Congressional Record United States Th of America PROCEEDINGS and DEBATES of the 105 CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION

E PL UR UM IB N U U S Congressional Record United States th of America PROCEEDINGS AND DEBATES OF THE 105 CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION

Vol. 144 WASHINGTON, WEDNESDAY, APRIL 29, 1998 No. 50 Senate The Senate met at 11:45 a.m. and was Mr. SMITH of New Hampshire. I yield EXECUTIVE SESSION called to order by the President pro to the Senator. tempore (Mr. THURMOND). f PROTOCOLS TO THE NORTH AT- PRAYER LANTIC TREATY OF 1949 ON AC- The Chaplain, Dr. Lloyd John PRIVILEGE OF THE FLOOR—VOTE CESSION OF POLAND, HUNGARY, Ogilvie, offered the following prayer: ON EXECUTIVE AMENDMENT NO. AND THE CZECH REPUBLIC Almighty God, Sovereign of this Na- 2314 The PRESIDING OFFICER. Under tion and personal Lord of our lives, we the previous order, the Senate will now Mr. WELLSTONE. I ask unanimous praise You for our accountability to go into executive session and resume consent that Scott Muschett, an intern You. You are a God of judgment as well consideration of Executive Calendar in my office, be allowed to be on the as grace. If you did not care, life would No. 16, which the clerk will report. floor during this vote. have no meaning. We thank You for The assistant legislative clerk read giving us the basis on which we will be The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. as follows: judged each hour and at the end of each HUTCHINSON). Without objection, it is Treaty Document No. 105–36, Protocols to day. You want us to know what is reso ordered. the North Atlantic Treaty of 1949 on Acces- quired of us so we can pass Your daily Mr. WELLSTONE. I thank the Chair. sion of Poland, Hungary and the Czech Re- examination with flying colors. public. Your Commandments are in force as The Senate resumed consideration of much now as when You gave them to f the treaty. Moses. You require us to do justly, love Pending: mercy, and walk humbly with You. SCHEDULE Smith (New Hampshire)/Hutchison amend- You call for integrity, honesty, and ment No. 2314, to express a condition requir- faithfulness. Absolute trust in You is Mr. SMITH of New Hampshire. Mr. ing full cooperation from Poland, Hungary, the secret for personal peace and the President, on behalf of the majority and the Czech Republic with United States basis for leading a Nation. Help us to leader, I announce this morning the efforts to obtain the fullest possible account- live our Nation’s motto, ‘‘In God We Senate will resume consideration of ing of captured and missing United States Trust,’’ and judge us by the extent we the Senator Smith of New Hampshire personnel from past military conflicts or Cold War incidents. have put our trust in You for guidance. and the Senator Hutchison of Texas Gracious God, as we receive Your amendment No. 2314, pending to the EXECUTIVE AMENDMENT NO. 2314 judgment, we also seek Your forgive- NATO enlargement treaty. Under the The PRESIDING OFFICER. Under ness and a new beginning. May Your previous order, there will be 2 minutes the previous order, the Senate will now forgiveness give us the courage to seek of debate equally divided between Sen- resume consideration of the Smith- first Your rule and righteousness. ator SMITH and Senator HUTCHISON, fol- Hutchison amendment No. 2314. There Today we thank You for Eileen R. lowed by a rollcall vote on or in rela- are 2 minutes of debate reserved prior Connor, the Supervisor of Expert Tran- tion to the amendment. Following that to the vote. scribers from the Office of Official Re- vote, it is hoped that Members with Mr. SMITH of New Hampshire. Mr. porters of Debates. Tomorrow will be amendments to the NATO enlargement President I yield myself 1 minute. the last day for Eileen after 25 years of treaty will come to the floor to offer This is a straightforward, simple dedicated service to the Senate. In and debate those amendments. amendment which I am confident has a strong bipartisan support of this Cham- Your Holy Name. Amen. The majority leader has indicated to ber. It is based on the debate yester- f me it is his hope the Senate will be day, with myself, Senator HUTCHISON able to complete action on the NATO RECOGNITION OF THE ACTING and Senator BIDEN. I don’t expect any MAJORITY LEADER treaty hopefully by the close of busi- opposition. ness today or by Thursday evening at The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The The amendment expresses a condi- the latest. So I thank my colleagues able acting majority leader, Senator tion with full regard to NATO expan- for their attention to this matter. SMITH of New Hampshire, is recognized. sion requiring full cooperation from Mr. SMITH of New Hampshire. I Mr. President, I believe under the the Czech Republic, Hungary and Po- thank the Chair. previous order, there are 2 minutes land concerning unaccounted for MIAs Mr. WELLSTONE. Could I ask my equally divided between Senator and POWs, and it is supported by all colleague for 2 seconds? HUTCHISON and myself. POW and MIA families and certainly

∑ This ‘‘bullet’’ symbol identifies statements or insertions which are not spoken by a Member of the Senate on the floor.

S3739

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3740 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 29, 1998 many of the national veterans organi- Inhofe Lugar Sessions brief. It is a very direct and simple zations. Inouye Mack Shelby amendment but I think a most power- Jeffords McCain Smith (NH) I want to stress that I personally re- Johnson McConnell Smith (OR) ful amendment. Let me read it. ceived pledges of cooperation from the Kempthorne Mikulski Snowe Statutory Authorization for Deployments leaders of the three countries involved Kennedy Moynihan Specter in Bosnia and Herzegovina—Prior to the de- here. This amendment is designed to Kerrey Murkowski Stevens Kerry Murray Thomas posit of the United States instrument of ensure that there is serious follow-up Kohl Nickles Thompson ratification, there must be enacted a law not only with the individuals who may Kyl Reed Thurmond containing specific authorization for the Landrieu Reid have accessed information but also ac- Torricelli continued deployment of the United States Lautenberg Robb cess to the archives. Leahy Roberts Warner Armed Forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina as I want to thank Senator HUTCHISON Levin Roth Wellstone part of the NATO mission in that country. of Texas for her support on this hu- Lieberman Santorum Wyden manitarian issue, and I yield to her 1 Lott Sarbanes That is the substance of the amend- minute. NOT VOTING—3 ment. This amendment would require that before the President can deposit Mrs. HUTCHISON. Mr. President, I Bond Moseley-Braun Rockefeller want to thank Senator SMITH for work- the instruments of ratification, he The executive amendment (No. 2314) must receive authorization from this ing with me on this amendment. We was agreed to. must never pass an opportunity to con- Mr. SMITH of New Hampshire. Mr. Congress for the mission in Bosnia. tinue to give hope to those whose loved President, I move to reconsider the Last May, President Clinton publicly ones are missing because they served vote by which the amendment was embraced the idea of a new NATO mis- our country. agreed to, and I move to lay that mo- sion. It is my concern that the Presi- This amendment says to them we tion on the table. dent’s vision of a new NATO will signal will never forget and if there is ever a The motion to lay on the table was the end of NATO as a defense alliance shred of hope that we could learn more agreed to. and the beginning of a new role as a re- about how even one service man or The PRESIDING OFFICER. Under gional peacekeeping organization. The woman died or became missing, it is the previous order, Senator WELLSTONE worth every effort that we would President declared, ‘‘We are building a of Minnesota is recognized for 30 min- new NATO. We will remain the strong- make. That is what this amendment utes. does. Mr. WELLSTONE. Mr. President, my est alliance in history, with smaller, I urge its passage. colleague from Idaho approached me more flexible forces prepared for our Mr. SMITH of New Hampshire. I yield and said he needed to take 5 minutes defense but also trained for peace- the remainder to the Senator from for an amendment that he wants to lay keeping. It will be an alliance directed Minnesota. down. Is that correct? no longer against a hostile block of na- Mr. WELLSTONE. I ask unanimous Mr. President, I ask unanimous con- tions but instead designed to advance consent after the vote I be recognized sent that my colleague, Senator CRAIG, the security of every democracy in Eu- to speak on NATO expansion for up to be allowed up to 5 minutes to offer his rope—NATO’s old members, now mem- 30 minutes. amendment and speak on his amend- bers and nonmembers alike.’’ The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without ment, after which I then would retain I cannot support the President’s call objection, it is so ordered. the floor and be able to speak for 30 for a new NATO to be a de facto peace- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The minutes. keeping organization worldwide. question is on agreeing to amendment The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without 2314, offered by the Senator from New objection, it is so ordered. Mr. President, President Clinton’s Hampshire. The yeas and nays have The Senator from Idaho is recog- peacekeeping operation in Bosnia has been ordered. The clerk will call the nized. been going on now for more than 2 roll. Mr. CRAIG. Mr. President, let me years without authorization from Con- The assistant legislative clerk called first of all thank Senator WELLSTONE gress, with costs mounting far beyond the roll. for his courtesy. any estimate, with the mission’s end Mr. NICKLES. I announce that the EXECUTIVE AMENDMENT NO. 2316 date repeatedly broken. The mission in Senator from Missouri (Mr. BOND) is (Purpose: To condition United States ratifi- Bosnia is now what we were promised necessarily absent. cation of the protocols on specific statu- it would not be, an unauthorized, open- Mr. FORD. I announce that the Sen- tory authorization for the continued de- ended, nation-building deployment ator from Illinois (Ms. MOSELEY- ployment of United States Armed Forces with no withdrawal criteria. BRAUN) and the Senator from West Vir- in Bosnia and Herzegovina as part of the NATO mission) As costs for NATO’s mission in Bos- ginia (Mr. ROCKEFELLER) are nec- nia continue to add up, the President essarily absent. Mr. CRAIG. Mr. President, I have an I further announce that, if present amendment at the desk that I call up. seems eager to take on new peace- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The and voting, the Senator from Illinois keeping operations. Make no mistake; clerk will report. the U.S. is paying the lion’s share of (Ms. MOSELEY-BRAUN) would vote The legislative clerk read as follows: ‘‘aye.’’ the peacekeeping in Bosnia. We all The Senator from Idaho (Mr. CRAIG), for The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. know these costs are high for the De- himself, and Mrs. HUTCHISON, and Mr. SMITH fense Department. The Defense Depart- BURNS). Are there any other Senators of New Hampshire, proposes an executive in the Chamber desiring to vote? amendment numbered 2316. ment is forced to come to Congress for The result was announced—yeas 97, Mr. CRAIG. Mr. President, I ask supplemental funds. We are now meet- nays 0, as follows: unanimous consent that reading of the ing in a conference of the Appropria- [Rollcall Vote No. 108 Ex.] amendment be dispensed with. tions Committee to deal with those YEAS—97 The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without very issues for the Defense Depart- Abraham Cleland Feinstein objection, it is so ordered. ment. Akaka Coats Ford The amendment is as follows: In 1995, the President vowed that U.S. Allard Cochran Frist At the appropriate place, insert the fol- troop deployment in Bosnia should and Ashcroft Collins Glenn lowing: Baucus Conrad Gorton () STATUTORY AUTHORITY FOR DEPLOY- will take about 1 year and cost about Bennett Coverdell Graham MENTS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA.—Prior to $1 billion. Three years and $8 billion Biden Craig Gramm the deposit of the United States instrument Bingaman D’Amato Grams later, the administration now admits Boxer Daschle Grassley of ratification, there must be enacted a law we do not propose a fixed end date for Breaux DeWine Gregg containing specific authorization for the the deployment. Brownback Dodd Hagel continued deployment of the United States Bryan Domenici Harkin Armed Forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina as Let me be clear. My amendment is Bumpers Dorgan Hatch part of the NATO mission in that country. not a war powers resolution. It does Burns Durbin Helms Mr. CRAIG. Mr. President, again not say the President cannot continue Byrd Enzi Hollings Campbell Faircloth Hutchinson thanking my colleague, Senator the deployment in Bosnia without au- Chafee Feingold Hutchison WELLSTONE, for his courtesy, I will be thorization, nor does it cut off funds

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY April 29, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3741 for Bosnia, nor does it set an end date deal with them together rather than somehow prevail on the Western Europeans for the mission, nor does it establish a separately. to admit the Balts, or failing that, offered withdrawal criteria. It does, however, Mr. President, I’ve yet to hear an ex- them a unilateral alliance like the Japanese- require the President to cooperate with planation of why we should be expand- American Security Treaty, the United States would be obliged to provide for their Congress to set reasonable parameters ing the NATO miliary alliance toward defense. This option surely require re-cre- for that mission before the President Russia’s borders when there is no Rus- ating in some form the military deployments gets a blank check in the form of a new sian military threat. The Russian mili- of the Cold War. American troops and Amer- NATO for more of other area missions. tary has collapsed. If there was any ican nuclear weapons would have to be sta- The commitment of U.S. troops to Bos- doubt about this, it should have been tioned within the borders of the three coun- nia is a commitment of U.S. blood, and erased by the Russian army’s inability tries. . . . Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia expansion of NATO is an expansion of to quell tiny, rag-tag Chechnyan might well turn out to be defensible only this commitment. The decision to forces. Even Polish sources have ques- with nuclear weapons, as West Berlin was during the Cold War, in which case NATO ex- place U.S. troops in harm’s way is a tioned Russia’s capability to threaten pansion would return the world to the hair commitment that none of us take its former Eastern Bloc allies in the trigger nuclear standoff of the 1950’s and lightly. We owe it to our troops to ob- foreseeable future. 1960’s. tain authorization for peacekeeping Moreover, arms control agreements Because of the determined opposition to missions. That is what my amendment signed between 1987 and 1993, pushed Baltic membership the Western Europeans sets forth. through by Presidents Reagan and will mount, and the huge risks including the Mr. BIDEN. Mr. President, will the Bush working with President Gorba- Balts will entail, the likeliest option for the Senator yield 1 minute, 60 seconds? chev, have helped to establish a new se- United States is the third: Having agreed to Mr. WELLSTONE. Mr. President, I curity structure that makes a surprise defend three countries in Central Europe say to my colleague, I would be pleased attack in Central Europe virtually im- that are not remotely threatened, the United to yield him 5 minutes. possible. The security situation in Cen- States will renege on its commitment to de- Mr. BIDEN. There is no need for that. fend the Balts precisely because they might tral Europe is more stable than it has be threatened. This option would enshrine in Mr. WELLSTONE. I yield my col- been at any time in this century. There league 1 minute after which I will re- the foreign policy of the United States the is peace between states in Europe for principle that American security guarantees tain the floor. the first time in centuries. are available only to those who don’t need The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without Under these circumstances, why in them . . . It would break a promise the Balts objection, it is so ordered. heaven’s name are we rushing to ex- have received from the United States. . . . Mr. BIDEN. Mr. President, the Sen- pand a military alliance into Central The damage to American interests that ator from Idaho and I are going to have Europe? each of the three options would inflict would a chance to debate this issue later this Secretary Albright has claimed that be infinitely greater than whatever modest afternoon. But I would just say to expanding NATO will produce an ‘‘un- embarrassment rejecting the NATO expan- those who heard what he had to say in divided’’ Europe. I believe the Sec- sion that is now before the Senate would the introduction, consider the fol- cause. And rejecting the plan is the only sure retary is mistaken. What it will do is lowing: This is a treaty. This is not a way to avoid the damage. Rejection, that is, re-create a dividing line in Europe, conference report. This is not a piece of is the only way to steer the American ship of legislation. This is a treaty. And we only farther east than the original Cold state clear of the large menacing iceberg to- should not be effectively legislating on War dividing line. President Clinton ward which the Clinton administration is a treaty. This treaty is going to go himself, before he decided to back now guiding it. back to every other nation to sign, and NATO expansion, said that it would I couldn’t agree more. ‘‘draw a new line through Europe, just we are going to say, by the way, there Mr. President, I ask unanimous con- is a paragraph in here that says, ‘‘The a little farther east.’’ He was right then and I am right now. sent that the text of Professor Senate authorization committee,’’ and Mandelbaum’s article be printed in the they are going to think they are read- Mr. President, since a Europe with- RECORD. ing Greek. It has nothing to do with out dividing lines is vital if the con- the treaty. tinent is to be peaceful, prosperous and There being no objection, the report I do not in any way belittle his con- secure, why are we now considering a was ordered to be printed in the cern; it is worthy of debate, but it step that is sure to re-divide Europe? RECORD, as follows: What would a re-divided Europe should not be on a treaty. I will make NATO EXPANSION AND THE BALTIC ICEBERG that point more forcefully when we get mean? Well, for one thing, the U.S. is into the debate. committed to bringing the Baltic (By Michael Mandelbaum) I thank my colleague for yielding. states into NATO if expansion pro- NATO expansion is the Titanic of Amer- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- ceeds. In my view this could have dev- ican foreign policy, and the iceberg on which ator from Minnesota is recognized for astating consequences for world peace. it is doomed to founder is Baltic membership 30 minutes. In this connection, I recently read an in the Atlantic Alliance. Mr. WELLSTONE. Mr. President, I outstanding piece entitled ‘‘NATO Ex- The problem of NATO membership for rise to speak in opposition to NATO expansion and the Baltic Iceberg’’ by Mi- Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia is one that, if pansion. NATO expansion has been de- chael Mandelbaum, Professor of Amer- the proposal to admit Poland, Hungary, and scribed by the distinguished foreign ican Foreign Policy at the Paul H. the Czech Republic is ratified by the Senate, policy expert, Professor Ronald Steel, Nitze School of Advanced International the United States will be able neither to ‘‘as a bad idea whose time has come.’’ Studies of the Johns Hopkins Univer- avoid nor to solve. The only way to steer My fervent hope is that he’s only half clear of this geopolitical iceberg is to reject sity and Director of the Project on the plan for expansion that the Clinton ad- right in that it will turn out to be ‘‘a East-West Relations of the Council on ministration has placed before the Senate. bad idea whose time hasn’t come.’’ Foreign Relations. I have had the good Why do I oppose the expansion of If expansion proceeds, the United States is fortune to meet with Professor committed to bringing the Balts into the Al- NATO? Two fundamental reasons. First Mandelbaum and I found him to be a liance. That commitment has been expressed because I’ve yet to hear a plausible perceptive critic of NATO expansion in many places and in many forms: at the case made for expanding NATO, which who views the issue through the lens of Madrid Summit last summer at which for- makes me think we are talking about a history. He succinctly describes the di- mal invitations to join NATO were issued to policy still in search of a justification. lemma that would be created by the the three Central European countries; in the And second, because I believe it will commitment to expanding NATO to Baltic-American Charter signed by President Clinton in January; in the resolution of rati- sour our relations with Russia, pro- the Baltic states. mote internal changes within Russia fication the Senate Foreign Relations Com- Professor Mandelbaum outlines three mittee has reported; in numerous statements harmful to U.S. interests, and may options: by American officials, such as Madeleine even imperil our own security and that . . . the American government might try Albright’s assertion that no European de- of our allies. to expand NATO to the Baltic countries but mocracy will be denied admission to NATO Since the two basic reasons for my fail because of Western European objections. ‘‘because of where it sits on the map’’; and opposition tend to be intertwined, I’ll . . . If on the other hand Washington did by assurances given to officials of the Baltic

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3742 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 29, 1998 countries and representatives of Baltic- land, Hungary, and the Czech Republic join plishing these goals than NATO, which American groups. NATO, the United States and Russia are al- is after all a military alliance? If our Moreover, if Poland, Hungary, and the ready committed. goal is to expand markets and democ- Czech Republic are, as the Clinton adminis- Because of the determined opposition to tration says, ‘‘entitled’’ to NATO member- Baltic membership the Western Europeans racy, why don’t we use our leverage to ship, then so, too, are the Balts. Lithuania, will mount, and the huge risks that includ- promote the expansion of the European Latvia, and Estonia are just as democratic, ing the Balts would entail, the likeliest op- Union? just as pro-Western, just as much in need of tion for the United States is the third: Hav- Central European states covet mem- the stability that NATO membership alleg- ing agreed to defend three countries in Cen- bership in the European Union for the edly confers, and suffered just as much under tral Europe that are not remotely threat- economic benefits they believe it would Communism as the three Central European ened, the United States will renege on its confer. Wouldn’t it be better for the countries whose candidacies the administra- commitment to defend the Balts precisely United States to exert our leadership, tion has chosen to favor. Thus, even if there because they might be threatened. This op- our great influence, to promote expan- were no commitment to the Balts, logic and tion would enshrine in the foreign policy of justice would prohibit excluding them while the United States the principle that Amer- sion of the European Union which including the Poles, Hungarians, and Czechs. ican security guarantees are available only threatens no one rather than expand a But there is a commitment, which ratifying to those who do not need them. It would also military alliance that threatens the membership for the Central European coun- accomplish exactly what its champions one country on which European secu- tries would trigger. claim NATO expansion is designed to avoid: rity depends most? All politically relevant Russians, however, It would draw a new line of division in Eu- What worries me most though, Mr. including Boris Yeltsin, have said, repeat- rope and consign friendly democracies to the edly and emphatically, that Baltic member- President, is that NATO expansion, wrong side of it. It would break a promise needlessly risks poisoning Russia’s re- ship in NATO, which would bring the West- the Balts have received from the United ern military alliance, from which they are States. It would give the Russians what the lations with the U.S. for years to come excluded, to their borders, is entirely unac- Clinton administration has sworn it will and increases the odds that Russian ceptable to them. The Russians have said never permit: a veto on the question of ultra-nationalists and anti-U.S. forces that Baltic membership would cast into which countries belong to NATO. will gain power in the post-Yeltsin Pe- doubt all existing agreements between Rus- Moreover, it would fortify the Communists riod. NATO expansion threatens to sia and the West, including the historic trea- and nationalists in Russia, who would be turn the clock back to the worst days ties reducing nuclear and non-nuclear weap- able to say to their pro-Western, democratic of the Cold War, something that few ons. They have made it clear that they political opponents: ‘‘We tried your preferred would regard Baltic membership NATO as a policy, cooperation with the West, and what Americans and few Europeans want. provocation, to which they would respond. was the result? NATO expanded to Poland, Former Russian officials say and The admission of Poland, Hungary, and the Hungary and the Czech Republic without some former American officials con- Czech Republic to the Atlantic Alliance consulting us, against our wishes, and in fla- firm that by seeking to expand NATO, would therefore confront the United States grant violation of the promise not to do so the U.S. is violating a commitment with three—and only three—options, all of given to Mikhail Gorbachev and Eduard made when Moscow agreed to Ger- them bad. Shevardnadze at the time of German unifica- many’s reunification and remaining in First, the American government might try tion in 1990. Then Russia adopted our tactics: to expand NATO to the Baltic countries but NATO, withdrawing Russian troops standing firm, drawing a line, and making from Germany, and disbanding the fail because of Western European objections. threats. And what is the result? NATO ex- Such objections are all but certain on the pansion has stopped in its tracks. Our way of Warsaw Pact. While there is some dis- part of countries that have already made it dealing with the West has been vindicated.’’ agreement over what commitment was clear that they are going along with the first This is hardly a lesson that it is in the inter- actually made to Gorbachev, there is round of expansion largely to humor the est of the United States to teach Russia. The no question that Russian officials say Americans and that they will contribute fact that it is the lesson that Russia is all they had firm U.S. assurances that nothing to its costs. Because of Russian op- too likely to learn is one reason that, ac- NATO would not be expanded. The Rus- position, Western Europeans are privately cording to Alexei Arbatov, a member of the negative, sometimes adamantly so, about sian perception that we are reneging on unimpeachably democratic Yabloko faction our word can only erode trust and poi- Baltic membership. If the United States in the Russian State Duma and the leader in pressed the issue, as it would be bound to do the effort to persuade the Duma to ratify the son future relations. given the commitment the Clinton adminis- START II arms reduction treaty, Russians— On this point, I will quote Susan Ei- tration has made, the result would be a seri- who have advocated cooperation with the senhower, Chairman, The Center for ous crisis at the core of the Alliance, with West—feel betrayed by NATO expansion. Political and Strategic Studies, testi- charges of bad faith and recklessness echoing Since no American president will ever be fying before the Senate Armed Services back and forth across the Atlantic, that able to say, definitely and absolutely, that Committee, March 19, 1998: could end by destroying NATO itself. the Baltic countries will never join NATO, It is Russian democrats who feel betrayed If, on the other hand, Washington did however, even this third option will not put somehow prevail on the Western Europeans by NATO expansion—not the hard liners who an end to the matter. Russians will always are benefitting from it. Gorbachev says that to admit the Balts, or, failing that, offered have to believe that NATO might expand to them a unilateral alliance like the Japanese- we were verbally assured that NATO would the Baltic countries, and this prospect will not expand if the Soviet Union agreed to American Security Treaty, the United therefore poison Russian-American relations States would be obliged to provide for their German unification and its place in NATO. far into the future. Under the war-time Four Powers Act, Mos- defense. This second option would surely re- The damage to American interests that cow had a legal right to refuse such an ar- quire recreating in some form the military each of the three options would inflict would rangement, and would have if the Soviets deployments of the Cold War. American be infinitely greater than whatever modest had imagined that less than a decade later troops and American nuclear weapons would embarrassment rejecting the plan for NATO some and eventually all of their former al- have to be stationed within the borders of expansion that is now before the Senate lies would be gazing at them from the other the three countries. This would not be cheap, would cause. And rejecting the plan is the side of a military alliance. Russian hard lin- which is one reason, although hardly the only sure way to avoid the damage. Rejec- ers, always deeply skeptical of Western in- only one, that the Clinton administration’s tion, that is, is the only way to steer the tentions, say this ‘‘betrayal’’ is par for the estimate of the price of expansion, which American ship of state clear of the large, course, and they mock the Russian demo- does not include cost of fulfilling the Amer- menacing iceberg toward which the Clinton crats for trusting the West too much. ican commitment to the Balts, is ludicrously administration is now guiding it. low. Eisenhower, who met Gorbachev on a Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia might well Mr. WELLSTONE. Mr. President, the administration often claims its aim in recent trip to Moscow, reported that turn out to be defensible only with nuclear Gorbachev was deeply disturbed by weapons, as West Berlin was during the Cold expanding NATO is to foster democ- War, in which case NATO expansion would racy, stability, and economic reform in NATO Expansion’s impact on those return the world to the hair-trigger nuclear Central Europe. But there already is who promoted cooperation with the standoff of the 1950s and 1960s. That is why democracy, stability and economic re- West, adding: Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan’s warning form in the Czech Republic, Hungary, ‘‘Russia has been swindled,’’ he asserted, that NATO expansion could, unintentionally, and Poland. Besides, if this was our and it is feeding into the wild ideas of those ‘‘raise the prospect of nuclear war to the who hold ‘‘conspiracy theories’’ that the most intense point it has reached since the aim wouldn’t the European Union, West is intent not only on the Soviet Union’s beginning of the Nuclear Age’’ is not hyper- whose fundamental purpose is to spur demise but also Russia’s. ‘‘NATO expansion bole. It is, rather, a reasonable assessment of growth and stability through integra- has poisoned the atmosphere of trust,’’ he the consequences of policies to which, if Po- tion, be a better vehicle for accom- said.

