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Prêmios para as Mulheres Brasileiras em Química e Ciências Relacionadas

Auditório FAPESP, São Paulo, 11 de setembro de 2018 Sumário da Apresentação

♦ Mulheres, um longo Caminho de Preconceitos

♦ Um olhar sobre as mulheres cientistas, alguns exemplos de sucesso e insucessos; ♦ Alguns dados sobre mulheres pesquisadoras no Brasil e em São Paulo; ♦ Conclusão; Mulheres, um breve olhar sobre a questão de gênero desde as civilizações antigas

HYPATIA DE ALEXANDRIA

HYPATIA DE ALEXANDRIA, A PRIMEIRA MULHER CIENTISTA DO MUNDO Nasceu em Alexandria, cidade cultural da região que hoje corresponde ao Egito, 355 d.C. Era filha de Theon, professor, era também famoso filósofo, astrônomo e matemático

Mueller, I.; L.S. Grinstein & P.J. Campbell (1987). Women of Mathematics: A Biobibliographic Sourcebook. New York: Greenwood Press Mulheres, um longo Caminho de Preconceitos e Humilhações

”Mulheres, escravos e "O pior adorno que uma forasteiros não são mulher pode querer usar cidadãos” (Péricles é ser sábia” Lutero (político ateniense destaca (teólogo Alemão, século do, século V aC) XVI,) “Que as mulheres "A natureza só faz continuem caladas nas mulheres quando não igrejas. Se elas quiserem pode fazer homens. A ser educadas, devem mulher é, portanto, um discutir com seus maridos homem inferior." em suas casas“ (Apóstolo Aristóteles (filósofo, guia Paulo, ano 67 dC) intelectual e preceptor grego de Alexandre, o Crianças, idiotas, lunáticos Grande, século IV A.C.) e mulheres não podem, e não têm capacidade para realizar negócios” ( VIII (século XVI)

No início da civilização as mulheres eram reconhecidas como seres inferiores Registro das Primeiras cientistas

Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia (1646 - 1684) Italiana de descendência nobre, foi a primeira mulher a receber um diploma acadêmico de uma universidade. Em 1678 se tornou a primeira mulher no mundo a receber o grau de Ph.D. em filosofia;

Laura Maria Caterina Bassi (1711 - 1778) Física italiana, doutorou-se pela Universidade de Bolonha em 1732; Foi a segunda mulher a ter um grau de Dr. por uma universidade. É reconhecida como a primeira mulher no mundo a ganhar uma cadeira universitária por seus estudos científicos; Contribuiu imensamente para o campo da ciência e colaborou a espalhar a teoria newtoniana pela Itália;  Women in : a difficult history

Ada Lovelace Caricature of women attending a meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. Source: Rebekah Higgitt

♦ Augusta Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace — better known as "Ada Lovelace” — was born in London on December 10, 1815, and was daughter of famous poet Lord Byron; ♦ From early on, Lovelace showed a talent for numbers and language. She received instruction from William Frend, a social reformer; William King, the family's doctor; and Mary Somerville, a Scottish astronomer and mathematician; ♦ Ada Lovelace is considered to have written instructions for the first computer program in the mid-1800s Somerville was one of the first women to be admitted into the Royal Astronomical Society; Women Whose Discoveries Were Credited to Men

✓ Was born in London on 25th July 1920;

✓ Studied and at Newnham College, Cambridge;

✓ In 1942 - British Coal Utilization Research Association, worked on carbon fiber technology;

✓ In 1947 - Central Government Laboratory for Chemistry in Paris where she worked on X-ray until 1951 when she moved to King's College, London.

✓ Produced X-ray diffraction pictures of DNA which were published in in April 1953. This played an important role in establishing the structure of DNA.

✓ Came into conflict with Maurice Wilkins, who was also working on DNA at King's College, and therefore decided to join John Bernal at Birkbeck College to carry out research into the tobacco mosaic virus.

✓ In 1957 began to work on the polo virus.

