Index administrative divisions 3, 25–7, Chinese Communist Party xviii, 76, 80, 108 81, 82, 97, 98 n.17, 172, 196–8 administrative perimeter 2, 24 CCP third plenum 76, 80, 81, 82, agglomeration 41, 44, 45, 232 97 agriculture 30, 42, 43 Party Committee Secretary 39 Province 8, 13, 27, 93, 107, 4–11, 25, 35, 39–48, 68 121–33 n.17, 95, 99 n.35, 114, 117, 120 architecture 173, 176, 179, 189 n.5, 145, 150–68, 183–94 Chongqing City Land Resources bank 13, 31, 185, 203, 205, 216, 217, Bureau 45 222–4, 234, 248 Chongqing land exchange market Bank of 88, 92 153, 154 National Development Bank churang tudi shiyongquan 59 130 citizenization 134, 135, 136, 143, 145, xix, xx, 3, 5, 9, 12, 15, 39, 64, 215, 227 n.4 80, 85, 91, 92, 106, 114, 116, 117, city 136, 138, 139, 161, 180, 189, 190, city autonomy 1, 15, 16, 36, 39, 47 196, 199, 202, 207, 230 city categorisation 23–5 Bohai Economic Rim 14 city cluster 5, 116, 127, 132 n.10, 132 bond 13, 31, 81, 185, 194, 216, 217, n.11 222, 224, 227 n.8, 228 n.15 city competitiveness 1, 2, 15, 139, brownfield development 11, 104, 146, 183, 186, 187, 232 184–94 city dwellers 24, 32, 40, 44, 63, 105, Budget Law 31, 185, 194 n.3, 219, 226, 153, 171, 173 228 n.15 city limits 2, 6 Bund (the) 176 city master plan 6, 105, 114, 123, 125, 127, 128, 129, 153, 173, capital 27, 31, 36, 56, 62, 67, 81, 82, 204, 208 215–53, 219 new cities 3, 4, 37 census 3, 16 n.5, 22, 25, 56, 68, 80, 136, collective 140, 141, 142 collective land 8, 9, 44, 49–71, 87, 88, chai 160 91, 93, 98, 153, 217, 220 chao da chengshi 24 collective ownership 9, 49–71, 87, 10, 64, 120, 152, 191 88, 239 Chengdu-Chongqing Economic commercial use of land 27, 28, 45, 46 Zone 40 compensation 9, 29, 32, 44, 46, 47, 49, Chenggong 92, 114 50, 55, 57, 58, 61–4, 66, 69, 89, chengshihua 2 91–4, 207, 211, 240 chengzhenhua ‘rurbanization’ 2 competition 242 China Sustainable Cities Program intergovernmental competition 39, 114 43, 121

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intra-regional competition 116, 234, 224, 237, 239, 246, 249 235, 244 foreign companies 51, 184–6, Constitutional Amendment (2004) 60, 190–94 69 n.24 small and medium enterprises corporatism 186 (SMEs) xiii, 8, 146, 148 county 25, 26, 43, 44, 45, 47, 56, 59, 63, state-owned enterprises (SOE) 30, 69, 132, 133, 158, 219, 221, 228, 185, 194 n.4, 199, 242, 244, 248 236, 237, 249 township and village enterprises credit 216, 217, 222, 224, 227 (TVE) 234, 235, 242 Cultural Revolution xxi, 180, 236 environment xx, 3, 4, 8, 12–14, 29, 30, 31, 32, 36 da chengshi 23 conservation areas 41 Dadukou District 11, 183–94 environmental damage, see also danwei 70 n.43, 195, 208 pollution 74, 125 danwei housing 86, 162 environmental investment xx, 129, debt 13, 14, 30, 31, 221–4 130, 131, 132 decentralization 4, 29, 37, 39, 47, 189, environmental planning 107, 109, 230, 234 117, 122, 130, 131, 132 decision-making 56, 61, 116, 187, 193, environmental preservation 8, 76, 194, 203 121–32 Deng Xiaoping 174, 176, 242 environment protection 37, 38, 41, density (population) 3, 5, 6, 23, 26, 27, 42 41, 80, 94, 105–6, 237, 238 forests 41, 124, 125, 126 migrant density 141, 142 targets 109, 110, 127, 129 Development Research Centre 35, 36, er xing xiao chengshi 23 37, 46, 85, 151 Europe