VOL. XXXVII MAY, 1936 No- 437

JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

NEW DAFFODILS AND HOW TO USE THEM ETHEL ANSON S. PECKHAM THE ANTIQUITY OF HEMP AS AN ECONOMIC PLANT W. H. CAMP TWENTY-ONE GRADUATE FROM SCIENCE COURSE STUDENT GARDENERS ON EXCHANGE BEGIN WORK IN NEW YORK AND LONDON WITH OUR COLLABORATORS W. H. CAMP CHAPLAIN JOSEPH CLEMENS MARSHALL A. HOWE A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE CAROL H. WOODWARD NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS THE GARDEN DICTIONARY MARSHALL A. HOWE LOCAL FERNS AND FAR GLIMPSES D. T. WALDEN ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF HAWAII FORMAN T. MCLEAN SMALL VOLUMES INTENDED FOR BEGINNERS CAROL H. WOODWARD

PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BRONX PARK, NEW YORK, N. Y. (FORDHAM BRANCH POST OFFICE) Entered at the Poat Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter.

Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents Free to members of the Garden THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS

I. ELECTIVE MANAGERS Until 1937: HENRY DE FOREST BALDWIN (Vice-president), CHLLDS FRICK, ADOLPH LEWISOHN, HENRY LOCKHART, JR., D. T. MACDOUGAL, and JOSEPH R. SWAN. Until 1938: L. H. BAILEY, MARSHALL FIELD, MRS. ELON HUNTINGTON HOOKER, JOHN L. MERRILL (Vice-president and Treasurer), COL. ROBERT H. MONTGOMERY, H. HOBART PORTER, and RAYMOND H. TORREY. Until 1939: ARTHUR M. ANDERSON, HENRY W. DE FOREST (President), MARSHALL A. HOWE (Secretary), CLARENCE LEWIS, E. D. MERRILL, HENRY DE LA MONTAGNE, JR. (Assistant Treasurer), and LEWIS RUTHERPURD MORRIS. II. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS FIORELLO H. LAGUARDIA, Mayor of the City of New York. ROBERT MOSES, Park Commissioner. GEORGE J. RYAN, President of the Board of Education. III. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS TRACY E. HAZEN, appointed by the Torrey Botanical Club. R. A. HARPER, SAM F. TRELEASE, EDMUND W. SINNOTT, and MARSTON T. BOGERT, appointed by Columbia University.

GARDEN STAFF MARSHALL A. HOWE, PH. D., SC. D Director H. A. GLEASON, PH. D Deputy Director and Head Curator HENRY DE LA MONTAGNE, JR. Assistant Director JOHN K. SMALL, PH. D., SC. D Chief Research Associate and Curator A. B. STOUT, PH. D Director of the Laboratories FRED J. SEAVER, PH. D., SC. D Curator BERNARD O. DODGE, PH. D Plant Pathologist FORMAN T. MCLEAN, M. F., PH. D Supervisor of Public Education JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A. M., M. D Bibliographer and Admin. Assistant PERCY WILSON Associate Curator ALBERT C. SMITH, PH. D Associate Curator SARAH H. HARLOW, A. M Librarian H. H. RUSBY, M. D Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections FLEDA GRIFFITH Artist and Photographer ROBERT S. WILLIAMS Research Associate in Bryology E. J. ALEXANDER Assistant Curator and Curator of the Local Herbarium HAROLD N. MOLDENKE, PH. D Assistant Curator W. H. CAMP, PH. D Assistant Curator CLYDE CHANDLER, A. M Technical Assistant ROSALIE WEIKERT Technical Assistant CAROL H. WOODWARD, A. B Editorial Assistant THOMAS H. EVERETT, N. D. HORT Horticulturist G. L. WITTROCK, A. M Docent OTTO DEGENER, B. S., M. S Collaborator in Hawaiian Botany ROBERT HAGELSTEIN Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes ETHEL ANSON S. PECK HAM.. Honorary Curator, Iris and Narcissus Collections WALTER S. GROESBECK Clerk and Accountant ARTHUR J. CORBETT Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds A. C. PFANDER Assistant Superintendent JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

VOL. XXXVII MAY, 1936 No. 437

NEW DAFFODILS AND HOW TO USE THEM*

When one uses the term "new" in connection with daffodils in the United States it is only relative, as we are so far behind other countries that what is beginning to be old with them is still new to us. This state of affairs has been caused by two things: a quarantine {$7) which was wrongly treated as a tariff and a period with lack of good gardening, caused, I believe, by the newness of the country and the necessity for the population to concentrate upon other things because of the pioneer struggle. So far as daffodils are concerned, times have changed very materially, and there are now available here many good sorts, whereas thirty-five years ago there were no really new ones except in one or two gardens of amateurs. Even those were not top- notch varieties because of the backward condition of gardening in general, and the majority of people would not think of paying more than fifty cents a dozen for bulbs. When Mr. Chester Jay Hunt began selling by tens for a fixed price, they thought that two dollars and a half for ten was a very large sum. Their hair stiffened at this; then when Mr. Scheepers showed a dozen pots of bulbs at "each" prices (about five dollars for the highest), it rose and remained standing! How different it is now with the tremendous garden club move­ ment and a daffodil society just formed ! The International Flower Show and other spring exhibits had some fine displays of really good varieties of daffodils. Besides, there are many nurseries where good collections are being grown both on trial and for the

* Abstract of an illustrated lecture given at The New York Botanical Garden April 11 by Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham.