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY April 29, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3743 Mr. President, it is worth pointing to libraries throughout Hungary. The Mr. President, if Mr. Hartung is out that the sense of betrayal isn’t Washington Post described it as a right, and I think there is a good confined to former President Gorba- ‘‘piece of slick, unabashedly pro-NATO chance he is, NATO expansion will be a chev, but is shared by our natural al- software.’’ double whammy for U.S. taxpayers. lies in today’s Russia, political leaders Mr. President, U.S. arms makers They will wind up subsidizing U.S. who are committed both to democracy seem to equate expanding NATO with arms merchants in a venture that will and U.S.-Russia cooperation. For ex- expanding profits. To explain what I bring them less, not more, security. ample, there is Dr. Alexei Arbatov, mean, let me quote from a June 29, 1997 I now want to mention Senator deputy chairman of the Defense Com- New York Times article entitled, Nunn, who I join in opposing NATO ex- mittee of the Duma. Dr. Arbatov is a ‘‘Arms Makers See Bonanza in Selling pansion. He deserves a great deal of member of the leadership of Yabloko, NATO Expansion’’: credit for being the first Senator, to Russia’s largest unimpeachably demo- At night, Bruce L. Jackson is president of my knowledge, to raise fundamental cratic party, a strong advocate of U.S.- the U.S. Committee to Expand NATO, giving questions about the wisdom of NATO Russia cooperation, and a leader in the intimate dinners for Senators and foreign of- expansion. Because of my enormous re- effort to ratify the START–II Treaty in ficials. By day, he is director of strategic spect for Senator Nunn’s knowledge of the Duma. He was involved in the planning for Lockheed Martin Corporation. national security and defense issues, START–I negotiations in Geneva, and Mr. Jackson says he keeps his two identi- his concerns about NATO expansion in- ties separate, but his company and his lob- later served as a consultant on all the bying group are fighting the same battle. De- fluenced my own thinking. major Soviet-American and Russian- fense contractors are acting like globe-hop- Senator Nunn delivered one of the American arms control issues, includ- ping diplomats to encourage the expansion of most incisive statements I have ever ing the START–II and CFE treaties. NATO, which will create a huge market for heard on the issue when he appeared on Here are Dr. Arbatov’s thoughts on their wares. the Jim Lehrer Newshour show in NATO expansion in light of Russia’s . . . ‘‘The stakes are high’’ for arms mak- March of 1997. He addressed both the agreement to German reunification ers, said Joel L. Johnson, vice president for possible impact of NATO expansion on and other concessions: international affairs at the Aerospace Indus- our national security and on Russia do- tries Association.... ‘‘Whoever gets in first . . . Nobody took the trouble to warn Rus- will have a lock for the next quarter cen- mestically. sian that as a result of all these concessions tury.’’ The potential market for jets alone is Here is what Senator Sam Nunn had and sacrifices, NATO—the most powerful $10 billion, he said.... ‘‘Then there’s trans- to say: military alliance in the world—would start port aircraft, utility helicopters, attack heli- I’ll start with the question, what are the moving towards Russian borders. To the con- copters,’’ Mr. Johnson said—not to mention greatest threats to the United States? Clear- trary, Moscow was repeatedly told by the military communications systems, com- ly, the No. 1 threat to the United States West that it would be accepted as an equal puters, radar, radios, and other tools of a today is the proliferation of weapons of mass and genuine partner and that no major deci- modern fighting force. ‘‘Add these together, destruction, whether chemical or biological sion on international security would be made and we’re talking real money,’’ he said. or nuclear. without it. Well the NATO summit in Madrid came as a clear manifestation that such de- And the real ‘‘real money’’ he’s talk- I agree with Senator Nunn, that cisions may and will be made and Russia’s ing about is more likely to come from should be the foundation of our foreign opinion really matters only so long as it is in the U.S. taxpayers than from new policy, our No. 1 concern. line with the Western position . . . At best, NATO members. In fact, it appears as if Then my question would be: Does NATO NATO expansion to the East is regarded in funds are already coming from the U.S. expansion help in the fight against prolifera- Russia as a mistaken policy. . . . At worst it taxpayer to subsidize arms purchases tion of these weapons going to the third is regarded as the consummation of a ‘grand world rogue countries or terrorist groups? design’ to encircle and isolate Russia, estab- by potential NATO members. Let me also draw from a study by And my answer to that is no, it makes the lishing strategic superiority and finally de- cooperation that we have underway with stroying Russia, ending once and for all Rus- William D. Hartung, the author of the Russia more difficult, perhaps not impos- sia’s role as a European power. report which is entitled Welfare for sible, but more difficult. If this is how a democrat and advo- Weapons Dealers 1998: The Hidden The second question I ask is about nuclear cate of U.S.-Russian amity sees it, Costs of NATO Expansion. threats. Does NATO expansion help us in imagine how more conservative, more I will read the summary of his key terms of easing the nuclear trigger, while nationalist forces who could come to findings. Mr. President, how much time Russia still has thousands and thousands of nuclear weapons, or is it harmful? And I power in the future see it. do I have left? The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- think the answer to that is it makes it more Mr. President, am I missing some- difficult because it puts enormous pressure thing? Is there some compelling, over- ator has 13 minutes 36 seconds. on the Russian military. They’re extremely riding reason that makes NATO expan- Mr. WELLSTONE. I thank the Chair. weak, conventionally now. They’re not a sion so vital to U.S. interests that we Mr. Hartung wrote: threat to countries we’re taking in, but their must imperil our relations with Russia Potential new members of NATO are the reaction is likely to be a reliance, a heavy for years to come and revive Russian largest recipients of subsidized military reliance on nuclear weapons. So the answer mistrust and paranoia? If this is so, I loans from the U.S. Government: Allocations that I have to both of those key questions re- would appreciate it if one of my col- for potential NATO members now dominate lating to the threat is that it makes it— the Pentagon’s FMF loan program, rep- NATO expansion makes our security prob- leagues or the Administration could resenting 44.8 percent of the $540.1 million in lems more difficult. tell me, and more important the Amer- FMF loans for fiscal year 1997 and 61.2 per- The third question is the question of Rus- ican people, what that compelling, cent of the $647.5 million for fiscal year 1998. sia itself. The greatest change we’ve had in over-riding reason is. NATO expansion is good news for Boeing the threat to the United States has been the There is no question in my mind that and Lockheed Martin, but is a potential dis- breakup of the Warsaw Pact and movement colleagues who support NATO expan- aster for U.S. taxpayers: Lockheed Martin towards democracy and market reform in sion do so because they believe it has been promising ‘‘100 percent economic Russia. That has a long way to go. But the would be in the interests of the United cooperation and up to 100 percent financing’’ question I ask, is NATO expansion going to make reform more likely in Russia or less States and think it would be the right for countries that buy F–16 fighters. Lock- heed Martin, Boeing and Textron all have likely? I think it makes it more difficult be- thing to do. I question no colleage on deals in the works to produce U.S.-designed cause it puts pressure on our friends, the that. But I am troubled by the fact weapons in East and Central Europe as an in- democrats in Russia, and it gives a great po- that U.S. arms makers have played a ducement to get officials there to ‘‘buy litical issue to the demagogues there and the major role in lobbying for NATO ex- American’’. . .The questionable terms on people on the extreme left and the extreme pansion. And this lobbying has been U.S. military loans to the region could leave right. confined just to the United States. As U.S. taxpayers to pick up the tab for hun- I think my colleague, Senator Nunn, difficult as it may be to believe, dreds of millions or even billions of dollars is absolutely right. It works at cross- McDonnell Douglas helped the Hun- in potential defaults. The likely result of all purposes to stopping the proliferation this furious marketing activity would be a garian Government win public support U.S.-subsidized re-arming of East and Cen- of weapons of mass destruction. I think in a referendum on joining NATO by fi- tral Europe that will fatten the bottom line it makes the nuclear threat more real, nancing a CD–ROM game called of U.S. weapon makers at the expense of U.S. as Senator Nunn suggested, and it ab- ‘‘Natopoly’’ that was distributed free taxpayers. solutely plays into the hands of the

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00005 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3744 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 29, 1998 worst forces in Russia and to the dis- lives, our children’s lives, and our only be identified by his ring. Nothing advantage of democrats in Russia. grandchildren’s lives. was stolen from Bishop Gerardi’s body Mr. President, the push for a larger I am especially puzzled by this since or his house, nor was his car stolen. NATO has already hurt our relations it must be evident to both supporters When you have a courageous Catholic with Russia, as shown by the stalling and foes of NATO expansion that Euro- bishop who has been such a strong ad- of the START II agreements in the pean security and stability is greatly vocate for human rights murdered, we Duma, troubling frictions with Russia dependent on Russia’s transition to de- need to know—the people in Guatemala recently on issues ranging from U.S. mocracy. A democratic Russia is un- need to know—what happened. There policy toward Iraq, to proliferation likely to ever threaten its neighbors. needs to be accountability. issues, to the management of Russia’s Why then are we considering a step Mr. President, this vicious crime is nuclear material. that will weaken Russia’s democrats all the more terrible because of the My colleague, Senator MOYNIHAN, has and strengthen ultra-nationalists who context in which it occurred. On Fri- had a distinguished career in diplo- oppose democracy? George Kennan has day, Bishop Gerardi had released the macy and international relations, and said—George Kennan who wrote the fa- Archdiocese’s report on past human he was recently quoted as warning that mous Mr. X article in Foreign Affairs; rights violations in Guatemala entitled extending the NATO alliance toward George Kennan, perhaps the most ‘‘Guatemala: Never Again.’’ He di- the frontier of Russia risks ‘‘the catas- prominent thinker about Russia in our rected the Catholic Church’s effort to trophe of nuclear war.’’ I cannot hon- country—George Kennan with the most gather information on the long, tragic estly say whether I think his analysis distinguished career possible has said history of massacres, killings, and tor- is right or wrong, but I have to ask my- that expanding NATO ‘‘may be ex- ture in that country. These efforts are self is there any compelling reason for pected to inflame nationalistic, anti- an important part of the people of Gua- the U.S. rush to expand NATO if there Western and militaristic tendencies in temala’s efforts to come to terms with is the slightest chance that it could Russian opinion [and] to have an ad- their past, through a full and accurate trigger a nuclear war down the road. verse effect on the development of Rus- accounting of past human rights Why are we taking such a chance? sian democracy. * * *’’ abuses. Dr. Arbatov, while in Washington Let me repeat that quote. George I do not prejudge this. I do not know last month to attend meetings at the Kennan has said that expanding NATO who committed this brutal assassina- Center for Political and Strategic ‘‘may be expected to inflame national- tion. But like the Catholic Church in Studies, took issue with those in the istic, anti-Western and militaristic our country and like people all across West who contend that Russians don’t tendencies in Russian opinion [and] to the world who care so much about de- really care about NATO expansion. The have an adverse effect on the develop- mocracy and human rights, as a Sen- following is a summary from his re- ment of Russian democracy * * *’’ ator, I do call on the Government of marks that Arbatov approved: I urge my colleagues to carefully Guatemala to launch an immediate in- Contrary to what is being said by many consider George Kennan’s wise words, vestigation into the murder of Bishop Western proponents of NATO, Russians do the heartfelt words of Russian demo- Gerardi, and to make sure that they care about NATO expansion, and they are al- crats, and the prophetic words of Sen- bring this to closure and we find out most unanimously opposed. It is true that ator Sam Nunn and join me in opposing who was responsible for this barbaric most Russians, like most Americans, are primarily concerned about everyday things and ratification of NATO expansion. act. Whether or not this was a crime making ends meet. But almost everyone who Mr. President, I ask how much time against a man who was merely in the has any interest in foreign affairs is very I have left. wrong place at the wrong time or a concerned. Millions of pensioners who re- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- carefully calculated attack against the member World War II, all the military, ator has 3 minutes left. Bishop and his work, the truth must be workers in defense industries, intellectuals, Mr. WELLSTONE. I thank the Chair. brought to light. Adding another mys- government and political elites care very f tery to the labyrinth of deaths, dis- deeply about this issue. And nearly the full appearances, and shattered lives in spectrum of Russian politicians is opposed to THE MURDER OF BISHOP JUAN the expansion of NATO. GERARDI CONEDERA Guatemala would compound the tragedy of the loss of one of Latin Amer- I want to conclude this way. Susan Mr. WELLSTONE. Mr. President, in ica’s great human rights leaders. Eisenhower points out that not only the 2 minutes I have remaining, I just Mr. President, I ask unanimous con- are Russia’s progressive forces being want to bring to the attention of my sent that the statement from the put under enormous pressure by NATO colleagues that wonderful bishop in Human Rights Office of the Archbishop expansion, but there are signs Russian Guatemala, Juan Gerardi—a man of of Guatemala, as well as a copy of my conservatives are already using it to justice—who was assassinated on Sun- letter to the U.S. Ambassador to Gua- their own advantage. Eisenhower day. He was the director and founder of temala, be printed in the RECORD. stresses: the Human Rights Office of the Arch- I thank my colleagues for their cour- There is already tangible evidence that diocese of Guatemala. It has been abso- tesy. I yield the floor. NATO expansion has given conservative lutely devastating to the forces for de- forces— There being no objection, the mate- mocracy in Guatemala and to the rial was ordered to be printed in the Which has a different meaning, I say forces for human rights. RECORD, as follows: to my conservative colleagues here, On the floor of the Senate today, I than conservativism in America. OFFICE OF HUMAN RIGHTS, just want to say that I believe, as a ARCHBISHOP OF GUATEMALA. a platform. On January 23, the Duma over- Senator, that our Government should In the Face of the Abominable Assassina- whelmingly passed a resolution stating that make it crystal clear to the Govern- tion of Monsen˜ or Juan Jose´ Gerardi NATO expansion is the ‘‘most serious mili- ment in Guatemala that we want a full Conedera, The Human Rights Office of the tary threat to our country since 1945.’’ It Archbishopric of Guatemala Announces: also said that Baltic membership in NATO accounting. I urge the U.S. Ambas- sador to Guatemala to ask the Guate- 1. Its profound pain and indignation for the would be incompatible with the NATO-Rus- cowardly and brutal assassination of sian Founding Act . . . The resolution re- malan government to swiftly inves- Monsen˜ or Gerardi, the founder and General quested that the Yeltsin government devise tigate this crime; it is a terrible set- Coordinator of this office. a program to counteract NATO expansion. back to the effort to shine a light into 2. On Sunday, April 26 at around 10:00 pm, In pursuing NATO expansion, why is the dark corners of our hemisphere’s when he was entering his house after doing a the administration disregarding the history. routine family visit, Monsen˜ or Gerardi was warnings of Russian democrats, George What we know so far is that on Sun- attacked by an individual who was not iden- Kennan and other distinguished Rus- day, April 26, Bishop Gerardi was as- tified. The assassin first hit Mons. Gerardi sian scholars, that NATO expansion is saulted and killed as he entered his on the back of the head with a piece of ce- ment, and later delivered blows to the likely to sow the seeds for the reemer- home. His attacker, whose identity is bishop’s face, disfiguring it. The individual gence of antidemocratic and chauvinist unknown, smashed the Bishop’s head returned to a site near the crime ten min- trends in Russia? That is a serious with such brutality that his features utes later, having changed his clothes since threat, I say to my colleagues, to our were obliterated and his body could they had been soaked with the bishop’s

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00006 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY April 29, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3745 blood. No object of value was stolen from the Carplo, U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan, foreign policy in directions decidedly not to house, nor was his vehicle taken (which he and others have voiced their concerns about our liking. was getting out of when attacked), nor was the possible political nature of this incident That is the quote of Mr. Kennan. My any personal item touched by the assassin. and I am sure this question is on the mind of predecessor, and someone whose views 3. Forty-eight hours earlier, Monsen˜ or many other Guatemalans. Gerardi had presided at the Metropolitan Ca- I urge you, Ambassador Planty, to let the on national security matters I most thedral, along with other bishops from the officials of the Guatemalan government value, former Senator Sam Nunn, has Guatemalan Episcopal Conference, for the know that Members of Congress anticipate a said, ‘‘NATO expansion makes our se- public presentation of the report entitled, full and thorough investigation of this tragic curity problems more difficult,’’ and ‘‘Guatemala: Nunca Ma´ s.’’ The report docu- event. We hope to learn not only who the Senator Nunn cowrote a recent maga- ments and analyzes tens of thousands of perpetrators were, but whatever other fac- zine article with former Senator How- cases of human rights violations that oc- tors and motivations, if any, were involved ard Baker, Alton Frye and Brent Scow- curred during the armed conflict. Mons. in this terrible crime. croft which states that, ‘‘by premature Gerardi was the coordinating bishop for the Thank you for your attention to my con- Interdiocesan Project ‘‘The Recuperation of cerns. action on new members, the Senate Historic Memory’’ which produced the re- Sincerely, could condemn a vital alliance to port. PAUL WELLSTONE, creeping impotence.’’ 4. Mons. Gerardi was Auxiliary Bishop of U.S. Senator. On the other hand, the architect of the Archdiocese of Guatemala since 1984. America’s detente strategy, Henry Kis- From 1967 to 1976 he was bishop of Las Mr. GRAMS addressed the Chair. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- singer, testified to our Senate Armed Verapaces, where he laid the groundwork for Services Committee that, the Indigenous Pastoral. Later he was named ator from Minnesota. bishop of El Quiche´, where he had to con- Mr. GRAMS. I ask unanimous con- Failure to expand NATO is likely to prove front the time of the worst violence against sent that I be allowed to speak for up irrevocable. Russian opposition is bound to grow as its economy gains strength; the na- the population. The assassination of various to 5 minutes in morning business. priests and catechists and the harassment of tions of Central Europe may drift out of The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without their association with Europe. The end re- the Church by the military obliged him to objection, it is so ordered. close down the diocese of El Quiche´ in June sult would be the vacuum between Germany of 1980. Weeks before that, Mons. Gerardi had Mr. GRAMS. I also ask unanimous and Russia that has tempted so many pre- escaped an ambush. When he was president consent that the Senator from Georgia, vious conflicts. When NATO recoils from de- of the Episcopal Conference, the authorities Senator CLELAND, be allowed to speak fining the only limits that make strategic denied him entry into his own country and following my remarks. sense, it is opting for progressive irrele- he was forced to remain in exile for two The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without vance. years until he was able to return in 1984. objection, it is so ordered. And Zbigniew Brzezinski, with whom 5. The assassination of Monsen˜ or Gerardi is Mr. GRAMS. Thank you very much. I served in the Carter Administration, a ruthless aggression against the Church of (The remarks of Mr. GRAMS per- has testified that, Guatemala—which for the first time has lost NATO enlargement has global signifi- a bishop in a violent manner—and against taining to the introduction of S. 2004 cance—it is central to the step-by-step con- the Catholic people, and represents a heavy are located in today’s RECORD under struction of a secure international system in blow to the peace process. ‘‘Statements on Introduced Bills and 6. We demand that the authorities clarify Joint Resolutions.’’) which the Euroatlantic alliance plays the major role in ensuring that a peaceful and this tragedy within a period of time not to Mr. GRAMS. I yield the floor. exceed 72 hours, because if impunity is al- democratic Europe is America’s principal Mr. CLELAND addressed the Chair. partner. lowed to extend to this case it will bring The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- grave cost to the Republic of Guatemala. Mr. President, these are strong and 7. To the people of Guatemala and the ator from Georgia is recognized. important words from some of our international community we ask your reso- Mr. CLELAND. I thank the Senator country’s premier experts on inter- lute support and solidarity in this difficult from Minnesota. national relations, and of course they moment for the Catholic Church. This f point the Senate in diametrically oppo- treacherous crime has shocked everyone, but in this time of trial we should remain firm PROTOCOLS TO THE NORTH AT- site directions in the current debate. and united in order to keep the violence and LANTIC TREATY OF 1949 ON AC- However, and I will return to this point terror that the Guatemala people have suf- CESSION OF POLAND, HUNGARY, later, in my view they all raise the fered from taking possession of Guatamala AND THE CZECH REPUBLIC right questions and ultimately can and make us lose the political space which help point us in the right direction as has been won at such great sacrifice. The Senate continued with the con- we take up the critical questions of As Monsen˜ or Gerardi said, in his April 24th sideration of the treaty. whether NATO and whether Europe address at the presentation of the REHMI re- Mr. CLELAND. Mr. President, I am port, ‘‘We want to contribute to the building will remain with us regardless of what honored to have the opportunity to en- we do on the pending resolution of rati- of a country different than the one we have gage in this debate over the proposed now. For that reason we are recovering the fication. Though I certainly acknowl- memory of our people. This path has been expansion of the NATO treaty. It is an edge the importance of the impending and continues to be full of risks, but the con- important occasion for this body, for decision, I would counsel that we not struction of the Reign of God has risks and our country, and for the shape of the engage in exaggeration or hyperbole can only be built by those that have the post-cold war world. To quote Emer- about the consequences of this single strength to confront those risks.’’ son, who had in turn been quoted by choice. It is but the first, and in my the great American statesman Dean opinion probably not the most impor- U.S. SENATE, Acheson about the dawning of the post- tant, question we must answer as we Washington, DC, April 29, 1998. World War II era, ‘‘we are present at Hon. DONALD PLANTY, feel our way in this unknown ‘‘new U.S. Ambassador to Guatemala, Embassy of the the sowing of the seed of creation.’’ world order,’’ and no one, and certainly United States, Guatemala City, Guatemala. It is a debate which has properly en- not this Senator, knows for certain DEAR AMBASSADOR PLANTY: I was pro- gaged the best minds in American for- how the future will unfold in Russia, or foundly shocked and saddened when I re- eign and national security policy. in the rest of Europe, for that matter. ceived the news of the murder of Bishop George Kennan, the architect of the So I welcome and I appreciate the Juan Gerardi, Coordinator of the Human successful ‘‘containment’’ strategy thoughtful commentary which has Rights Office of the Archbishop of Guate- with which NATO won the cold war, mala. been submitted on both sides of this The circumstances, as I understand it, still has said, issue. I have benefited from it, and I remain unclear. However, a spokesman for Expanding NATO would be the most fateful certainly believe that neither side has the Archdiocese of Guatemala City suggested error of American policy in the entire post- a corner on wisdom or concern for our that this murder could be related to the pub- Cold War era. Such a decision may be ex- future security. In this same spirit, I lic release of the REHMI Report on Friday, pected to inflame the nationalistic, anti- would like to thank the distinguished April 24th, just 48 hours before this deplor- Western and militaristic tendencies in Rus- able killing. sian opinion; to have an adverse effect on the Majority Leader for responding to two It appears that many believe that this case development of Russian democracy; to re- requests I made, one in a letter I co- does not fall into the category of ‘‘common store the atmosphere of the Cold War to signed with a number of other Senators crime.’’ Former President Ramiro de Leon East-West relations; and to impel Russian on March 3, and the other in a personal

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00007 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3746 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 29, 1998 note I sent to him on March 25, that he coalesced against him. At a crucial mo- As America enters into the 21st Cen- delay final Senate action on the resolu- ment in the battle, it was a Prussian tury, we will have an opportunity to tion of ratification to allow for more commander who brought his forces expand our trans-Atlantic trading and debate, and for more information to be from as far away as Austria and Ger- investment partnerships to an extent obtained on several important policy many to come decisively to the aid of hitherto unknown to us. questions. While I thought, and think, Wellington. The Prussian commander Make no mistake about it, this op- that for a variety of reasons, it would massed his forces to help Wellington portunity for record economic growth, be better to delay this vote until the defeat Napoleon’s Grand Arme´e and the and the opportunity to spread the gos- beginning of June, I appreciate the Napoleonic Guards. The lesson for me pel of free market economics and the postponement he did arrange because it is clear. Europe has been swept over by benefits of trade, travel and commerce, allowed me to make my own ‘‘inspec- one conqueror or another ever since has come about because European tion tour’’ of Europe to assess the situ- Roman Times. But, when European na- states, and especially newly inde- ation there in person on the ground. tions form a strong alliance, they can pendent Eastern European nations, I have just completed a twelve day, defeat any enemy. now perceive themselves at the dawn of 12,000 mile tour of Europe. My travels I think this is an important lesson in a new era of peace and stability. They took me to London, Camp Robertson, V history to apply to our present day un- are, indeed, ‘‘present at the sowing of Corps Headquarters and Ramstein Air derstanding of Europe, particularly in the seed of creation.’’ Force Base in Germany, and NATO terms of our NATO alliance. In this Russia has imploded. The Soviet Em- Headquarters in Belgium. They also century from time to time, Germany, pire is no more. Where Russia goes from here is anybody’s guess. Churchill took me to Eagle Base in Bosnia- then Russia, has tried to dominate once described Russia as ‘‘a riddle Herzegovina. On my trip, I tried to get Western and Eastern Europe. Each wrapped in a mystery inside an enig- a realistic look at our Western alliance time, alliances were formed against the ma.’’ The mystery of where Russia is as we approach the end of the 20th Cen- hostile force. NATO, the most success- headed is still with us. We in this coun- tury. Our relations with our European ful European alliance in history, will celebrate its fiftieth anniversary next try and our European allies wish our allies, particularly through NATO, are Russian friends well. Through the of special importance to the United year. It is not surprising to me that Western Europe, primarily because of Partnership for Peace, the Founding States. As I have already indicated, the Act and other entities, we as a matter NATO, has seen its longest extended issue of NATO expansion to nations of policy want to pursue a future based peace in centuries. formerly a part of the Warsaw Pact, es- on cooperation rather than conflict. As pecially the pending proposal to in- Another lesson of history I learned on this trip was the importance of a democracy ourselves, we in the clude Poland, Hungary and the Czech United States wish the Democratic Republic in NATO, is of paramount im- American leadership in helping Europe form alliances that protect it from in- movements in Russia Godspeed. As a portance as we consider the crucial market economy, we believe our type matter of the future of the Western al- vasion without and turmoil within. It was after all a British leader across the of economic freedom, which brings liance in this body. with it the blessings of growth and op- channel, Wellington, who acted as a During my journey, I also attempted portunity, will sooner or later take catalyst to lead the disparate nations to get a feel for the disposition and hold in Russia as it has in other parts of continental Europe to defeat Napo- readiness of our military forces in Eu- of the world. Democratic notions such leon. That was in the last century. This rope, and the attitude and morale of as the rule of law, civilian control of century, it has been an ally across the our troops deployed on our expedi- the military and human rights now Atlantic, America, who has led the dis- tionary mission to Bosnia. penetrate the thickest of barriers and parate nations of Europe in an alliance Any attempt at gaging the tempera- the strongest of curtains. We know, to defeat those who would conquer it. ture of our NATO alliance must begin too, it will take time for these prin- with a sense of European history. Beginning in World War I, throughout ciples to grow naturally in Russia. President Kennedy once said that the World War II, during the Berlin Airlift, Many of us feel strongly that Russia thing that he cherished most in the and, finally, through to the conclusion will sooner or later make it through White House was ‘‘a sense of history,’’ of the Cold War, America has been a this very difficult transitional period. and the thing he feared most was catalyst in bringing European nations No one knows, however, how long that ‘‘human miscalculation.’’ I had the together to defend and protect our will take. same feeling as I toured Europe. In shared interests. American leadership Whatever the future of Russia, the order for us to not miscalculate in and American guarantees of security future of Eastern Europe is more and terms of our diplomatic and military with commitment of our forces on the more clear. One of the most powerful policy in these areas, we must have a ground in Europe has provided what messages I received on my trip is that sense of history of the region. Winston one French diplomat called an ‘‘insur- there is a new era of hope and oppor- Churchill once observed about the ance policy’’ that if things go wrong on tunity dawning in Eastern Europe. value of history that, ‘‘One can not the continent ‘‘America will come.’’ Long denied by the Cold War, a host of know where one is going unless one As America approaches the close of Eastern European countries now see an knows where one has been.’’ This is this century and the dawn of the next, opportunity for their moment in the certainly true in Europe. our nation finds itself fully engaged, sun. This is particularly the case for To illustrate the lessons of history, I committed and involved in the life of the states who have been invited to have in mind a trip I took to the Wa- Europe. Our diplomats, politicians and join NATO—Poland, Hungary and the terloo battlefield in Belgium made fa- military forces are stretched over the Czech Republic. A short time ago, the mous by Napoleon’s encounter with the continent. They provide a level of dip- Parliament in the Czech Republic over- Duke of Wellington there in 1815. In ad- lomatic clout and military force pro- whelmingly voted to join NATO. As the dition to some fascinating lessons rejection second to none. America in this vote was declared, the entire body garding battlefield tactics which cre- part of the world is looked upon as an stood up and applauded. As the great ated 48,000 casualties in one afternoon, honest broker in dealing with age-old 19th Century French writer Victor I gained some other valuable insights European factional disputes. The secu- Hugo observed, ‘‘An invasion of armies which I think are instructive as we ap- rity and stability in Europe since WWII can be resisted, but not an idea whose proach the NATO expansion debate. principally guaranteed by NATO is the time has come.’’ The nations of East- One lesson that I learned was that al- prime reason Europe is the number one ern Europe are emerging into the light though Napoleon had great loyalty trading and investment partner of the after fifty years of the Cold War. The from his band of seasoned veterans who United States today. Increasingly, as notion that they and their people can had marched with him through the var- the European Union develops, forms its enjoy the stability and prosperity expe- ious Napoleonic wars which had own currency and expands its influence rienced by Western Europe is an idea plagued Europe until 1815, by the time into Eastern European countries, it whose time has come. of Waterloo he was actually out- will become the largest economic trad- Certainly, one of the great challenges numbered 3 to 1. Europe had finally er and investment block on the planet. currently facing NATO is the issue of