xvii, xviii, xxi, 1, 7, 12, 14, 15, dibao 95, 153, 159 105–7, 117, 183, 188, 199, 210, dipiao 4, 9, 44, 45, 47 225, 227 n.2 diqu 25 Expo 2010, 162, 171, 180 export oriented industries 25, 32 eco and low-carbon cities (ELCC) 104, expropriation see land 108, 110 112, 115, 117–19 eco-city indicators 109, 111 fei nongye chengshi renkou 25 eco-compensation 126, 130–32, 139 finance 7, 12, 13, 14, 25, 29, 30, 31, eco-garden city 109–12 35, 38, 45, 46, 48 n.4, 81, 82, 86, ecological conservation 43, 122, 129, 88, 96, 97 n.1, 121, 122, 126, 130, 130 131, 133 n.13, 133 n.14, 138, 151, ecological restoration 41, 125, 129 154, 155, 161, 185, 186, 194 n.2, ecology 12, 83 n.7, 103, 119 215–26, 227 n.8, 228 n.8, 228 n.11, 4, 10, 27, 30, 32, 35, 37, 41, 228 n.17, 234, 238, 242, 243, 249 43, 46, 48, 76, 77, 82, 85, 113, 143, international finance centre 234, 144, 153, 157, 158, 163, 178, 180, 238 192, 195, 197, 198, 200, 219, 227, land finance 35, 45, 46, 90, 217, 218, 228, 240 221, 224 employment 10, 35, 37, 41, 46, 58, 141, local government finance 13, 30, 31, 144, 154, 237, 244 217, 218, 219, 225, 226 energy xx, 6, 7, 38, 41, 42, 103, 105, national finance 215, 219, 223, 225, 108–11, 114 226 Energy Foundation 114 PFI (private finance initiative) 216, enterprises 53, 58, 59, 138, 141, 144, 225, 228

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public finance 121, 122, 130, 131, urban heritage xxi, 1, 2, 11, 171, 216 172–4, 176–8, 180, 181, 183, fiscality 184, 187, 188–91, 193–4 central fiscal revenue 29, 30 homeownership 155, 156 fiscal constraints 215 homeowners’ associations 12 fiscal decentralization 4, 29, 37, 39, housing 1, 8, 58, 59, 84–97, 113, 134, 47, 189, 230, 234 138, 143, 175, 195–212, 242, fiscal incentive 74, 104, 105, 110 249 fiscal issues 22, 38 affordable housing xix, xx, 8, 35, 42, fiscal policies 29, 121, 130, 85–97, 143, 150, 151, 156, 162, fiscal reform 29, 82, 219, 230, 242, 203, 206–10 249 danwei housing see danwei fiscal resources 219 housing prices 63–4, 85, 89, 95, 96, fiscal system 30, 81, 220, 221, 224–6 143, 157, 161, 167, 221 local fiscal revenue 13, 26, 39, 116, housing price-to-income ratio 89, 130, 218, 220, 221, 225 155, 161 national fiscal revenue 29, 218 housing programmes 150–67 France 177, 182 n.5, 224 housing property tax see tax Fuxing Street 174, 177 housing shortage xviii, xx, 74, 85, 86, 203, 233, 240, 248, 252 Gansu 31 informal housing 86–92, 143 GDP xx, 6, 14, 16, 28–31, 34, 37, 40, low-income housing 10, 63, 64, 87, 42, 74, 94, 98, 107, 111, 112, 119, 177 123, 124, 128, 152, 183, 186, 200, public housing 86, 91, 94, 151, 153, 208, 223, 234, 243 155, 159, 164, 209 gentrification 11, 181, 193 public rental housing 95, 96, 99 n.34, Germany 202, 224 150 ghost town 5, 6, 33 resettlement housing 95, 162 globalization 15, 229, 232, 252 social housing 8, 58, 64, 77, 86, 87, global capital flow 229, 231–2, 242, 89, 94–7, 150–55, 157, 160–62, 243, 253 166, 167, 208 global cities 5, 15, 28, 157, 172, 178, Hu Jintao 109 228–32, 234, 242, 243, 250, 252 Huaihai Street 174, 177, 180 glocalization 243, 248 Huangpu District 174, 236, 237, 239 xviii, 22, 195 Huangpu River 176, 180, 237 green city 33, 39, 41 Huangshan 7, 8, 13, 106, 107, 121–32 green space 105, 111 Huangshan City Master