. And with- Who used to pen up all of his according to Wayne, “do get funny. out manipulation, like people feeding bulls and everyone wanted When they get about eight or nine, them, they have to go and find food. one of his bulls. He’d pen up they’ll go off by themselves which They had to move.” his calves. Well, two years old isn’t a problem but sometimes they’ll he’d sell those bulls. They’re in fight and that’s a problem because

9 The Golden Age of Bison Ranching if they fight it is either to the death Grass and Trees and trees. Fescue, a non-native spe- or one has to leave and we don’t cies that provides forage in the cool want them getting out. So we kind of If one is attempting to raise bison as season after native grasses have gone watch that and just feel out the per- naturally as possible, the prairie eco- dormant, is particularly offensive sonalities. But when we kill a mature system, of which they are a part, has because it contains the endophyte bull, we’ll bring in a yearling from to be of vital concern. Wayne’s knowl- fungus that emanates a poison that somewhere else.” He likes to “keep edge of the native grassland is broad suppresses other grasses and forbs. the genetics mixed up” by picking and has been acquired from diverse “That is why it spreads so well and “different colors: some yellow buffalo, sources including books, research- that’s why there are no weeds in the some black buffalo, some big, small, ers and other bison ranchers. In his fescue for the birds.” Also, the fes- thin and tall.… But usually the big- view he has had the good fortune cue goes dormant in the hot summer gest ones are the strongest ones and to meet a variety of knowledgeable when native prairie grasses are thriv- the toughest ones. Ninety per cent of behavioralists, anthropologists and ing. the time that is the way it works.” ecologists. Conference speakers have Wayne fought to eliminate or at If one needs proof of the surly been particularly important sources least reduce the fescue in his pas- demeanor of Wayne’s bison, then he of information especially in informal or she should do something Wayne settings. Eventually, rarely does: walk into the pasture he knew them well among them. People who have paid enough that the ranch a visit have learned of the We would go out to consequences. He told the story of a eat…. So I got a lot Guy who jumped out to take a more detailed infor- picture and he was on the other mation than what side [of the truck] and they came most people get all the way around just to go because research- after him. So we had our close ers and scientists calls. And when they are up by don’t tell you what the barn and I walk over to a they think in front piece of equipment or something of a microphone. I have had them come after me But you get them off by them- above: so that I have had to jump over selves eating lunch or breakfast The old ranch house, Copp ranch. the fence. So you never know. and they give you their theo- Usually it’s worse in breeding ries and opinions…. I got a lot season because they are stirred of information from them that ture by spraying with the herbicide up and the bulls are aggressive made a lot of sense. And you Roundup. Although he had known and in calving season…they study enough then you kind about this method of control for ten are very protective.” of feel who knows what they’re years, he was reluctant to use the talking about and herbicide because he feared that it who doesn’t. And would also kill the native species. But that gives you a line he “had to do something” because on who to follow he was going to lose all traces of and who to ask and native wildlife. After consulting with who to do that stuff a few other ranchers, he proceeded with. And you kind cautiously with a few test plots. He of see what works followed the directions meticulously and doesn’t work. and applied the herbicide only in the From the per- fall after the native grasses and forbs spective of crimes had gone dormant or died. Now he committed against the has “big strips of ragweed and forbs native prairie ecosys- and legumes and little short strips of tem, Wayne sees two grass between them where I missed culprits: fescue grass because I wasn’t a good sprayer.” But