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00008 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY April 29, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3747 Bosnia. On my recent trip, I had the which has succeeded beyond the general’’ on the ground in Tuzla who marvelous opportunity to fly on a heli- wildest expectations for it. In Bosnia, musters the morale of all of his forces, copter to an American outpost—Camp the NATO alliance now works with non and is doing a great job in the Amer- Bedrock—in Bosnia on Easter Sunday. NATO members, including Russia for a ican sector. All of the men and women It was near Tuzla in Northeast Bos- combined alliance of 37 nations. involved in this effort are a credit to nia. While flying over the countryside, That’s why the killing has stopped. the United States, the European Alli- it seemed I was watching a colorized That’s why troops and tanks have ance and the cause of human dignity version of a World War II documentary been disarmed. and freedom in the Balkans. I am proud about war-torn Europe. I saw portions That’s why minefields are being dis- of them all. I will support continued of villages burned to the ground. I had mantled. funding of their efforts to bring peace not seen such devastation since I was That’s why refugees are returning. and stability to this troubled part of in Vietnam thirty years ago. On my That’s why elections are being held. our world. visit, I got a chance to visit American That’s why war criminals are being A proper consideration of the issue of forces in Bosnia. I found them surpris- identified and hauled before an inter- NATO expansion requires consideration ingly cheerful and confident in their national tribunal. That’s why further of American, as well as European, his- mission of peace-keeping in that war- excesses of any warring party—as in tory. As I discussed earlier, the leading weary countryside. I’m very proud of Kosovo—bring immediate inter- voices on American foreign policy cur- our forces. They are paying a personal national outrage. rently offer divided counsel on this price every day in risking their lives on That’s why those who perpetrated issue. It is obvious that no clear con- our behalf. war are now hunted down and discred- sensus has yet formed as to America’s When I returned from my trip, I re- ited. post-Cold War strategy. ceived an e-mail from one of the serv- That’s why political moderates are This lies in stark contrast to pre- icemen I spent Easter Sunday with in coming to the fore and condemning the vious eras in our history when our ap- Bosnia. He wrote: extremists. proach to the world has generally been The effort in Bosnia involves the My name is First Lieutenant Brian Brandt. guided by a unifying vision. In our ear- We met today and shook hands in the mess largest alliance of nations ever to coa- liest days, we were galvanized by seek- hall here on Eagle Base, Bosnia. I would like lesce against a common enemy on the ing to gain our independence. Then to thank you for visiting and sharing in our continent of Europe. Maybe we’ve Manifest Destiny took hold as we bold- Easter Mass . . . The greatest burden on to- learned and acquired a sense of history ly expanded westward into frontier day’s soldiers is being asked to do more with after all. country. During the same time, the less and our frequent deployments away I applaud all the members of the alli- Monroe Doctrine guided our relations from home. I am an OCS graduate and have ance for their contributions to peace with Europe and Latin America. This 14 years of service. In this time I have seen and stability in Bosnia, particularly many good and bad things within our serv- period was interrupted by the Civil War ices. As we move into the next century I the NATO members, and especially the and the painful Reconstruction Era. As hope we don’t find ourselves short. No Russians, for coming together in a uni- the United States entered the 20th Cen- amount of peace or technology can make up fied effort to prevent further blood- tury and Americans turned toward for an Army of over tasked and under shed, enhance stability and pave a commerce, the industrial revolution trained soldiers. Please carry this message pathway for peace. I hope it is a har- made its biggest impact on American with you to Congress. binger of good things to come in the economic development. This Gilded A few days after I visited Camp Bed- next century in terms of enhanced co- Age saw the rise of the Labor move- rock, I was in Brussels. An American operation and communications among ment, the Depression and set the foun- businessman approached me and asked our countries for the betterment of dation for the New Deal. me if I had ‘‘hope’’ about Bosnia. I had mankind. Throughout all of this time, it would to reply, ‘‘Yes.’’ I have hope because I I especially want to applaud our be fair to sum up our general philos- believe Europe has learned some pain- American servicemen and women and ophy on foreign policy as an attempt to ful lessons over the last two centuries. their American military commanders continue to follow President Washing- One of those lessons is that alliances— who are working to bring peace and ton’s recommended approach, con- whether against Napoleon, Hitler or stability in Bosnia. They are working tained in his Farewell Address of Sep- Stalin—can win. Secondly, I have hope in a tasking and demanding environ- tember 17, 1796: because Americans have learned some ment filled with diplomatic and mili- Observe good faith and justice toward all lessons about European history as well. tary minefields. Special thanks go to nations. Cultivate peace and harmony with Particularly, I think we’ve learned one General Hugh Shelton, Chairman of the all . . . The Nation which indulges toward of the lessons about American involve- Joint Chiefs of Staff, who came with another an habitual hatred or an habitual ment on the European continent. The his wife and joined me for Easter Sun- fondness is in some degree a slave. It is a lesson is this: ‘‘Pay me now, or pay me day services with the troops in Tuzla. slave to its animosity or to its affection, either of which is sufficient to lead it astray later.’’ In other words, we as a nation He joined me and Congressman PAT- from its duty and its interest . . . Steer clear are involved in Europe—militarily, RICK KENNEDY, a respected member of of permanent alliances, with any portion of economically, culturally. Better to get the U.S. House National Security Com- the foreign world . . . There can be no great- in on the takeoff before it turns into a mittee, for a very special Easter Mass er error than to expect or calculate upon real ‘‘crash landing!’’ Better to work in a Catholic Chapel. A particular re- favors from nation to nation. through the European Alliance, in par- sponsibility rests on the shoulders of That approach changed when, fol- ticular through NATO, to prevent a U.S. General Wes Clark, the top NATO lowing the two great 20th Century conflict than to risk that conflict turn- Commander. His diplomatic and mili- world wars and alternating cycles of ing into a greater confrontation or, tary skills have been tested to the isolationism and engagement, America even worse, war itself. maximum, and have been put in full emerged as the major global economic The European community proved in- play to hold the NATO Alliance to- and military power. We then became capable of reaching the necessary con- gether militarily in a challenging envi- united around the fight against Com- sensus to act decisively in Bosnia. The ronment in the Balkans. A dear friend munism which, in the form of the So- U.N. tried to control the tensions but and a great Georgian, LTG Jay viet Union, posed the only grave threat was neither trained nor equipped for Hendrix, commands the U.S. Army V to our physical survival we have ever the task, even though a limited num- Corps out of Germany. He faces the faced. The Cold War guided our think- ber of European nations were sup- daunting challenge of deploying and re- ing, and NATO was the main military portive. Finally, under American lead- placing the troops in the Bosnian expe- expression of that strategic vision. ership NATO stepped in. With its com- dition. General Eric Shinseki is the Now we are in a new era. No one has mand and control systems well estab- overall commander of all military quite coined the term for it. Some call lished, with its alliance relationships forces on the ground in Bosnia. He has it the ‘‘New World Order,’’ but I prefer previously worked out over the years, a tough task in Sarajevo. Major Gen- to call it The Age of Democracy. What it was able to field a stabilization force eral Larry Ellis is the ‘‘muddy boots I find different and indeed magical

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00009 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3748 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 29, 1998 about this new era is the fact that We should see what the future brings in On my recent trip, I visited an Amer- while it brings with it the spread of de- Russia, with the European Union, and ican battlefield cemetery. The place mocracy and democratic principles with all of the former members of the was the famous Flanders Fields Ceme- around the world to places that have Warsaw Pact before we decide the next tery in Belgium. It was a Canadian, been burdened by tyranny, it is doing steps with respect to NATO, including Colonel John McCrae, who wrote the so not through the threat of force, but both its membership and mission. famous poem about World War I, ‘‘In through the promise of peace. However, It is in this context that I as a mem- Flanders Fields.’’ Colonel McCrae was thus far we are not in consensus on ber of this body consider the issue be- later killed in that War. But he chal- how we shape our national security fore the Senate of expanding the NATO lenged all of us for the rest of this cen- policies to meet the challenges of the treaty to include the nations of Po- tury to live up to the hope that the sol- new era. land, Hungary and the Czech Republic. diers in that war had that their sac- I believe the critics of the proposed For a long time I have asked myself rifice in bringing peace and stability in expansion of NATO are right when they the question, ‘‘Can we afford it?’’ As a Europe would not be in vain. As I laid focus on the need for policies which member of the Senate Armed Services a wreath at the cemetery, I thought of draw Russia into cooperation rather Committee, I’ve heard witness after all those in this century since World than confrontation with the United witness question the wisdom of expand- War I who have given their lives for States and the West. From the control ing NATO, particularly at this time peace and prosperity in Europe. I sup- of nuclear, chemical and biological and especially in terms of the painful port the pending NATO enlargement as weapons proliferation to containment transition going on in Russia today. I a further expansion of a peace process of Saddam Hussein, to the termination have also heard NATO enlargement that began with American involvement of the Cold War legacy of Mutual and questioned from a budgetary point of in World War I at Flanders Fields, and Assured Destruction, the participation view in terms of its cost to American continues until this day. Surely we taxpayers. In the wake of what I’ve and cooperation of Russia is of vital have learned some lessons of history learned on my trip, however, I now ask importance in securing this peaceful this century that will keep us from myself, ‘‘Can we afford not to do it?’’ miscalculating. Surely we do not want Age of Democracy which we are enter- I’ve concluded that Russia will do to repeat the mistakes of this century ing. whatever it is going to do. We can en- I also believe the critics are right courage cooperation. We can support in the next. Mr. President, I learned many lessons that we are going to have to be ex- democratic principles and human on this trip. The most important lesson tremely careful in when and how we rights. We can move forward with arms I learned, however, is that American approach consideration of inclusion of control agreements, especially Start II men and women deployed in Western the Baltic states and former Soviet Re- and move on to Start III. These are Europe, Eastern Europe and the Bal- publics in NATO or any other unified critical items on the American agenda, kans are making a positive difference military command structure. and critical items on the Russian agen- And, over the long-term, I believe the da as well. We must move forcefully in in the lives of millions of people in critics are right that it is the expan- expanding consultation and coopera- those parts of the world. Our American sion of the European Union, and its ul- tion on all these fronts. diplomats, soldiers, sailors, marines, timate promise of what Churchill But, we in this country must heed airmen, guardsmen are our greatest called a ‘‘United States of Europe,’’ the call of the Eastern European na- asset. They spread American values which offers the strongest foundation tions for help in fulfilling their des- and ideals wherever they go because for Eastern European economic and po- tiny. Their destiny is with the West, as they treat people with dignity. They litical development, and for Europe at is Russia’s destiny one day. In my talk the talk. They also walk the walk. long last being able to be fully respon- view, the expansion into the Eastern More than anything I learned on my sible for its own security. European community by the Western trip, Mr. President, is that the legacy However, after much reflection and European community through the ex- of American involvement in Western after having seen the ‘‘ground truth’’ pansion of NATO, and a gesture of co- and Eastern Europe in this century has on my recent trip, I have concluded operation to the Russians through the been a courageous and positive one. It that supporters of NATO expansion are Partnership for Peace and the Found- is because of our people who have given absolutely correct that other than ing Act is a plus, not a minus, for our their lives and risked their reputations NATO there is no entity at present national security. The good news is this century in the cause of peace, sta- which is able to step up to the plate that so many people in Eastern Europe bility, freedom, human rights, the rule and fill the security void that cur- and Russia want to identify with the of law, civilian control of the military, rently exists in Central Europe. The West. They want the peace and pros- economic justice and democratic ideals European Union is currently consid- perity offered by Western European that America plays such a strong hand ering the proposed admission of six na- ideas and values and Western European in diplomatic and military missions tions, including Poland, Hungary and organizations. It is for this reason that throughout Europe. That story is not the Czech Republic, plus Slovenia, Cy- I intend to vote for NATO expansion. I lost on nations further East, including prus and Estonia, but that process is believe, as Prime Minister Tony Blair Russia and the newly independent likely to take until 2003, at the ear- said in going to Northern Ireland after states of the former Soviet Union. liest. Furthermore, the Union has a I had a brief meeting with him, ‘‘I feel I returned from my trip to Europe number of important questions, such as the hand of history on my shoulders. I and Bosnia even more proud of my its decision-making process and the di- have hope. I have faith. I don’t know country and our ideals than when I vision of sovereignty between it and its how it will work out, but I must try.’’ left. As a new century dawns, I’m sure component nations, which must be No one can know for certain how Americans will learn from history and worked out before it can offer an effec- NATO expansion will work out, and I not miscalculate. At this moment in tive voice on foreign and defense poli- certainly believe we must make our fu- history, we are the key players in the cies. ture decisions based on what experi- progress of a European Alliance, espe- As for Russia, I believe we must ence teaches, but in this current deci- cially NATO, and we should be a key make every effort to seek cooperative sion I think the hand of history is on player when the Alliance expands into and mutually beneficial relations. Re- our shoulders. I think we must work in Poland, Hungary and the Czech Repub- gardless of how the Senate votes with faith and hope. I think we must try. I lic. While I believe we must constantly respect to the pending treaty, I believe don’t know how the future of Russia seek emerging answers on such key supporters of NATO enlargement are will unfold, but I think it is important questions as the security situation in correct that we and the Russians will for the Western community of nations the Baltic States, the evolution of the have the same set of mutual interests led by the United States, in the spirit European Union, the political situation to work for; namely, the non-prolifera- of friendship and cooperation, to reach in Russia, and the impact on the readi- tion of weapons of mass destruction, out in faith and hope to the Eastern ness of American military forces, and and stability around Russia’s borders European nations, and try to help them should be prepared to guide our future in Europe, the Middle East and Asia. create a new future for themselves. policy choices based on those answers,

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00010 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY April 29, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3749 I support the proposed first round of seven from Chicago, suffered from se- have no incentive to provide necessary NATO expansion. As the only currently vere arthritis. During a once-in-a-life- and timely care to people such as Bar- available alternative, I also support time vacation with friends to Hawaii, bara Garvey when they need it the funding for a follow-on-force in Bosnia. Mrs. Garvey discovered some bruises most. As our troops and diplomats do their on her body. She was worried. She was It may surprise some people to learn duty, they can count on support from immediately sent to the hospital and that many HMO plans across the coun- this Senator. examined. After examination, there try, if your doctor says he wants you to Mr. President, I yield the floor. was a diagnosis that she was suffering receive treatment, require you to call Mr. DURBIN addressed the Chair. from aplastic anemia. the insurance company. If the insur- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- There she was in Hawaii, thousands ance company says no, no, we don’t ator from Illinois is recognized. of miles from home, with a friend, with cover that treatment or we won’t give Mr. DURBIN. Mr. President, I ask this terrible diagnosis. Doctors in Ha- it the way the doctor wants it, and you unanimous consent to be recognized as waii decided the only option was to go ahead and follow the insurance com- in morning business. perform an emergency bone-marrow pany’s lead and something bad occurs, The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without transplant. Both Mrs. Garvey’s HMO guess who is held accountable. Guess objection, it is so ordered. doctor in Chicago and the attending who is liable in court. The insurance Mr. DURBIN. Mr. President, first let physician in Hawaii agreed that with company? In many instances, no. The me thank my colleague from Georgia, no immune system and no ability to doctor, the doctor who really wanted Senator CLELAND, for that excellent clot, a commercial flight back home to to do it differently, who thought it was statement. I have listened to a lot of Chicago to receive treatment would best for you and your family to receive the debate on NATO enlargement. He put her at great risk for infection and a different treatment, ends up the per- gave a tour de force by covering not stroke. son holding the bag. only the nations of Europe but the his- Imagine, there you are, thousands of That is not fair. We should each be tory of Europe. I congratulate him on miles away from home, told that you accountable for our conduct, and in an excellent statement. I fully endorse have to face this emergency bone-mar- this situation no doctor should be held his conclusion. row transplant and you can’t move; accountable for a decision that was f you have to do it now. And if you do made by the insurance company. The not, you could have serious con- HEALTH CARE insurance company should stand on its sequences. own feet. Mr. DURBIN. Mr. President, I come They advised Mrs. Garvey to receive Now, we only have a few days re- to speak in morning business on an this emergency treatment as quickly maining in the session. It is hard to be- issue that I believe is of great impor- as possible in Hawaii. Her insurance lieve that in April we are talking about tance to many families across the policy covered it. It wasn’t a matter of leaving, but it is going to be an abbre- United States. It is the question of debating that. But when she called the viated session for reasons that are be- health care. HMO that managed the policy, they re- yond me. The political leaders have de- Many people watch the U.S. Senate fused to accept any treatment in Ha- cided it is time for us to get out of and House of Representatives and won- waii. The clerk at the HMO said to town. They think we have about 60 der what this debate in the operations Mrs. Garvey she had to travel back days to act and don’t have much time of this body have to do with their lives. from Hawaii to Illinois for this treat- to consider many issues. I hope that we They look at the bills and wonder who ment. They wouldn’t pay for it unless don’t leave town without thinking a has written them and how it can affect she did. And it is very expensive. She little bit about this issue, an issue them, and many times just write it all didn’t have the ability to pay for the which most Americans are seriously off as politics. But the issue I am about expensive treatment. concerned about, the quality of health to speak to and the issue which I be- So she made the only decision she care and the accountability of HMO’s. lieve should be part of our legislative could. She got back on the airplane to Whatever we are going to do will not agenda is the issue of health care. come back to Chicago. On the plane, as alleviate the pain the Garveys have en- Mr. President, we are in a state of predicted by her treating physician, dured, but we can fix the system. We crisis in this country, a crisis of con- Mrs. Garvey suffered a stroke that left can save families the pain of losing a fidence over America’s health care sys- her paralyzed on her right side, robbing loved one because some insurance com- tem. A majority of the American peo- her of her ability to speak. She was left panies put business before wellness. ple no longer believe their insurance too weak and unstable to even undergo Mr. President, I yield back the re- companies are providing them with the the bone-marrow transplant. She devel- mainder of my time. quality of service or choice of doctors oped an infection and after 9 days at a Mr. WYDEN. Mr. President, I ask they were promised when they paid Chicago Hospital, Barbara Garvey died unanimous consent to speak in morn- their premiums. Eighty percent of of a cerebral hemorrhage and complica- ing business for up to 15 minutes. American consumers believe that in- tions. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without surance plans often compromise the She was 55 years old, on a Hawaiian objection, it is so ordered. quality of care to save money. Ninety vacation, in need of emergency medical Mr. WYDEN. Mr. President, I com- percent of Americans say a patient pro- treatment, but the decision by an HMO mend our colleague from Illinois, Mr. tection act to regulate health insur- clerk cost her her life. She left behind DURBIN, for standing up for the rights ance plans is needed. Such an act has her husband Dave, seven children, and of patients in health maintenance or- been introduced, and we are hoping numerous grandchildren. ganizations. This is an issue of enor- that we can bring it to the floor for I might say to my colleagues in the mous importance, and I think it is consideration before we adjourn, be- Senate and those listening, this should clear the Senate ought to be spending cause we have precious few days left not happen in America. Health insurers time talking about how real patients this year to consider important legisla- should not make decisions that are are suffering as they try to make their tion. best left to doctors and trained health way through the health care system. I Unfortunately in America some professionals. wish to tell the Senator that I very health insurers have put cost savings Mr. President, we should take up and much appreciate his addressing this before life savings. Such cost-cutting pass meaningful patient protection this issue today. practices are only inviting tragedy. year in Congress. We have a bill, S. f I brought to the floor today a photo- 1890, the patient’s bill of rights, that graph of a couple from the Chicago would prevent tragedies like this from SECRET WORLD TRADE area, the Garvey family. I would like happening. The bill would allow for ORGANIZATION DECISIONS to tell you the story of this typical both an independent appeals process Mr. WYDEN. Mr. President and col- American family and what happened to and for legal accountability for med- leagues, the poster that is next to me Mrs. Garvey on a vacation to Hawaii. ical decisions made by health insurers. today is a photograph of one of the Barbara Garvey, a wife and mother of Without such accountability, insurers most important doors in the world. It

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00011 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3750 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 29, 1998 is an entry to the World Trade Organi- private. All other World Trade Organi- The President of the United States, zation, an organization where decisions zation meetings follow the same rules. to his great credit, has called for great- are made on an ongoing basis that af- In fact, one observer noted the World er openness in the World Trade Organi- fect the lives of millions of Americans Trade Organization carries out all its zation’s dispute settlement process. and billions of citizens around the activities in strict confidentiality in This was listed as a principal U.S. world, decisions that are directly re- meetings closed to the public, includ- trade negotiating objective in the fast lated to their ability to have good-paying the press and nongovernmental or- track legislation of last year. In recent ing jobs, decisions related to their ganizations. testimony before a House committee, health, their safety and their well- Next month, the world’s major trad- senior U.S. officials said that the being. ing nations will meet in Geneva for the United States will seek greater trans- Mr. President, these are decisions, as second ministerial conference. They parency in the settlement process in our colleagues can see from this photo- will also be celebrating the 50th anni- the World Trade Organization. And graph next to me that recently ap- versary of the world trading system. I Mickey Kantor, President Clinton’s peared in the New York Times, that urge the President of the United first trade negotiator, has said, ‘‘These the World Trade Organization makes States, if he chooses to go to Geneva, are very important issues. But it is behind closed doors. In fact, they seem to use that opportunity to call for an like they are being dealt with some- to think it is so important to do their end to the closed meetings of the World where in a closet and no one is watch- business in secret that the World Trade Trade Organization. ing.’’ Organization has posted it in five lan- A few weeks ago, with the bipartisan Agricultural trade is just one area guages—five languages—just to make support of our colleagues, the Senate where private decisionmaking at the it clear that the public, not just the adopted my amendment to the supple- World Trade Organization has enor- public in the United States, but citi- mental appropriations bill that simply mous public implications. Since the zens around the world, are barred from tells the President to instruct the U.S. 1980s, food imports to the United learning of the deliberations that go on Representatives to the World Trade Or- States have doubled. At the same time, behind those doors at the World Trade ganization to open the organization’s while most imported food is whole- Organization. doors to the world’s public. some, public health scientists are say- I do not come to this floor as a pro- Today I am joined by several of my ing they are seeing more outbreaks of tectionist. In fact, I have voted for colleagues in a letter to the President disease linked to imported food—rasp- every market-opening trade agreement urging that he attach a top priority to berries from Guatemala; carrots from that has come before the Senate and, opening up the World Trade Organiza- Peru; strawberries, scallions, and can- during my years in the other body. tion. On a bipartisan basis, Senator taloupes from Mexico—the list goes on Trade, open and expanded trade, is the ABRAHAM, Senator KERREY, Senator and on, and some point to the illnesses lifeblood of the Pacific Northwest. In CONNIE MACK, Senator D’AMATO, and from this produce as an unintended by- my home State of Oregon, one out of Senator ROCKEFELLER have joined me product of the fact that the safety every five jobs depends on inter- in urging that the United States not issues are not debated in the open at national trade. accept closed markets overseas, but the World Trade Organization. But I am concerned because the also not accept closed doors in Geneva. So, our message is simple. The deci- World Trade Organization’s decisions Eliminating the secrecy of meetings sions of the World Trade Organization have enormous implications for the takes on a greater sense of urgency in on food safety or other key standards daily lives of our citizens, and I do not light of the growing power of the World should not be made behind closed think it is right that those decisions Trade Organization. Just this year, the doors. The World Trade Organization are made behind closed doors. I do not World Trade Organization is working has the regulatory power to decide think that a new focus by the World behind closed doors on new rules on whether an Oregon wheat farmer can Trade Organization on openness is in- trade in agriculture, financial services, sell his wheat overseas and whether an consistent with the principles of ex- information technology, government Oregon cattle rancher can sell his beef panded and free trade. procurement, and many other areas. in Europe. A November 28, 1997, WTO If the World Trade Organization had As the World Trade Organization be- report on relations with nongovern- open meetings and could hear evidence comes more enmeshed in global stand- mental organizations found that the from outside experts, it is possible ard-setting and multinational regula- World Trade Organization restricts the tions, the agency’s secrecy becomes some of their decisions would have availability of documents on these and even more disturbing. For example, an turned out differently. Take, for exam- many other important issues for our important industry group, the Amer- ple, the recent case the United States constituents. ican Insurance Association, has pub- lost involving shrimp imports. The The World Trade Organization’s dis- licly criticized the closed-door nature World Trade Organization overturned a pute settlement process is binding. of the road to Geneva. Last November, an opinion piece in the U.S. ban on imported shrimp caught The type of secrecy that is employed without turtle excluder devices. If ex- Journal of Commerce stated: at the World Trade Organization would World Trade Organization dispute settle- pert witnesses had been allowed to not be tolerated here in the United demonstrate the effectiveness of these ment process operates largely in the dark States. In our country, when a Federal with confidential briefs, closed hearings, un- devices in protecting an endangered agency proposes a new rule or regula- signed opinions and non-transparent, ad hoc species, I expect that the World Trade tion, it must seek public comment. We panel appointments. Clearly defined rules on Organization would have upheld U.S. hold hearings. There is debate in the procedure, conflicts of interest and other law. But experts were shut out of those press. ethical issues for litigants and judges are not proceedings. Environmental groups, But that fundamental openness is established. just as so many business groups have missing in Geneva. The World Trade Opening dispute settlement to public done, condemned that ruling saying, Organization doesn’t have to seek pub- view, as the President has called for ‘‘Three unaccountable trade bureau- lic comment on its actions. It doesn’t and as our bipartisan group of Senators crats sitting behind closed doors in Ge- have to allow the public to watch its calls for today, is essential to main- neva should not have the power to deliberations. And this is wrong. The taining the integrity of the process. make up rules that sabotage global en- World Trade Organization ought to be Last December, 129 Members of the vironmental protection.’’ The World held accountable for its decisions and Swiss Parliament criticized the World Trade Organization holds more than actions. They should not be allowed to Trade Organization for its lack of de- 150 scheduled meetings a year, and withhold from the public information mocracy, calling for greater trans- hundreds of others. According to World about their activities in meetings. parency. The Swiss should know. They Trade Organization rules, the Ministe- The press has a special place in the have a front row seat on the pro- rial Meeting, which is to be held at gallery here in the U.S. Senate. In Ge- ceedings in Geneva, and even they be- least once every 2 years, shall ordi- neva, the delegates vote by secret bal- lieve that it is difficult, if not impos- narily be held in private. The meetings lot about whether to release a state- sible, to come up with information of the General Council are also held in ment after the meeting is over. about these important proceedings.