Plan 123, Province 52, 92, 136, 139, 125, 127, 128, 129, 131 145 Huangshan Scenery Region 122 5, 14, 79, 85, 117, 138, 144, Huangshan Tourism Development 145, 147, 168 Corporation Limited 123 Mount Huangshan 125 Hanyang Iron Factory 191, 192 122 Province 68 n.17, 116, 120 n.5 hukou (household registration system) Hechuan District 43, 158 xviii, 8–10, 21, 22, 24, 25, 27, 32, Province 27 42, 55, 56 heritage hukou conversion 44, 47, 85, 143, heritage preservation xxi, 1, 2, 144, 154, 166 187–90 hukou reform 35, 41, 72–82, 95, 147, industrial heritage 11 148, 153, 154

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hukou restrictions 48 n.3, 60, 85, 95, real estate investment 28, 98 n.30 134 urban investment 222 human capital 143, 144 human-centred urbanization 76, 81 Japan xvii, 13, 172, 174, 181, 183, 192, 224 IMF (International Monetary Fund) Jiangjing District 43 3, 31, 32 Province 68 n.17, 140, 163, 175 inclusiveness 36, 104, 193 Province 122 industrialisation xix, 3, 5, 22, 27, 28, 64 72, 75, 84, 187, 229, 230, 232–4, job opportunities xix, 9, 84, 103, 157, 236, 239, 252 244 industry juzhuzheng 99 n.34, 161, 165 construction industry xviii, xxi, 4, 6, 39 Kunming 6, 7, 12, 16, 92, 93, 98, 114, industrial parks 6, 13, 28, 30, 44, 117, 196, 197, 200–212, 215, 217, 126, 129, 247 219, 221, 223, 225, 227 informal sector 85 xviii, 1, 2, 4, 6, 11, 13, labour xvii, 8, 13, 84, 231, 232, 252 16, 17, 29, 31–3, 37, 42, 55, 58, labour cost 146, 148 61, 63, 74, 116, 122, 154, 175, 176, labour force 22, 25, 29 185, 215, 216, 220, 224, 225, 227 labour market 144, 232 n.8, 228 n.17, 232, 234, 239–42, labour standards 32 248, 249, 252 skilled labour 76, 97, 144, 157, 166, environmental and social 172, 250 infrastructure 7, 42, 107, 108, land 110, 112, 113, 126, 131 agricultural land, also arable, innovation 8, 9, 15, 33, 72, 139, 147, cultivable xvii, xx, 3, 4, 6, 9, 44, 172, 185, 187, 229, 234, 248, 252 45, 55, 60, 61, 62, 86, 88, 90–92, institutions 10, 16, 49, 178, 223 98 governmental institutions 4, 59, 145, commercial land 27, 28, 45, 46, 58, 176 59, 91, 249 insurance xix, 10, 35, 77, 134, 137–9, construction land 5, 9, 12, 28, 46, 64, 141, 144–6, 148, 149 n.5, 197, 223, 89, 90, 96, 97, 98 n.17, 124, 125, 227 n.4, 235 128, 129 investment xvii, xx, 3, 4, 13, 28, 29, industrial land 5, 6, 28, 46, 186, 240 31, 37, 39, 43, 75, 103, 123, 141, land acquisition 29, 35, 39, 49, 54, 173, 174, 175, 177, 204, 218, 219, 55, 57, 60–63, 65, 66, 69 n.24, 221–5, 228 n.8, 228 n.17, 232, 233, 88, 91, 93, 96 236, 245, 248 Land Administration Bureau 63 foreign direct investment 84, 217, Land Administration Law (1986) 57, 226, 231, 242–5, 248, 250 60, 62, 65, 69 n.24 infrastructure investment 30, 31, 33, land allocation 46, 52, 59, 60, 66–7, 107, 108, 116, 215 69, 107, 114, 217, 222, 241, 249 investment in agriculture 81 land conversion 8, 9, 25, 49, 54, 57, investment in education 46 61, 63, 81, 88, 104–5, 240–42, investment in environment 126, 250 129–32 land leasing 13, 28, 38, 9, 46, 48, 64, investment in social services 46, 217 65, 217, 220, 221, 224 investors 7, 13, 30, 52, 89, 174, 184, land management law 88, 90, 239, 185, 193 240, 249