✓ Died of ovarian cancer on 16th April 1958. http://www.rosalindfranklin.edu; Nature, Volume 171: 740-41(1953) 2008

Pesquisa colaborativa

Pesquisa individual Consórcio ®Bolzani Awarded Women Marie Sklodowska The 1903 (shared with Henri and ) in recognition of the extraordinary scientific work they have rendered by their joint researches on the phenomena;

The 1911 in recognition of her work to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements and ;

First woman to be awarded a Nobel prize and the only one person to be awarded 2 Nobel prizes;

Irène Joliot-Curie

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1935 (shared with Frédéric Joliot); in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements Curies' First Scientific Breakthrough Discovery of Polonium and Radium ♦Working on her on Becquerel´s rays, a few weeks after the birth of her daughter Irène, she gave great progress on the minerals investigation, and contributed to the discovering of Polonium and radium, sharing the Nobel Prize in Physics, with , in 1903; ♦She is one the most important women in human history – Among the 300 Women who changed the World, she is rightly included; ♦Curie died in 1934, aged 66, at a sanatorium in Sancellemoz (Haute-Savoie), , due to aplastic anemia due to the exposure to radiation during her researches;

Fantastic development in the geosciences, material, biology, medicine and agriculture ; for industry and also for quality of human modern life

Langevin-Joliot & Soraya Boudia, Chemistry International, v 33, no1. 2011 HONOR TO NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY AND NEGLECTED DISEASES

Youyou Tu - Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2015 (shared with William C. Campbell, Satoshi Ōmura) for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against Malaria;

In the 1970s, after studies of traditional herbal medicines, Youyou Tu managed to extract a substance, artemisinin, which inhibits the malaria parasite. Drugs based on artemisinin have led to the survival and improved health of millions of people; 13 Participantes da 50a. Conferência de Solvay em 1927 W. Heisenberg E. Schrödinge

Peter Debye L. de Broglie Marx Plank N. Bohr

Albert Einstein

Marie Curie – Foi um marco para a criação e elaboração dos fundamentos de uma nova disciplina – a radioquímica (hoje um campo de pesquisa importante); Suas conquistas são notáveis até hoje no campo da ciência, convém destacar que na época que viveu era uma atividade intelectual tradicionalmente proibida para as mulheres; Conferência de Solvay em 2017 Clara Immerwahr – 1ª. Doutoranda em química da Alemanha: uma triste história

• Clara Immerwahr, jovem alemã, brilhante, não teve o mesmo sucesso de Marie Currie;

• Primeira mulher alemã a doutorar-se em química, pela Universidade de Wrocław;

• Em 1901 casou com o químico e trabalhou intensamente ao lado do marido, contribuindo para o avanço das pesquisas de marido, mas nunca teve sua participação reconhecida e a sua investigação científica foi prejudicada;

• Haber trabalhou intensamente para o governo Nazista alemão e desempenhou um papel importante no desenvolvimento da armas químicas, especialmente Clara Immerwahr gases venenosos;

• Immerwahr de posse de uma pistola militar de Haber, cometeu suicídio com um tiro no peito;

• O suicídio de Clara nunca foi divulgado por jornais, Sua morte não foi documentada e levou a controvérsias quanto aos prováveis motivos do suicídio; From 1901 to 2017, there have been 825 male winners of the Nobel Prize, but just 47 female winners

The Women Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009 - Ada E. Yonath 1964 - Dorothy C. Hodgkin 1935- Irène Joliot-Curie 1911- (was awarded twice)

All Nobel Prizes. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Media AB 2018. Tue. 11 Sep 2018.

2011- Ellen Johnson Sinleaf; Leymah Gbowee; Tawakkol Karman

2004 - Wangari Maathai 1979 - Mother Teresa Ellen J. Sirleaf 2003 - Shirin Ebadi 1976 - Betty Williams

1997 - Jody Williams 1976 - Mairead Corrigan

1992 - Rigoberta Menchú Tum 1946 - Emily Greene Balch

1991 - Aung San Suu Kyi 1931 - Jane Addams

1982 - Alva Myrdal 1905- Leymah Gbowee

2011 Nobel Peace Prize "for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women’s rights to full participation in peace- Tawakkol Karman building work". Estados Unidos – Mulheres cientistas e oportunidades de emprego

Ofertas de emprego de cientistas norte-americanos doutores empregados na academia

30 % mulheres

http://www.nature.com/news/inequality-quantified-mind-the-gender-gap-1.12550 At The Top of the Academic Career - Women Are Absolute Minority in European Community

Man Women

A - position for recent doctorates

B - Position for intermediate level researchers

C - Position for senior researchers

2016 Statistic data Women and Science Statistics and Indicators

Source: SHE Figures 2017 UNESCO: Worldwide recent data on

http://www.uis.unesco.org/_LAYOUTS/UNESCO/women-in-science/index.html#!lang=en Jobs, Collaborations, and Women Leaders in the Global Chemistry Enterprise Chapter 23, pp 265–281 Chapter DOI: 10.1021/bk-2015-1195.ch023 ACS Symposium Series, Vol. 1195 ISBN13: 9780841230675eISBN: 9780841230682 Publication Date (Web): September 2, 2015 Copyright © 2015 American Chemical Society *E-mail: [email protected]. Brazilian Women in Science and in the Chemistry Area BASE LATTES