10 The Golden Age of Bison Ranching

one can really see the effectiveness of length of time. As Wayne noted, “If ricocheted off into the leg of another the herbicide. Wayne believes he will you have five acres of trees, you can’t bison standing nearby. The two wan- have to continue to spray his acreage count that toward your stocking rate dered off and were not seen for a from time to time. Birds, machinery for your animals because it has to be couple of weeks. Wayne reflected on and wind carry seeds from place to grass and the only thing that’s going the experience: place and “there are other noxious to live in there is Arkansas stuff. So It took me twenty years to figure weeds that the state introduced on if you are going to live off of those five this out. In the old days the hunt- highways that are finding their way acres, you have to eat coons, pos- ers shot them in the heart. into all of these pastures….” sums and skunks—like Granny.” Buffalo Bill shot them in the Trees, of course, are not native to And that, according to Wayne, is why heart with a big 50-caliber ball. prairie biomes except along streams and protected areas such as rocky slopes. Ecologists generally concur that the native grasslands of the The desire to eliminate the trees was based on their pre-settlement period became estab- consumption of water. According to Wayne, a single mature lished during a drier climatic regime and that after the climate became tree can consume as much water as a family of four. more humid and more suitable for woody vegetation, relatively frequent fires kept it at bay. Such was the case people did not fare well in moun- I was wondering why in the heck at Wayne’s ranch. The grandfather tains: there are fruits and nuts for a they didn’t shoot them in the of the person from whom Wayne’s few animals and there is cover, but head like I do now [but] they had parents bought the pasture purport- there is not abundant food supply to be careful not to stir up the edly said that when he arrived at the for the “meat animals.” These crit- old cow. When the old cow—the location he could only see a couple of ters—elk, antelope, deer and even lead cow—went down, they would trees on the ranch panorama. But by grizzlies—were more prolific in the all just stay there. I couldn’t fig- the time Wayne acquired the ranch, prairie grasslands. People associate ure that out for twenty years…. the trees were “taking over pretty them with mountains and montane Those balls wouldn’t go through good; there were hedge trees spotty basins because they found refuge their skulls; they would bounce all over the pasture. We had large there from the farmers and ranchers off. sycamores that were encroaching on who drove them off the Plains. the draws. So we got rid of a lot of For field killing, state regulations trees.” require that a licensed veterinar- The desire to eliminate the trees Field Kills ian determine that the animal to be was based in part on their consump- All of Wayne’s bison killed for meat culled is healthy. The veterinarian tion of water. According to Wayne, are shot in the field usually with a visually inspects the animal, takes a single mature tree can consume .45 caliber carbine. He used to shoot a blood sample and writes up a as much water as a family of four. them in the brain but more recently report. Ranchers pay the veterinar- This is equivalent to several hun- he began shooting them into the spi- ian $50 plus mileage. If the animals dred gallons a day, much of which nal cord behind the ear because “it are taken to a slaughterhouse, one is transpired into the atmosphere. is just more humane. It puts them does not have to pay the inspection Additionally, excluding a few nuts out right away and you have a big- fee but the benefits of field killing are for squirrels, trees provide little food ger target because if you don’t hit well worth it. Like cattle, the tremen- but considerable cover for preda- them right in the brain and you’re dous stress experienced by bison tors like raccoons, skunks, coyotes a little bit off anywhere, it doesn’t as they approach the killing floor of and hawks that prey on eggs laid do anything to them.” Like many of a slaughterhouse dramatically ele- in ground nests by birds such as the other aspects of bison ranching, vates levels of the hormone cortisol. prairie chickens and meadowlarks. harvesting the animal has been a Wayne described the impact: And acres of trees do not contribute long-learning process. A few months The only information that they to stocking rates—the number of ago Wayne shot an old cow in the have was when they ran bison animals on a pasture for a specific skull with a 30-30 rifle and the bullet through the chute their cortisol