105 106 bulbs and flowers. It will pay to visit all of these, some on Long Island, some in New Jersey, some in Gloucester County, Virginia, and some gardens of specialists in the vicinity of Washington, D. C If you were on the Pacific Coast you would have a fine opportunity to see splendid collections there in the states of Wash­ ington and Oregon. Many of the bulbs grown in the Xorthwest are offered here in catalogues of reputable dealers right in our own New York City. They are good bulbs, as the difficulties of our climate have been overcome and much more is now known about the proper treatment for correct curing and resting. It is much the most satisfactory way of doing when choosing varieties to go directly to a place where the plants can be seen in bloom. One gets an idea of what is in season together, of relative heights and of combinations of types that look well or contrast well together. I would never think of buying any variety of plant sight unseen on someone else's recommendation. Shows and trial gardens are for us to look at, and the best education for mind and memory is through the eye. It is well to study any group of plants that one spends money on, to learn the suitable soil, the right exposure required by different varieties, and the proper treatment. Fortunately, daffodils do not need much attention if one puts them in the right place in the beginning. Those in the trumpet group need deep soil and they prefer it of heavier quality than those of the pocticus or Leedsii groups. The trumpet group also desires full sun for practically all of the day. whereas the others mentioned will do in semi-shade. Giant Leedsii varieties need more sun than the flat sorts, and the incomparabilis varieties with the large cups also require more sun. Probably these types have more trumpet blood in their ancestry, hence their demands. Pocti­ cus sorts like a more moist soil, though it must be well drained. Xo bulbous plant, in fact, likes to stand steadily in water. When buying. I would rather invest my money in a few bulbs of the really fine sorts, for they will increase just as rapidly as the poor ones. By adding a few good ones each year, one can have a garden that sets a higher standard than when only one or two varieties of poorer types are planted in quantity to give a quick showing. The varied collection will give a long season of bloom if properly chosen, whereas the other will be all over within a few days. 107

Photograph by courtesy of M. Van Wavcren & Sous, Inc.

FIGURE 1. Mme. Van Waveren is one of the largest among the trumpet daffodils, and is found excellent for every purpose. Photographs by courtesy of M. Van W'avcrcn & Sons, Inc. FIGURE 2. Two splendid daffodils. At the left, Killigrew, an incomparabilis which has proved itself good in American gardens and shows. Right, John Evelyn, lovely in the garden and useful for variety in show groups. In selecting the varieties for a well-balanced collection, not only is diversity of style, height, size, and shape to be considered, but also whether the plant is a sturdy grower and whether the flowers remain in good condition for a long time. Have they a strong enough stem to hold up the flowers until they are over? In the flowers we need what we call substance, that heaviness of petal, that firmness which allows it to keep in good condition through the sudden changes of cold nights, hot sunny days, dry, strong winds, and heavy rain or even hail. Not only should the shape be good for the variety or type but this substance must be present. Then, too, we need clear, fine color, not streaked or faded in places, and a color that also resists strong sun and beating rain. Flowers should have a quality, that indescribable element of out­ standing worth that arrests one and that is generally seen even by the novice, though he is unaware of what it is that holds his attention. Size, and the coarseness that is bound to come with size alone, will not give quality, for quality is a combination of the best in light, shade, color, shape, balance of form and make- 109 up, and carriage of the flower, resulting in a dignity, a subtle beauty, that comes only when each attribute is properly blended into the perfect whole. I would have the would-be daffodil-grower (collector, if you will) learn what these attributes are and what constitutes a good flower, and then select others to plant nearby which will be in harmony, each augmenting the beauty of the other. Planting like this should be done with knowledge, not just adding varieties be­ cause they are pure novelties. Let them be new so long as they are better than what you already have, but be sure your discrim­ ination is real, a trained one, and then you will be headed in the right direction. Here is a list of some of the newer daffodils worth grozving: Trumpet: Golden Harvest, Slieve Bermagh, Alfred Hartley, Mus- tapha, Morven, Brimstone, Loyalist, Carmel, Honey Boy, Mme. Van Waveren, Beersheba, Lola Leak. Iiicomparabilis: Royalist, Aerolite, Pilgrimage, St. Egwin, Golden Frilled, Wheel of Fortune, Coverack Gem, Killigrew, For­ tune, Fortune's Cheer, Tregoose. Franciscus Drake, Coverack Perfection, Beauty of Radnor, John Evelyn, Rewa, Orange Glow, Red Cross. Barrii: Croesus, Sunstar, Rosebud, Quetta, Crucible, Stamboul, Seraglio, Magician, Rodosto, Eva, Firetail, Crimson Braid, Lady Diana Manners. Leedsii: Silver Star, Sundew, Tenedos, Gertie Millar, Kenbane, Tullia, Silver Salver, Mitylene. Triandrus hybrids: Harvest Moon, Agnes Harv;-y, Moonshine, Venetia. Jonquilla hybrids: Golden Cycle, Trewirge. Cydamineus hybrids: Beryl, Golden Sceptre, Solleret. Taactta hybrids: Silver Chimes, Golden Perfection, Medusa. Pocticus: Caedmon, Red Rim, Wide Wing, Sarchedon. Doubles: Mary Copeland, Twink, Indian Chief, Daphne, Cheer­ fulness, Valencia. ETHEL AXSON S. PECKHAM. 110

THE ANTIQUITY OF HEMP AS AN ECONOMIC PLANT In the thousands of years since man has been making rational use of the plants in his environment, the climate has, in many cases, so changed over large areas that all traces of the basic, ancestral species have been obliterated. It is therefore probable that we may never know the endemic area of many of our culti­ vated plants. Excavations incident to anthropological researches have occasionally given clues; in other instances we have been forced to rely on the etymon—the basic root-word—and its vulgar or folk derivatives in related ethnic groups. In applying this latter method in an attempt to locate the place where hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) was first cultivated, the problem is not a simple one, for it seems, even in prehistoric times, to have been recognized as a useful plant throughout most of Asia. It is probable that it was indigenous on at least the Pamir Plains, the cradle of the ancient Aryan peoples, for it followed them in their various migrations. It was also accepted by the early peoples with whom they came in contact, for in each instance it carried a name derived from the same root word. The name appears in the old Sanskrit as banga or gangika, and in the modern Indian and Persian as bang or bhang; in Ben- galese it is ganya. The Latin cannabis is derived directly from the Greek kannabis and reappears in the canapa of the Italian, canamo of the Spanish, and canhamo of the Portuguese. In various parts of Russia, hemp is referred to as kanaple, kunapli, and konopel. The Bohemians refer to it as konope, and the Poles as konop. The word haencp appeared in Old English as early as 1150. apparently derived from an Old Teutonic word. The Germans generally use the word hanf; the Danish term is hmnp and the Swedish ham pa. The English word is hemp; the Dutch, hcnucp. While at first some of the words seem but little related to the common root, a study of obsolete or little-used terms suggests a relationship and common origin, for we find the cannep, kcnncp, henncp, hanep, hamp, and hemp of the Dutch; the henncp, hannf, hanf, and the occasional hampf and hamp of the Germans; and the canabe, canabier, canve, and chanvre of the French. Ill