•Doutores em geral atuando em Pesquisa e Ensino: 134.420 (63.853 mulheres =47,5%);

•Doutores em Ciências Exatas e da Terra: 19.600 (6.309 mulheres = 32,2%)

•Mestres atuando em Pesquisa e Ensino: 8.3321 (4.4337 mulheres = 53,2%)

•Mestres em Ciências Exatas e da Terra: 9.881 (3.388mulheres = 34,3%) Número de Bolsistas PQ atualmente vigentes no CNPq

Total de 707 bolsas ( 209 mulheres= 29,6%)

•FQ: 175 (44 mulheres = 25,1%) •QA: 159 ( 47 mulheres = 29,6%) •QO: 246 ( mulheres = 30,1%) •QI: 127 ( 44 mulheres= 34,6%)

•PQ-1A: 63 (7 mulheres = 11,1%) •PQ-1B: 58 (13 mulheres =22,4%) •PQ-1C: 61 (19 mulheres =31,1%) •PQ-1D: 101 (28 mulheres = 27,7%) •PQ-2: 415 (141 mulheres = 34,0%) •PQ-SR: 8 (1 mulher = 12,5%) ALGUNS DADOS ESTATISTICOS SOBRE MULHERES Gender&Distribu- on&of&Natural&Product& NA QUÍMICA NO PAÍS Researchers&

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INCT – Long Term National Institutes of Science and Technology

Strong interaction with the Industry and Society 125

Federal Grant R$ 700 million

State Grant R$ 214,7 million

BNDES AM MG PA PI 12,9 10,4 36,0 8,0 1,5 RJ Petrobras 35,8 RN 21,0 2,1 CAPES SC 30,0 7,5 19 MS 16,0 SP 113,4

CNPq FNDCT 112,8 9 199,5 Sociedade Brasileira para o Progresso da Ciência – SBPC (63 anos de existência) Três mulheres chegaram a presidência

Glaci Theresinha Zancan - Professora do Departamento de Bioquímica da Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), ocupou a vice-presidência da Sociedade Brasileira para o Progresso da Ciência (SBPC), de 1995 a 1999, e a presidência, de 1999 a 2003.

Helena Nader - Professora titular da Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Vice-Presidente, e Eleita presidente da SBPC mandato de 2011-2013.

Carolina Martuscelli Bori, Professora Titular da FFCL- USP, foi Presidente da SBPC de 1987 a 1989. Presidente de honra da Sociedade CONSELHO FISCAL Fernando Cosme Rizzo Assunção Jailson Bittencourt de Andrade Luiz Bevilacqua •Presidente Renato Machado Cotta Luiz Davidovich *Susana Inés Cordoba de Torresi

•Vice-presidente COMITÊ EXECUTIVO João Fernando Gomes de Oliveira *Débora Foguel •Vice-Presidentes Regionais Fernando Garcia de Mello •Região Norte: Roberto Dall'Agnol Jacob Palis Junior Lindolpho de Carvalho Dias Região Nordeste: Cid Bartolomeu de Araújo Diretores Região Sul: João Batista Calixto Elibio Leopoldo Rech Filho Minas e Centro-Oeste: Mauro Martins Francisco Rafael Martins Laurindo Teixeira Hilário Alencar da Silva Rio de Janeiro: *Lucia Mendonça Previato José Murilo de Carvalho São Paulo: Oswaldo Luiz Alves * Marcia Cristina Bernardes Barbosa

Women in the Brzilian of Science 12,80% Brazilian Chemical Society SBQ

♦ Founded in July 1977, is one of the largest scientific bodies in counting ±5,000 members; is a non- profit organization, dedicated to education and research in Chemistry and all scientific fields involving Chemistry. ♦ The activities cover education, conferences, science policy and the promotion of chemistry to the public; ♦Development of the Brazilian chemical professional, aimed at finding solutions to challenges faced by our society, such as, alternative sources of energy, protecting the environment, biodiversity, and shortages of water and food, to promote the development of our country ♦ 18 Presidents has been elected along of 37 years; ♦ 2008-2010 – Vanderlan da S. Bolzani - 1st Woman President of the SBQ; after several years of work as Secretary General (2004-206) and Vice-President (2006-2008) ♦ Current member of the SBQ advisory board Some Remarkable Brazilian Women Laureate with L’ORÉAL-UNESCO Award

♦ Mayana Zatz (Biologist, 2001) - Her researcher has focued on genetics of hereditary neuromuscular diseases and has been recognized all of world.