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00012 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY April 29, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3751 I close with this last comment. The able amount of land for our land grant To give you some idea of some of the call for openness at the World Trade college. inholdings the university has, many, Organization is a pro-trade position. It Today, Alaska ranks 48th out of 50 many years ago there was a major dis- will strengthen this organization. Sun- States in the federal land granted for covery in Glacier Bay National Park shine will be beneficial to the cause of higher education. We have approxi- by the Newmont Mining Company, and free and expanded trade, a cause that I mately 112,000 acres. It is important that was a large nickel reserve. It has have consistently voted for in my years that I put this in perspective, because never been mined, but it was patented. in the U.S. Congress. But if there is a the State of New Mexico has 1.3 million The patent was turned over to the uni- continued lack of accountability, if acres; Oklahoma has 1,050,000 acres; In- versity. They are willing to give some there is a continued obsession with se- diana has 436,000 acres; New York, very sensitive environmental lands crecy, I believe that is going to under- 990,000 acres. And here sits Alaska, back to the Federal Government in ex- mine the cause of expanded trade in 48th, with 112,000 acres. change for a fulfillment of their federal the world. I am very hopeful that as we Something is lacking with regard to land grant. look to bring more openness to the the issue of equity. We are the only It is not without equity, Mr. Presi- World Trade Organization, we will see federal land grant college in the coun- dent. I know of no other State that has the importance of doing the public’s try without the federal land. We re- given lands back to the federal govern- business in public all through the ceived less than one-half of the Federal ment in exchange for lands given to it world. land that was promised. There is only for its higher educational system. Mr. President, many of our col- one other State that has less land in S. 660 allows the State the option to leagues are aware that I am trying to its land grant system, and that is the participate in the process, as I indi- bring more openness to the U.S. Sen- State of Delaware with approximately cated. I think it is time the Federal ate, with Senator GRASSLEY, by bar- 90,000 acres. Here is Alaska with 360 Government lived up to its commit- ring the right of a Senator to put a se- million acres receiving 112,000; New ment to the State of Alaska, as it has cret hold or objection on business here Mexico and Oklahoma over 1 million to the other States, by allowing Alaska in the U.S. Senate. So I am very hope- acres. to participate in a realistic Federal This bill I have offered provides the ful that this year will see changes, land grant for the education of the university with land to support itself changes in the rules in the U.S. Senate, young people of our State. financially and to continue, obviously, that will bring more openness to the Let me advise the Presiding Officer to act as a responsible steward of the way decisions are made here, changes how this process would basically be ad- land for the education of our greatest at the World Trade Organization so dressed. The University of Alaska, like resource, our children. most universities, has a board of re- there is more openness and more ac- Specifically, this bill would grant the gents. In our case, the board of regents countability in the way decisions are university 250,000 acres of Federal land is appointed by the Governor. They made there. within our State. I might add that the bear the responsibility of responding I hope I will be able to come back to Federal Government has approxi- not only to the legislature and the this floor in the months ahead without mately two-thirds of the landmass of Governor but the people of Alaska on this poster, and say the World Trade our State, which is somewhere in the how they utilize the land. Organization has taken down the ‘‘pri- area of 200 million acres. So we are not Clearly, some of the land would be vate’’ signs and shown the public how talking about transferring very much. for development to help fund the uni- it is making its decisions and why. We are talking about 250,000 acres out versity and would set up an endow- Doing the public’s business in public is of 200 million, or thereabouts. more likely to generate confidence in In addition to this initial grant, if ment. We often look with envy to our the important decisions that are made the State of Alaska chooses to grant sister State, the State of Washington at the World Trade Organization and the University land, we propose an acre to the south, where the University of here in the U.S. Senate. for acre match, up to 250,000 additional Washington has large landholdings in Mr. President, I yield the floor. I sug- federal acres. This option would be the downtown Seattle area. From those gest the absence of a quorum. solely at the option of the State. leases which the university holds, The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Again, the bill would provide 250,000 there has been significant real estate clerk will call the roll. acres to be transferred to the State of development. The funding from the The assistant legislative clerk pro- Alaska, specifically for its university lease payments goes to the university, ceeded to call the roll. land grant system, and then if the an endowment of sorts, and funds the Mr. MURKOWSKI. Mr. President, I State provides additional acres, there university’s needs. ask unanimous consent that the order would be a provision for up to another Some have expressed the concern for the quorum call be rescinded. 250,000 acres of matching Federal land. that this land may be developed and The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without There are areas that the university there will not be the careful consider- objection, it is so ordered. cannot select land from within the ation given relative to the balance as- Mr. MURKOWSKI. I ask unanimous Federal domain. They cannot select sociated with how the land is used. But consent that I may speak for about 7 land within conservation units; they that is a legitimate responsibility of minutes as in morning business. cannot select land within the LUD II the board of regents. My answer is, if The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without areas designated in the Tongass Na- you cannot trust the board of regents, objection, it is so ordered. The Senator tional Forest. They cannot select land appointed people who are accountable from Alaska is recognized. conveyed to the State or Alaskan Na- to other Alaskans, as well as our Gov- Mr. MURKOWSKI. I thank my friend. tive Claims Settlement Act Corpora- ernor and the legislature, who can you f tion land. They cannot select land with trust? connection to any Federal military in- So I think what we have here, Mr. ALASKA LANDS BILL stitution. President, is an issue that begs the Mr. MURKOWSKI. Mr. President, I This legislation also provides for question of why Alaska should be rise to speak on behalf of S. 660, known what we think is a legitimate ex- treated any differently than any other as the University of Alaska lands bill. change, because the university does State. We should have a reasonable Alaska entered the Union in 1959 as hold some rather sensitive land. They amount of land for our land-grant col- the largest State with about 360 mil- have land on the Alaska Peninsula in lege. lion to 365 million acres of land, an the Maritime National Wildlife Refuge. We are faced with a situation where area one-fifth the size of the United The university has land in the Kenai we have an institution somewhat in States. As part of our Statehood Com- Fjords National Park. The university crisis because it does not have the abil- pact, we were to be treated like other has lands in the Wrangell-St. Elias Na- ity to have funding from an endow- States and, from the standpoint of land tional Park and Preserve and the ment, and, as a consequence, its entire provided for our land grant education Denali Park and Preserve. The Univer- operational budget must be met annu- system, namely the University of Alas- sity would be required to relinquish ally by the State legislature, which has ka, we were to be accorded a reason- these lands under this legislation. resulted in a decline in maintenance

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00013 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3752 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 29, 1998 and other normal types of expenditures we would our own shores? In answering is being stretched too thin. The fact is, that most land grant university sys- that question, the Senate should look these defense cuts that we have made tems enjoy from the endowment that is to the future. Instead, many supporters over the last few years of almost 50 generated from the landholdings that of the resolution have been talking percent have put our security at risk. they have. But that is not the case about the past. This has been made worse by the diver- with Alaska, and that is why we feel it They have argued, not without merit, sion of U.S. resources and readiness in is so important to rectify this situa- that expanding NATO is necessary to Bosnia and elsewhere. tion. correct the map of Europe that was In the midst of all this, the President I conclude by indicating that some of drawn incorrectly at the end of World presents the Senate with a proposal to America’s environmental groups are in War II. And many argue that it is right expand NATO to include three new opposition to this. They are fearful and just that these three countries be- countries without first answering such that the university will make Federal fore us today become part of the West, questions as what is the mission of a land selections and develop that land. since the West turned its back on them post-cold war NATO? The Senate has My answer to that is, what is wrong at Yalta more than half a century ago. been put in a dilemma. On one side, we with responsible development? It pro- I think the Senate should be looking have colleagues who strongly support vides jobs, it provides a tax base, and it to the future to decide if this idea is the resolution of ratification and op- would provide a regular source of fund- the right one at this time. What are pose conditions and reservations that ing for the university. To suggest that the future threats to Transatlantic se- any of us may wish to add. we cannot develop certain areas within curity? Is expanding the alliance the Throughout this debate, I have heard strict accordance with environmental best means of addressing those threats? supporters say that the proposal to add considerations I think is really selling Must the United States continue to be these new members is moral and just Alaska and America’s can-do tech- the glue that holds Europe together, as and needs no further thought. We have nology short. We can responsibly de- was necessary during the cold war? been told that the United States owes velop these areas if given the oppor- This is an interesting time to con- these countries membership in NATO, tunity. sider expanding our military obliga- and it has been implied that to ques- In the interest of equity and fairness, tions. Today, the President has said tion this assumption is to question the I encourage my colleagues to reflect on the United States will have an open- very merits of the cold war and NATO’s the merits of treating Alaska in the ended commitment of thousands of role in winning that role. same manner in which other States U.S. troops in Bosnia. This mission has Many of us who have reservations were treated when they came into the already cost the United States $8 bil- about this proposal are the strongest Union by adequately funding their lion. That is in addition to our NATO supporters of NATO—I certainly am— land-grant holdings so that they can requirement, our commitment, our al- and our American leadership in the al- meet the needs of the higher education lotment. It appears likely that a major liance is also very important. I think system; namely, the University of conflict will break out in the Serb NATO is the best defense alliance that Alaska. province of Kosovo, raising the ques- has ever been put together in the his- Mr. President, I yield the floor and tion whether U.S. troops will be drawn tory of the world. I want to make sure suggest the absence of a quorum. deeper into the morass. we preserve it, which is why I am ques- The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. We have also learned just this week tioning some of the assumptions about SMITH of Oregon). The clerk will call that the chief U.N. weapons inspector enlargement that are not based on any the roll. has declared that Iraq’s Saddam Hus- facts that we have seen and which have The legislative clerk proceeded to sein has not complied with U.N. resolu- been brought up at the North Atlantic call the roll. tions to destroy his biological and Council or in the U.S. Senate. f chemical weapons, so the allies may There are many other places in the have to take military action to force world where only the United States can PROTOCOLS TO THE NORTH AT- him to comply. Again, that will mean a and will lead. I cherish the role that LANTIC TREATY OF 1949 ON AC- disproportionate burden for the United NATO played in winning the cold war, CESSION OF POLAND, HUNGARY, States. and it is because of that commitment AND THE CZECH REPUBLIC While we are adding new commit- to support NATO that I take the rami- The Senate continued with consider- ments, our military readiness is in de- fications of enlargement so seriously. ation of the treaty. cline. Last year, the military had its Many of us with reservations want to Mrs. HUTCHISON. Mr. President, I worst recruiting year since 1979. The see the United States take its fair ask unanimous consent that the order Army failed to meet its objective to replace in the world and assume its fair for the quorum call be rescinded. cruit infantry soldiers, the single most share of the responsibility. But we do The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without important specialty of the Army. At not think we should be involved in objection, it is so ordered. the National Training Center, where every regional conflict, dissipating our Mrs. HUTCHISON. Mr. President, I our troops go for advanced training, strength and endangering our role as a know we have a pending amendment. I units rotating in typically come with a superpower, a superpower capable of re- would like to speak on the whole issue 60-percent shortage in mechanics and a sponding where no one else can or will. of NATO enlargement at this time be- 50-percent shortage in infantry. These This doctrine was set in this country as cause I was not able to make my open- are often due to the fact that these per- far back as John Quincy Adams, who ing statement yesterday at the ap- sonnel are deployed abroad for mis- said to the American people that we pointed time because we had the other sions such as Bosnia, so advance train- will be tempted to go out and right amendment of which I was cosponsor ing is suffering. every wrong, but if we do, we will dis- with Senator SMITH. This year, more than 350 Air Force sipate our strength and we will no I believe this Senate will not vote on pilots have turned down the $60,000 bo- longer be effective. a more important matter than the one nuses they would have received to re- On the other side of the dilemma is before the Senate this week. The advo- main in the cockpit another 5 years. A the failure of the President to nego- cates of unfettered enlargement of 29-percent acceptance rate for the tiate conditions that address U.S. costs NATO argue that we are expanding the bonus compares with 59 percent last and the heavy burden for European se- frontiers of freedom in Europe. It is year and 81 percent in 1995. curity that we already bear. He prom- true that freedom won the cold war. Recently, a lack of critical parts for ised the three countries under consid- But the spirit of that freedom was the F–16 aircraft forced two fighter squad- eration—all of whom are worthy coun- American commitment to defend Eu- rons in Italy to cannibalize grounded tries—that their admission into the al- rope against the Soviet Union. aircraft to ensure they can continue to liance was a fait accompli. Therefore, at the heart of this debate conduct the NATO peace enforcement But too many issues remain open, is a simple question: Is the United mission over Bosnia. and it has been left to the full Senate States prepared to add countries to the Mr. President, these are just some of the responsibility, a responsibility un- list of those that we pledge to defend as the indicators that show our military suited to a legislative body, I might

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00014 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY April 29, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3753 add, to address the mission of NATO disputes that have riven Europe for Mr. President, our founders were and what the criteria for new member- centuries. I will have an amendment in right. It is the Senate’s responsibility ship should be. I, for one, believe it that regard. to meet their test of advice and con- may even be premature for the Senate After looking at the underlying reso- sent when our troops and our American to be considering the question. While lution and the Kyl amendment that security is at stake. I hope we can the Senate Foreign Relations Com- was passed yesterday, which could be make this resolution one that all of us mittee has held a number of hearings interpreted—I hope it isn’t—as drawing can proudly support, one that has con- on NATO enlargement during this Con- us into one of those ethnic conflicts, ditions that are responsible in the gress, several matters have not been my amendment will say that we want stewardship of the security of the yet thoroughly aired. For example, we NATO to determine a border and ethnic United States. That is our responsi- still await a strategic rationale for an dispute resolution process before we bility under the Constitution, and that expanded NATO from the President. have to make a decision on what our is what we must do. What will NATO’s future mission be? role will be, so that there will be no Mr. President, I yield the floor. What will be the role in executing that question of what process will be fol- Mr. ABRAHAM addressed the Chair. mission? lowed to make peace, and so that it The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- The resolution before the Senate re- will not rise to the level of common de- ator from Michigan is recognized. quires the President to report on these fense necessities for the United States. Mr. ABRAHAM. Mr. President, I ask matters within 6 months of our ap- The American people cannot believe unanimous consent to be allowed to proval of NATO enlargement. I can that this U.S. Senate would act on a speak as in morning business for up to think of no better example of putting resolution that would draw U.S. troops 10 minutes. the cart before the horse. If we approve into harm’s way for an ethnic conflict The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without that sequence, the Senate is, in effect, that has been boiling in Europe for a objection, it is so ordered. saying it agrees with the President hundred years if there is not a U.S. se- f curity interest involved. that we need to expand NATO, but we INS REFORM haven’t decided why. It seems to me Opponents of my proposal will say the Foreign Relations Committee, the that that will weaken U.S. influence in Mr. ABRAHAM. Mr. President, I will Armed Services Committee, and even NATO, but I don’t understand that con- discuss today the Senate Immigration the Intelligence Committee, should cern. We should certainly be confident Subcommittee’s plans for a series of have the rationale from the adminis- enough in our leadership that we would hearings on reform of the Immigration tration now, not in 6 months. be able to discuss candidly with our al- and Naturalization Service. There are other issues that need fur- lies the limits of our involvement in a At the beginning of this Congress, I ther discussion. On January 16 of this parochial dispute. outlined my agenda as the incoming year, the Clinton administration Mr. President, the resolution before chairman of the Subcommittee on Im- signed a security charter with Lith- us is far from a finished project. Many migration. During that discussion, I uania, Latvia, and Estonia that raises of us who do not serve on the Foreign noted that the time had perhaps come important questions: What are we com- Relations Committee, and would like to consider fundamental reform of the mitted to do in this charter? Have we to support the resolution, particularly INS. In particular, I raised the ques- given these countries a security guar- as it applies to the three countries, tion as to whether an agency charged antee? Why have no other NATO mem- good countries, that are doing the with both policing our borders and pro- bers signed the Baltic charter? I just right thing toward democracy and a viding services to those seeking to think we need to discuss this in the free market. But we do believe too come here legally and become citizens context of where we are going with much has been left out. It is not right could perform either mission well. NATO over the long-term. to say that this resolution cannot be Nothing I have observed since that The Senator from Virginia has intro- improved. There are several good pro- time has persuaded me that these con- duced an amendment to take a 3-year posals that will be introduced in the cerns were misplaced. To the contrary, time-out after this first phase of en- Senate, which we will have a chance to the problems I have observed with the largement so that we can begin to con- debate and vote on, which would make Service’s functioning leave me per- sider these important issues without this resolution one that all of us can suaded that the current structure sim- the pressure of additional countries support in good conscience. ply does not work. I also remain of the that would be waiting on the doorstep I urge my colleagues to consider each view that splitting responsibility for with admission promised to them. This amendment on its merits and not based INS’s different missions is an impor- would permit us to discuss additional on a preconceived notion that this res- tant part of the solution. membership on the merits, rather than olution needs no refinement and that In my view, Mr. President, we must because of personalities. any change would somehow be a bad take a hard look at all aspects of the A new development since the last change. The Senate has a constitu- current INS structure. Right now, for Foreign Relations Committee on NATO tional responsibility to express its will example, the distribution of policy- enlargement is the violence in the on international treaties. That is a making authority between head- southern province of Kosovo. It is very double responsibility when we are talk- quarters and field offices seems hap- important that we consider the impact ing about the potential of U.S. troops hazard, at best. There also seems to be this could have on the U.S. and her al- going into a conflict in which they almost no mechanism for imple- lies. I think these issues need to be ad- could lose their lives. menting priorities and holding workers dressed if we are going to look at what The Senate’s responsibility in the responsible for failing to do so. INS’s NATO is and what everyone in NATO Constitution is to advise and consent, bureaucratic culture appears to tol- will agree it should be. not just consent. Mr. President, our re- erate and almost expect failure on too There are other issues. How much sponsibility in the Constitution is many occasions. will it cost? I will speak in greater de- every bit as important and clear as is I want to spend a few minutes setting tail later, because there will be an the President’s responsibility. The forth some examples of these rather se- amendment on cost. But no one knows signers of our Declaration of Independ- rious problems. how much it is going to cost. Esti- ence and the writers of our Constitu- Most people are, by now, familiar mates that vary from a few million to tion came from a historical point in with the story of ‘‘Citizenship U.S.A.,’’ $125 billion are not credible. It is im- which they had a king who declared how what began as a laudable effort to possible to say that we know what the war and also executed that war. They reduce the backlog of legal immigrants cost to the United States will be. A specifically rejected the idea of one waiting to become Americans ended up range of a few million to $125 billion person having all the power. They dis- sacrificing the integrity of the natu- cannot be taken seriously. persed the power because they wanted ralization process, leaving a bitter I am also concerned about the it to be a well-debated and difficult de- aftertaste to what should have been chances we have of importing into the cision to send U.S. troops into harm’s the joyous experience of becoming a alliance ethnic, border, and religious way. citizen of this great country. In the

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00015 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3754 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 29, 1998 course of that effort, thousands of loopholes these allegations pointed to- and for how long seems to depend less criminal background checks were not ward until this year, the day before I on the person’s particular equities as completed, leading to the naturaliza- chaired a hearing to look into the the district in which he or she is found. tion of people who had committed dis- issue. When I first raised the issue of funda- qualifying crimes. Mr. President, Peat Marwick also mental INS restructuring and a split of As a result of the program’s defi- conducted a separate audit of all natu- its missions, I was not sure the idea ciencies, INS is already working to re- ralizations done between August 1995 would be seriously considered. But, as voke the citizenship of 369 immigrants and September 1996. It concluded that more problems have come to light, peo- and is considering action on almost we can be confident that naturalization ple increasingly seem agreed that re- 6,000 other cases. was proper in only 8.6% of the 1 million form is needed. Revocation of citizenship, however, is cases naturalized during that period. The key issue is rapidly becoming properly an onerous procedure, consid- The other 91.4% of cases either con- not whether there will be a restruc- erably more difficult than denying it in tained insufficient documentation to turing but what form it should take in the first place to those the law says support a proper decision or (in 3.7% of order to solve INS problems. should not receive it. the cases) involved an outright im- The latest adherent of this view is This particular episode has already proper grant of citizenship. the Administration. A few weeks ago, I received considerable attention, and I Thus, in addition to the 3.7% of cases received a letter from Attorney Gen- will not go through the details again. improperly naturalized, we simply do eral Janet Reno, Assistant to the What has received less attention, not know whether almost 90% of those President for Domestic Policy Bruce however, and is in some ways even granted citizenship during that period Reed and Director of Management and more worrisome, is what this episode met the requirements for naturaliza- Budget Franklin Raines, laying out the revealed about serious deficiencies in tion. Administration’s proposals on the mat- all aspects of INS operations. It may well be that the vast majority ter. To begin with, many of the flaws of cases with insufficient documenta- This letter acknowledges INS prob- that produced improper naturalizations tion were decided properly. lems and their seriousness. The Admin- in Citizenship USA had been identified But the American people deserve to istration also recognizes that one years before, but gone unaddressed. know that citizenship is being con- major source of these problems is INS’ A 1994 report of the inspector gen- ferred only on deserving people, just as dual role as enforcer of our immigra- eral’s office identified two major prob- the vast majority of legal immigrants tion laws and provider of immigration lems with INS’s background check who come here to play by the rules and and citizenship services. process. make a contribution deserve to gain Whether the Administration’s pro- First, it found that the INS did not citizenship without a cloud of doubt posed remedy is adequate to the task, verify that fingerprints submitted with hanging over its propriety. however, remains to be seen. applications actually belonged to the Unfortunately, these audits indicate The Administration proposes to re- applicant. that INS simply does not keep com- tain the current INS and have it per- Second, the INS failed to ensure that plete and accurate naturalization files form all its current functions. Its plan background checks were completed by and cannot even locate many files that would then untangle INS’ overlapping the FBI. should be in its possession. and confusing organizational structure, A General Accounting Office study I have also heard numerous tales of replacing it with two clear chains of conducted the same year confirmed fingerprints being taken and lost re- command, one for enforcement and the these findings. Yet the problems went peatedly, of inconsistent accounts other for service provision. unaddressed for two years. being given about the status of people’s I will study this proposal closely. But In November of 1996, after several files, and of an inability to get resolu- I also will look at alternatives. In particular, while separating lines front page stories reported on improper tion on the simple question of a per- of authority into enforcement and naturalizations, the INS Commissioner son’s status. finally ordered that no naturalizations Under these circumstances, Mr. service is a good start, I am not con- go forward without a completed FBI President, it comes as no surprise that vinced that it will suffice to allow offi- background check and unless new, the backlogs Citizenship USA was de- cials to pursue each mission with suffi- more careful procedures for processing signed to address are now back with a cient enthusiasm and energy. I also worry that, by retaining the background checks had been followed. vengeance. As many as 1.8 million peo- current agency, even with significant In an audit completed five months ple are caught up in the nation’s natu- restructuring, we may end up retaining after that directive was issued, how- ralization backlog and in some places the bureaucratic culture of toleration ever, Peat Marwick found that only 1 the wait for citizenship can last up to for failure that we must end. out of 23 INS offices was actually com- two years. Finally, I think everyone, including plying with this policy. 7 offices were Press reports suggest that INS offi- the Administration, understands that only marginally compliant, and 15 were cials have been attributing this slow- no reform plan could command the sup- not complying with the new procedures down to new procedures put in place in port necessary to carry the day with- at all. It was only a few months ago response to Congressional pressure. out careful scrutiny of all relevant that KPMG and INS were finally able But when the subcommittee ranking problems, the means the plan would to say that the new procedures were member and I asked whether the new use to address them, and the manner in being followed. fingerprinting process might cause which the plan would work in practice. Allegations of fraud in testing also delays, the INS official in charge of de- These are issues I intend to address predate Citizenship USA. veloping them assured us that they through the series of oversight hear- Indictments were handed down would not. ings I will launch shortly after the against 20 defendants in California this Unfortunately, naturalization is only next recess. past January. But investigations into one area where the INS has not per- Because I believe this is a serious these allegations have been ongoing for formed either its enforcement or its issue, I do not think it is necessarily several years and the INS received service mission adequately. one that can be resolved this Congress. complaints as early as 1992 that should For example, INS does not seem able But I hope these hearings will help us have alerted the agency to the poten- to figure out how to deport criminal formulate legislation this session that tial for serious criminal fraud. aliens directly after they have finished can serve as a starting point for fur- Criminal cases may take consider- serving their sentences, and hence ther discussions. I look forward to able time to develop and I am not criti- claims it cannot detain all of them working with all interested parties in cizing anyone for taking the time nec- pending deportation. this important endeavor. essary before bringing these particular At the same time, INS seems to de- I yield the floor. prosecutions. tain many people with strong asylum Mr. BREAUX addressed the Chair. My point, however, is that INS took claims in the same cells as hardened The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- no separate action to close the serious criminals. Who is detained, who is not, ator from Louisiana.

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00016 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY April 29, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3755 Mr. BREAUX. Mr. President, I ask other trust fund that I think is equally interest in the trust fund. It will no unanimous consent to speak as if in important and was also released yes- longer be enough to cover Social Secu- morning business. terday by the trustees’ report. The rity benefits. That is the year we all The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without other trust fund that I am referring to talk about Social Security, that we are objection, it is so ordered. is the Medicare trust fund, the Medi- not going to have enough money to pay f care part A trust fund, which basically benefits—when you add money coming pays the expense of 38 million Ameri- in plus the interest on that money, we SOCIAL SECURITY cans going to the hospital to receive are not going to have enough to pay Mr. BREAUX. Mr. President, it is al- health care. the benefits in the year 2002. ways interesting in the morning to But the story that is only sort of I want to tell my colleagues that we start your day by reading the news- mentioned as a footnote is that not passed that point in Medicare a long papers. I did that as well this morning. only have we not run a surplus in the time ago. Medicare is already passed I think that most of the things that we Medicare trust fund since 1995, includ- the point where the money coming in read are pretty accurate and pretty ing deficit spending of $9.3 billion last and the interest on the money coming correct. But every now and then I year, they did not point out that the in is not enough to pay for the benefits. think what we read, while it may be part A trust fund is going broke 2 years We passed that in 1995 when the accu- accurate and correct, doesn’t tell the earlier than we had anticipated just mulated taxes and interest in Medicare entire story. I think this morning, if this past January. were no longer enough to pay the bene- you look at the papers around the city, What the report says is that instead fits of Medicare. So we are not talking most of the headlines that I saw were of going broke in the year 2010, it is the year 2021 as in Social Security. We accurate in the sense that they talked going to be depleted in the year 2008. are talking about we already passed about Social Security and the condi- And the numbers I just cited for Social that point when it comes to Medicare. tion of Social Security. The stories in Security, talking about 2032 and 2013, That is how much more difficulty the the press this morning dealt with that. those are dates that are at least a little Medicare system is in than the Social That was all based on the recent Social bit further out. But the report said Security system. We have been running Security report. that we are going to be going broke in a deficit in the program since 1995. It talked about the good news dealing the Medicare trust fund 2 years earlier Last year, it was $8.3 billion more in with Social Security. I look at the than they had in January. I think that benefits than we had in money coming headlines in the Washington Post, is incredibly significant. in and the interest in the trust fund. It ‘‘Forecast Brightens for Social Secu- Prior to the balanced budget bill that is obvious we cannot continue that. rity.’’ The Wall Street Journal head- we passed last year, the hospital insur- I would like to quote a couple of the line was ‘‘Economy gives Social Secu- ance fund, which pays for Medicare other highlights from the report which rity a Reprieve.’’ A New York Times hospital coverage, was estimated to be- I think are significant. The trustees’ article, ‘‘Surging Economy is Lifting come insolvent in the year 2001, just report says that to bring the health in- Social Security, U.S. finds.’’ The head- around the corner. So last Congress we surance Medicare part A trust fund line in the USA Today was ‘‘Social Se- struggled and did what I call the into balance over the next 25 years curity Wins Three-Year Reprieve.’’ ‘‘SOS’’ approach, ‘‘same old, same old,’’ under their intermediate assumptions All of that is very accurate. All of it by essentially reducing reimburse- would require either that outlays be is very, very true. All of it is based on ments to doctors and hospitals. And further reduced by 18 percent, or that the Social Security trustees’ annual re- particularly in addition to that, what taxes be increased by 22 percent or port that they give to Congress and to we did to sort of save the program in some combination of the two over that the American people and to the Presi- Medicare was to transfer home health period. That is, they say, ‘‘the current dent of the United States. care from part A to part B, at least we HI payroll tax of 1.54 percent would If you just read those headlines, you transferred part of it. We transferred have to be immediately raised to about will say, ‘‘Well, things are really good about 60 percent of it, which amounts 1.81 percent or the benefits reduced by in the area of Social Security.’’ The to about $174 billion over the next 10 a comparable amount.’’ good news, I think, was based on the years. We just took it out of this col- I haven’t heard anyone in my State fact that the trustees’ report pointed umn, which was having a lot of trouble of Louisiana that I have the privilege out that the payroll tax that we pay being paid for by the payroll tax and of representing telling me to raise every month will be able to cover So- moved it over to part B, which is 25 their payroll tax by 22 percent, and I cial Security benefits through the year percent paid for by a premium, and have not heard a single person come in 2013 as opposed to the early projections then the 75 percent is paid for by the and say, ‘‘Senator, would you please that the payroll tax is only going to be General Treasury of the country out of cut my benefits by 18 percent.’’ More of enough to pay for benefits through the general revenues. what I hear is, ‘‘Don’t increase my year 2012. They say that when you com- So what we did, we put a Band-Aid on taxes and don’t decrease my benefits.’’ bine the payroll tax and the interest Medicare. We tried to save it from But I will say to all of our colleagues paid on the reserves that are in the So- going busted in the year 2001 and we that that is not an option. That is not cial Security trust fund, that would be extended it out to the year 2008. an option. The report further says that enough money to cover the benefits to It is interesting that the Congres- prior to the Balanced Budget Act of retirees through the year 2021 instead sional Budget Office earlier this year last year, the part A expenditures were of just through the year 2019. had said, well, we thought the trust estimated to grow at an average rate of They further point out that it is good fund was going to be solvent until the about 8 percent a year in Medicare. news that the Social Security trust year 2010. But now we have this new re- From 1998 to the year 2002, what we did fund, when you add everything up, will port just out yesterday, brand new, last year in the balanced budget not be depleted until the year 2032 in- overlooked generally by the press, in amendment reduces annual growth to stead of the year 2029. All of that is my opinion, that said the Medicare an estimated average of 3 percent. good news. The President correctly trust fund was going to be insolvent Thereafter, however, expenditure spoke about the fact that we added 3 not in the year 2010, but that the trust growth is expected to return to the more years to the Social Security pro- fund will be depleted in the year 2008. level of about 7-percent increases every gram because of the strength of the So unlike Social Security, where peo- year in Medicare costs. economy basically. But the reason I ple are saying it is getting better than The report further says that ‘‘the take the floor today is to point out we first thought, Medicare is getting balanced budget provisions are esti- ‘‘the rest of the story,’’ as the words worse, and it is getting worse more mated to substantially reduce the gap go, in other areas, because there is an- quickly than was originally antici- between income and expenditures over other part of the story that didn’t seem pated even in January of this year. the next 5 years, but with a return to to get the attention that I think it We look at the year 2021 as the key steadily increasing deficits in the year should have gotten from the press, be- year in Social Security because that is 2003 and later. After 2002, the gap because the stories don’t highlight the the year when you add taxes and the tween income and expenditures will