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land ownership 6, 9, 49–61, 63, 65–7, 229, 232 69, 71, 87, 88, 91, 92, 155, 156, stock market 123 167, 171, 176, 203, 227, 239 mega-city 14, 24, 107, 116, 134, 135, land survey 35, 55, 124 136, 146, 157, 227 n.4 land tax revenue 221 migration xviii, xix, 10, 25, 27, 47, 76, land tenure system 27, 186 77, 78, 80, 84, 85, 86, 134, 135, land ticket see dipiao 137, 140, 141, 143, 144, 215, 236, land transaction 44, 45, 49, 52–3, 237 57–60, 64, 66, 116, 249 active migration 85 land use pattern 49, 51, 54, 56, 62, floating population 74, 83 n.5 222, 250, 252 migrant workers see nongmin gong v, land-use rights (LUR) xx, 27, 30, 2, 10, 23, 25, 40, 41, 44, 73, 74, 49, 51–2, 53, 57–60, 62, 65, 66, 80, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 92, 94–7, 69 n.24, 88–91, 96, 97, 98 n.17, 99 n.34, 134, 141, 143, 144, 145, 153–5, 167, 220, 221, 241 149 n.7, 151–8, 160, 168 n.18, land value 5, 9, 45, 46, 50, 54, 58, 180, 181, 206, 207, 208, 227 n.1, 60–63, 66, 88, 191, 193 227 n.4 Li Keqiang 75, 103 passive migration 85, 86 6, 31, 68 n.17 rural-to-urban migration xviii lilong 173–5, 179, 181, 182 n.6 minimum living standard guarantee 95, living conditions 10, 27, 86, 87, 92, 93, 153, 159, 209 175, 176, 180, 207, 209 see also dibao local government direct liability 31 Ministry of Civil Affairs (MOCA) 197, 198 Manhattan 106, 107 of Environmental Protection (MEP) sector 46, 234, 242, 244, 109, 126 252 of Finance 31, 126, 133 n.13, 194 Mao Zedong 72, 73, 80, 172, 199, 210, n.1, 222 233, 239, 264 of Housing and Urban–Rural market xix, xx, 2, 11, 15, 28–30, 33, 34, Development (MoHURD) 109, 46, 47, 51–3, 58, 59, 60, 62, 66, 67, 150, 173, 203 80, 82, 88, 94–7, 115, 153–5, 160, of Land and Resources 57, 63, 241 166, 168 n.19, 176, 178, 184, 185, multinational corporations 230, 231, 187, 189, 191, 193, 202, 204, 205, 232, 246 208, 209, 220, 222, 224, 225, 227 municipality 6, 13, 40, 42, 44, 95, 113, n.8, 229, 231, 233, 235, 242, 244, 115, 151–4, 156, 171, 176, 181, 245, 251 185, 188, 189 debt market 34 n.20 dipiao market 9 nation state 188 dual land market 35 National Development and Reform dual property market 10 Commission 75, 81, 91, 118, 130 housing market 64, 74, 150, 204, network 1, 5, 108, 111, 113, 172, 175, 249 182 n.6, 231, 232, 252 labour market 144, 148, 168, 232 New Urbanism and Smart Growth land market 87, 88, 90, 92, 241, 249 117 marketization 22, 81, 208, 230, 252 New York 15, 103, 187, 190 real estate market 64, 65, 70 n.48, 85, non-agricultural population 25 86, 89, 151, 156, 157, 161, 165, see also fei nongye chengshi renkou 167, 221 nongmin gong 84 rental market 89 nongye chengshi renkou 25

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OECD 21, 112, 113 minor property rights 86–92, 96, 98 one-child policy 139, 236 n.14 optimal city size 27 property developers 8, 179, 180, 201, Optimized Development Zones 41, 203–5, 208, 209 128 property management company 197, ownership rights 49, 54, 56, 57, 65 198 property rights 1, 27, 46, 81, 90, 92, Paris 6, 106, 107 160, 223 5, 14, 232 property tax 31, 218, 219, 228 n.14 Pearl River Delta Economic Zone property-owners’ committee 199, 116 201 performance evaluation 122, 130, 131 small rights property 70 n.48 peri-urbanization 6, 10, 13, 32, 84, 87, public ownership of land 9, 49–53, 55, 