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East Central Europe 1914-2004 History 283

Timothy Snyder Yale University Spring Semester, 2006 Tuesdays and Thursdays 10:30-11:20

[email protected] Office Hours: 1:45-3:15, Luce Hall 245

Description:

The "lands between" – Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, , Romania, and Ukraine – in the twentieth century, from the collapse of the old regime to the arrival of transnational politics, from the destruction of the Habsburg empire to the enlargements of the European Union. The central event is the Second World War, which brought Nazi and Soviet occupation, destroyed much of the region's diversity, and spread of to the west. Special attention will be paid to the weaknesses of prewar nation-states (which lasted for about one generation) and postwar communist regimes (which lasted for two). The region will be seen as a laboratory for political ideas, among them nationalism, federalism, fascism, communism, populism, and democracy, with the European Union as the latest experiment.

Evaluation:

Your final grade will be determined by a map test (10%) a mid-term examination (25%), participation in section (20%), and a final examination (45%). Each week's section will be organized around a question related to the reading, which all students should be prepared to discuss. Attendance of section and lecture is a requirement of the course.

Books (at Labyrinth or CCL):

Karel Čapek, War with the Newts, Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1996.

Timothy Snyder, Sketches from a Secret War: A Polish Artist's Mission to Liberate Soviet Ukraine, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005.

Gale Stokes, From Stalinism to Pluralism: A Documentary History of Since 1945, New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.

Packet (at York Copy)

Austrian Decadence

1. Sex, War, Empire, Nation (January 10) 2. The Red Prince: A Guide (January 12)

Barbara Jelavich, The Habsburg Empire in European Affairs, 1814-1918, Chicago: Rand McNally, 1969, 1-9, 165- 177.

Carl E. Schorske, Fin-de-Siècle Vienna: Politics and Culture, New York: Vintage, 1981, 322-366.

War's Aftermath

3. Russian Communism and Ukrainian Questions (January 17) 4. Diplomacy and (Austro-Hungarian) Discontents (January 19)

Richard Pipes, The Formation of the , Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1954, 1-12.

Antony Polonsky, The Little Dictators, London: Routledge, 1975, 1-25.

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Peter F. Sugar et al eds., A History of Hungary, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994, 295-319.

Bruce F. Pauley, "The Social and Economic Background of Austria's Lebensunfähigkeit," in Anson Rabinbach, ed., The Austrian Socialist Experiment, Boulder: Westview Press, 1985, 21-37.

Democracy?

5. Map Test (January 24) 6. Greater Romania (January 26)

Henry L. Roberts, Rumania: Political Problems of an Agrarian State, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1951, 90- 169.

George Schoepflin, "The Political Traditions of Eastern Europe," Daedalus, 119:1, 1990, 55-90.

Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, "A Few Remarks on Democracy."

Secret Wars for Ukraine

7. Operation Prometheus (January 31) 8. Famine and Terror (2 February)

Timothy Snyder, Sketches from a Secret War: A Polish Artist's Mission to Liberate Soviet Ukraine, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005, 1-132.

East European Moderns

9. The Czechoslovak Solution (February 7) 10. Jewish Civilization (February 9)

Reading:

Polonsky, The Little Dictators, 114-126.

Karel Čapek, War with the Newts, Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1996.

Ezra Mendelsohn, "Interwar Poland: Good for the , or Bad for the Jews?" in Chimen Abramsky, Maciej Jachimczyk, and Antony Polonsky, eds., The Jews in Poland, Oxford: Blackwell, 1986, 130-139.

Aleksander Wat, "The Eternally Wandering Jew," from Lucifer Unemployed, Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1990, 1-16.

To the Right

11. The Great Depression and the New Germany (February 14) 12. Poland after Piłsudski (February 16)

E. A. Radice, "General Characteristics of the Region Between the Wars," in Michael Kaser, ed., An Economic History of Eastern Europe, New York: Oxford University Press, 1984-1985, vol. 1, 23-65.

Thomas W. Simons, Jr., Eastern Europe in the Postwar World, New York: St. Martin's, 1993, 1-37.

Snyder, Sketches from a Secret War, 133-168.

Nazi Diplomacy

13. The Destruction of Austria and Czechoslovakia (February 21) 14. Condominium in Poland and Ukraine (February 23)

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Rolf Steininger, "12 November 1918-12 March 1938: The Road to Anschluss," in Rolf Steininger, et al, eds., Austria in the Twentieth Century, New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 2002, 85-114.

John Lukacs, The Last European War: September 1939-December 1941, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001, 8-53.

Jan Gross, Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland's Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002, 225-240.

Aleksander Wat, My Century: The Odyssey of a Polish Intellectual, New York, Norton and Company, 1988, 124- 137.

15. Romania and Hungary, German Allies in Ukraine (February 28)

Sugar, History of Hungary, 331-355.

Roberts, Rumania: Political Problems of an Agrarian State, 206-241.

Paul Robert Magocsi, Ukraine, Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1990, 622-637.

Mihail Sebastian, Journal 1935-1944, Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2000, 365-458.

16. Midterm Examination (March 2)

Homogeneity

17. German Occupation and the Holocaust (March 21) 18. New Borders and Ethnic Cleansing (March 23)

Tadeusz Borowski, This Way to the Gas, Ladies and Gentlemen, New York: Penguin, 1976, 29-49.

Norman Naimark, Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001, 57-84, 108-138.

Snyder, Sketches from a Secret War, 171-246.

Stalinism

19. War as Revolution (March 28) 20. Stalinism in Culture (March 30).

Gale Stokes, From Stalinism to Pluralism: A Documentary History of Eastern Europe Since 1945, New York: Oxford University Press, 1996, 12-50, 66-77.

Simons, Eastern Europe in the Postwar World, 38-84.

Bradley Abrams, "The Second World War and the East European Revolution," East European Politics and Societies, 16:3, 2003, 623-664.

Seton-Watson, East European Revolution, 167-201.

Cold War

21. Austrian Neutrality, Hungarian Revolt (April 4) 22. National Communism? Poland, Ukraine, Romania (April 6)

Simons, Eastern Europe in the Postwar World, 84-130.

Stokes, From Stalinism to Pluralism, 80-93.

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Leszek Kołakowski, Main Currents of : 3 The Breakdown, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978, 450- 474.

Magocsi, Ukraine, 649-665.

Klaus Eisterer, "Austria under Allied Occupation," in Rolf Steininger et al eds., Austria in the Twentieth Century, New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 2002, 190-211.

Günter Bischof, Austria in the First Cold War, 1945-55: The Leverage of the Weak, New York: St. Martins, 1999, 150-156.

Human Rights

23. The Prague Spring and Normalization (April 11) 24. No Freedom without Solidarity (April 13)

Simons, Eastern Europe in the Postwar World, 143-198.

Stokes, From Stalinism to Pluralism, 122-180, 193-223.

Politics as Unusual

25. The Revolutions of 1989 (April 18)

26. European Union (April 20)

Reading:

Simons, Eastern Europe in the Postwar World, 199-266.

Stokes, From Stalinism to Pluralism, 242-253, 290-291.

Timothy Garton Ash, The Magic Lantern: The Revolution of '89 Witnessed in , Budapest, Berlin, and Prague, New York: Vintage, 1993, 78-130.

Anton Pelinka. "Austria between 1983 and 2000," in Steininger, Austria in the Twentieth Century, 321-341.

Timothy Garton Ash and Timothy Snyder, "Ukraine: The Orange Revolution," New York Review of Books, 28 April 2005, 28-32.

Final Examination.

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