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00017 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3756 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 29, 1998 widen steadily so that by the year 2007 The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without having had a say in the way they are there would be a $26 billion shortfall in objection, it is so ordered. drawn up. that year alone.’’ EXECUTIVE AMENDMENT NO. 2317 Why is this needed? Simply put, be- Those are very sobering statistics. (Purpose: To establish a formal process with- cause the history of the 20th century Unfortunately, I think they are very in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization demonstrates clearly that great con- accurate. I have long been very con- for the resolution of disputes among mem- flicts can arise from small disputes. If cerned that we in the Congress and the bers and between members and non-mem- we are going to expand NATO to in- public have this sort of false sense of bers) clude an ever-growing number of new security that because every year I get Mrs. HUTCHISON. Mr. President, I countries, it is simply folly to pretend my Medicare benefits and I still get the send an amendment to the desk and that no such disputes will ever occur coverage I need, there really is not a ask for its immediate consideration. within the alliance, or that they would problem; that the people who are talk- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The not affect the alliance in its ability to ing about a problem are sort of like clerk will report. stay together. Chicken Little who ran around the The legislative clerk read as follows: According to the Congressional Re- country saying, ‘‘The sky is falling. The Senator from Texas [Mrs. HUTCHISON] search Service assessment of a number The sky is falling.’’ It never fell, and proposes an executive amendment numbered of sources, there are at least 11 ongoing they didn’t believe Chicken Little any 2317. disputes in Europe that have a mod- longer. I think people don’t believe Mrs. HUTCHISON. Mr. President, I erate or high potential for violence or Congress anymore. If you look at the ask unanimous consent that reading of escalation. Some of those are listed be- headlines I talked about, I think they the amendment be dispensed with. hind me. miss the point about Medicare which is The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without For example, three involve Albania. much more immediate. It is around the objection, it is so ordered. While Albania is not being considered corner, good news and bad news. Good The amendment is as follows: for membership in NATO today, many news that Social Security is in pretty have said that it should be considered decent shape. We made 3 more years At the appropriate place in the resolution, insert the following: in the next wave of new members. So I extra out of the program. But the bad think if we set something in place now, news and the very legitimate concern NEGOTIATION WITH ALLIES REGARDING THE ES- TABLISHMENT OF A PROCESS TO RE- we are not saying that it would apply we should have is that Medicare is pre- SOLVE DISPUTES AMONG OR BE- just to Albania; we are not making it dicted to go insolvent even earlier than TWEEN ALLIES. personal. But what we are saying is (A) Prior to the first deposit of any of the before, 2 years earlier than we had pre- ‘‘let’s recognize the obvious. NATO viously predicted. United States instruments of ratification of currently has no process to peacefully So I hope that more people will take any of the Protocols, the United States rep- resolve disputes, which will only grow a look at the trustees’ report. It is a resentative at the North Atlantic Council good report. It is a sobering report and will introduce at the NAC a proposal for con- in number as the alliance enlarges.’’ sideration by all allies and aimed at estab- one that every American, whether they We have had a conflict involving lishing a process for dispute resolution Greece and Turkey for most of the his- are on Medicare or whether their par- among allies. The proposal shall be limited ents are on Medicare or their grand- tory of the alliance. to addressing those disputes— Opponents to my amendment would parents are on Medicare, should take a (i) between or among allies that are within say that this proves that we don’t need look at and know that there must be a the collective security purview of the NATO a dispute resolution process, because growing awareness among all people in alliance and address territorial or other such our country that if we are going to disputes within the alliance’s area of oper- we can handle future conflicts the way continue to have the greatest system ations and responsibility, and; we have handled the Greece-Turkey of health care for America’s seniors, we (ii) in response to which at least one dispu- conflict. Mr. President, we have not tant has credibly threatened the use of mili- handled the Greece-Turkey conflict. have to start making decisions now tary force. and recommendations now if we are We have avoided handling it. In 1974, Mrs. HUTCHISON. Mr. President, my going to prevent what this report says these two supposed NATO allies almost amendment is very simple. It requires is going to happen in the not too dis- went to war over the island of Cyprus. the U.S. Representative to NATO to tant future. That conflict continues today. Each The trustees’ report noted—I will make a proposal to our allies regarding country regularly threatens the other conclude with this: the resolution of disputes that fall with war over sea and airspace viola- More far-reaching measures will be needed short of article V conflicts. tions, weapons proliferation, and the to prevent the trust fund’s depletion as the Before discussing what my amend- treatment of each other’s compatriots baby boom generation starts reaching age 65 ment does, I would like to say what it in Cyprus. and starts receiving their benefits. . . . In does not do. It does not require that If the best that my opponents can say this regard, the work of the Bipartisan Com- NATO adopt a dispute resolution proc- of my amendment is to point to Greece mission will be of critical importance to the ess, although I think it should. It does and Turkey as proof that we don’t need Administration, the Congress and the Amer- not tell the President what his ambas- it, then there really can be no opposi- ican public. sador to NATO should propose, al- tion to it at all. The fact is, the cold I could not agree more. I commend though I hope the administration will war imposed a discipline on the alli- this very sobering report to all Ameri- take the opportunity to provide mean- ance that probably did keep such con- cans, because it, indeed, is a wake-up ingful leadership in this area. It does flicts in check. That discipline is no call as to what this Congress needs to not treat new members of NATO any longer in place. If we do not at least be seriously considering in the very differently from current members. In discuss a process by which NATO can short period of time we have left. fact, that is the premise of the amend- peaceably resolve disputes, then the al- I yield the floor. ment, that there be a dispute resolu- liance will lose credibility as we turn a f tion process that applies to all mem- blind eye to a growing number of dis- PROTOCOLS TO THE NORTH AT- bers, current and prospective, so there putes similar to that of Greece and LANTIC TREATY OF 1949 ON AC- are no surprises should a dispute arise. Turkey. Such a process might even CESSION OF POLAND, HUNGARY, I think it would show strong leader- have ended that conflict, permitting AND THE CZECH REPUBLIC ship to anticipate that there might be both of those countries to move on and The Senate continued with the con- disputes in Europe where we have seen focus on their own strengths and their sideration of the treaty. disputes of varying kinds over the own economies. Mrs. HUTCHISON addressed the course of history. But to have a dispute In a letter to the President last sum- Chair. resolution process that is not looking mer, I joined with nearly two dozen The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- at two particular countries and indi- Senate colleagues to raise this and a ator from Texas. vidual personalities, but rather to have number of other questions regarding Mrs. HUTCHISON. Mr. President, I a dispute resolution process so every- NATO enlargement. We asked the ask unanimous consent the pending one knows what the ground rules are President about the importance of bor- amendment be laid aside. and everyone would comply with those, der-dispute resolutions and should we

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00018 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY April 29, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3757 not be anticipating this so we could re- ter. Former NATO Ambassador Bob ator WARNER be recognized to offer an solve them, not in the heat of a dis- Hunter has said that he thought this amendment relating to a 3-year pause pute, but in a vacuum of such disputes was a positive approach. President on which there will be 2 hours for de- so we would be able to go forward in an Reagan’s Ambassador to the U.S.S.R., bate equally divided; that following the objective way. Jack Matlock, said—and he is, I would conclusion or yielding back of time, In his response to us, the President say, a leading authority on European the Senate proceed to a vote on, or in said, in effect, that NATO doesn’t need security—that, ‘‘NATO has no policy relation to, the Moynihan amendment, a dispute resolution process because on how to deal with ethnic unrest, and to be followed by a vote on, or in rela- the European countries have them- they need it badly.’’ This is a quote dition to, the Warner amendment, fol- selves established a number of bilateral rectly from Ambassador Matlock, who lowing 2 minutes of debate equally di- treaties regarding their borders. But is a seasoned and career diplomat. vided in the usual form prior to each we are changing the makeup of NATO. (Ms. COLLINS assumed the Chair.) vote. We can certainly anticipate what more Mrs. HUTCHISON. Yesterday, we Madam President, I point out that members—many with long-standing adopted an amendment that could be this has the consent of the Democratic disputes, ethnic disputes, border dis- interpreted to endorse NATO’s role in leader. putes—will do to the alliance. We must responding to ethnic or religious dis- The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without go in with our eyes wide open and pre- putes. If it is legitimate that NATO be objection, it is so ordered. pare for some potential escalation of involved in ethnic or religious disputes, EXECUTIVE AMENDMENT NO. 2317 why would it not be equally legitimate conflicts or new conflicts to arise as we Mr. SMITH of Oregon. Madam Presi- that NATO discuss a process to avoid add new and diverse members. dent, while my colleague from the My amendment simply requires that or resolve such disputes? Democratic side is getting prepared to before NATO expansion goes into ef- My amendment would initiate that respond to the Hutchison amendment, I fect, the U.S. Representative at NATO discussion. I had much stronger lan- will simply say that it is painful to me should open discussion about dispute guage in an earlier amendment that I to not be on her side of an issue. I am resolution. My amendment restricts was considering, but I have talked to one of Senator HUTCHISON’s greatest the issues that should be considered in many Members of the other side, I have fans, but I simply must oppose her such a proposal, and it certainly re- talked to many Ambassadors and peo- amendment simply because NATO has stricts it to territorial and security ple who have dealt with the security of for so long been a place where con- matters so as not to permit an agricul- Europe for a longer time than I have, tending European countries have come tural crisis, for example, to trigger a and they felt that it was too strong to together in a common purpose and not NATO process. give directions. So I have pulled back pursuing national agendas for their My amendment further requires that that language. But I think to open the common defense. There are many any U.S. proposal be aimed at disputes discussion, to open our eyes to the fact places, many forums, in which dispute in which at least one of the parties has that any time we add members to an resolutions currently take place, and threatened the use of military force. alliance, we should certainly expect to turn NATO into something that is That is it. There is no reason to be con- that there would then be more poten- no longer a place for common defense cerned that this proposal is going to do tial for disagreements, I think that but a place for nationalistic resolution something drastic. It is not directing will be a responsible approach to our I think would do a grave disservice, any outcome, but it is saying we must responsibility in the Senate. raise this question. Let’s talk about it I hope my colleagues will accept this even an undoing of NATO, and dis- when there is not the heat of a crisis. amendment. It is one of the amend- sipate its strength. Opponents to it, though, say that it ments that I think would strengthen I plead with my colleagues, as ap- will dilute U.S. influence in NATO. the responsible role we play, it would pealing as this amendment sounds on How could U.S. leadership be weakened strengthen U.S. leadership, and, most the surface, I think it would be very by our representative in NATO raising of all, Madam President, it would hurtful to the future of Europe. I point a topic that the European countries strengthen the NATO alliance to an- out that whether or not you can point themselves believe is so important that ticipate problems and have a process to Greece and Turkey, I suggest that they have signed 12 treaties on the by which we could address them. What NATO membership of those two coun- matter already? It is because of our could be more responsible and more tries has caused them not to come to leadership in NATO that this could reasonable than that? greater blows in the recent past and I happen in a way that I think would I do hope we can adopt this amend- hope will yet be an influence for them provide stability in the alliance, and I ment. It will be one of the amendments not to come to blows in the future. don’t know why it would even be re- that I think would help me be able to I think, clearly, NATO has served a sisted. vote in good conscience for this resolu- historic purpose, in its informal way, Why would we be thinking of adding tion that is before us today. of contributing to Prussian-French new members to this alliance if we Thank you, Madam President. I yield rapprochement and healing. The same didn’t have enough confidence in our the floor. can be said as between Britain and leadership to know that we could open Mr. SMITH of Oregon. I suggest the Spain, between Spain and Portugal. for discussion such an issue and that it absence of a quorum. Many of the boundary disputes that would be good for everyone to address? The PRESIDING OFFICER. The have raged in Europe for centuries It seems to me that the argument clerk will call the roll. have begun to dissipate, in large part, about U.S. leadership being diluted is The assistant legislative clerk pro- because of NATO and because it brings much more relevant to the question of ceeded to call the roll. all of these countries together in a whether there should be new members, Mr. SMITH of Oregon. Madam Presi- common purpose and for the good of all rather than whether all members dent, I ask unanimous consent that the of Europe. should acknowledge their potential order for the quorum call be rescinded. Madam President, I thank you for border problems. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without the time and yield the floor to my col- I have had conversations with foreign objection, it is so ordered. league. ministers and ambassadors from each UNANIMOUS CONSENT AGREEMENT Mrs. HUTCHISON. Will the Senator of the three prospective NATO mem- Mr. SMITH of Oregon. Madam Presi- yield for a colloquy? bers. They have told me that as long as dent, I ask unanimous consent that Mr. SMITH of Oregon. I will. any dispute resolution process applies with respect to the Moynihan amend- Mrs. HUTCHISON. I wonder if the to all members evenly, then they sup- ment regarding the EU, the Senate pro- Senator from Oregon is aware that all port the idea. ceed to that amendment at 12 noon on we are doing is asking our NATO Am- I also spoke with former U.S. rep- Thursday and there be 1 hour for de- bassador to bring this up for discus- resentatives to NATO and to other Eu- bate equally divided; that following the sion. ropean capitals. They, too, have told conclusion or yielding back of time, Isn’t it a responsible thing to at least me that NATO should discuss this mat- the amendment be laid aside and Sen- bring it up, start talking about what

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00019 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3758 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 29, 1998 would be in a border dispute resolu- as the NAC, the principal political the past, but no longer. The truth of tion? And then if there was not a con- organ of NATO, is by its very nature the matter is, NATO is still deeply in- sensus, of course, it could be rejected. already a dispute resolution mecha- volved in preventing the disagreement What could be wrong with just asking nism. That is the place we make deci- over Cyprus and the Aegean, certain is- that it be brought up for discussion sions in NATO. All actions in the lands, the transfer of weapons. It is the among our allies? NAC—all of them—are taken by con- real place where most of the resolution Mr. SMITH of Oregon. To my friend sensus, which comes, in almost every takes place, because those Greek gen- from Texas, I do not suppose in the ab- circumstance, after very lengthy for- erals and those Turkish generals and stract there is anything wrong with mal and informal discussions among the Greek perm representative and the anything being discussed in NATO. But the 16 nations who are members of the Turk perm representative, they pass I would simply fear that we are chang- NAC. each other in the corridor every day. ing its complexion, turning its focus For example, all delegations to They meet every day. They probably away from a collective alliance for se- NATO are housed in the same head- talk every day. curity and into a place for dispute reso- quarters building in Brussels. Every More recently, we ought to congratu- lutions. working day there is a wide variety of late NATO for having integrated Ger- I think, those European countries, as meetings among delegates and member many so well with its neighbors so that I have discussed this issue with them, countries. Some are briefings; some are the rest of Europe is now comfortable they have said to me, well, this is the informal group meetings; and some are with a larger united Germany. Up until place we come together, not the place one-on-ones. Every Tuesday, NATO 12 years ago, there were as many peo- where we come to divide again. And I ambassadors or so-called perm rep- ple in the West as the East who were think they would quickly say, let us resentatives meet in an informal concerned about a united Germany. leave this to the United Nations, let us luncheon, which is strictly an off-the- There was as much talk among parlia- leave this to the European Union, let record luncheon. A lot is resolved there mentarians in the East as the West us leave it to other bodies where these as well. The purpose of these luncheons about a united Germany—not a pros- kinds of resolutions can be sought. is to work out tough questions out of pect in 1948, 1955, 1965, 1975, and I would Mrs. HUTCHISON. I just say to my the glare of the press and publicity and argue even 1985 that anyone was rush- friend from Oregon, we left Bosnia to to be able to be brutally candid with ing to embrace on the continent. the United Nations. My friend from Or- one another. egon, we left Bosnia to the United Na- In addition, the North Atlantic Coun- Why did it go off so smoothly? NATO. tions. If we had the ability to have cil holds a weekly formal meeting NATO. More importantly, we ought to something in place by which we could which is on the record. By that time, congratulate NATO, under American have had a process long before Dayton issues in dispute, in almost every cir- leadership, for having resolved all to discuss these issues and perhaps cumstance, have already been settled. these disputes while assembling the bring them to the table together for a As the alliance grew from 12 in 1949 to most awesome defensive military alli- resolution, I do not think we would be 16 in 1982, it has expanded its areas of ance in history, one that no foe has in a potentially unending commitment common endeavor rather than re- dared to attack for 49 years. in Bosnia. treated due to the inability of each to The only change to the NAC as a re- I just ask if a border dispute resolu- reach consensus decisions. Even during sult of the enlargement that is about tion process would not be part of col- the divisive Bosnia debate, which has to take place with the addition of three lective security, if it would not help us been referenced here, when one ally fa- new countries, the only change will be prevent conflict rather than always re- vored the Serb position and another the addition of their three perm rep- acting when things are already explod- the Muslim, the alliance still agreed to resentatives, of their generals, of their ing before our eyes? the largest historic commitment lead- people in the same building at the Mr. SMITH of Oregon. It is a point to ing to the Dayton peace implementa- same meetings interfacing on the same be debated. I think it would be duplica- tion force. questions. tive at best and at worst could be very This amendment notes that the Some may worry that they will carry harmful to the unity that NATO by its North Atlantic Treaty does not provide their own hostilities with neighbors dynamics currently creates. for a dispute resolution process by into the NAC. I would argue that not I thank the Chair. which members can resolve differences only is that not likely to happen, if Mr. BIDEN addressed the Chair. among themselves. As true as that past is prologue, they have put away The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- statement is, it is also equally irrele- those hostilities in order to be able to ator from Delaware is recognized. vant. NATO has a remarkably good get into NATO. Mr. BIDEN. I find myself once again track record in resolving disputes NATO—just the prospect of member- in an uncomfortable position. I admire among its members, or at least in pre- ship to NATO has caused each of those and like my friend from Texas. And viewing them and then preventing countries, in varying degrees with maybe she is not, but I am looking for them from escalating into open con- varying degrees of disputes out- something to agree with her on, but flict. standing, to settle those border dis- this is not the one. In fact, I think we ought to declare it putes, to settle those ethnic rivalries. I She has been, as she always is, per- the sense of the Congress that NATO is mentioned half a dozen times on the sistent and effective in making her to be congratulated for having aided floor I doubt whether anyone on this case. She and I have been sort of at immeasurably in helping two of its floor would have predicted 2 years ago, this dispute about dispute resolutions members, France and Germany, to re- let alone 20 years ago, that Romania privately and also in our official capac- solve their age-old antagonisms that would be accommodating a Hungarian ity of attending the observer group caused two world wars in this century minority or that Poland would have meetings. And so here it is on the floor. alone. That did not need a formal dis- settled all of its border disputes. I just rise today to strongly oppose pute mechanism. That was a con- the amendment because its prescrip- sequence of the way the NATO negotia- A President whom I personally ad- tion, I think, is both unnecessary for tions take place now among its mem- mire and politically disagreed with but NATO as an organization and, quite bers. my friend from Texas, I expect, politi- frankly, harmful—harmful—to contin- I think it should be the sense of the cally and personally admired, Ronald ued U.S. leadership to the alliance. Let Congress that NATO is to be congratu- Reagan, used to say, ‘‘if it ain’t broke, me explain what I mean by that. And lated, notwithstanding the comments don’t fix it.’’ This ‘‘ain’t’’ broke. Try- none of this will come as any surprise of my friend from Texas, for having ing to fix something that ‘‘ain’t’’ broke to my friend. I do not expect to change prevented two members, Greece and is likely to damage it, in my opinion. her mind at all, but I do want to make Turkey, from going to war on more Each of the three candidate countries the case why I think this is a bad idea. than one occasion. has recently concluded a bilateral It is unnecessary because the North I am told my friend has indicated agreement with its neighbors resolving Atlantic Council, which is now known that that may have been the case in any outstanding issues that may lead

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00020 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY April 29, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3759 to conflict, Poland with Germany, Po- robbing ourselves of the final protec- I realize this is extremely well-in- land with Ukraine, Poland with Lith- tion against any mischief, should it tended, but I used to go to a Catholic uania, Hungary with Slovakia, Hun- arise. I think this would inevitably grade school, as well as a Catholic high gary with Slovenia, Hungary with Ro- erode American support for NATO school, but the distinction was in the mania, the Czech Republic with Ger- itself as it comes to be perceived as a Catholic grade school the nuns taught many, and now that they will be sit- forum where America does not lead but me. I know this will come as a shock to ting at the same table, making the where America’s influence has been all my colleagues. Occasionally, I same profound decisions, dealing with self-restrained. would be kept after school for discipli- the same issues, again, if past is pro- Sandy Vershbow, our current U.S. nary reasons, and it wasn’t because I logue, there is little to no possibility Ambassador to NATO, recognizing this spoke too much then, because I used to that concerns of my friend are likely to threat, called me from Brussels a cou- stutter very badly so I hardly spoke at come to fruition. ple weeks ago to express his strong op- all. Maybe that is why I speak as much Maybe most importantly, in my position and fervent prayer, wanting now. view, it would be extremely hard for me to assure him—which I could not All kidding aside, I used to have to the U.S. leadership of the alliance to do—don’t worry, this will not pass. He stay after school. I say to my friend create a binding dispute resolution thinks, our present Ambassador to from California, if you were a bad boy mechanism separate from the NAC, be- NATO, any such mechanism would be or a bad girl, in fifth, sixth, seventh, or cause that would mean relinquishing totally counterproductive to American eighth grade, you would have to write what I thought was of concern to my interests in NATO. something on the board 500 times. friend from Texas, as well as my friend In remarks on this floor last month, And the one that I used to have to from Virginia and my friend from New the Senator from Texas likened her write the most, that Sister Michael Hampshire, and all those who oppose NATO dispute resolution mechanism to Mary would most often choose for me enlargement. the National Labor Relations Board. to write—God rest her soul, as my What do they keep talking about? We Mr. President, NATO is not the NLRB. mother would say—particularly be- are basically going to get ourselves en- I know she didn’t mean it is. She was cause she would say I always had some tangled with more people. We will get making a comparison of how the mech- rational excuses as to why I did what I involved in a more unwieldy operation. anism would function. But NATO is an did, she always used to make me write We are going to be in a position where alliance that has protected the free the following phrase 500 times on the actions are taken. The mere action of world for 49 years. It has worked well blackboard: ‘‘The road to hell is paved bringing them in will negatively im- the way it is presently constructed. with good intentions.’’ pact their relationships with Russia. The United States is a leader of that Well, this will not take us to hell, This is going to cause friction within alliance, and it would be totally irra- but this is a road to disaster that is Europe because now some countries are tional, in my view, to squander that paved with very good intentions. It is left out and some countries are left in, leadership by tampering with the unnecessary, it is counterproductive. and it goes on and on and on. I respect North Atlantic Council. One other thing. While I was off the their concerns. We heard yesterday from Senator floor temporarily, I am told by staff But if you have those concerns, why KYL, and from me, mainly from Sen- that the distinguished Senator from would you now want to change the or- ator KYL, about the strategic doctrine Texas said that when we had a meeting ganization of which we are a member, of NATO and what it would be in the with the foreign ministers—‘‘we’’ being where we can now veto anything NATO future and what we were insisting on in Senator ROTH, Senator BIDEN, the Sen- wants to do—anyone, anything. All we this body. We can insist all we want. ator from Texas, and I don’t know how have to do in the NAC is say, ‘‘Sorry, We can instruct the President to vote many other Senators attended that no; we vote no, no,’’ and it is done, fin- any way, tell our NATO Ambassador to meeting right downstairs in the room ished, over. We lead the alliance. vote any way he wanted, and if, in fact, of the Appropriations Committee, their Now I admit, we lead the alliance as we are outvoted, it wouldn’t matter, Capitol meeting room. We met with a consequence of the size of our mili- like it does now. We vote no now, it them at length, all of them that were tary, the nature of our equipment, our ends—done, finished, over, no action. here. The distinguished Senator asked command and control, and our phe- But if we submit to binding arbitra- them whether or not they thought a nomenal economic power. I acknowl- tion, what we say in this floor is di- dispute resolution mechanism was a edge that. But we politically lead the luted. So this also, in my view, dilutes worthwhile thing. They all said yes, alliance, as well, not only for those our power, our responsibility as the initially. And I said, ‘‘Please, will ev- reasons but because we have the ability body that is given the constitutional erybody hold up for just a moment.’’ I to stop anything we want. responsibility to, as was stated by Pro- said, ‘‘Let me explain to you’’—and I Now, I ask my friends in this body, fessor Corwin in another context, to ask the Senator, if she disagrees with why would we, a noncontinental power struggle for the right to conduct Amer- the explanation, to say so—‘‘what my who is, in fact, a European power, why ican foreign policy. distinguished friend from Texas means. do we want now to sign up as we en- I say to my friends who are worried That is a resolution mechanism, dif- large NATO—and I respectfully predict about dispute resolutions and border ferent than the NAC, that would be that we are going to enlarge NATO. disputes, right now I see my friend binding arbitration. Do you still The vote will be overwhelming. We will from Virginia is on the floor again. agree?’’ Every single one of them said, enlarge NATO, in my humble opinion. Amazing how we attract one another ‘‘No; we do not agree.’’ They said that Now, why are we now going to say, to the floor these days. My friend from with all of us present. look, we are going to have a new mech- Virginia, who knows a lot about NATO Mr. WARNER. Madam President, on anism, a new mechanism, the equiva- and the Armed Services Committee, that point, will the Senator yield? lent of unilaterally giving up our most has expressed concern about what Mr. BIDEN. I am delighted to. potent weapon politically; that is, this NATO may get involved in in the fu- Mr. WARNER. Essentially, all the new mechanism will say, hey, you ture. I think he would be strongly op- distinguished Senator from Texas is know, if most of the European coun- posed to this because right now if asking is that we lay down the pro- tries want to do something we think is NATO countries decided to get in- posal, and if the NAC repeats the posi- foolhardy and against our interests, we volved in a border dispute in Europe tion that you just recited, that is the have to submit to a binding resolution. that we did not want to be involved in, end of the purpose of the amendment. And if, in fact, the binding resolution under this operation being suggested, Therefore, I am wondering why we results in a decision different from the we would have to go or leave NATO. We would preclude a simple act of a pro- one we have taken, then we have one of would not be given a choice. If we lose posal being put before the NAC by the two choices. We either go along and in binding arbitration, we participate U.S. representative, not instructing consider it to be bad policy or we leave in an operation we disagree with or the NAC as to what to do but simply to NATO—as I understand the resolution. practically leave NATO. That is a prac- say, take it into consideration. It is a I think this would be the political tical matter. The Senator knows he very simple, straightforward amend- equivalent to unilateral disarmament, can only work by consensus. ment.