FIGURE 1. These ten-foot plants are one of the Chinese varieties of hemp from which fiber is obtained. Inconspicuous flowers are borne at the tip of each stalk. The form from which the narcotic drug is taken is a low- growing plant with compact, leafy spikes of flow-ers. 112

It is therefore obvious that the Indian, Persian, Bengalese, Greek, Latin, Russian and Germanic words for hemp, as well as their many linguistic variations, have been derived from the root ang (or an) of the ancient Sanskrit banga. It is probable that hemp was introduced into western Europe about 1500 B. C, at the time of the Scythian invasion. It did not come into Europe by way of the Mediterranean, for the ancient Arabs, Hebrews, and Egyptians did not know of the plant until they came into contact with the Persians. It is quite probable, however, that it was reintroduced at various times and from dif­ ferent sources, for certain types or varieties of the plant are grown in different parts of the continent. This distribution of varieties can not be explained entirely by climatic selection, for many of them apparently succeed equally well under various con­ ditions, although the peoples of northern Europe grow varieties which mature in less time than those of the southern part. There are various reasons for the wide dispersal and introduc­ tion of the plant. It is probable, however, that the more important are its value as a fiber plant (FIGURE 1) and its use as a source for the drug hashish, a potent narcotic with intoxicating and aphrodisiac properties. The crude drug is obtained from the flowering stem-tips of the female plant, care being taken that fertilization does not occur. Since hemp is normally dioecious, this is accomplished by removing the male plants from the field. The crude drug, consisting of these flowering stems with their unfertilized flowers, leaves, and bracts, after drying, is generally shredded and used directly, but may be mixed with a "carrier" such as opium or tobacco, or a combination of both. The active drug is associated with the oil and resin of the large glands found abundantly on the structures of the female inflorescence (FIGURE 2). These glands, although present, are not so numerous or well developed on the floral organs of the male or on the vegetative structures of either plant. The culture of hemp has not been limited solely to the Aryan races, for the Mongol-Tartar peoples have cultivated it since antiquity. The Chinese equivalent for hemp is ma, and the more common names are fire-hemp, yellow-hemp and Han-hemp. It is mentioned in the Chinese Shu-King of about 500 B.C., and appears in two earlier works of the Chou Dynasty written about 1050 B.C. 113

In China various parts of the plant are used in the preparation of medicine. An ancient Chinese pharmacopoeia1 contains a list of more than one hundred ailments whose cures were supposedly effected by its use, including female weakness, gout, rheumatism, malaria, beri-beri, boils, constipation and absent-mindedness. Through the courtesy of Mr. Lyster H. Dewey of the United States Department of Agriculture, who supplied the seed, the

FIGURE 2. Surface view of the bract of a female flower, showing the glands which secrete the narcotic substances, magnified 450 diameters. The lighter glands, which are immature, show the individual cells of secretion in each, while the darker ones show the secreted globules of oil and masses of resin with which the active drug is associated.

1 Sheng Nung, et al. Revised classification of medicinal plants. Vol. 22. Shanghai. 1921. This interesting work is a reprint in ancient characters of the "Chinese pharmacopoeia" supposed to have been first compiled by Sheng Xung about 3000 B.C. Various editors have revised and enlarged it, among them being Yu Chang Wu, about 225 B.C., and Chin Chu Li, about 1500 A.D. The writer is greatly indebted to Dr. L. C. Li and Dr. C. H. Chung, who translated parts of this and other Chinese manuscripts for him. 114 writer has been able to grow a number of varieties, the original seed of which was collected in various parts of the world. The plants were grown in adjacent plots for several summer and winter seasons in the garden and greenhouses of the Botany Department of The Ohio State University, and carefully examined for morphological differences. Although the varieties observed differed in size, date of blooming, productivity of seed, quality of fiber, and drug content, the writer found no differences, except in one known mutant, sufficient to separate the various groups (Cannabis pedcmontana, C. chinesis, and C indica) and prefers to include them all under Cannabis sativa L. Since the various forms of hemp are so similar, although they have been cultivated and differentially selected by various and widespread racial groups since antiquity, it would seem, therefore, that hemp is truly a monotypic genus. And further, since both the Mongol-Tartar and Aryan stocks arose in different areas and both made early use of the plant, it would seem that hemp, in the wild state, was originally distributed over a large portion of temperate Asia, large areas of which are now too arid to support the plant.

W. H. CAMP.

TWENTY-ONE GRADUATE FROM SCIENCE COURSE Certificates were presented to twenty-one graduates of the Course for Professional Gardeners given by The New York Botanical Garden at the headquarters of the Horticultural Society of New York, Monday evening, April 20. This was the third and largest class since the course was organized in the fall of 1932. Nine of this spring's graduates have been student gardeners at the Botanical Garden. One of them, Howard Swift, was the first exchange student to be sent for a year of work at Kew Gar­ dens in London. Another, Donald Dodds, left the Botanical Garden a few months ago for a new position on a Long Island estate. The others included Joseph W. Tansey, Robert E. Weid- ner, Stephen G. Cutting, Frank Regan, George W. Lupton, Hilde­ gard Schneider and Kathryn Quinn. 115

Among the other graduates were Mrs. Rose L. Carlson, Mrs. J. F. Mowbray-Clarke, landscape architect for Rockland County, N. Y.; Charles Meissner, a florist; Jules Bernard and Per H. Thelin, nurserymen; Henry Funk, from the Brooklyn Botanic Garden; and Norman J. Opie, William Sheane, Tage Casten- schiold, William Bauer, Carl Schutt, and Christian Wolf, all pro­ fessional gardeners. Brief addresses were given by Dr. E- W. Sinnott, representing the Board of Managers; by Kenneth Hadland and John S. Doig, of the National Association of Gardeners; by Edwin Beckett, a former graduate; and by Dr. Marshall A. Howe, Director, who presented the certificates.