97 n.2, 230, 252 57, 60, 65–7, 87, 176 pilot area 40, 45, 152 public participation 31, 179, 196, 198, pilot eco-city project 110, 114 199, 202 pilot eco-compensation programme public services 32, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 130, 131 42, 44–8, 73, 77, 114, 153, 215, plan 217, 219, 224 9th five-year plan 242 142, 168 n.12, 168 n.18, 174, 10th five-year plan 125 237, 239, 242, 244, 246–9, 251, 252 11th five-year plan 94, 109, 125, 150 Puxi 174, 180 12th five-year plan 8, 97, 151, 162, 196, 250 Qiandao Lake 126 13th five-year plan 135 Qimen 122 New-type Urbanization Plan for Qinghai 39 2014–20, 21, 27, 32, 33 n.1, 33 Qinyang 27 n.6, 33 n.15, 36, 41, 76, 82, 128, 224 real estate 8, 9, 11, 17 n.16, 28, 29, 32, planned economy 80, 229, 242 39, 51, 53, 60, 63, 65, 69 n.29, 88, planning regulation 63, 104 89, 93, 94, 96, 98 n.30, 108, 157, planning system 96, 104, 105, 107, 160, 161, 167, 168 n.10, 168 n.12, 117, 118, 122, 126, 131, 132 184–6, 191, 242, 243, 250 policy-makers 202, 208 real estate market 64, 70 n.48, 85, 86, political centralization 4, 37, 47, 80 89, 151, 155–7, 160, 161, 165, pollution 108, 129, 183 167, 220, 221, 242 air quality xx, 12, 32, 103, 105, 111, Urban Real Estate Law (1994) 59 116, 126 reform and opening up 3, 24, 25, 35, water quality xx, 103, 111, 126, 130 47, 217, 236 post-Fordism 183 region prefecture cities see diqu regional cooperation 119 principal–agent model 36, 37 regional coordination 116 private sector 11, 22, 79, 132, 185, 227 regional policies 115, 116 n.8 regional strategic planning 117, 127 production 11–14, 26, 28, 31, 36, 47, registration system 35, 41, 46, 144, 146, 50, 51, 53, 65, 68 n.15, 112, 180, 147 189, 228 n.12, 231–4, 237, 240, regulations 242, 243, 246, 248, 250 1990 urban land regulations 59 Prohibited Development Zones 41 rehabilitation 11, 130, 175, 183–91, property 193, 194

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François Gipouloux - 9781784715090 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/30/2021 01:23:44AM via free access 286 China’s urban century sprawl 66, 104, 105 information technology 229, 244 urban sprawl xx, 5, 6, 11, 54, 64, 88, technology parks 6, 13 90, 92, 104, 116 teda chengshi 24 state territorial management 120 n.1 State Council 10, 23, 26, 36, 40, 41, tertiary industry 112, 187 52, 77, 94, 130, 132 n.9, 143, tertiary sector 123, 124, 235, 243, 244, 145, 148 n.3, 150, 152, 173, 183, 252 185, 194 n.3, 211 n.3, 228 n.15, 5, 6, 12, 33 n.11, 39, 114, 116, 228 n.17, 240, 242 120 n.5, 139 state ownership 9, 53, 54 Tibet 39 state-owned land 52–4, 56–64, 66, 68 tourism 7, 8, 11, 13, 43, 121–3, 125, n.4, 69 n.25, 87, 194 n.2, 217, 127, 128, 131, 174, 181, 187, 243 220 trade 15, 60, 158, 234, 235, 238, 242–4, stewardship 192, 193 250, 252 stock holding companies 92 traffic congestion 74 suburbs 54, 64, 67 n.2, 86, 104, 106, transfer payment 121, 130–32, 219, 221 107, 110, 137, 141, 143, 159, 179, Transit Oriented Development (TOD) 206, 236, 237, 239, 242, 246, 114, 117, 120 n.6 248–50, 252 transport 48, 80, 93, 103, 105, 106, superblocks 27, 106, 107, 110, 114 108, 110, 111, 113, 114, 117, 118, supply chain 232 123, 154, 156, 162, 189, 193, 200, sustainable development 21, 39, 104, 203, 205, 225, 228 