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00021 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3760 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 29, 1998 Mr. BIDEN. Will the Senator pardon are asked to vote. I have dwelled on available. If this were to be put before me for a moment to ask my staff a that point and will continue tomorrow. NATO, which would, by the way, imply question? The point is that I think the Senator at a minimum that the United States Mr. WARNER. Sure. is entitled to ask for the support of her supported it, and the President doesn’t, Mr. BIDEN. Madam President, I say colleagues, not to simply table it. If we do not support it. We wouldn’t table to my friend that, to be honest with the NAC turns it down, so be it, be- something we don’t support. People do you, initially I was under the impres- cause as this new definition of missions not go around tabling things and ask- sion that this was to provide for this comes out, there could well be provi- ing for consideration that by implica- dispute resolution mechanism. sions—and I will not prejudge it—that tion they don’t support. This adminis- Mr. WARNER. I have clarified that deal with the ever-increasing number tration does not support that. The last point. of ethnic, religious, and border dis- Mr. BIDEN. You have. Secondly, I administration, to the best of my putes. Speaking for myself, I want knowledge, does not support that. was reminded by my staff that our NATO’s participation, at the very min- present NATO Ambassador called me imum, in trying to resolve certainly by But why would this Senator even put personally, and maybe others, asking force of arms. So this seeks to have in play the possibility that his influ- that he not be put into a position of maybe some tribunal within NAC that ence over whether or not we are in- even having to introduce it, because he listens to the parties and hears them volved in a border dispute is rendered thought it was such a serious mistake out. null and void? For if this were tabled, to even raise that specter. Madam President, as the wise Sen- and if NATO adopted this, we would be Now, it seems to me that if I were a ator from Delaware knows, Greece and in the position of taking exception to member of the NAC presently, if I were Turkey have had some very funda- getting involved in a border dispute France, I might like this dispute reso- mental disagreements for many years. quite possibly, and if the dispute mech- lution mechanism. They have been try- As a matter of fact, one person whom I anism resolution requiring binding ar- ing very hard to take over your fleet, respect, with a corporate knowledge, bitration were in effect, the Senator without supplying a ship. They have told me that the reason they were would have no, no, no impact over been trying very hard to take titular given NATO membership was to avoid whether or not that occurred, other leadership of NATO—I will get a lot of a conflict between the two of them. I than passing a resolution suggesting letters on this. I see Senator ROTH’s am not suggesting the credibility of we would throw off from NATO. senior staff saying: There he goes again that statement, but it was made. And I don’t understand, even though that with the French. NATO has, in many ways, arbitrated Mr. WARNER. He is a Francophile of is not likely to happen, why the Sen- through the years, and continues to ar- ator would even want to put himself in some stature. bitrate in some measure, this long- Mr. BIDEN. Yes, and I am a quarter that possible position. The higher one standing dispute as it relates to Cy- is concerned with being involved in French heritage. prus. But my point is this. I think it is The point is, in that sense, NATO is border disputes seems to me to in- dangerous to even introduce this into arbitrating the very types of disputes crease in direct proportion the need for the NAC. Why would we possibly say to that the Senator from Texas had in opposition to this amendment. Those anyone in NATO, now, that we want mind. I think it is within the purview who are willing to get involved in you to consider us being able to give up of this very important deliberation we every border dispute who think we our right to dictate the outcome of any are having now to simply ask Senators should be the policeman for all of Eu- decision made by NATO that is in a to allow the amendment to be passed rope, central Europe, the former Soviet positive sense? Why would we even for the sole purpose of laying down a Union, that we should do whatever our want to do that? That would be a ques- proposal. European friends think should be done, tion to my friend from Virginia, other Mr. BIDEN. Madam President, the they should be for this because it than responding to my other colleague. Senator doesn’t often confuse me. We doesn’t matter. It may very well be Why would we want to do that? very often agree, and when we disagree, that we have a President who doesn’t Mr. WARNER. First, I want to add a I usually understand clearly why we want to get involved in those disputes. fact. I consulted with the distinguished disagree. Let me explain my confusion, But a majority of the members of Senator from Texas, and she said that and if the Senator wishes to respond, I NATO do, and they think that is good she, in turn, has consulted with Ambas- would appreciate it. If not, I under- foreign policy. sador Hunter, who preceded the Ambas- stand. But I am perplexed. The more one is sador you just referred to, the incum- The Senator has been the most vocal concerned about border disputes, the bent—and, by the way, the incumbent, and articulate opponent of NATO and/ less they should be willing to give an we all know, was associated with the or the United States alone getting in- absolute veto power that we now Senate and was a staffer at one time. volved in what he believes to be intrac- have—absolute. There is no need to dis- He has risen through the ranks and has table civil conflicts, border disputes, cuss it. There is no need to do any- now gotten due recognition and was that have hundreds of years of history thing. The President of the United given that very important post. He car- that precede them. States picks up the phone, the Sec- ries with him an extraordinary cor- Mr. WARNER. Madam President, the retary of State picks up the phone and porate knowledge of this institution Senator is correct. I remain of that says to our Ambassador to NATO, and the general subject of NATO. So I view. ‘‘Vote no.’’ Done, over, gone, finished, think the appointment is a good one. Mr. BIDEN. And I respect that. But But Ambassador Hunter gave some what confuses me is, with the Sen- no troops, no NATO. Why would you technical advice in the preparation of ator’s grave concern, why would he want to give up that lock? It is beyond the amendment. I read the language in even want to give the NAC, or NATO, a me. paragraph 1 down there, ‘‘between and possibility of taking away his power to Mrs. HUTCHISON. Will the Senator among allies . . .’’ and so on. I sought influence those outcomes? He says that yield? clarification of one or two words, and I he is worried about—and I know him to Mr. BIDEN. Yes. I yield the floor. was advised Ambassador Hunter was be—the next strategic doctrine NATO Mrs. HUTCHISON. I would like to try the source of some of that language. I may come out with. am not suggesting that Hunter said Right now the way NATO is con- to answer that because what we are this is the right thing to do, but at structed organizationally is if they trying to do is not have it come up to least he gave some technical advice. come out with a doctrine that we sign NAC but to have border disputes and a The amendment is so straight- off on, or intend to sign off on, the dis- process that everyone has agreed to, forward. It simply says we will take— tinguished Senator from Virginia can and if anyone doesn’t agree, including and many of us have grave concerns come to this floor, pass a resolution us, it wouldn’t go into effect. about the missions of NATO as they and/or an amendment to a piece of leg- The Senator from Delaware quoted are now being formulated—and they, islation instructing the President not from my statement, but he forgot to regrettably, will not be made known to sign on, and he can make that pre- say that I laid out the labor arbitra- until a year hence, at the very time we vail depending on the number of votes tion as just an example of what it

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00022 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY April 29, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3761 could look like. I was only trying to going on relative to Greece and Tur- pute resolution process, something provide one option, one thought. The key. that would be devised by the council, purpose is not to have border dispute I remember asking Werner about and if somebody on the council didn’t resolutions come to NAC. It is to have what this all meant. We were about to like it, it would never see the light of an agreed-upon procedure at the lowest have a meeting. He was having a lunch- day. level so that every country would know eon for me, as they do for any Senator What is the problem with opening the what the ground rules are so that they who will go over and pay attention, discussion? could handle it at the lowest level and and with the permanent reps and some Mr. BIDEN. Madam President, it is there wouldn’t be an eruption at the of the military. He said to his assistant done that way now. That is exactly highest level. general so and so, and general so and what is done now. On Bosnia, what did I say to the Senator from Delaware, so, one a Turk and one a Greek, ‘‘Call we do? who I admire very much, that all the them in the office.’’ They called them Mrs. HUTCHISON. On Bosnia, what United States Ambassador has to do is in the office. He basically said, ‘‘What we did is take it to the whole council, say, ‘‘I don’t think this is a good idea,’’ is going on, fellows? What is the deal?’’ and everybody got involved. when he does start talking to the al- The Turkish and Greek military rep- Mr. BIDEN. With all due respect, lies. It will go nowhere. Why would resentatives of NATO sat there and in Madam President—— Mrs. HUTCHISON. That is why we anyone be afraid to talk about this in the privacy of that room discussed the are funding the commitment in Bosnia anticipation of problems that could politics in their own country; why they today, because in the United Na- occur? There are 11 potential border didn’t see there was much of a problem, tions—— disputes that have been identified by but you have to understand it is going Mr. BIDEN. With all due respect, the Congressional Research Office as nowhere. what happened, whether the Senator having a medium to high probability of If any formal mechanism is put in agrees with the policy or not, the Sec- escalation. It is, I think, an oppor- place, the ability of that Greek general retary of State, the National Security tunity to keep a Bosnia from rising to and that Turkish general to walk into Adviser, and their designees got on a the level it has. If we had a mechanism a room and totally off the record say, plane, and they flew to Paris, and they in place with the Croats, the Serbs and ‘‘We think this, we think that,’’ and flew to London, and they flew to Ma- the Moslems could have gone to an ar- talk about it in front of a German, and drid, and they flew to Bonn, and they bitration process, or could have agreed an American, all members of NATO, flew to Berlin, and they flew all over, on a process early on how they would that would evaporate. Now we will and they met individually with the like to settle the dispute in the former have set up a bureaucratic deal, no governments, not in Brussels. Yugoslavia. matter what it is, no matter how ten- Mrs. HUTCHISON. But now the All we are talking about is putting uous it is, now it is posture. United States of America is paying the the idea on the table. We are not talk- One of the things that we get done— lion’s share and our troops are in ing about a result. I don’t know why we and it will come as a shock to some harm’s way in Bosnia, if the President should fear a discussion. Why should people, but in the Chamber it will not has his way, in perpetuity. Is that the we fear bringing this up just to see come as a shock—is how do we most answer you want for every ethnic dis- what our allies would like to do about often on this floor resolve the disputes pute that can occur for the next cen- potential border conflicts? NATO is not when we really get down to it at the tury in Europe? going to be the same. When you add last minute in a crunch on any impor- Mr. BIDEN. Madam President, if I new members, regardless of who they tant issue. may be recognized, with all due re- are, you have to anticipate that there We go back to one of those two spect—— may be a change in the alliance. When rooms. There is no press. There is no The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- West Germany became a member it floor. There is no record. And I say, ator from Delaware. changed the alliance. When Spain be- ‘‘OK, what’s the deal? If I change this, Mr. BIDEN. Whether or not—and we came a member it changed the alli- can you do that?’’ Isn’t that how we do disagree in the policy. I have been on ance. When France decided not to be a it? That is how NATO does it. Now, if this floor for 4 years saying we should part of the military operation, it we were required by law, by our gov- be involved. But whether or not we changed the alliance. ernments, by our parties, that the only should, NATO has nothing to do with What I am trying to do with this time we could meet is if we say, ‘‘I will that. NATO troops ended up there, but amendment is provide leadership. If we meet you at 3:30; we will meet in room not because the American President have the veto, as the Senator from S. 107, and we will have two people went to a NAC meeting or our Ambas- Delaware has said, we can veto. But there, and I will formally table my con- sador to NATO at a NAC meeting why not bring it to the table for discus- cern,’’ that is what worries me. raised this issue. It is because there sion? Mr. SMITH of Oregon. Will the Sen- was a policy decision made by a Presi- Mr. BIDEN. I see my friend is rising ator yield? dent, supported by this Senator—he to speak. Let me respond to the ques- Mr. BIDEN. I know that is not what didn’t do it because of me, but sup- tions directed to me very briefly. the Senator intends. What I am sug- ported by this Senator—to try to per- I recall my friend from Virginia—I gesting after 25 years of watching this suade NATO to do that. Whether or not keep referring to my friend from Vir- thing, I think that is what will happen. there was a dispute resolution mecha- ginia because he is on the Armed Serv- I will be happy to yield to my friend nism in place in NATO that was formal ices Committee. We have been here a from Oregon. or informal is irrelevant to that ques- long time. We have been back and forth Mr. SMITH of Oregon. If I can answer tion. The President of the United to Brussels zillions of times. So I don’t the Senator’s—— States first picked up the phone and mean that to suggest he agrees with Mrs. HUTCHISON. Madam President, called Tony Blair. Then he called me. could I just respond to the Senator Chirac. Then he called—and the list Mr. WARNER. Madam President, it from Delaware quickly—and, of course, went on. Then they ended up in NATO. is a term of endearment and it rests I would like to have the Senator from So I understand what the Senator is equally on both sides. I just regret that Oregon respond also—if I could just say trying to deal with. To use an old ex- the Senator is of the wrong party. that nothing that the Senator from pression, she in a sense is trying to Other than that, he is doing good. Delaware has said would be prevented fight the last war. We fought that war Mr. BIDEN. As my friend will re- from happening. People could certainly about Bosnia in the Chamber here. My member, a man named Werner was a go into a room and settle a dispute. team won; her team lost. But NATO very dynamic leader of NATO, a Ger- What we are trying to do—— enlargement and a dispute resolution man who was made the number one Mr. BIDEN. What is broken? mechanism have nothing to do with man in NATO. I recall being in Brus- Mrs. HUTCHISON. Is have an option that decision. sels. Don’t hold me to the year. I think that they would be able to go way I yield the floor. it was somewhere around 6 over 8 years below the level of the North Atlantic Mr. SMITH of Oregon. If the Senator ago. There was a lot of saber rattling Council, where they could go into a dis- will yield, as I understood the Senator

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00023 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3762 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 29, 1998 from Texas, her original idea was that Mrs. HUTCHISON. Madam President, again. I don’t know how this dispute we should say to the American Ambas- let me just say that I agree with my resolution mechanism of any nature sador to NATO to raise it with the NAC friend, the Senator from Virginia, that would involve Bosnia at all. Serbia is and to present this idea, that they dis- why wouldn’t we put out every possible not an ally, Bosnia is not an ally, cuss a dispute resolution. And in that, effort with every potential idea that Herzegovina is not an ally, Croatia is I think you said it is even OK for the could keep us from having an esca- not an ally, Moldavia is not an ally. Ambassador to say, ‘‘I think that’s a lation that would require arms con- Looking over here, Romania—Roma- bad idea; I think we need to settle that flict, or would allow for armed con- nia is listed in the potential border dis- right now. If this is a bad idea, let’s say flict? Precisely for the reason that the putes, ethnic Romanians in Moldavia so.’’ And I would hate to begin a debate Senator from Delaware has stated: Per- versus Russia. None of those parties, with our European allies by saying we haps we do need another step in the Moldavia, Russia or Romania, are our want to discuss what we think is a bad process. allies. Bulgaria-Serbia, Estonia-Russia, idea even though the Senate somehow What if the two generals in the back Latvia-Russia, Estonia-Russia, Cro- thinks it is a good idea. It is either a room can’t agree? Why not have a safe- atia-Serbia, Macedonia-Albania, good idea or it is a bad idea. That is ty valve that would give another op- Moldavia-Russia, Yugoslavia Serb-Bos- why I would say no. tion when all else has failed? Why not nia, Serb-Croats, Serbs-Kosovo, Serbs- Mrs. HUTCHISON. Let me just say to go the extra mile? We are not trying to Macedonia, Albanians-Serbs, Hungar- the Senator from Oregon — guarantee the result with my amend- ians—possibly; Serbs—Albanians- Mr. WARNER. Mr. President, let me ment; we are only trying to guarantee Kosovoans, Greeks-Albanians, Alba- say, if I could address that response that there will be an effort, that we nians-Macedonians. very briefly— will try to come forward with a process None of those concerns, not a single Mrs. HUTCHISON. I hope he wouldn’t that everyone would agree is a good put forth an idea that he thought was solitary one, involves allies. They process. If the United States thinks the would not be covered by even the a bad idea. end result is not a good one, it has the What I hope is that he would lay out unstated illusory mechanism that final ability to veto, as the Senator the issue for discussion, and if the re- might be created if we don’t table this. from Delaware has pointed out. sult is not something that the United My reason for being opposed to this is Why not try? What are we afraid of? States thinks is the best result, after a little bit like what Senator John Pas- That we would not be able to put this everyone has had a say in what kind of tore from the State of Rhode Island on the table for discussion, to see if a process it would be, of course, we would told me in 1973. I said, ‘‘I’m not sure process can be agreed upon by all of not lose our veto power. But I would about this, Senator’’—a vote. And he our allies in a consensus, and, if so, certainly hope that he would not go in said, ‘‘Let me give you a piece of ad- have the opportunity for another layer and say, ‘‘I am putting forward an idea vice, JOE.’’ He talked with a gravelly that I think is a bad idea.’’ at the very lowest levels before it esca- voice. He said, ‘‘When in doubt, vote Mr. SMITH of Oregon. I apologize. I lates into a situation as we see in Bos- no.’’ thought I heard the Senator from nia today? I am in grave doubt, at a minimum. Mr. BIDEN. Madam President, I don’t Texas say that. I cannot possibly see how what the want to get anyone’s hopes up or cause Mrs. HUTCHISON. It is a valid ques- Senator is suggesting in any way—I fear on anyone’s part. I am not fol- tion. don’t fully understand it. She is not lowing in a recent line of departure Mr. WARNER. Madam President, if I proposing a particular mechanism. But from the Democratic side to the Repub- could join this distinguished group and I can’t envision any mechanism that lican side, but having reached the ad- respond to everybody, the Senator would have any impact on any of the vanced age of 55, I cannot see from over from Texas is asking for a very simple things that are listed on that chart. there this chart, and that is why I am procedural act. And I agree with my Not a single one. Not a single one walking over. colleague from Delaware; when an am- would fall within the definition of her Mrs. HUTCHISON. At the advanced bassador goes in with a proposal, it has resolution. age of 55, you are now sitting in STROM to have the force and effect of not a Bosnia would not fall within the defi- bad idea but that we conscientiously THURMOND’s chair. nition of her resolution. think is correct. Mr. BIDEN. I think the Senator’s Now, I remember Manfred Werner; we point is very well made. I hope it I know, ever since Ross Perot, all of all do. What a magnificent person. He brings me luck. He is one of my closest us have gotten chart mania. You know, was NATO, and no one in this Chamber, friends in the Senate. And as he point- me, too. I have my charts back there. particularly John Tower, the late John ed out in a Roll Call article he got Maybe the chart was just wheeled out Tower, could express higher regard for framed for me and signed—it was an ar- by mistake. But it, the chart, has no Werner than yourself, myself, and oth- ticle featuring him and his aides—I am relevance to the resolution, none at all. ers. But the point is, we don’t know the only person in the Senate who I say as a Democrat on this side of the what NATO is going to look like after could beat STROM THURMOND’s record if aisle now—I guess I should not be so we accept 12 nations, going from 16 to I served in the Senate until I reached flip about it. I do not mean to be. But 28, and bringing in a realm of geog- age 73, which I am sure my constitu- all kidding aside, I really, truly, as raphy. ents will not let happen. they say—I don’t get it. The examples We understand the Cyprus dispute. It Mrs. HUTCHISON. The Senator is the Senator from Virginia and Texas is age old. We understand how two sen- warming the chair. are worried about would not fall within ior military officers assigned to NATO Mr. BIDEN. I am not really warming the purview of this resolution even if could come into Manfred Werner’s of- the chair. I am serious. I could not see such a dispute mechanism were arrived fice and sit down and informally dis- it. If I may beg the indulgence of my at. Nothing on the chart would fall cuss it. But I look upon a proliferation Republican colleagues, let me answer, within the purview of this resolution. I of problems of unknown—of unknown because I think at least anything use- don’t know what would that is not al- description, and it seems to me that ful that could be said on my part has ready working. And I don’t know what perhaps we should address the poten- been said, with one exception, and I is broken. I can’t think of a single ex- tial for far more problems than ever will say this and cease and desist. ample—I would like to hear one—where envisioned as we begin to access coun- As I read the amendment, on line 5 it NATO was unable to come up with a try after country after country. says, ‘‘establishing a process of dispute dispute resolution within the present Therefore, I think it would be advis- resolution among allies.’’ structure. So that is why I oppose this. able to explore the possibility of hav- Now, the Senator from Texas has I will oppose it. ing some procedure by which, hope- pointed out—and she has been a very, I have great respect for my friend fully, the use of arms could be avoided, very, very forceful leader in opposition from Texas. I mean that sincerely. But or if arms were being used in a dispute, to our present policy in Bosnia. I wish I strongly disagree with this and I will that somehow NATO, with a wrestful she were not as effective, because she urge my colleagues to vote ‘‘No.’’ I and forceful hand, could put it to rest. and I disagree. But she raised Bosnia thank her for her indulgence.

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00024 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY April 29, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3763 I have been asked to yield to Senator amendment. She certainly should have Mrs. BOXER. I thank the Senator CRAIG for a consent request, unanimous that right, after which then I will want from Texas. consent request. I yield the floor. to have some time reserved. So what- Mr. President, I have listened care- Several Senators addressed the ever can be worked out that gives her fully to this debate, and I think what Chair. her time, and then I could close on my the Hutchison amendment really gets The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. ROB- amendment at the appropriate time. to is what NATO is all about. Perhaps ERTS). The Senator from Idaho is rec- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- it comes down to how each of us sees ognized. ator from Idaho. NATO. Frankly, I see NATO as a mili- Mr. CRAIG. Let me thank my col- Mr. CRAIG. Mr. President, I am will- tary alliance that has been extremely leagues. I would like to offer up a ing to extend to 5:10, the time at which successful, that has worked very well, unanimous consent request for the we would start the votes. I will say to and I don’t want to see anything hap- good of the order and the remainder of the Senator from California, I cer- pen to NATO that would change the the afternoon. tainly respect her right and her need to focus of what it really is. I ask unanimous consent that the debate. I can’t say how long the Sen- As I listened to my friend, and I time between now and 5 p.m. be equally ator from Delaware plans to speak on know she in her heart wants to have a divided between the majority and the my amendment. I have said about all mechanism to resolve the disputes that minority. I further ask unanimous con- there is to say on my amendment, and may erupt and are currently erupting, sent that at the hour of 5 p.m., the Sen- within a few minutes I could say the I understand her intention, but as I ate proceed to a vote on or in relation bulk of it. I know the Senator from look at the amendment, I think what to the Hutchison amendment No. 2317, Missouri also wished to lay down an will happen is there will be a procedure to be followed by a vote on or in rela- amendment, I believe. That would take set up for every group that has a gripe tion to the Craig amendment No. 2316. a minimal amount of time. But it is about another ethnic group to come to I finally ask consent that there be 2 important. We have Senators who have a forum, to present their case, and per- minutes of debate equally divided in obligations by 5:20, and that is what we haps some of them will bring propa- the usual form prior to the second are trying to meet. ganda, that it could turn NATO into a vote. Mrs. BOXER. I say to my friend, belittle sideshow, into a world sideshow, The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there lieve me, I was trying to get this time a propaganda stage. I am very con- objection? earlier in the day. In the interests of cerned about that. Again, I think the Several Senators addressed the comity I will take 10 minutes and reason I am concerned is that I support Chair. speak fast. I must do that. NATO enlargement. I have been wait- Mr. BIDEN. Reserving the right to Mr. BIDEN addressed the Chair. ing to get some time to talk about object, and I’m not sure I will object, I The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- why. I think this amendment would, in want to be certain that would mean ator is recognized. fact, take us off course of what we are the Senator from Delaware would—or Mr. BIDEN. Mr. President, we have trying to do. enough time within this time to debate one of us, the Senator from North It is important to say that just at the and finish the amendment of the Sen- Carolina—would control, I guess we prospect of a country joining NATO 1 ator from Texas. But the Senator from would control 27 minutes, 27 ⁄2 minutes, there have been 10 major accords that Idaho has a very, very important is that right, each? Is that correct? have occurred. In other words, the fact amendment. If I agree to this request, That is a question, parliamentary in- that principles that we have laid down, it leaves me a total of 4 minutes to re- quiry. and some of them are called Perry The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- spond to his amendment, and nothing principles, named after William Perry, ator is correct. has been said in opposition to his we said that if you want to join NATO, Mr. CRAIG. I apologize to the Sen- amendment yet. If the Senator from you have to have a commitment to ator. Would he repeat that? Missouri speaks, it will leave less time. democratic reform, you have to have a Mr. BIDEN. As I understand it, if we So I assume it’s the leader’s desire to commitment to a free-market econ- agree to this unanimous consent order, have two votes by 5:10 or thereabouts. omy, you have to have good, neigh- then there is 27 minutes on a side to I don’t know how we can do that. dispose of the debate on the amend- Mr. CRAIG. Mr. President, let me borly relations—good, neighborly rela- ment of the Senator from Texas and withdraw the unanimous consent re- tions. And because NATO is going to be the amendment of the Senator from quest at this time. We are wasting val- open to countries that follow these re- Idaho. uable debate time. The debate can go forms, and others, it seems to me that Mr. CRAIG. That is correct. forward. We will see if we can come up is one of the best ways we have for re- Mr. BIDEN. I don’t believe that will with an agreement a few minutes from solving problems. The agreement has been made be- leave enough time. The Senator from now. I yield the floor. California has been patiently waiting The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- tween Poland and Lithuania, Poland here. She wants 15 minutes. You and I ator from Texas has the time. and the Ukraine, Hungary and Roma- have not even engaged your amend- Mrs. HUTCHISON. Mr. President, let nia, Italy and Slovenia, and Germany ment yet. Senator LEVIN wants 5 min- me just propose a unanimous consent and the Czech Republic. So while we utes. So I would, for the moment, ob- that the Senator from California be al- come up with charts and ways to show ject. But I am sure we can work some- lowed 10 minutes on my amendment, the disputes, we also should celebrate thing out. after which I would have a maximum of the fact that because we have opened The PRESIDING OFFICER. An objec- 5 minutes and we would close my up NATO to countries, assuming they tion is heard. amendment, and then everything else make certain reforms, among them The Senator from Texas is recog- could be negotiated on the amendment good, neighborly relations, that that nized. of Senator CRAIG. has been an incentive. Mrs. HUTCHISON. Mr. President, I The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there Mr. President, everyone approaches would like to suggest that I take 3 objection? Hearing none, without ob- this issue from his or her own experi- minutes to finish on my amendment jection, it is so ordered. ences. I am very strong on this NATO and then everything else could be on The distinguished Senator from Cali- expansion, because I remember well Senator CRAIG’s amendment for the fornia is finally recognized. back when I was a teenager watching rest of the afternoon. Mrs. BOXER. I thank you. Did the the television reports of the Hungarian Mrs. BOXER. I object to that because Senator want her 3 minutes at this revolution being cut short by Soviet I wish to speak on the Hutchison time, or does she wish to take it after tanks. I think back to those years in amendment and I wish to have 15 min- my remarks? 1956 watching freedom crushed and utes of time. I have been waiting Mrs. HUTCHISON. After the Senator watching people’s dreams crushed and around for hours. I might be able to get from California has finished her re- thinking to myself, oh, my God, I wish it down to 10 minutes. marks, I will close on my amendment we could do something but we really Mrs. HUTCHISON. That’s fine. I did and then they can determine what they can’t do anything because of the Iron not realize the Senator was on my want to do with the rest of the time. Curtain, because of what was going on