STUDENT GARDENERS ON EXCHANGE BEGIN WORK IN NEW YORK AND LONDON

The first exchange student gardeners between The New York Botanical Garden and the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew in England started their work at these two institutions the last of April. Howard Swift, who has been working at the Botanical Garden since September 1, 1934, and who this year completed the Course for Professional Gardeners, sailed April 18 on the American Trader for London, where he was to begin working and studying at Kew at once. Meanwhile, C. J. Collins, a student gardener at Kew, was on his way to America to work and study at The New York Botanical Garden, arriving here April 20, just in time to witness the gradu­ ating exercises of the student gardeners. Traveling expenses for the two students are being met by the English Speaking Unions in England and America. The New York organization recently gave a series of lectures on gardens of foreign countries in order to raise the fund for the trip. Both student gardeners will be paid allowances while they are pursuing their work away from home. This exchange of students between the two countries is part of 116 a broad program being launched by The New York Botanical Garden in order to give American gardeners the finest possible training, with the opportunity of study abroad for picked men. At the same time, a selected student gardener from Kew will be given the privilege of broadening his experience by working in America. The scholarships which make possible this exchange of student gardeners are for the duration of one year. The New York Botanical Garden's Science Course for Pro­ fessional Gardeners, inaugurated in the fall of 1932 in order to give student gardeners a firm background in the sciences under­ lying their work, is part of the institution's plan for broadening the training of men who come under its supervision. The course has been modeled upon similar courses given at botanic gardens abroad.

WITH OUR COLLABORATORS Among the interesting herbarium specimens sent to the Garden this year by Dr. Delzie Demaree is a fine series of the midland fawn-lily (Erythronium mesachoreum) from Oklahoma. This species, whose perianth segments are tinted with deep lavender, is quite distinct from the white fawn-lily (Erythronium albidum) and ought to be tried in our eastern gardens. Mr. T. MacDougall has recently returned from Mexico with another of his valuable collections. Since 1934, Mr. MacDougall has been spending the winter seasons on the Isthmus of Tehaun- tepec and in the state of Chiapas, and has brought back some hundreds of living plants, mainly orchids, bulbous plants, cacti and other succulents, as well as numerous seed collections of plants having horticultural possibilities. Although the majority of the specimens have not as yet flowered and therefore remain unidentified, a sufficient number have come to maturity to in­ dicate the importance of the collections. Some have already been found to be Central American species heretofore not known from Mexico, and a few others will undoubtedly prove to be new species. 117

Of particular botanical significance is the rediscovery of Tagetes Seleri and Villadia albiflora, both of which have apparently been known only from the original collections made during the last century. The trees and shrubs which he has brought back will, of course, be tender in our climate, but will make valuable additions to our conservatory collections. We look with especial anticipation, however, to the annuals, for some of the more showy ones seem to possess great possibilities as bedding and border plants. W. H. CAMP.

CHAPLAIN JOSEPH CLEMENS A letter from Mrs. Joseph Clemens, dated January 21, 1936, at Finschhafen, Morobe, New Guinea, addressed to relatives in the United States, brings the sad news of the death of her hus­ band, apparently a day or two previously. Joseph Clemens was born at St. Just, Cornwall, England, on December 9, 1862, and came to Pennsylvania with his parents in 1867. He received from Dickinson College the degree of A. B. in 1894 and A. M. in 1897, became a Methodist Episcopal clergyman, and in 1902 joined the United States Army as chaplain, with the rank of captain. He was retired for disability in the line of service in France in 1918. In 1894 he was married to Mary Knapp Strong, who was interested in plants and nature- study in general and communicated to her husband a considerable share of her enthusiasm. While stationed at various army posts, especially in California, Utah, Oklahoma, and Texas, Chaplain and Mrs. Clemens made collections of herbarium specimens, but their main activity in the field came after the Chaplain's retire­ ment in 1918. Noteworthy among their later collecting grounds were various parts of the Philippine Islands, from northern Luzon to southern Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago, including many of the highest and most inaccessible mountains; British North Borneo; Chihli and Shantung provinces, China; Anam, French Indo-China; and. recently, Xew Guinea. Most of their Oriental collections were studied by Dr. E. D. Merrill, recently Director of The New York Botanical Garden, and their gather­ ings are well represented in the Garden herbarium. Clemcusia 118

Merrill, a genus of Meliaceae, and Cleincnsiella Schlechter, a genus of Asclepiadaceae, commemorate the family. In an article on "Botanical Exploration in Borneo," published in this JOURNAL in August, 1930, Dr. Merrill stated: "The botanical collections made by Mrs. Clemens in the past 25 years exceed 20,000 num­ bers.'' In that article, Dr. Merrill published a very interesting letter from Chaplain Clemens, describing the experiences of Mrs. Clemens and himself in plant collecting in Sarawak. In closing the narrative, the Chaplain remarks: "Yes, it's a strange manner of holiday diversion; especially when we have only the love of wild places as our excuse for doing it, but I married a wife, and she owns part of the time, and chooses this manner of playing the game—and why not?" Mrs. Clemens plans to continue "playing the game" in far-away New Guinea! MARSHALL A. HOWE.

A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE* Dr. Agnes Arber writes of "A Recent Discovery in Sixteenth Century Botany" in Nature for February 15, describing the early herbarium which has lately been unearthed at the Botanical In­ stitute of Bern. Professor Walther Rytz, who has examined the nine folios—one of which consists of 650 woodcuts—has iden­ tified the collection as having been made by Felix Platter, a six­ teenth century physician who received specimens from Clusius, Gesner, and Camerarius. The herbarium, says Dr. Arber, dates from a period in which the new art of drying plants (taught by the Italian scientist, Luca Ghini) was practised extensively by the savants of the day, who thus laid the foundation of present- day systematics through their mutual exchange of specimens.

Studies in nomenclature of forest trees, their diseases and pests, and the structure and properties of wood are included in the eleventh annual report of the Imperial Forestry Institute of the University of Oxford. Copies of the English edition of the

* All publications mentioned here—and many others—may be found in the Library of The New York Botanical Garden, in the Museum Building. 119 new International Classification System for Forest Bibliography, it is announced in this volume, may be obtained for six shillings plus postage from the Librarian, Department of Forestry, Oxford University.

The controversy over whether the Olympic Mountains should be kept as a national forest or made into a national park occupies the bulk of the April number of American Forests. The separate articles, which are magnificently illustrated, are followed by an editorial comment.

The supplement plate in the Gardeners' Chronicle for Feb­ ruary 22 shows Clematis macropetala, which is described in that issue by Ernest Markham as one of the six best species for garden cultivation in England. A new pink seedling of C. macropetala, called var. Markhami, won the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Merit last year.