n.17, 229, 239, 121, 132 n.2 240 suzhi 157, 166, 207 airport 48, 123 xix, 133 n.12 railway 32, 48, 120 n.6, 191, 207, Suzhou River 180 224 tax UNESCO 122, 182 n.9 agricultural tax 10, 30, 38, 52, 218, URBACHINA xvii, xviii, xxii, 1, 104, 219 151, 152, 212 business tax 30, 38, 218, 219, 228 urbanization n.13 urban and rural integration central fixed tax 29 programme 40, 152 income tax 228 n.13 urban density 27 local fixed tax 29 urban design vii, xii, 3, 33, 103, 104, property tax 31, 218, 219, 228 n.14 114, 117, 118 shared tax 29, 38, 2219, 225, 228 urban expansion 27, 44, 45, 61, 246, n.10 250 tax base 30, 81, 161, 219 urban form 105–8, 113, 114, 116–18 tax revenue 3, 6, 13, 29, 30, 39, 46, urban governance 12, 184, 186, 209 48, 97, 185, 219–21, 228 n.13, urban permanent population 21 228 n.14, 234 urban planning 3, 7, 86, 87, 89, 96, tax system 1, 29–31, 38, 48, 185, 217, 116, 171, 173, 177, 178, 180, 218, 221, 225 181, 190, 193, 194, 203, 208, urban construction tax 26 247, 252 value-added tax 38, 218, 219, 228 urban population xvii, xviii, xxi, 2, 3, n.10, 228 n.13 6, 8, 10, 21–5, 27, 28, 35, 44, 50, technology 16, 30, 72, 80, 109, 110, 74, 75, 77–9, 83 n.5, 84, 89, 97 139, 188, 192, 193, 228 n.8, 229, n.2, 103, 246 234, 235, 244, 245, 248, 250 urban population growth, 27, 239

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urban renewal 104, 184, 191, 237, xiao chengshi 23 249 xiaoqu 195, 196 urban residents xix–xxi, 1, 5, 22, 25, Xin’anjiang River 126, 129, 130 32, 46, 50, 63, 66, 72, 86, 89, 91, Xintiandi 179 92, 95–7, 134, 139, 148 n.2, 153, Xiuning 122 161, 195, 229 27, 132 n.9 urban structure 25, 175, 252 urban villages 10, 11, 86, 87, 91–4, Yangpu district 142, 162, 180, 236, 237, 96, 98 n.24, 162, 206, 208 239 urbanization policies 16 n.2, 40, 45, Yangtze River xxi, 40, 127, 132 n.10, 47 132 n.11 urbanization process 2, 7, 23, 36, 57, Yangtze River Delta 5, 120 n.5, 232 103, 136, 215, 216, 221, 230, Yixian 122 232, 238, 252 yixing da chengshi 24 USA 15, 21, 28, 72, 105, 182 n.10, 224, yixing xiao chengshi 23 227 n.3, 225, 228 n.17 Yongchuan 43, 151, 156, 158, 160 Yuelai 114 value chain 28 Yunnan 1, 31, 68 n.17 village committee 25, 57, 63, 93, 197 volunteers 195–202, 210 zhaijidi 63, 86, 165 68 n.17, 122, 126, 130, 136, wages 32, 41, 79, 85, 144, 161, 189 145 water xxi, 12, 16 n.9, 26, 32, 41, 48, 93, zhengshou 60, 69 n.24 111, 129, 131, 182 n.6, 201, 224, zhengyong 60, 69 n.24 225, 240 zhongguo chengshi fazhan touzi gongsi water conservancy 126 31 Wen Jiabao 115 zhuti gongnengquhua 122 workers 2, 10, 22–5, 27, 32, 40, 41, 44, zones 36, 40, 41, 42, 44, 46, 47, 52, 68 73, 74, 76, 80, 84–7, 89, 91, 92, n.8, 68 n.9, 105, 111, 112, 116, 94–7, 134, 137, 141, 143–5, 151–8, 122, 127, 128, 130, 133 n.12, 133 160–63, 166, 167, 172, 180, 181, n.13, 174, 180, 189, 191, 193, 194 192, 206–8, 227 n.4 n.6, 230, 242, 246, 248, 250, 252 World Bank xvii, 14, 36, 117 development zones 41, 242, 246, WTO (World Trade Organization) 30, 252 242, 243 ecological function zone 41, 105, 122, 133 Xi Jingping 76 function-oriented zone strategy 36, xian 25, 92, 219 41, 42, 111, 112 xiangzhen 25, 88 pilot zone 42, 44, 46, 47 xiaochanquanfang 63 residential zones 105

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