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00025 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3764 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 29, 1998 in the world. I remember feeling so I am worried this amendment, Mr. BIDEN. Reserving the right to powerless. though extremely well intended, will object, I ask it be amended that we I feel so proud that all these many take our eye off what we need to do in take 5 more minutes out so we have a years later I can do something positive, Europe, which is, yes, to add countries total of— to say to that country and to other to the alliance that are willing to un- Mr. LEVIN. For the Craig amend- countries, ‘‘You will never have to go dertake free-market economy reforms, ment. through that again.’’ I feel good about that are willing to reach out to their Mr. BIDEN. Oh, no. that. neighbors and solve disputes, that are Mr. CRAIG. The Craig amendment I don’t want to see us get off our willing to become truly democratic na- will not be debated until tomorrow. course, to change what the role of tions, that are willing to have civilian Mr. BIDEN. We are only talking NATO is, to turn it into maybe a mini control over their military. These are about a Hutchison amendment. I have United Nations, to set up false hopes the reforms. no objection, as long as I understood it because, indeed, the Senator herself If we turn away from the very simple correctly. And I apologize. I was in the said it may well be that nothing comes goals of NATO and expand the mission back of the room. of all of this. If nothing comes of all of and change the mission, it looks to me The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there this, why do we have to set up a whole like, again, we are setting up a mini further objection? Does the Senator new elaborate procedure? I think it is United Nations or something here. from Missouri have an objection? setting up false hopes. I think it is set- What is it going to cost? Already Without objection, it is so ordered. ting up a world stage for propaganda. I there are complaints about the costs. Mrs. HUTCHISON. Mr. President, I think it is setting up a situation where What is it going to cost to do all this, will close on my amendment then, ex- we are getting off what our mission in and what are the procedures going to cept for the last reserved 2 minutes NATO ought to be about. To me, it is be? If it is a sham, if it is not going to that Senator BIDEN will take, after very, very, very serious. come to anything, if, as the Senator which I will close. I believe that expanding the NATO from Texas says, our Ambassador could Mr. President, I have now heard from alliance to include Poland, Hungary, just call someone up and say, ‘‘Forget the Senator from Delaware and the and the Czech Republic, and focusing it, we’re not interested’’—imagine the Senator from California that the 11 dis- on that and holding out hope for other news on that, imagine the press con- putes which have been put together by nations to join and not changing the ferences held around the world by the Congressional Research Service focus to these hot spots, if we stick to every ethnic group that says, ‘‘The have no relation to what we are doing what NATO is, we are going to see U.S. stopped us from having a dispute today. And yet the countries men- greater peace and security throughout resolution.’’ tioned for inclusion in the next wave of Eastern Europe, the same peace and se- I worry about this amendment be- NATO expansion are Slovenia, Latvia, curity that we were able to provide cause I am such a strong supporter of Lithuania, Estonia, and Romania. And Western Europe for the past 49 years. NATO enlargement, and I want us to Albania has also been mentioned. It is important to note that no Amer- keep focused on what we have to do It is relevant that we have ongoing ican soldier has had to fire a shot to and think we are on the path. And as disputes within the area that we will defend one NATO ally, nor has a NATO well intended as it may be, I think this be considering for inclusion in NATO. member ever had to wage war to fulfill takes us off the path. Mr. President, it is a matter of pre- its security guarantees. This is an in- Thank you very much. I thank the paring for the future. We are changing credible record. NATO is a military al- Senator from Texas for her generosity NATO. Every time a new member is in- liance. It works. If you turn it into in giving me these 10 minutes. cluded, it changes the alliance. We something else, you are playing a game Mr. CRAIG addressed the Chair. hope it will strengthen the alliance. We with it, and the stakes are far too The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- must look to what the future potential great, because a peaceful, secure Eu- ator from Idaho is recognized. conflicts in the alliance would be. And rope is necessary for a peaceful, secure Mr. CRAIG. For purposes of unani- the more you expand it, the more po- America. We are inextricably linked. mous consent, Mr. President, let me tentials for conflict there are. In two World Wars, American troops try this again so we can notify our Let me read to you the amendment have fought and died. Members of a vote at 5 o’clock. I ask The bottom line is, if we do believe unanimous consent that the time be- that we passed yesterday. It defines that NATO has worked on the world tween now and 5 o’clock be equally di- ‘‘common threats’’ in NATO to include stage—and the proof is there, never vided between the majority and minor- ‘‘conflict in the North Atlantic area was a shot fired by this alliance—then ity. I further ask unanimous consent stemming from ethnic and religious en- we should not get off course and adopt that at 5 p.m. the Senate proceed to mity, the revival of historic disputes or amendments that are going to take us vote on or in relation to the Hutchison the actions of undemocratic leaders.’’ away from that goal. amendment No. 2317. I further ask That is the definition of ‘‘common I know some of my colleagues worry unanimous consent that at 4:25 Senator threats.’’ about the situation with Russia, but I ASHCROFT be recognized to lay aside In the paragraph following the next do feel we are handling that. We have the pending amendment and he call up paragraph, the capacity to respond to set up a way to have a dialog with Rus- an amendment, for debate only, until common threats is addressed. ‘‘NATO’s sia. I really believe whether you listen 4:55, and at such time there be 5 min- continued success requires a credible to our Secretary of State or former utes equally divided for closing re- military capability to deter and re- majority leader Senator Bob Dole, or marks on the Hutchison amendment. spond to common threats.’’ Colin Powell, or veterans groups, they Mr. LEVIN. Reserving the right to So, Mr. President, it could be that we are all saying we should stick to our object, I would like to inquire of the are opening NATO and changing its mission in that part of the world, Senator from Delaware whether he very nature by the amendment that which means a military alliance, not heard this unanimous consent agree- was passed yesterday. It could be that some dispute resolution organization ment. we are looking at involvement in eth- that invites everybody onto a world Mr. BIDEN. Mr. President, I have. nic and religious enmity and revival of stage. And it is my understanding—the rea- historic disputes or the actions of un- Whether it is Henry Kissinger or Sec- son I am not objecting is that there are democratic leaders in a future mission retary Baker or Madeleine Albright, no other Democrats looking to speak for NATO. they all are saying the same things. on the Hutchison amendment, and I If we are going to change the nature And the President himself: ‘‘A new wanted to reserve at the end of the of NATO in this way, my amendment is NATO can extend the blessings of free- time for purposes of explanation, our even more important. Why are we dom and security in the new century, respective explanations, of the afraid to lead? Why are we afraid to we can bring Europe together not by Hutchison amendment of at least a put on the table a border dispute reso- the force of arms but by possibilities of couple minutes. lution process which everyone would peace, that is the promise of the mo- Mr. LEVIN. May I get 5 minutes out have to agree to so that we will know ment and we must seize it.’’ of that? what the process is before there is an

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00026 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY April 29, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3765 eruption that goes beyond our ability ture. Here is William Perry, the imme- (2) THE FUNDAMENTAL IMPORTANCE OF COL- to contain it without military force? diate past former U.S. Secretary of De- LECTIVE SELF-DEFENSE.— The PRESIDING OFFICER. The time fense, who left office recently and was (A) PRESIDENTIAL CERTIFICATION.—Prior to requested by the distinguished Senator the deposit of the United States instrument replaced in that office by one of our of ratification, the President shall certify to has expired. own, former Senator Cohen, now Sec- the Senate that— Mr. ASHCROFT. I will yield. retary Cohen. (i) NATO is and will remain a defensive Mrs. HUTCHISON. Thank you, Mr. This is testimony before the Senate military alliance, and that Article 5 of the President. I will finish my comments Armed Services Committee, March 19, North Atlantic Treaty, which provides for in the last 5 minutes. I yield the floor. 1998. Of course, it was Secretary Perry the collective self-defense of NATO members Mr. ASHCROFT addressed the Chair. who was a part of negotiating this ex- against armed attack, continues to con- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The dis- pansion of NATO, which we will vote stitute the heart of that treaty; and tinguished Senator from Missouri is (ii) the United States will only support a on in the Senate. Here is what Sec- military operation under the North Atlantic recognized. retary Perry says: Treaty that is commenced on or after the EXECUTIVE AMENDMENT NO. 2318 The original mission of NATO—deterring date of adoption of this resolution of ratifi- (Purpose: To require a Presidential certifi- an attack from the Soviet Union—is obvi- cation— cation that NATO is and will remain a de- ously no longer relevant. The original geo- (I) if the operation is intended for the pur- fensive military alliance, and for other graphical area of NATO responsibility is no pose of collective self-defense in response to purposes) longer sufficient. The original military an armed attack on the territory of a NATO Mr. ASHCROFT. Mr. President, structure of NATO is no longer appro- member; or thank you for this opportunity to com- priate. . .the new missions— (II) in response to a threat to the territorial integrity, political independence, or ment on an important aspect of this This is important language— new missions of NATO should be preven- security of a NATO member. great Nation’s efforts to defend free- (B) CONSTRUCTION.—The Senate declares dom generally, and in this specific in- tive defense—creating the conditions for peace in Europe. . .the geographical area of that nothing in the North Atlantic Treaty, stance, through the North Atlantic NATO interests should be anywhere in the the Strategic Concept of NATO, or any other Treaty Organization. world— document setting forth the fundamental pur- The Senate is being asked to give its poses, objectives, or missions of NATO shall This is operative language here. stamp of approval to a new NATO, not be construed as altering the constitutional The geographic area of NATO should no authority of the Congress or the President. only changing in membership, but longer be confined to the North Atlantic changing in its scope and purpose. The (C) EXCLUSIONS FROM MEANING OF ‘‘NATO area. MILITARY OPERATION’’.—The term ‘‘NATO focus of the change in NATO upon If you will read article VI of the trea- military operation’’ does not include any which we are being given this oppor- ty, we get into a very clear specifica- NATO training mission or exercise. tunity to vote is the expansion of the tion of territory, and it is exacting. It (3) ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS REGARDING membership of NATO. talks about latitudes and longitudes THE STRATEGIC CONCEPT OF NATO.— But I would submit that there is and the like. Mr. ASHCROFT. I thank a number of something far more important than Here Secretary Perry reveals what individuals for their willingness to co- simply this change in the numerics of the real agenda is, that we would cre- sponsor the amendment, not the least NATO, simply this change in the num- ate a new geographic area for NATO of which is the individual inhabiting ber of nations that are members of the and it would be ‘‘anywhere in the world the Chair at this time, the Senator alliance. There is an alteration of where aggression can threaten the se- from Kansas, Senator ROBERTS, Sen- NATO more profound than the expan- curity of NATO members. . .’’ ator HELMS, Senator WARNER, Senator sion of its membership, and the Senate Secretary Albright has also urged HUTCHINSON, Senator FAIRCLOTH, and should not overlook this crucial aspect that ‘‘an expanding North Atlantic Senator BOND. I am pleased they would of the debate. Treaty Organization must extend its support this effort. Let me just say that I believe NATO geographic reach beyond the European I indicate that this amendment, which is to reinforce the original in- has been one of the most successful de- continent and evolve’’—key word, tent of the treaty to protect the secu- fense organizations in the history of evolve— ‘‘into a force for peace from rity, the political independence, and mankind. NATO has been an agency to the Middle East to central Africa.’’ territorial integrity of these treaty na- preserve the peace and has done that so We are changing the mission of tions, is what has been and will con- successfully that we have not had to NATO from a mission which was de- tinue to be a part of our commitment offer American lives on European soil signed to protect the territory of the in NATO, and that is reflected in the in the second half of the 20th century. member nations to being some kind of That is in stark contrast to the first amendment. international policing operation. We have the former Secretary of De- half of the 20th century where hundreds With that in mind, it is my intention of thousands of American soldiers fense, William Perry, saying there to send to the desk an amendment should be a global mission for NATO. fought for freedom and hundreds of which would require that the President thousands gave their last full measure We have Secretary Albright saying we certify that actions by NATO are in should expand the North Atlantic Trea- of devotion in liberty’s defense. keeping with the terms of the treaty ty Organization into a ‘‘force for peace I think the success of NATO, though, itself. I send the amendment to the from the Middle East to central Afri- is something that should be respected desk. ca.’’ by preserving NATO and not changing The PRESIDING OFFICER. The We have witnessed what happens the character of the alliance. And, to clerk will report. when our soldiers are involved in so- be frank, since the threat of the Soviet The legislative clerk read as follows: called peacekeeping organizations and Union no longer exists, a number of of- The Senator from Missouri [Mr. operations in Africa. Not too long ago ficials associated with NATO have ASHCROFT], for himself, Mr. ROBERTS, Mr. in Somalia, 18 Americans died in a come to the conclusion that this laud- HELMS, Mr. WARNER, Mr. HUTCHINSON, Mr. peacekeeping effort. Frankly, the trag- able organization, this most successful FAIRCLOTH, and Mr. BOND, proposes an executive amendment numbered 2318. edy in Somalia disrupted our foreign of all alliances, should be devoted to policy in Africa for years, and we lost new ends and new objectives. Mr. ASHCROFT. Mr. President, I ask 18 Americans in the process. We have I submit that if we allow, in this unanimous consent that reading of the little to show for it. As we noted just 2 vote, the devotion of NATO’s resources amendment be dispensed with. weeks ago, one American, a part of a to new objectives and to new ideas, we The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without humanitarian team to Somalia, was will be undermining the very success objection, it is so ordered. taken hostage within this last month. and purpose for which NATO was con- The amendment is as follows: We withdrew from Somalia, the war- stituted 50 years ago. In section 3(1), strike ‘‘(A) THE FUNDA- MENTAL IMPORTANCE OF COLLECTIVE DE- lords are back in business there, and Let us just look at some of the state- FENSE.—’’ and all that follows through ‘‘in- we have not made the kind of progress ments of administration officials as terests of NATO members.’’ at the end of we ought to make. they convey what they propose for the paragraph (1)(A) and insert in lieu thereof I think the first thing to say is that scope and mission of NATO in the fu- the following new condition: there was a purpose for NATO. It was

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00027 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3766 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 29, 1998 manifestly successful, the most suc- transformation of a treaty before our the North Atlantic nations. But the cessful military alliance ever, and it eyes. Secretary of State wants to be able to saved Americans from having to spend Now, some have argued that my deploy NATO forces there in her con- their lives in Europe in defense of free- amendment will impose new concept of a force for peace, and I trans- dom. The success of NATO is incon- straints on NATO not contained in the late that into deploying American trovertible. treaty. Let me make it clear that the troops. The President has sought and The second point I make, those now amendment which I have sent to the asserted his right to deploy American asking for an amendment to the treaty desk merely asks that the President forces as Commander in Chief. This are asking to change it from what it certify that any action taken under the amendment does not seek to infringe was, a treaty to defend the territory of treaty is in strict conformance with on that right. It has to do with pro- NATO nations, into a ‘‘global organiza- the limitations and language of the tecting American interests by main- tion,’’ according to William Perry and treaty itself. taining the scope and integrity of to become ‘‘a force for peace from the Those who oppose this treaty are NATO. I don’t think we should try to Middle East to central Africa,’’ accord- those who are opposed to living by the convert the NATO alliance into some- ing to Secretary of State Albright. rules of the treaty. Let those who are thing it was never intended to be. Now, just to make it clear that these willing to live within the limits of the With that in mind, there is a real proposals are a dramatic change from treaty sign the rules and play the contrast in terms of what the NATO the intention and character of NATO, game. Let those who do not want to concept of defense was in the past and let me just quote Tom Connally, chair- play by the rules object to this amend- what we are currently being told NATO man of the Senate Foreign Relations ment and say we want the President to ought to be. In NATO’s strategic con- Committee, at the time of NATO’s es- have latitude to go beyond the limits cepts of the past, collective defense tablishment. ‘‘Let us not forget that of this treaty, to send American forces, was of paramount importance, a pri- this treaty is limited in scope.’’ in conjunction with NATO forces, into ority. Doesn’t sound very global. ‘‘Its main central Africa, to send them into the NATO defense planning is limited to the purpose is to maintain the peace and Middle East in operations outside the defense of the treaty area. . . scope of the treaty, to deploy American NATO military authorities have no respon- security of the North Atlantic area.’’ sibilities or authority except with respect to Doesn’t sound much like Middle East lives in settings where it is an inter- incidents which are covered by articles 5 and and central Africa. ‘‘We do not propose national policing operation, in settings 6 of the North Atlantic Treaty. . . to stretch its terms to cover the entire where it is not relevant or essential to Article VI specifies the territory globe.’’ the security interests of NATO. rather directly and comprehensively Now it is not impossible to change a Given the level of international trade and tells you what we are really look- treaty, but if this treaty is to be that exists, it is pretty easy to under- ing at when we are talking about changed it ought to be changed stand that there would be those who NATO. Here is article VI of the treaty. through the appropriate constitutional would suggest that any country, any- This is how definite and specific it is: processes in which the Senate plays a where, could be an interest of another For the purpose of article 5, an armed at- central role in offering its advice and country. If we are going to convert this tack on one or more of the Parties is deemed consent. treaty to a defense-of-interest treaty to include an armed attack on the territory Tragically, the focus of all our atten- instead of a defense-of-territory treaty, of any of the Parties in Europe or North tion is on three countries to be added we are fundamentally altering the America, on the Algerian departments of to the NATO alliance. But it has not scope of NATO. France, on the territory of Turkey, or on the been on this new mission. It has not Now, the parameters of the treaty islands under the jurisdiction of any of the have long been understood. I have just Parties in the North Atlantic area north of been on this attempt, this aspiration, the Tropic of Cancer. . . to convert the treaty from one which indicated that Senator Tom Connally That doesn’t sound like central Afri- defends the territory of NATO nations understood the alliance was limited in ca to me. It has the specificity and par- to a treaty which would, in fact, at- scope. A focused and limited NATO was ticularity of a carefully drafted treaty tempt to be a force for peace across the the alliance that was ratified. This ex- that was designed to protect terri- Middle East and into central Africa. panded scope of NATO has never been tories, not to be another mini-U.N. This responsibility and this problem subject to the Senate’s advice and con- with a standing army, the forces of has not gone unnoticed. sent. Truman’s Secretary of State In last week’s New York Times, an Dean Acheson also defined the limits of which can be deployed anywhere editorial reads as follows: ‘‘The White the NATO treaty in a letter transmit- around the world. The lives of Ameri- House has provided no military ration- ting the treaty to President Truman, a cans and the treasure of America ale for expanding NATO eastward while great Missourian. Secretary Acheson should not be directed into inter- Europe is at peace and democracy and acknowledges the parameters of the national policing operations through a free markets are taking root in Russia. treaty and stated flatly that the North transformed NATO never approved by Instead, the ratification resolution pro- Atlantic Council will have ‘‘No powers the American people. We should re- miscuously opens the door to NATO other than to consider matters within main true to the North Atlantic Trea- military actions almost anywhere in the purview of the treaty.’’ ty. The article goes on: the world. That startling expansion of If Acheson viewed the treaty as lim- NATO’s license to conduct military op- itless in scope, why would he testify On the forces, vessels, or aircraft of any of the Parties, when in or over these terri- erations demands extensive debate.’’ about the careful limits in various arti- tories, or any other area in Europe in which That is the New York Times recog- cles? The Foreign Relations Com- occupation forces of any of the Parties were nizing what so many in the Senate mittee, in its report on the treaty, stationed on the date when the treaty en- have failed to recognize, that we are took pains to show that NATO was not tered into force, or the Mediterranean Sea, not just dealing with this treaty in an old-fashioned military alliance. The or the North Atlantic area north of the Trop- terms of three additional members. We report states, ‘‘In both intent and lan- ic of Cancer. are dealing with an intended expansion guage it is purely defensive in nature. Article VI clearly specifies that that would take NATO from a limited It comes into operation only against NATO is a defensive instrument, an al- treaty designed to protect a specific the Nation which by its own action has liance designed to protect the terri- territory into a global organization; if proved itself an international criminal tory. To convert it into something else you will, a United Nations called by attacking a party to the treaty. If it more or less than that is to involve NATO, with a standing army subject to can be called an alliance, it is an alli- ourselves in what I would have to say deployment at the authorization of the ance only against war itself.’’ is ‘‘treaty creep.’’ We have heard of NATO council around the world. This was the intention. I don’t think ‘‘mission creep.’’ We know what hap- I think that deserves debate. I think we are going to find central African pened in Somalia as the mission ex- it deserves our inspection. I think states attacking NATO. I don’t think panded, which threatened the lives and there are reasons why we should have we will find countries from central Af- safety of our soldiers. We lost lives be- real reservations with regard to the rica launching a war machine against cause we undermined our preparedness;

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We have seen has for more than 50 years, as a mili- the basic needs of modernization, what international deployments have tary organization for the collective maintenance, quality of life, and train- done to our own military in terms of self-defense of its members? Or will its ing needs. Yet, the administration or- our preparedness, our maintenance, mission be changed so that it becomes, dered American forces to more than 100 and our ability to have the fighting as the Senator has pointed out, a mul- countries worldwide. We already hear force ready that we need. I think it tinational military police organiza- the report of a hollow military. would be perilous indeed if we were to tion? Should we vastly change the scope of change the nature of this important de- To transform NATO into what could NATO’s military requirements and, by fensive alliance and amend it in a way be described as a ‘‘nuclear supercop’’ implication, our commitment to it at a that would make it a global police op- with authority to operate in all corners time when our forces are strained by eration instead of the defense of terri- of the globe is unnecessary, and, quite lack of resources? I don’t think so. To tory that it was designed to be. frankly, I think it is dangerous. do so, I fear, will further weaken our As we enter the 21st century, it is So, Mr. President, I have submitted own force structure and place in danger critical that the original scope of the this amendment. I am delighted to the lives of our military men and North Atlantic Treaty be preserved, for have as a cosponsor of this amendment women who are already being asked to several reasons, all relating to Amer- the Senator from Kansas, and I know do a tough job without the proper ica’s vital national security and na- he wants to make remarks. I have tools. tional defense. Now, NATO was estab- about 10 minutes remaining in my The Ashcroft-Roberts-Warner-Helms lished as a defensive military alliance time. amendment provides a commonsense whose strategic position today is, yes, Senator GRAMS would like to be list- declaration of NATO’s primary purpose significantly altered by the dissolution ed also as an original cosponsor of this that does not—I want to emphasize this of the Soviet empire—we all know amendment. I am delighted, and I does not—preclude the President of the that—but whose fundamental military know the Senator from Kansas will capability remains essential to deter United States from dispatching U.S. welcome his cosponsorship as well. I military aggression stemming from re- troops, equipment, or aid anywhere thank the Senator from Kansas. I look gional, nationalist and totalitarian that he believes is necessary. It simply forward to his remarks, which will ex- tendencies. precludes the President from saying haust the last 10 minutes of the time to The Ashcroft-Roberts-Warner-Helms- ‘‘We’re doing these things as a member which I have been allotted. and-others amendment seeks to pre- of NATO’’ if it is not in response to The PRESIDING OFFICER. The vent the decline of NATO into another threats as described in article V of the Chair recognizes the distinguished Sen- outlet for ‘‘nation building’’ and North Atlantic Treaty. ator from Kansas. ‘‘peacekeeping’’ deployments. There is I know there is going to be opposi- Mr. ROBERTS. Mr. President, can I nothing wrong with those deployments, tion to this amendment by claiming we inquire as to precisely the amount of except that many times they have no are imposing limits on NATO military time available? end game, no clear end purpose in operations and also decisionmaking. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Ten min- terms of time, and they put American That is not the case. Our amendment utes. lives at risk for no vital U.S. national seeks to preserve the military nature Mr. ROBERTS. Mr. President, I join interest. I don’t think NATO should be of the alliance. Steering NATO away my colleague from Missouri, Senator a mechanism of convenience through from missions not defensive or mili- ASHCROFT; the Senator from Virginia, which any President can commit the tary in nature is not limiting military Senator WARNER; the Senator from United States to resolving long-time decisionmaking—rather it is upholding North Carolina, Senator HELMS, and ethnic, religious, economic, and polit- the original mission. others, in calling for the adoption of ical conflicts worldwide. That is what It also may be argued that the North our amendment to the resolution of the President said in Warsaw and in Atlantic Treaty has worked well for 50 ratification as reported by the Foreign Bucharest in speeches—military mat- years and has appropriately never been Relations Committee and as amended ters no longer matter, and he men- changed or reinterpreted, and, I think by the Senate. tioned these various concerns—ethnic, the line goes, ‘‘We shouldn’t open that As the Senator pointed out, we seek religious, economic, and political con- Pandora’s box now.’’ I could not agree to replace the broad language still in flicts. It was never intended, nor is it more. the resolution that expands the scope designed and maintained, to be pri- Unfortunately, the Senate is being of NATO’s purpose. We add in the marily a peacekeeping and humani- asked to pass a ratification resolution amendment what we consider to be tarian organization. Other organiza- that does open Pandora’s box. The New clarifying language that upholds, as tions can do this; it is fine work, but it York Times, in a recent editorial, said the Senator has pointed out, NATO’s is not for NATO. The Senate needs to this: ‘‘. . . the ratification resolution fundamental military mission as ex- discourage any transformation of the promiscuously opens the door to NATO plained in article V of the North Atlan- most successful defensive military alli- military actions almost anywhere in tic Treaty of 1949. We seek to ensure, ance in history into an international the world.’’ particularly in light of the passage of police force. Mr. President, I hope that Some may claim that the Ashcroft- the Kyl amendment, that NATO’s pur- the Senate has not hastened this re- Roberts-Warner-Helms amendment pose is still fundamentally one of col- gression with the adoption of any pre- takes away U.S. flexibility—the U.S. lective self-defense. vious amendments. There is some dis- advantage in the NATO alliance in re- Our amendment does not strike any agreement on that. gard to convincing our allies to bear of the Kyl amendment as passed by the A second valid reason for adopting more of the burden of Europe’s overall Senate. Nor does our amendment re- our amendment is to define a definitive security. Further, some may claim strict or alter the basic authority of and consistent course for the future of that some allies could use this amend- the President to dispatch American American military involvement in Eu- ment as an excuse to abstain from mis- forces whenever and wherever a gen- rope. Let me emphasize and stress that sions where we want them involved. uine threat to America’s national secu- it is in our interests, and the world’s I respectfully disagree on both ac- rity does emerge. I will repeat that. vital interests, for the United States to counts. Our amendment does not restrict or remain constructively engaged in Eu- The first claim assumes our Euro- alter the basic authority of the Presi- rope. pean allies cannot see for themselves dent to dispatch American forces when- However, as a member of the Armed their own legitimate security interests. ever and wherever a genuine threat to Services Committee, it has been made The second assertion ignores recent