"Planting Roses the Modern Way" is the subject of an article in Horticulture for April 1, giving sensible, simple, and up-to- date planting directions.

New varieties and interesting arrangements of asters for all seasons are described by Ray M. Koons in the Gardeners' Chronicle of America for April. "Azaleas for Spring Glory" are the subject of Paul F. Freese.

Effects of illuminating gas on greenhouse plants, especially gas which comes from city mains, are discussed in the March and April issues of Nursery Disease Notes of the New Jersey Agri­ cultural Experiment Station. Symptoms of gas injury on many greenhouse crops comprise part of the work.

A new publication being welcomed by many botanists is The Journal of the recently organized Southern Appalachian Botanical Club. Three numbers—January, February and March—have ap­ peared, under the editorship of Earl L. Core. Published at the University of West Virginia, Morgantown, W. Va., this new journal fulfills for the southern Appalachian region the interests served by Rhodora and Torreya further north. 120

The much-discussed new two-column format of the American Journal of Botany appeared with the January number, 1936. Among the articles in this issue is one by H. A. Gleason and A. J. Panshin describing Swietenia Krukovii, a new species of mahog­ any, specimens of which were collected by B. A. Krukoff on the Jurupary River in Brazil, in 1933, and the type deposited in the herbarium of The New York Botanical Garden. CAROL H. WOODWARD.

NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT Doctors Marshall A. Howe, R. A. Harper, and B. O. Dodge attended the meeting of the National Academy of Sciences in Washington, D. C, April 27-29, at which Dr. Dodge presented a paper on "Interspecific Crosses Involving Lethals for Ascus Abortion." * * * Dr. H. A. Gleason was in Washington April 25 for the meet­ ing of the National Research Council. * * * During the Easter holidays, Doctors William C. Steere and Alexander Smith from the University of Michigan spent a week doing research at The New York Botanical Garden. Dr. Steere continued his task of sorting the Mitten collection of mosses, some of which were gathered nearly 100 years ago, and preparing duplicate specimens for exchange, while Dr. Smith worked in the mycological herbarium, making a critical study of some of the types of species of the higher fungi described by Dr. W. A. Murrill. * * * Another recent visitor was William R. Van Dersal, of the Soil Erosion Division of the United States Department of Agricul­ ture, who is gathering information on native plants and their use­ fulness, especially in protecting soil from destruction by water. * * * Dr. Mildred E. Mathias returned to the Garden last month to continue her work on the Umbelliferae. 121

Dr. E. D. Merrill spent several days in April in New York, checking identifications and doing preliminary work on the prepa­ ration of duplicate sets of a collection of plants from the Island of Hainan, China. This collection, which consists of 7,500 num­ bers with from one to ten duplicates of each, was made in co­ operation with Sun Yatsen University, and made possible through a gift from Henry W. deForest. * * * About forty posters showing diseases and pests of ornamental plants which are in common cultivation have been on exhibit in the Museum Building during parts of February, March, and April. Prepared under the direction of Dr. B. O. Dodge, who lectured April 18 on plant diseases and pests and their control, they have been made by artists employed through the Works Progress Administration. * * * Beginning the third week in April, the gates to the Thompson Memorial Rock Garden, in the glade east of the Museum Build­ ing, will be open from 10 a.m. to 4:45 p.m. daily. The first ex­ tensive display of spring flowers in the rock garden is expected about the middle of May. Meanwhile, however, there will con­ tinue to be many individual plants of exceptional interest coming into bloom. Some of these are species new or rare in cultivation, some are recently developed horticultural varieties, and some are native plants being adapted to garden use.

William Hertrich, Director of the Huntington Botanic Garden in California, visited The New York Botanical Garden April 20, on his way to Europe.

Henry Teuscher, for the past three years Dendrologist at The New York Botanical Garden, left May 1 for Canada, where he becomes Superintendent and Chief Horticulturist of the newly established Botanical Garden of Montreal. His work there com­ prises first of all the planning and the preliminary planting and construction at this new institution, of which Frere Marie-Victorin is Scientific Director. Mr. Teuscher was born and educated in Germany, where he received from the Botanical Garden at Berlin- Dahlem the equivalent of a master's degree in this country. He has been in America since 1922, and is a citizen of the United States. 122

REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS

THE GARDEN DICTIONARY*

The Garden Dictionary, edited by Norman Taylor, and pub­ lished by the Houghton-Mifflin Co., is certainly a notable addition to the literature of American horticulture. Besides an excellent quality of paper, and clean and easily legible press-work, the new book has other desirable features that quickly catch the eye. A feature that appears to be quite novel is a map of each state of the Union and each province of Canada with indications of zones of hardiness. In many of the states these zones run essentially east and west, the northern zones being naturally colder than the southern. However, in California, influenced by the proximity of the Pacific Ocean and a more or less north and south coast line and by the more or less north- and south-ranging mountains, the zones of hardiness run more or less north and south. The zoning system is not original with Mr. Taylor, and not entirely so with Dr. Alfred Rehder of the Arnold Arboretum, who applied it in his "Manual of Cultivated Trees and Shrubs." Mr. Taylor, how­ ever, has added a Zone 9 to Rehder's 8, to cover the southern tip of Florida, and has worked out the zone system in much more detail than Rehder and has applied it to each state. The maps of the different states of the Union and provinces of Canada show the average annual rainfall, with regional details in the case of the larger states, such as California, in which the rainfall ranges from 5 inches or less a year in ths Death Valley country to 80 inches along the northwest coast, in Del Norte and Humboldt counties. The book includes 11,300 alphabetically arranged entries, in­ cluding non-technical descriptions of 7,785 species, varieties, and forms of plants; articles on special groups of plants, such as roses, lilies, daylilies, dahlias, chrysanthemums, narcissi, orchids, etc., written by recognized experts ; directions for growing vegetables, shrubs, trees, vines, etc., and for making rock gardens, aquatic, cactus, fern, Japanese and penthouse gardens, coldframes, hot­ beds, conservatories; for contending with diseases, insect pests,-—

* The Garden Dictionary. 896 pages, with numerous text-figures and several plates, colored and uncolored. Houghton-Mifflin Company, Boston and New York. 1936. Sold by subscription, $16.25. 123 in fact, the book contains virtually everything that a modern gardener needs to know. The publishers have been remarkably successful in reproducing the actual color of flowers in their colored plates, as in those of the lilies, roses, and chrysanthemums. The indicated pronunciations of Latin names, based, in critical cases, on the results of a referendum among scholars and bota­ nists qualified to hold an opinion, add to the value of this new book, as do the definitions of all the more common botanical and horticultural terms. Although The Garden Dictionary enters a field that has been considered by some to be already well covered, its practical up-to- date treatment of the whole range of horticultural subjects in one volume will commend it highly to the rapidly increasing number of people in the United States and Canada who are actively in­ terested in the growing of plants. The editor. Mr. Norman Taylor, and its publishers, the Houghton-Mifflin Company, are to be congratulated upon their initiative and success in bringing out one of the handsomest and most worth-while books in the field of horticulture. MARSHALL A. HOWE.

