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Neofusicoccum Mangiferae) of Mango Branch Wilt Disease Sudan University of Science and Technology College of Graduate Studies and Scientific Research Antifungal Effect of Mesquite (Prosopis juliflora) Extracts and Fungicide ( Revus top®) against Fungus (Neofusicoccum mangiferae) of Mango Branch Wilt Disease أﺛﺮ اﻟﺘﻀﺎد اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺮوﺑﻲ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﻜﻴﺖ واﻟﻤﺒﻴﺪ (رﻳﻔﺺ ﺗﻮب®) ﺿﺪ اﻟﻔﻄﺮ (Neofusicoccum mangiferae) اﻟﻤﺴﺒﺐ ﻟﻤﺮض ذﺑﻮل اﻷﻓﺮع ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﻧﺠﻮ A thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for the M.Sc. degree in Plant Protection By Shimaa Ishag Abdelrahaman Mohammed B.Sc. Agric. (Honors) January, 2007 Department of Plant Protection College of Agricultural Studies - Shambat Sudan University of Science and Technology Supervisor Dr. Ibrahim Saeed Mohammed Department of Plant Protection College of Agricultural Studies – Shambat January, 2016 ﺑﺴﻢ اﷲ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ اﻵﻳﺔ ﻗﺎل ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻲ: (وَﺳِﻴﻖَ اﻟﱠﺬِﻳﻦَ اﺗﱠﻘَﻮْا رَﺑﱠﻬُﻢْ إِﻟَﻰ اﻟْﺠَﻨﱠﺔِ زُﻣَﺮًا ﺣَﺘﱠﻰ إِذَا ﺟَﺎءُوﻫَﺎ وَﻓُﺘِﺤَﺖْ أَﺑْﻮَاﺑُﻬَﺎ وَﻗَﺎلَ ﻟَﻬُﻢْ ﺧَﺰَﻧَﺘُﻬَﺎ ﺳَﻠَﺎمٌ ﻋَﻠَﻴْﻜُﻢْ ﻃِﺒْﺘُﻢْ ﻓَﺎدْﺧُﻠُﻮﻫَﺎ ﺧَﺎﻟِﺪِﻳﻦَ (73) وَﻗَﺎﻟُﻮا اﻟْﺤَﻤْﺪُ ﻟِﻠﱠﻪِ اﻟﱠﺬِي ﺻَﺪَﻗَﻨَﺎ وَﻋْﺪَهُ وَأَوْرَﺛَﻨَﺎ اﻟْﺄَرْضَ ﻧَﺘَﺒَﻮﱠأُ ﻣِﻦَ اﻟْﺠَﻨﱠﺔِ ﺣَﻴْﺚُ ﻧَﺸَﺎءُ ﻓَﻨِﻌْﻢَ أَﺟْﺮُ اﻟْﻌَﺎﻣِﻠِﻴﻦَ (74) وَﺗَﺮَى اﻟْﻤَﻠَﺎﺋِﻜَﺔَ ﺣَﺎﻓﱢﻴﻦَ ﻣِﻦْ ﺣَﻮْلِ اﻟْﻌَﺮْشِ ﻳُﺴَﺒﱢﺤُﻮنَ ﺑِﺤَﻤْﺪِ رَﺑﱢﻬِﻢْ وَﻗُﻀِﻲَ ﺑَﻴْﻨَﻬُﻢْ ﺑِﺎﻟْﺤَﻖﱢ وَﻗِﻴﻞَ اﻟْﺤَﻤْﺪُ ﻟِﻠﱠﻪِ رَبﱢ اﻟْﻌَﺎﻟَﻤِﻴﻦَ(75)). ﺻﺪق اﷲ اﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﺳﻮرة اﻟﺰﻣﺮ اﻵﻳﺎت (75.74.73) ﻗﺎل رﺳﻮل اﷲ ﺻﻠﻲ اﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ و ﺳﻠﻢ: ( ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ رﺟﻞ ﻳﺴﻠﻚ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺎ ﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ إﻻ وﺳﻬﻞ اﷲ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺠﻨﺔ وﻣﻦ أﺑﻄﺄ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺴﺮع ﺑﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﻪ) . I DEDICATION Decide in which direction you are going It is important to one and day on building your success and accepting full responsibility for your life. Step up from your comfort zone and if it is uncomfortable, you are probably moving on the right rood To soul of my Dearest Raida my grandmother To soul of my grandfather Soul of my father My Patiently mother Sisters and brothers To my Supervisor Dr: Ibrahim Saeed I dedicate this work with sincerer love Shimaa II ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all I renderer my gratitude and praises to The Almighty Allah. I wish to express my sincerest gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Ibrahim Saeed Mohammed for his helpful guidance, encouragement and supervision of this work. Thank are also due to Dr. Rajaa Elhadaa Head of Plant Protection Department, College of Agricultural Studies - Sudan University of Science and Technology and all staff members of the Department for their helps and valuables suggestions. Sincerer thank full are also due to my friend and laboratory Techniqual Ms. Mawda Ibrahim who helped me in various ways and encouraged me to achieve and finish my research work. Also my colleague and brother Mr. Mohammed Elziber Hassan who gave me help and support during the study. Great thanks to Dr. Loai Mohamed Elamin the internal examiner for his helpful and guidance and thanks are extended to Pretty friend Khansaa Alphahashim to her help and advising. Also especial thank to my colleagues at M. Sc. group for their help during the experiment period. Grateful thank to my dear sister and friend Gamer Ahmed for her unbounded help and interesting feeling. Greatest thanks to my family especially my grandmother Riada Abdelaziz for her careful, loveness and continuous encouragement in all my life I love you "jadaty". With respectful Shimaa III LIST CONTENTS Title Page No. I...................................................................................................................... اﻵﻳﺔ DEDICATION ................................................................................................. II ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................. III LIST CONTENTS ..........................................................................................IV LIST OF TABLES .........................................................................................VII LIST OF FIGURES...................................................................................... VIII LIST OF PLATES...........................................................................................IX ABSTRACT..................................................................................................... X CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................. 1 LITERATURE REVIEW.................................................................................. 