11 The Golden Age of Bison Ranching

level was like forty [nanograms So economically it wasn’t feasible.” and coyotes. The detritovores quickly per milliter of blood] and the sec- Another factor is the nature of the clean it down to the bones. Scattered ond time they ran them through beast. As Wayne explained, they across the prairie, they are all that the chute it was like eighty. In grow slower and they are wilder remain for awhile but then they, too, other words, they knew what was and therefore harder to round up, sink into the sea of thatch and are coming and they got stressed, move and process. And when people gone. Good calcium for the moles stressed, stressed. Well, we field started raising them as cattle, “you and voles says Wayne. killed and took seven different had a lot of them dying” from broken We are now in Wayne’s cluttered samples. We took one in the necks and legs and heart attacks. pickup driving on the prairie looking summer, like when it was one Wayne claims that “meat wise you for the herd. We find them later in hundred degrees hot. We took can make money at it, but selling the remaining grove of trees near the one in a blizzard with two feet of meat is a full time job. So if I made old ranch house. On this late winter snow blowing. Then we had other money selling the meat, I couldn’t day they have come for a lunch of various samples. In all cases the do what I do now and what I want supplemental hay that Wayne pro- cortisol level was one! to do is the wildlife, the grass, that vides for them the relatively few times kind of stuff. So I try to sell it whole- it is needed. Back on the open range The stress level in either bison or sale but you get a lot less and there Wayne says calmly “Well I’ve got good cattle is important because if ele- are a lot more problems with the news and bad news. The bad news is vated it can produce “dark cutters,” field kills. It is not set up for a mass that we have had to sell a couple of that is, meat with a dark red rather marketing thing.” Selling at a retail small tracts of pasture to help with than bright cherry red color that has price is more profitable, but it takes expenses. The good news is that the a higher pH level and a shorter shelf more time and it is hard work. Of prairie chickens are back for the third life. According to Wayne, “The meat course, the Kansas climate doesn’t year in a row.” He worked very hard gets a sour flavor….It rots faster. If always cooperate. Wayne had to for their return and the tone of his it doesn’t bleed out well, it can taste cull about forty animals this year voice conveys a sense of satisfaction like liver.” Wayne is not the only and pride. We drive a little further. bison rancher in the region to field “Now whereabouts did you see those kill. In fact, in the beginning he kept Disease has rarely prairie chickens Wayne?” I ask, hop- a few bison calves belonging to sev- affected Wayne's herd, ing to get a glimpse of them myself. eral other ranchers who learned to “Oh somewhere around in here,” care for the bison by observing his but they are sometimes he replies.” Somewhere around in techniques including field killing. killed by lightning. here—the indefinite, undifferentiated The “natural” approach to bison prairie space, I think. He had driven ranching utilized by Wayne and oth- slowly by, like we are now, and had ers was more profitable in the early in part because drought conditions stirred them to flight. The spirit of 1990s than it is today especially limited the growth of the prairie bio- the golden age of the Plains had once for the sale of live animals. He and mass and many bison have caught again risen from the land. others were then selling calves for pneumonia and died from a virus over $2,000 each before the “crash.” transmitted from cattle. Wayne sold Thereafter, one was lucky to sell some calves but the market became If you would like more information about the them for $100. “Since then, it has skittish after the disease outbreak. Tall Grass Bison Ranch, contact Wayne Copp at 785 256-2540. been pretty rough. Real rough.” In fact, the state of Kansas cancelled Part of the problem with purchas- a recent sale because they lost forty ing calves at inflated prices is that of their two hundred forty head to “they don’t eat out that way. If you pneumonia. keep it for two or three years you will Disease has rarely affected have $4,000 in a meat animal and Wayne’s herd, but they are some- to make money on it you would have times killed by lightning. The carcass to sell it for $30 a pound as meat. is left in the field for the opossums