LOCAL FERNS AND FAR GLIMPSES The purpose of this book,* "to facilitate the study and deter­ mination of the ferns of the Local Flora Area," is fulfilled by the attractiveness as well as by the completeness of presentation. The brevity of the glossary indicates with what slight recourse to technical terms the labor has been accomplished. Written out of a rich background of knowledge, the book is invaluable for refer­ ence and delightful for many vistas into unexplored fields. The flora area designated, covering a radius of 100 miles out­ side of Manhattan, abounds in fern plants, and remains, to a surprising extent, botanically unexplored. If any publication can stimulate further activity, this book will do that; fern students are not likely to confine their interest to a single area, and there is sufficient new information, data, and original inquiry here to start the student upon a re-examination of all his previous de­ terminations. Ninety species of true ferns and fern allies are described and excellently illustrated. No detail has been ac­ cepted without verification, leading to frequent divergence from statements in popular manuals. To cite an example, in the dis­ cussion of the difficult and confusing species of Dryopteris, D. intermedia, D. spinulosa, and D. campyloptcra Clarkson, at least eight essential points of difference among the three are

* Small, John Kunkel, Ferns of the vicinity of New York. 285 pages, 85 line cuts and map. The Science Press, Lancaster, Pa., 1935. $2.50. 124 demonstrated. Throughout the book, four unusual points of iden­ tification, among others, are specified: the form, as well as the habit, of the rootstock; the vernation and completeness of the crown (where present) ; the pattern and angular direction of the leaflets and segments; and the exact position of the sori on the veins (the last-named also clearly indicated in the drawings). In other instances where determination is doubtful, as in Lycopodium flabcllifonnc Fernald vs. L. tristachyum, the differences are care­ fully stressed in the comment following the botanical description This work is not intended for beginners; and yet the drawings alone would serve as a fairly safe guide. They are sensitive to the least variations in the cutting of leaflet, segment and tooth­ ing, and though the leaf-silhouette may be a dangerous criterion in itself, it is one which many students have had to ignore because of crude or faulty illustrations. Ferns which vary notoriously, like Cystopteris fragilis, might better have been illustrated by two or three drawings: the form portrayed in this book has sharply toothed, spreading segments, whereas an equally common form in our region has segments often obovate, even wedge-shaped in small specimens, and more decurrent on the midrib. It is this form, too, which is sometimes confused with Woodsia obtusa. Two details of the drawings appear to be at variance with the text: the segment (pinnule) of Dryopteris intermedia shows sori terminal on the veins, the segment of D. spinulosa shows sori not quite terminal. In the matter of taxonomy Dr. Small retains, for the most part, the established classifications, a conspicuous exception being in the segregation of Diplaaium angustifolium Butters as Homalosorus pycnocarpus. Reasons for the change are fully stated and acceptable, if not finally convincing. Phegopteris and Thelypteris, it is good to see, have been retained, contrary to some modern tendencies, though here again Phegopteris is placed in the group Dryopterideae, whereas, based on sorus and indusium, Phegopteris belongs more properly with the Polypodieae. But this is an old debate, and the effect of Dr. Small's distinctions is to promote a liberal and realistic viewpoint. D. T. WALDEN.

ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF HAWAII With the assembling of the second volume of the Flora Hawaii­ ensis,* the general plan and destiny of this tremendous under­ taking is becoming clear. It is a looseleaf flora, each sheet being devoted to one species, with an excellent detailed drawing of the plant and its structure on the reverse side. Additional sheets are

* Degener, Otto, Flora Hawaiiensis, Vol. 2, published by the author, 2220 University Avenue, Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands, 1936. $4 a volume. 125 inserted where required, for family and genus descriptions and analytical keys. The descriptions are very full, and are supple­ mented by economic and geographical notes that make the subject matter as valuable to the layman as the botanist. Each volume consists of one hundred species descriptions, mak­ ing the first two volumes only a beginning toward a complete Hawaiian flora. Many of the plants treated are pantropic in dis­ tribution, and as many more are endemics of these isolated islands. The desire to preserve a record of the fast disappearing native flora has evidently served as a motive for this work—and a worthy one deserving of our best wishes and support. Mr. Degener car­ ries on this project in close cooperation with The New York Botanical Garden. There is no regular order in which the groups of plants are studied and figured, and the first two volumes give samples of most of the great families of the vascular plants, from ferns to composites. Since the new sheets as they appear will be inserted as interleaves in the looseleaf binders, no page numbers are given. Instead there is a family key number, from 1 to 344. and a generic and specific name which serve as guides to the assembly of the pages. Genera and species are to be arranged alphabetically. This strictly logical but unconventional looseleaf treatment, coupled with the issue of each sheet separately, with its own pub­ lication date, makes this the despair of the bibliographer, since it can be cited by neither page nor volume. The pages that were issued in the first volume (first century) are now distributed through two. As each new century is completed, they will be again reassembled and spread through more volumes. So how shall a new species, described on one of these separate sheets, be cited in the literature? Even in its present preliminary form, the Flora is an excellent guide for travelers in Hawaii, and a useful reference for anyone interested in tropical crops and plants. Billbergia, Cordylinc (Sansevieria in common usage), Belamcanda. Hcdychiuvi. Spathoglottis, Ariocarpus (jack-fruit) Macadamia, Stylurus (Grevillea). Artistolochia and Antigonon are among the many world-wide forms which are treated. Mr. Degener has the pro­ pensity—not peculiarly his—of digging up new or unfamiliar names for old familiar plants—but he is kind to us in giving us full synonymy. No student of tropical plant life, whether bota­ nist, gardener, planter or globe-trotter, should be without this Flora, which combines scientific treatment and popular utility. FORMAN T. MCLEAN.