♦ Lucia Mendonça-Previato ( Biochemistry, 2004) - Her career has been principally devoted to the study of the glycobiology of Typanosoma cruzi, the protozoan parasite responsible for Chagas disease.

♦ Belita Koiller (Physic, 2005) She is a renowned theorist, whose innovative work has helped improve the understanding of complex condensed matter systems, and to investigate the structure and non-equilibrium dynamics of disordered systems.

♦ Beatriz Barbuy (2009) – She is an expert in both observational astronomy and the interpretation of spectroscopic data. Being a renowned theorist, whose innovative work has helped improve the understanding of complex condensed matter systems, opening up many research opportunities for other scientists.

♦ Marcia Barbosa Nascimento (2013) - Full Professor and Director of Institute of Physics, Barbosa's work has helped explain why many characteristics of water – the of its , its reaction to changes in temperature and pressure – make it different from other liquids in vast and important ways, and how biomolecules such as DNA, and fats interact with water within the human body. UFRG Joanna Döbereiner • The UNESCO Science Prize - biennial scientific prize awarded by the Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) - Awarded to persons for an outstanding contribution to the technological development of a developing state or region through the application of scientific and technological research (particularly in the fields of education, engineering and industrial development); • Pioneer agronomist in soil biology in Brazil. The agronomist Johanna Döbereiner is the seventh Brazilian most cited by the scientific community; • 1989 - Joanna Döbereiner – An outstanding agronomist engineer was awarded "for her work in exploiting biological nitrogen fixation as the major source of nitrogen in tropical agriculture;

The estimated Brazilian production of soybean crop in 2016 is 312,362 million tones; making Brasil the World’s second largest grain productor, according statistic data from Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE); Economical benefits originated from innovative research carried Joanna out by this great scientist; Döbereiner Yvonne P. Mascarenhas – IFUSP, São Carlos ⌘ Em 1956, Inicia as atividades em Física do Estado Sólido (caracterização de amostras principalmente para identificação de materiais e orientação de monocristais;

⌘ Grande Cientista brasileira: Marca o início das pesquisas em cristalografia no Brasil 1956); ✧Determinação de estrutura de pequenas moléculas usando difração de raio X por monocristais; ✧ Análise estrutural de macromoléculas em solução por espalhamento de raio X; ✧ Determinação de estrutura molecular de proteínas; ✧ Caracterização estrutural de materiais policristalinos de interesse tecnológico;

⌘ Membro da ABC;

⌘ Prêmios: "Francisco Salles Vicente de Azevedo" - Associação Brasileira de Cerâmica - 1991 Grã-Cruz da Ordem Nacional do Mérito Científico - Presidência da República do Brasil - out/1998; Medalha Simão Mathias - Sociedade Brasileira de Química – 1998; Distinguished Women in Science and Chemical Engineering, IUPAC, 2017; Conclusion Remarks

 Family support is essential for professional success of women;

 Dare with sense and sensitivity;

 Hard work and passion;

 Scientific career is an excellent profession for women;

Chemistry is a fascinating field for research, potential source for finding new innovation;

Chemistry - essential to understanding life, and therefore essential to knowing how biological systems work

Raw material for Medicinal/combinatorial chemistry/parallel synthesis using natural product or n. p.-like scaffolds

 Contribution for the human resources formation ( Masters, PhD. Students and Post doctors) Gender in the Global Research Landscape Executive Summary

The proportion of women among researchers and inventors is increasing in all twelve comparator countries and regions over time. In nine of the twelve comparator countries and regions analyzed, women comprise more than 40% of researchers (2011 – 2015): the , , , Canada, , France, Brazil, Denmark, and Portugal. This is an improvement from 1996 – 2000, at which time only Portugal has more than 40% of women among researchers. The results vary substantially by field of research, with women better represented in the Life and Health Sciences. In the Physical Sciences, women are still generally and markedly underrepresented, with women comprising less than 25% of researchers in these fields in the majority of comparators. The global share of women among inventors listed in applications increases between 1996 – 2000 (10%) and 2011 – 2015 (14%), yet women remain strongly underrepresented across all comparators. This report was prepared by Elsevier. Elsevier’s Research Intelligence portfolio of products and services serves research institutions, government agencies, funders, and companies. For more information, visit elsevier.com/research-intelligence - 2017 THANK YOU OBRIGADA PELA ATENÇÃO