3 2.1 Mango, Mangifera indica ........................................................................ 3 2.1.1 Scientific Classification ........................................................................ 3 2.1.2 General Characteristics ......................................................................... 4 2.1. 3 Nutritional Properties of Mango.......................................................... 4 2.1.5 Varieties of Mango in Sudan ................................................................ 5 2.1.6 Mangoes Fungal Disease ...................................................................... 6 2.2.1 Mango Branch Wlit Fungus (Neofusicoccum mangiferae ) ................. 7 2.2.2 Scientific Classification ....................................................................... 7 2.2.3 Synonyms.............................................................................................. 7 2.2.4 Biology.................................................................................................. 8 2.2.5 Life cycle.............................................................................................. 9 2.2.6 Epidemiology....................................................................................... 9 2.2.7 Distribution and Host Range in Sudan ............................................... 10 2.2.8 Symptoms........................................................................................... 10 2.2.9 Effect on the Human ........................................................................... 10 IV 2.3 Control Methods .................................................................................... 11 2.3.1 Chemical Control................................................................................ 11 2.3.2 Cultural Practices ................................................................................ 11 2.3.3 Biological Control............................................................................... 12 2.3.4 Resistance of N. mangiferae ............................................................... 12 2.3.1 Botanical Mesquite,Prosopis spp ...................................................... 12 2.3.2 Scientific Classification ...................................................................... 13 2.3.3 Allelopathy.......................................................................................... 14 2.3.4 The Benefit Uses of Mesquite............................................................. 16 2.4.1 The Fungicide ( REVUS top ®) ......................................................... 16 2.4.2 Resistance Management...................................................................... 16 MATERIALS AND METHODS.................................................................... 17 3.1 Study Location ....................................................................................... 17 3.2 Equipments, Tools and Materials used in the Study.............................. 17 3.3 Isolation and Identification of Fungus................................................... 18 3.4.1 Collection and Preparation of Plant Sample....................................... 18 3.4.2 Extraction Method .............................................................................. 19 3.5 Preparation of Fungicide Concentrations .............................................. 19 3.6 Bioassay Test ......................................................................................... 19 3.7 Experimental Design and Statistical Analyses ...................................... 20 CHAPTER FOUR........................................................................................... 21 RESULTS........................................................................................................ 21 4.1 Laboratory Experiment .......................................................................... 21 4.2 Identification of the Fungus................................................................... 21 4.3 Effect of Mesquite Extracts and Fungicide REVUS top® on redial growth of N. mangiferae in vitro after three days from inoculation............ 23 4.4 Effect of Mesquite Extracts and Fungicide REVUS top® on redial growth of N .mangiferae in vitro after four days from inoculation............. 26 V 4.5 Effect of Mesquite plant parts and Fungicide REVUS top® on redial growth of N. mangiferae in vitro after five days from inoculation ............. 29 CHAPTER FIVE............................................................................................. 36 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................. 36 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................... 39 RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................ 40 REFERENCES................................................................................................ 41 APPENDICES................................................................................................
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