SMALL VOLUMES INTENDED FOR BEGINNERS The book market is besieged month after month with new vol­ umes on gardening. How to raise this kind of plant, how to con- 126 struct a garden of this or that sort, what to do in the north, in the south, in the greenhouse, or in the bay-window are told in small books of one or two hundred pages, scarcely deserving the name of volume. The bulk of these have been coming of late from Doubleday-Doran. Some of them seem to have fairly adequate information for beginning gardeners ; others give only the semblance of the story they ought to tell. As a whole, they are coarsely printed and illustrated with drawings in which a hair-line is given the thick-, ness of a rope.

DELPHINIUM CULTURE Take, for instance, Dr. Leonian's book on delphinium culture.1 There is no question but that the author knows his subject thor­ oughly, and he no doubt answers many problems for the amateur grower; yet the beginner who wants to grow delphiniums finds, first, 26 pages describing these flowers, to the accompaniment of highly inaccurate drawings; then the advice to add peat-moss to the soil if it is either too sandy or too heavy—despite the fact that delphiniums prefer a limy mixture, and peat-moss has an acid content. Eventually, directions are given for sowing seeds; but one never finds out just when to expect the flowers from seeds sown at different times of the year.

PLANTS UNDER COVER The same publisher's new books on house plants and on garden­ ing in a greenhouse are both extremely personalized reports, tell­ ing what one individual has done rather than what many others might do with growing plants under cover. Mrs. Sulzer's senti­ mental volume2 contains, nevertheless, quite a bit of practical in­ formation, provided one does not take too seriously such stories as that about Ficus pandurata (which should be called F. lyrata) supposedly being the fig-tree of the "weak-willed Eve." But the drawings only now and then resemble the subject treated. For the novice who gloats over other novice's trials, Anne Dorrance's book:{ will provide an evening's amusement and per­ haps some practical help; but as in the delphinium book, too much space is given to descriptions which seem to get the reader 110-

1 Leonian, Leon H., How to Grow Delphiniums. 96 pages, illustrated. Doubleday-Doran, Garden City, N. V., 1935. $1. 2 Sulzer, Marjorie Norrell, House Plants, Modern Care and Culture. 156 pages, illustrated. Doubleday-Doran, Garden City, N. Y., 1935. $1.50. 3 Dorrance, Anne, Gardening in the Greenhouse. 129 pages, illustrated. Doubleday-Doran, 1935. $1.50. 127 where. The chapter relating the author's experiences with Z6 plant subjects gives some ideas as to how these few plants may or should not be handled.

POINTERS FOR PLANTS OUTDOORS Four new books of pamphlet size have been written by Victor H. Ries,4 one on the proper handling of trees and shrubs, one each on annuals and perennials, and one on pests and diseases. A gardener may not agree with all of the author's ideas for combining annuals, but the general directions he gives, both in this book and in the one on perennials, show that he knows the type of questions amateur gardeners ask year after year. One hopes, however, that many will not search for "Acrolinum" in catalog lists of everlastings at his recommendation; especially since Acroclinium (although few seedsmen know or heed the change) was long ago shifted to the genus Heliptcrum. What to do about pests and diseases on 100 kinds of plants, including the commonly planted trees, shrubs, and garden flowers, is told in the last half of Ries's book, "Plant Welfare." "Know your pests" and "Know your diseases" he advises in two of the preceding chapters . . . but one scarcely could get acquainted with either through his brief, loose descriptions. The directions for treatment are clear enough so far as they go, but there is not enough detail as to symptoms to determine a plant's real ailment in every case. He is an optimist who thinks that only aphis infest chrysanthemums, who omits (perhaps wisely!) any mention of mosaic disease on lilies, and who neglects hawthorn altogether, as though it were always disease-free. Xevertheless, the amateur gardener will at least get a start toward keeping his garden healthy through this book, especially as to the proper mixing of sprays and dusts. The information given in "Pruning and Repairing of Trees, Shrubs and Ornamentals" is hardly dependable enough to be well recommended. The book is intended for amateurs, and they above all need faultless directions for the care of their plants. The sec­ tion on pruning for shape is not clearly expressed, and may easily lead to wrong practices. Moreover, it is not considered good gardening to prune a plant that is too large for its situation. Re­ placing is the only remedy here. The author rather overemphasizes

4 Ries, Victor H., How to Grow Annual Flowers, 96 pages, illustrated, $1; How to Grow Perennial Flowers, 94 pages, illustrated, $1.; Plant Welfare: Recognition and Control of Pests and Diseases, 96 pages, illustrated, $1; Prun­ ing and Repairing of Trees, Shrubs, and Ornamentals, 95 pages, illustrated, $1. Doubleday-Doran, Garden City, N. Y., 1936. 128 fertilization, forgetting that often shrubs do not bloom because they are planted in too rich a soil and neglecting the importance of a properly prepared planting hole, in the right locality and with the right exposure.

A MISFORTUNE IN FERNS It has taken a long time to decide what to say about "American Ferns","' a Macmillan publication. At least four different people— all, apparently, with kindly hearts—refused to review the book because of its many inaccuracies. One critic pointed out errors noted in the habitats of ferns, such as accrediting the bog-loving Aspidium cristatum to an oak association; another in the ideas of where certain ferns belonged in the garden, such as the placing together of a lime-loving and an acid-loving species. A tabulated list of faults that have been found in this unfortunate work would occupy the space of a chapter. The title itself is somewhat of a misnomer, as the book con­ cerns mainly the ferns of northeastern United States, omitting those of mid-western, western, and southern distribution. Is there any reason for a presumably reliable publisher letting so many errors get into print? The public is in no position to recognize such mistakes, and some innocent but enthusiastic gardener may make a complete failure of an attempt to identify, gather, and raise ferns by trying to follow this book. There are plenty of experts who would have been glad to correct these mis­ takes in the manuscript, instead of having to find them in print to talk about afterward. CAROL H. WOODWARD.