12 CKS Meeting Summaries, Spring 2007 Thursday, January 25 Thursday, April 5

The Center for Kansas Studies Fellows of the Center for Kansas Oriente” (April 14-June 3); the held a luncheon meeting on Thurs- Studies gathered at the Lincoln room “Washburn Art Student Exhibition;” day, January 25 beginning at 12:30. of the Memorial Union for a breakfast “Ed Navone, Celebrating 43 Years of Members present were Chris Ham- meeting on Thursday, April 5. Those Art;” and “Eight Local Women, A Col- ilton, Marcia Cebulska, Carol Yoho, attending the meeting were Bob laborative Book Arts Project” (April Marydorsey Wanless, Will Gilliland, Beatty, Bill Roach, Margaret Wood, 20–June 24). The opening recep- Rachel Goossen, Rob Hull, Mar- Tom Averill, Bob Lawson, Margue- tion for the Book Arts Project is April guerite Perret, Betsy Roe, Bradley rite Perret, Carol Yoho, Will Gilliland, 20, 4:30-7:00 P.M. Margaret Wood Siebert, Tom Schmiedeler, Reinhild Virgil Dean and Tom Schmiedeler. announced that she will continue Janzen, Karen Ray, Mark Peter- In a round-the-table discussion her research in Nicodemus, Kansas son, Bob Lawson, Judy McConnell members updated their activities again this summer. The focus this Farmer and Margy Stewart. After and spoke briefly of summer plans. year will be a school yard site and brief remarks regarding the Center’s Director, Tom Schmiedeler, reviewed will involve participants from How- budget, director Tom Schmiedeler the Center budget and announced ard University. reminded fellows of contributions to that limited funds were still avail- Tom Averill announced that the the forthcoming spring newsletter able for projects. He also mentioned forthcoming fall colloquium on Time and he outlined the visit of Kansas that the spring newsletter, Speaking will have at least thirteen partici- Day speaker Paul Harris who spoke of Kansas, was forthcoming in April. pants. Tom’s requests for funding in Henderson Hall on Friday, Janu- Tom also requested $200 from the of visits by writers Kevin Young and ary 26. The title of his presentation Center for travel to Lincoln, Kansas Gary Gildner were approved. Bob was “What’s the Matter with Every- to interview Velma Cooper Purdy, Beatty gave an update on the cam- one Else: a Foreign Perspective on widow of illustrator B.A. Cooper who paign ad research project that he Kansas.” published the It Happened in Kansas and Mark Peterson have been dili- During the round-the-table dis- series of illustrations in the 1950s gently pursuing over the past year. cussion of activities, Will Gilliland and 1960s in a number of Kansas Fellows approved their request of reported that last December he par- newspapers. Tom plans to interview $300 of additional Center funding to ticipated in a University of Kansas Ms. Purdy in late May and to copy continue their work. International Programs and Law newspaper articles about Cooper The meeting was adjourned at School project which brought five compiled by the Lincoln County His- 8:45. Asian water specialists to Kansas torical Society. Fellows approved his —Minutes compiled by for two weeks to see how Kansas funding request. Tom Schmiedeler, Director manages its water resources. Will Will Gilliland announced that he presented a program on how the will be working with the Echo Cliffs Division of Water Resources of the Park Association to plan a com- Kansas Department of Agriculture munity meeting later in the year to Favorite Kansas Books allocates water rights and processes discuss the formation of the cliffs The Kansas Center for the Book applications for new appropriations and geology of the Dover area. He (KCFB) at the State Library of Kan- and changes to existing rights. He is also working with the State 4-H sas compiled a list of favorite books also noted that on March 15, 2007, Geology Field Trips Committee in by Kansans or about Kansas, solic- The Kansas Water Resources Insti- planning two field trips to be held on iting contributions from librarians, tute will present the 24th Annual June 8-10 of this year. One trip will educators, writers, booksellers, pub- Water and the Future of Kansas headquarter at Garnett and the other lishers and others in the Kansas Conference at the Maner Conference at Belleville. Planners anticipate book community. Center in Topeka. The conference 150-200 participants for each trip. This is not a list of classics, or lit- theme, “From Dust Bowl to Mud Will is helping to write the field trip erature, or best books—it is a list of Bowl: The Threat of Sedimenta- guide for the Belleville trip. Secretary favorites. On the following page (back tion to Our Federal Reservoirs,” will of Agriculture, Adrian Polansky will cover of newsletter) are a list of the examine problems with our aging speak at the Belleville general ses- top twelve Favorite Kansas Books water storage facilities in Kansas sion on June 8. vote getters, in rank order. A total of and surrounding areas. Marguerite Perret announced 101 other titles also received votes. that several exhibits will open in —Minutes compiled by —cont., p. 14 Tom Schmiedeler, Director the next few weeks at the Mulvane Art Museum. They include “Cuba

13 WASHBURN UNIVERSITY 1700 SW COLLEGE AV TOPEKA, KANSAS 66621

Department: Geography

Center for Kansas Studies Speaking of Kansas

April 2007

www.washburn.edu/reference/cks/ on-line: us Visit

Characters

Kansas Kansas

399 399

available:

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Cover Cover

• 399 Kansas Characters Kansas 399 by Dave Webb Dave by

• by Max Yoho Max by Revival The • by Lois Ruby Lois by Home Away Steal

by William Least Heat-Moon Least William by by Marci Penner Marci by

County Prairie • The Kansas Guidebook for Explorers for Guidebook Kansas The

Epic History of the Tallgrass Tallgrass the of History Epic • by Max Yoho Max by Route Butter Moon The

• Prairyerth (A Deep Map): An An Map): Deep (A Prairyerth by Devin & Corey Scillian Corey & Devin by

by Joanna L. Stratton L. Joanna by • S Is for Sunflower: A Kansas Alphabet Kansas A Sunflower: for Is S

the Kansas Frontier Kansas the

• In Cold Blood Cold In by Truman Capote Truman by

• Pioneer Women: Voices from from Voices Women: Pioneer • The Last Cattle Drive Cattle Last The by Robert Day Robert by

by L. Frank Baum Frank L. by Shannon

• The Wonderful Wizard of Oz of Wizard Wonderful The

• Climbing Kansas Mountains Kansas Climbing by George George by

Favorite Kansas Books Kansas Favorite , cont. from p. 9 p. from cont. ,