5 Roberts, Edith A., and Lawrence, Julia R., American Ferns and How to Grow Them, 98 pages, illustrated with photographs. Macmillan, New York, 1935. $2.50. MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION

Arthur M. Anderson *fMrs. Carl A. de Gersdorff •Mrs. James R. Parsons •Mrs. Arthur M. Anderson •Mrs. Frederick A. Godley Rufus L. Patterson George Arents, Jr. •Mrs. George McM. Godley •Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham •Mrs. George Arents, Jr. Murry Guggenheim •Mrs. George W. Perkins Vincent Astor Edward S. Harkness Howard Phipps John W. Auchincloss Prof. R. A. Harper James R. Pitcher Dr. Raymond F. Bacon T. A. Havemeyer H. Hobart Porter •Mrs. Robert Bacon Prof. Tracy E. Hazen •Mrs. Harold I. Pratt Prof. L. H. Bailey A. Heckscher •Mrs. Henry St. C. Putnam Mrs. James Baird •Mrs. William F. Hencken Stephen Baker Stanley G. Ranger •Mrs. A. Barton Hepburn Henry de Forest Baldwin Johnston L. Redmond Sherman Baldwin Capt. Henry B. Heylman Ogden Mills Reid Prof. Charles P. Berkey Mrs. Christian R. Holmes John D. Rockefeller C. K. G. Billings •JMrs. Elon H. Hooker Prof. H. H. Rusby George Blumenthal Dr. Marshall A. Howe Hon. George J. Ryan Prof. Marston T. Bogert Archer M. Huntington •Mrs. Herbert L. Satterlee Prof. William J. Bonisteel Pierre Jay John M. Schiff George P. Brett •Mrs. Walter Jennings •Mrs. Henry F. Schwarz •Mrs. Jonathan Bulkley *fMrs. F. Leonard Kellogg •Mrs. Arthur H. Scribner Dr. Nicholas M. Butler •Mrs. Gustav E. Kissel •§Mrs. Townsend Scudder Prof. Gary N. Calkins Clarence Lewis Mrs. Samuel Seabury •Mrs. Andrew Carnegie Adolph Lewisohn Prof. Edmund W. Sinnott Prof. W. H. Carpenter Henry Lockhart, Jr. •Mrs. Samuel Sloan •Miss E. Mabel Clark •Mrs. William A. Lockwood Dr. John K. Small W. R. Coe Dr. D. T. MacDougal James Speyer Richard C. Colt •Mrs. David Ives Mackie Col. J. E. Spingarn •Mrs. Jerome W. Coombs Mrs. H. Edward Manville Mrs. Charles H. Stout Charles Curie Parker McCollester Nathan Straus, Jr. •Mrs. C. I. DeBevoise •Mrs. John R. McGinley •Mrs. Theron G. Strong Henry W. de Forest Dr. E. D. Merrill Joseph R. Swan Edward C. Delafield John L. Merrill B. B. Thayer Moreau Delano •Mrs. Roswell Miller, Jr. Dr. William S. Thomas Rev. Dr. H. M. Denslow Ogden L. Mills Raymond H. Torrey Julian Detmer George M. Moffett Prof. Sam F. Trelease •Mrs. Charles D. Dickey H. de la Montagne, Jr. •Mrs. Harold McL. Turner •Mrs. John W. Draper Col. Robert H. Montgomery Felix M. Warburg Benjamin T. Fairchild Barrington Moore Allen Wardwell Marshall Field Mrs. William H. Moore •Mrs. Louise Beebe Wilder William B. O. Field J. Pierpont Morgan •II Mrs. Nelson B. Williams •Mrs. Henry J. Fisher Dr. Lewis R. Morris Bronson Winthrop Harry Harkness Flagler Dr. Robert T. Morris Grenville L. Winthrop •Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox B. Y. Morrison John C. Wister Childs Frick Chas. Lathrop Pack •Mrs. William H. Woodin •Miss Helen C. Frick •Mrs. Augustus G. Paine Richardson Wright • Member also of the Advisory Council. i Treasurer of the Advisory Council. tChairman of the Advisory Council. ! Secretary of the Advisory Council. t Vice-Chairman of the Advisory Council. GENERAL INFORMATION Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden are: Four hundred acres of beautifully diversified land in the northern part of the City of New York, through which flows the Bronx River. A native hemlock forest is one of the features of the tract. Plantations of thousands of native and introduced trees, shrubs, and flowering plants. Gardens, including a new rock garden, a large rose garden, a perennial border, small model gardens, and other types of plantings. Greenhouses, containing thousands of interesting plants from America and foreign countries. ; Flower shows throughout the year—in the spring, summer, and autumn displays of daffodils, lilacs, irises, peonies, roses, water-lilies, dahlias, and chrysanthemums; in the winter, displays of greenhouse-blooming plants. A museum, containing exhibits of fossil plants, existing plant families, local plants occurring within one hundred miles of the City of New York, and the economic uses of plants; also historic microscopes. An herbarium, comprising more than 1,800,000 specimens of American and foreign species. Exploration in different parts of the United States, the West Indies, Central and South America, for the study and collection of the character­ istic flora. Scientific research in laboratories and in the field into the diversified problems of plant life. A library of botanical and horticultural literature, comprising nearly 45,000 books and numerous pamphlets. Public lectures on a great variety of botanical and horticultural topics, continuing throughout the autumn, winter and spring. Publications on botanical subjects, partly of technical, scientific, and partly of popular, interest. The education of school children and the public through the above fea­ tures and the giving of free information on botanical, horticultural and forestral subjects. The Garden is dependent upon an annual appropriation by the City of New York, private benefactions, and membership fees. Applications for membership are always welcome. The classes of membership are: Annual Member annual fee $ 10 Sustaining Member annual fee 25 Garden Club Membership annual fee for a club Fellowship Member annual fee 100 Member for Life single contribution 250 Fellow for Life single contribution 1,000 Patron single contribution 5,000 Benefactor single contribution 25,000 Contributions to the Garden may be deducted from taxable incomes. Bequests may be made in the form of securities, money, or additions to the collections. The following is an approved form of bequest: / hereby bequeath to The New York Botanical Garden incorporated under the Laws of New York, Chapter 285 of 1891, the sum of . Conditional bequests may be made with income payable to donor or any designated beneficiary during his or her lifetime. Fellowships or scholarships either in perpetuity or limited to a definite period may be established for practical student-training in horticulture or for botan­ ical research. All requests for further information should be sent to THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BRONX PARK, NEW YORK, N. Y. (FORDHAM BRANCH POST OFFICE)