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00029 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3768 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 29, 1998 history. What was the greatest mili- what divides Europe, which are border create a process that in no small way tary contingency the United States disputes and ethnic hostilities. will distract members of the Alliance faced in the last 25 years? What was With great respect for my colleague from the core mission of collective de- the greatest immediate threat to our from Texas, I nevertheless rise in oppo- fense. It will serve as an incentive for interests and those of our allies? I am sition to her amendment and ask my them to use the Alliance as a means to talking about vital interests. It was colleagues to oppose it. pursue a laundry list of other mat- the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq and the Mr. ROTH. Mr. President, while I ters—many of a strictly national, and subsequent war in the gulf. have great respect for the distin- not Allied, concern. The remarkable coalition of nations guished Senator from Texas, I strongly That’s how this proposal would invite and forces put together by President oppose this amendment and I urge my tensions within the Alliance. That’s Bush and Secretary Baker was com- colleagues to oppose it. how it would undercut its mission of pletely out of NATO’s purview. Yet, Last month, when we first addressed collective defense. That mission re- our allies joined the fight. Why? Be- this amendment, I stated the reasons quires cohesion and it requires focus. cause the threat was real, the threat for my opposition. In the intervening This amendment portends to undercut was clear, and events overtook subtle time, nothing has changed my perspec- both. differences. It is the nature of threat tives. Indeed, my opposition has only Moreover, offering this amendment that determines the behavior of our al- hardened. implies that the United States regards lies, not the existence of provisions This opposition is based on four very Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Repub- they may construe as loopholes in mul- clear and simple points: lic as unstable and more contentious tilateral security agreements. Beside, First, the establishment of a formal than other members. I do not believe if the mission is pursuant to the North dispute resolution mechanism within that is the sense of the Senate. Atlantic Treaty, allied participation is the Alliance would undercut the au- As well intentioned this amendment assured. If it is not, why should NATO thority of the North Atlantic Council, may be, it contradicts its own objec- be leading the charge? the Alliance’s supreme decision-mak- tives and would severely damage the Mr. President, the Ashcroft-Roberts- ing body. vital interests of the Alliance. Warner-Helms amendment is an impor- Second, the proposal would change Therefore, I urge my colleagues to tant effort to preserve the limited re- the focus of the Alliance from collec- oppose this amendment. tive defense to dispute resolution. That sponsibility of a military alliance in Mrs. HUTCHISON addressed the would fundamentally transform the which we have a tremendous stake, a Chair. very culture of the Alliance, one that tremendous stake historically and fi- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- is now primarily derived from its mis- nancially, and, most importantly, in ator from Texas. terms of American lives. I ask my col- sion of collective defense. Third, the establishment of a dispute Mrs. HUTCHISON. Mr. President, is leagues for their support. the time that is equally divided now I yield the floor. resolution mechanism would introduce finished? EXECUTIVE AMENDMENT NO. 2317 into NATO a dangerous catalyst for inter-Alliance tensions. It would serve The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The ator from Oregon still has 1 minute. question recurs on the HUTCHISON as a magnet for disputes that exacer- bate tensions within the Alliance. Mr. SMITH of Oregon. I yield the re- amendment. There are now 5 minutes mainder of my time. equally divided on the amendment. And fourth, by inviting and exacer- bating tensions and disputes into the The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- Who yields time? 1 Mrs. HUTCHISON addressed the Alliance, this proposal would weaken ator from Texas is recognized for 2 ⁄2 Chair. the Alliance’s ability to fulfill its core minutes. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The mission of collective defense. Mrs. HUTCHISON. Thank you, Mr. Chair recognizes the Senator from When it comes to formal dispute res- President. Texas. olution, we should look toward the Mr. President, it was said by the dis- Mrs. HUTCHISON. Mr. President, I United Nations or the OSCE—an inter- tinguished Senator from Oregon, for would appreciate the opportunity to national organization in Europe dedi- whom I also have great respect and I close on my amendment. Whatever the cated to preventing, mediating and think he is doing a fine job in the Sen- opposition would like to say, I would bringing an end to disputes between ate, but he said that we have other like to yield and then be able to close. countries. But, I don’t think that we mechanisms for dispute resolutions. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The want to transform NATO, the most My problem with that is that the OSCE Chair recognizes the Senator from Or- successful military alliance in history, not only is a very different kind of oregon. into another OSCE. ganization in which we are 1 vote out Mr. SMITH of Oregon. Mr. President, I fear that this proposal implies that of 50, but if a dispute resolution is not I rise to encourage my colleagues to the NAC—and the Alliance—has failed passed in the OSCE, we aren’t pledging vote against the HUTCHISON amend- in fostering cohesion among its Euro- military involvement by the United ment. I do it with reluctance because pean members over the last fifty years. States. The OSCE is a good organiza- of my admiration of the Senator from I do not believe any of us would say tion, and I hope we can use it. What I Texas. But I believe her amendment, that is true. am trying to do is to recognize that we though much different than her origi- Let us not forget that in its current are changing NATO as we add new nal proposal, nevertheless remains a form, NATO has proven itself to be a members. When we added West Ger- bad idea, because it essentially changes remarkable forum through which dif- many, it changed. We want NATO to be NATO from a system of collective de- ferences between Allies have been miti- strengthened by the new members, and fense to a dispute resolution. There are gated and managed. The clearest exam- we know that new members are coming other forums for such resolutions, such ple of this influence is the alliance’s down the pike. In fact, members that as the OSCE. And these things should positive contributions to relations be- are in dispute right now have been be resolved anyplace but NATO. tween Turkey and Greece. This success mentioned as potential new members Second, I believe this amendment is very much due to the trust this fos- of NATO. Why would we be afraid? would undermine the authority of the tered through the Alliance’s focus on As my amendment says, to introduce North Atlantic Council. Its mission war-fighting. We must be careful to not to the North Atlantic Council a pro- needs to remain on defense. undercut this success. posal for consideration by all allies Third, NATO would become a cata- Yet that is exactly what this pro- aimed at establishing a process for dis- lyst, even a magnet, for alliance ten- posal would do. If the Alliance were to pute resolution—to keep our alliance sions and border disputes. It must not follow through on this proposal articu- strong, we must have a mechanism become that. lated by the good Senator from Texas, where disputes that we know are pend- Finally, we should keep the focus on it would establish a new body possibly ing today by potential future members, NATO on what unites Europe in NATO; independent from the NAC. That is a or things we have not even thought and that is common defense, not on major change to the Alliance. It will might occur, if they do, why not have

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We want to go the extra Rockefeller Feingold Landrieu mile to make sure we can resolve small Roth tion of amendments offered by our col- Feinstein Lautenberg Santorum leagues, Senators BINGAMAN, HARKIN, things at a low level because small Ford Leahy things can become big things. Then we Frist Levin Sarbanes and JEFFORDS. would have troops at stake. Our secu- Glenn Lieberman Smith (OR) This is a very useful amendment, in Thompson rity could be at stake. We want to Gorton Lott my view, because it will require the ex- Graham Lugar Torricelli lower the rhetoric. Grams Mack Wellstone ecutive branch to submit a detailed That is what this amendment does. It analysis related to the possible new NOT VOTING—1 does not guarantee the outcome of our members of NATO, including cost and proposal. It says we will lead. The Hollings military readiness issues before—be- United States will lead to try to make The executive amendment (No. 2317) fore—a nation is invited to begin acces- sure that we have a process before we was rejected. sion talks. This will, I hope, allow the need it, before personalities are in- Mr. COCHRAN addressed the Chair. Senate to have a better understanding volved where we can solve problems. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- of the ramifications of admitting new I hold up the New York Times of ator from Mississippi. members in the future and thereby en- Mr. COCHRAN. Mr. President, I ask today: ‘‘Greek Cypriots To Get Missiles able the Senate to fulfill its constitu- unanimous consent to proceed for up to tional function of providing advice to from Russians.’’ ‘‘Turkey has warned 5 minutes as in morning business. the President in the negotiation of that it may take military action to The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there block the sale of S–300 missiles’’ going objection? Without objection, it is so treaties. Finally, Mr. President, there is an into that part of the world. ordered. If we had talked about a process Mr. COCHRAN. I thank the Chair. amendment related to intelligence where we could be helpful in resolving (The remarks of Mr. COCHRAN per- issues which was proposed by the chair- disputes like this, wouldn’t we be bet- taining to the introduction of S. 2007 man and vice chairman of the Intel- ter off? Why would we fear talking and are located in today’s RECORD under ligence Committee, Senator SHELBY having a forum that would allow us to ‘‘Statements on Introduced Bills and and Senator KERREY of Nebraska. solve these problems before they esca- Joint Resolutions.’’) I appreciate very much the coopera- late and our troops could be called in Mr. SMITH of Oregon addressed the tion of all our colleagues and urge the to military action? It is our responsi- Chair. approval of the managers’ amendment. bility to lead, and I am asking my col- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- The PRESIDING OFFICER. Under leagues to make sure we do. ator from Oregon. the previous agreement, the amend- I yield the floor. EXECUTIVE AMENDMENT NO. 2319 ment is agreed to. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- (Purpose: To set forth managers’ amend- The executive amendment (No. 2319) ator’s time has expired. ments to the resolution of ratification) was agreed to. Mrs. HUTCHISON. I ask for the yeas Mr. SMITH of Oregon. I ask unani- Mr. BIDEN. Mr. President, I realize and nays. mous consent that it be in order at this there is no unanimous consent agree- The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there a time to offer a managers’ amendment ment, but our colleague, Senator REED, sufficient second? There is a sufficient on behalf of Senators HELMS and has been here on the floor seeking to second. BIDEN. I further ask unanimous con- speak on NATO, and I yield for that The yeas and nays were ordered. sent that the amendment be considered purpose. I yield the floor. agreed to and the motion to reconsider The PRESIDING OFFICER. The The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- to be laid upon the table. I announce question is on agreeing to the ator from Rhode Island. again that these are a series of amend- Mr. REED. Thank you, Mr. Presi- Hutchison amendment No. 2317. The ments that have been cleared on both dent. yeas and nays have been ordered. The sides. For the last several days, this Senate clerk will call the roll. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there has been considering the expansion of The bill clerk called the roll. objection? Without objection, it is so NATO, which is a complicated issue Mr. FORD. I announce that the Sen- ordered. that has profound consequences for the ator from South Carolina (Mr. HOL- The clerk will report the amendment world we live in and for the future and LINGS) is necessarily absent. by number. security of the United States. The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. The assistant legislative clerk read This decision which will shape the se- ABRAHAM). Are there any other Sen- as follows: curity structure of not just Europe, but ators in the Chamber who desire to The Senator from Oregon [Mr. SMITH] for the entire globe, for decades to come. vote? Mr. HELMS, for himself, and Mr. BIDEN, pro- It will also determine in large part The result was announced—yeas 37, poses an executive amendment numbered whether new emerging democracies and nays 62, as follows: 2319. free markets coming out of the shadow (The text of the amendment is print- [Rollcall Vote No. 109 Ex.] of totalitarianism will perish or flour- YEAS—37 ed in today’s RECORD under ‘‘Amend- ments Submitted.’’) ish. It is not a decision that is without Allard Gramm Roberts The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- controversy, but it is a decision that I Ashcroft Gregg Sessions believe we must make in the affirma- Bennett Hatch Shelby ator from Delaware. Bond Helms Smith (NH) Mr. BIDEN. The managers’ amend- tive, and I will support the expansion Bumpers Hutchinson Snowe ment which the Senator from Oregon of NATO, the underlying legislation Burns Hutchison Specter that we are debating today. Campbell Inhofe has just offered addresses several of the Stevens amendments which have been offered NATO was originally created because Coats Jeffords Thomas Conrad Kempthorne unstable conditions in Europe threat- Thurmond by our colleagues. Let me very briefly Craig Kyl Warner highlight a few of them. ened not only the peace of Europe but Dorgan McCain Wyden the security of the United States. In Enzi Moynihan First, we have an amendment pro- Faircloth Nickles posed by Senator BINGAMAN affirming the late 1940s, Europe was still in the importance of the Partnership for shambles after World War II. Econo- NAYS—62 Peace program. mies were crumbling, political systems Abraham Bingaman Bryan Second, there is a provision offered had endured great pressure, and fac- Akaka Boxer Byrd Baucus Breaux Chafee by Senator HUTCHISON of Texas related tions arose. There was a very real Biden Brownback Cleland to the strategic importance of NATO. threat, in fact, that many countries

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00031 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3770 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 29, 1998 would succumb to the blandishments of more importantly, build their democ- tive movements to resolve ancient and communism. racies, so that they, too, can partici- long-held tensions. For example, Hun- The possibility of a Communist vic- pate in the free assembly of nations in gary has entered into agreements with tory in Europe was all too real. Com- one of the proudest forums, NATO. Slovakia and Romania, in 1995 and 1996 muniques between the Soviet Union NATO membership will also help these respectively, guaranteeing the rights of and the West had broken down. Berlin countries modernize their militaries ethnic minorities. This is evidence that had been blockaded. Tension was at an and better defend themselves. the prospect of NATO membership is all-time high. Communists were bat- Now, I think most people would con- already producing positive effects tling for control in Greece, France, and cede that this is an appropriate step in within these countries. Italy; a Communist coup had already terms of the benefits I have listed. Again, of great significance is the taken place in Czechoslovakia. However, there are those who question fact that NATO membership for these So when 12 countries came together this expansion, question it in terms of countries would, I hope and believe, to sign the North Atlantic Treaty Or- NATO having been conceived at a par- eliminate the need for them to build up ganization protocols, their goal was to ticular moment in history when a par- arms independently against perceived protect the peace and stability of Eu- ticular threat confronted Europe, the threats. If we don’t act to accept these rope and, indeed, the peace and sta- threat of an expansionist Soviet Union. countries, they very well could start an bility of the world. The parties af- Today, that has changed. The Soviet arms race in the area that would be firmed among themselves that their Union has collapsed, and, rightfully, detrimental to the peace not only of goal and their commitment was to en- people ask, ‘‘Where is the threat that Europe, but of the world, and add to sure a peaceful and stable Europe, be- would motivate and suggest the en- the tensions in the areas that are sen- cause within the context of that peace largement of NATO?’’ sitive, those areas around the borders and stability they could begin to re- Well, there are still threats to peace, of Russia. build their economies and their democ- still threats to Europe, still threats to Having said all this, and having racies, and the strength of those de- the world community of free nations. talked about the benefits that are, I mocracies and those economies would In 1991, NATO recognized these chang- think, obtainable through expansion of truly preserve the peace. ing conditions and authored a new NATO, it would be, I think, incomplete As the Foreign Relations Committee strategic concept. This concept places to suggest that there are not factors stated in its report to the Senate in more emphasis on crisis management, which weigh on the other side. There 1949, NATO would, ‘‘free the minds of on peacekeeping, and peace enforce- are possible consequences that must be men in many nations from a haunting ment. And it is appropriate and signifi- carefully watched with respect to the sense of insecurity, and enable them to cant to know that these countries who management of the enlargement of work and plan with that confidence in seek admission today—Poland, the NATO. There are, in fact, valid reservations the future which is essential to eco- Czech Republic, and Hungary—are al- that have been made with respect to nomic recovery and progress.’’ ready participating with NATO in this this expansion. One of the major issues In the last 50 years, the signatories’ new strategic approach. handiwork has borne itself out nobly, These countries have contributed ap- that has consistently been brought for- effectively, and efficiently. This assur- proximately 1,500 soldiers to our peace- ward and presented to us is the possible adverse reaction of Russia. Russia is ance of peace and security was—and it keeping operations in Bosnia through sensitive to the growth of NATO. They is important to note—not limited to the Partnership for Peace program. have seen for centuries the progress of the original signatories to this treaty. The U.S. offices have been very im- military forces invading Russia In fact, Article X of the treaty allows pressed with the cooperation, the pro- through the plains of Poland. They are for the admittance of new members to fessionalism, and skill of the Hungar- sensitive to this. Their sensitivity has NATO. And since it was signed in 1949, ians in their operations at our base in been manifested in many different NATO has expanded to include Turkey, Taszar, one of the major marshalling ways. Greece, Germany, and Spain. and staging points for our operations For example, the chairman of the In the 50 years since its inception, 50 in Bosnia. All of these indicate that upper House of Russia’s Duma has said years of progress and peace and sta- these countries are cooperating al- that START II won’t be approved if bility in Europe, we have seen a re- ready, are seeking involvement, are NATO expands. In October of 1996, the markable revival in Western Europe. seeking engagement, and I believe can Duma, in fact, passed a resolution op- Their countries have been rebuilt. benefit from association, integration, posing enlargement by a vote of 307–0. Their economies are thriving. Histor- and participation in NATO. Russian officials contend that the ical tensions between France and Ger- Also, the expansion of NATO would ‘‘Two plus Four’’ treaty which united many have been channeled from hos- help to quell the tensions that exist, Germany in 1991 prohibits the expan- tility to cooperation. Although ten- the historical rivalries that exist, sion of NATO. Although the treaty sions still exist between some NATO among these new areas emerging from does not contain such language, there partners, such as Greece and Turkey, Communist domination. As Secretary is suggestion by some of our diplomats NATO provides a forum and a place in Cohen stated, we would ‘‘dampen na- that, in fact, there was a verbal com- which they can peacefully and ami- tionalism and ethnic tensions by bring- mitment not to expand NATO. cably settle these disputes. It has been ing new member states into NATO’s se- All of these things manifest an oppo- a resounding success. More impor- curity framework. The re-nationaliza- sition to NATO, but there are other tantly, NATO has stemmed the march tion of defense, with a country obtain- signs indicating that Russia is pre- of communism and contributed signifi- ing weapons of mass destruction, ‘arm- pared to accept this expansion, they cantly to its collapse. ing itself against an enemy, real or per- are prepared to accept the integration Because the true goal of NATO is for ceived,’ could be averted by enlarge- of Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Re- European peace and security—because ment.’’ public. For example, in May of 1997, in it was not narrowly focused as any spe- This is an extremely valuable goal Paris, NATO allies and Russia signed a cific set of countries to the exclusion of and objective. If we leave these coun- ‘‘Founding Act on Mutual Relations, others at its inception—I think it is ap- tries to their own devices, they very Cooperation and Security Between propriate that we consider the applica- well may feel threatened enough to re- NATO and the Russian Federation.’’ tions of those countries who are emerg- arm themselves, to begin an arms race This Founding Act outlines the nature ing from the shadow of the Soviet within that region, that sensitive re- of the military presence in Eastern Eu- Union. I think it is, in fact, appropriate gion between the old NATO boundary rope upon expansion of NATO, and it that we consider the countries of Po- line and the lines of the Common- also establishes a Permanent Joint land, Hungary, and the Czech Republic wealth of Independent States. That, I Council between NATO and Russia to because they, too, need that sense of think, would be a real mistake. undertake consultations on matters of confidence, that sense of stability, that There are signs already that the mutual interest. sense of peace that will allow them to prospect of membership in NATO are Russia also continues to perform build their economies and, perhaps beginning to provide very, very posi- under the agreement, START I. In fact,

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00032 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY April 29, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3771 they are taking out and dismantling orously, through our efforts, ensure momentous occasion, one that was their nuclear platforms ahead of sched- that they are fairly borne by all par- noted in the biography of President ule under START I. ties. We have to also do that in the Harry Truman by David McCullough. Although we must be concerned with context of our own national defense Back then, he wrote that joining NATO the reaction of Russia, I believe with priorities and an increasingly tight de- ‘‘marked a radical departure with tra- respect to these three countries, Russia fense budget. But I believe we can work dition—the first peacetime military al- is prepared to accept expansion will through these issues and we can, in liance since the signing of the Con- not undermine our cooperative efforts fact, ensure that the costs are not ex- stitution—but had such an agreement to disarm the world and also be a force cessive and, in fact, they are fairly existed in 1914 and 1939, Truman was for cooperative peace in the world be- borne. convinced, the world would have been tween the West and Russia. There is another set of issues that we spared two terrible wars.’’ Now, there are signposts ahead which face and that we should consider today, The past 50 years have proven Presi- we must be very careful of. The rapid and that is the challenges of interoper- dent Truman right. NATO has allowed integration, for example, of the Baltic ability. The quality of NATO must be democracy and free markets to thrive, States would send a profound sense of maintained. It is, today, the pre- has allowed peace to be maintained shock to Russia. Any further expansion eminent coalition force in the world. within Europe, and that peace has in- beyond these three countries must be We have demonstrated that in Bosnia. spired others within the former Soviet watched terribly carefully. I think we But we are finding in these new en- Union. Today we have another oppor- must be careful as we move forward trants—Poland, the Czech Republic, tunity. I hope that the expansion of not to rapidly and precipitously in- and Hungary—armies that have aging NATO, the entry of these three new crease membership in NATO. To do so Soviet equipment, armies that are countries into NATO, will provide the would, I think, undercut the benefits heavy with high-ranking military offi- same stability, the same peace, well which we are obtaining through this cers without well-trained and, in many into the 21st century. limited expansion to these three coun- cases, noncommissioned officers. Today, if we do in fact move forward tries. Another factor is that these coun- and vote for the expansion, we take on Now, there is another issue which has tries’ pilots will typically fly only 40 to a very solemn and important obliga- been raised and which is also vitally 60 hours in a year, whereas NATO re- tion, and that is to make this expan- important, and that is the cost of this quires at least 180. Communications is sion work for peace and stability of the expansion. We understand that num- an issue. The language of NATO is world, to ensure that we have not only bers sometimes are in the eye of the English, yet reports are that many the plan but the resources to ensure beholder, and the cost figures that countries have not yet provided the that NATO continues to be a force for have been suggested for NATO expan- kind of training and upgrading that is peace in Europe and around the world. sion range across a very broad spec- necessary so that their officers can I believe we can do that. I believe we trum, from $19 billion over 15 years to speak English fluently and can partici- must do that. I yield the floor. a mere $1.5 billion over 10 years. Now, pate effectively in NATO. Mr. MCCONNELL. Mr. President, the CBO estimates are the most pessi- I think these obstacles can be over- when I gave thought to what I wanted mistic. Their numbers for expansion come. NATO, in the past, has reached to say today, the words and deeds of would see total costs over 15 years for out and embraced new countries, many two great Americans came to my all of NATO expansion as roughly $61 times embracing those countries that mind—the words belong to Abraham have equipment problems, that have billion to $125 billion, with our share Lincoln—the deeds were my father’s. about $5 billion to $19 billion. different cultural and language bases In many respects, this debate was The Rand Corporation has weighed than those in Western Europe. I think launched a half century ago in Europe. in. They have estimated over 15 years a we can do it today. But, once again, we There, on the battlefields in Germany total cost of $14 billion to $110 billion. have to be very careful that we when and France, Italy and Belgium, Amer- The administration’s costs also show a do this, that we do it appropriately. ican soldiers fought and died to secure wide variability. Again, NATO itself Let me just, once again, emphasize a our future—our freedom. My father was has projected probably the lowest cost, point that is very important. Today’s one of those men. Standing shoulder to $1.3 billion to $1.5 billion. expansion—the acceptance and integra- shoulder with friends, with fellow All of this suggests that the issue of tion of Poland, Hungary, and the Czech countrymen, he saw many fall in com- costs—and, more importantly, who Republic—I hope does not set off a rush bat—never to rise again—never to re- pays for it—is vitally important to our to judgment with respect to other turn to their families—never to wor- considerations and is an issue we must countries. These three countries have a ship in their churches—to play an continually watch and be very careful history that is very closely related to afternoon game of baseball with their about. The bulk of these costs belong Western Europe. These three countries sons and daughters. to those nations who are joining, but I have already shown their commitment My dad was proud to serve his coun- think we have to question whether to democracy, to free market econo- try as a platoon guide—he was proud of they have the economies to sustain mies. These three countries have much the soldiers who became life-long such costs despite their best indica- in common with the culture of Western friends, bound together over time by tions and willingness to do so. Europe, which is at the core of the their common mission. Our allies also must be a source of NATO experience. Decades before Staff Sergeant burden sharing as we go forward, but So I strongly suggest that whatever McConnell shipped out to the Rhine- many of their comments suggest that we do with respect to expansion today, land, American heroism was memorial- they have an unwillingness to do more we do not presume to rush into further ized in Lincoln’s Address at Gettys- than what they are obligated to do. expansion tomorrow. Quick entry of burg. President Lincoln’s words echoed President Chirac has stated that, more members will compound all of the across Europe’s plains of courage and ‘‘France has no intention of increasing problems I talked about—problems of glory. its contribution to cover NATO en- costs, interoperability, the north-south We cannot dedicate—we cannot con- largement.’’ Even though all of the relationship within NATO. Today I will secrate—we cannot hallow this ground. The NATO countries accepted their NATO support the integration of Poland, the brave men, living and dead, who struggled cost estimate, we recognize that esti- Czech Republic, and Hungary, but I here have consecrated it, far above our poor mate is most optimistic in terms of would be very wary of the integration power to add or detract. The world will little cost. of other countries into NATO. note, nor long remember, what we say here, We must be very concerned about In conclusion, I want to say that we but it can never forget what they did here. It this. But at this juncture, I think that have had a very thoughtful and prin- is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated to the unfinished work which they who fought will be a factor that, in and of itself, cipled debate on this issue. This is not here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is should not prevent the expansion from an easy decision; it is a very important rather for us to be here dedicated to the going forward. We have to assume that decision. Back in 1949, when the United great task remaining before us . . . a new costs will be incurred. We have to vig- States first joined NATO, it was also a birth of freedom.

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00033 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3772 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 29, 1998 Freedom. distinction between the historical vic- eign Operations Subcommittee and That is the purpose President Lin- tims of Russian aggression and the ag- spoke in vague generalities about coln defined for our nation—the noble gressor—everyone was welcome to join! American ‘‘hopes and expectations’’ for calling my father served—the mission The President’s team explained that European security. I asked point blank, we must finish here today. this approach avoided establishing new ‘‘Is it correct that there is no time- The debate this week centers on the blocs in Europe and would erase all di- table and no criteria’’ for admission to wisdom of America, once again, ex- viding lines. What it erased was any NATO? His response was simple, ‘‘That panding her horizons—adding to her se- sense of comfort in Central Europe is correct.’’ curity family—advancing freedom. about U.S. resolve, responsibility or In March, with the arrival of Richard To reach this point, the Senate and commitment to stand up an ever ambi- Holbrooke as the new Assistant Sec- Administration have struggled, often tious Kremlin as it widened control retary for European Affairs, the policy in open conflict, to redefine the terms over what Moscow deemed its ‘‘sphere changed. In a little noticed appearance of our relationship with Europe, and of influence’’. before the Subcommittee, Holbrooke more particularly, Russia. These delib- Administration briefers and papers announced a major departure in Amer- erations are as much about American systematically dodged the serious se- ican policy. He said, ‘‘Expanding NATO responsibilities and interests, as they curity issues related to expanding eastward is our highest priority . . . if are about Russia’s role and ambitions. NATO. In preparing for a 1994 Treaty NATO is a 16 car train, with a car for The commitment of my father and summit, Administration talking points each member, the U.S. is clearly the his fellow soldiers laid the moral foun- declared, ‘‘We do not believe the sum- engine.’’ dation of this debate. The politics of mit should set a specific timetable or This was the clearest definition of Europe’s future followed later and, to criteria for membership (in NATO) or American purpose and leadership I had me, seemed joined in 1993. The Wall had identify preferred candidates . . . The heard since President Clinton’s elec- fallen yet more thousands of Russian (Partnership for Peace) will not give tion, and then Secretary Holbrooke troops occupied the Baltic nations. the Poles, Czechs or Hungarians all went further. During the hearing, I Ever sensitive to Russian concerns, the they want, but we think they will rec- asked and he answered six questions Administration was reluctant to press ognize it is an important step forward bearing on the standards for NATO eli- Moscow to withdraw. Understandably, on NATO’s part. At the same time it gibility including the relevance of the Baltic nations were deeply con- should not create problems in Russia.’’ democratic institutions, civilian concerned that they would never be free The explanation was dismissed by a trol of the military, the size and NATO from Russia’s imperial grasp. Against characteristically blunt Lech Walesa compatability of the armed forces, and strong Administration opposition, the as ‘‘a tragedy’’. a nation’s financial and infrastructure Senate voted 89–8 to condition aid to July of 1994 was the real low point in requirements. Getting straightforward Russia on achieving an agreement for a the drive to expand NATO. It is marked answers was ground breaking! withdrawal timetable. Remarkably, in my mind by two events: the Senate From that moment forward, I found within weeks, negotiators produced a defeated 53–44 an amendment I offered cooperation and support for funding concrete plan for action. on admissions standards and the Presi- and program initiatives which This was my first direct experience dent traveled to Europe. strengthened the military capabilities The amendment hardly seemed con- with Russia’s approach to the region. I of potential entrants. In 1996, 1997, and troversial—it was a reporting require- think it is fair to say I learned a lesson 1998 the Subcommittee was able to set ment asking the President to define Henry Kissinger sums up well—‘‘It is, aside funds for Poland, Hungary, the specific military, political and eco- in fact, ambiguity about dividing lines Czech Republic and then Lithuania, Es- nomic standards for admission to not their existence, and ambivalence tonia and Latvia to improve military NATO and then provide an assessment about Western reactions, not their cer- training, equipment and capabilities of what it would take to guarantee tainty that tempt nationalists and with a view to accelerating their time- that Poland, Hungary, the Czech Re- militarists.’’ table for admission. public and Baltic nations were capable Mr. President, I could argue that Mr. Sadly, fuzzy thinking, grey-beige of fulfilling military interoperability Holbrooke’s assignment to the Euro- lines and Moscow myopia continued to and other NATO responsibilities. pean Bureau marked a key transition dog the Administration’s European pol- The Administration’s overwhelming point in the NATO debate. However, icy throughout 1993, 1994, and into 1995. opposition was given a voice by the there were many other factors which No where was this mistaken course Chairman of the Foreign Relations contributed to turning the tide. A shift more apparent that the Administra- Committee, Senator Pell, who warned in control of the Senate, our disastrous tion’s firm and abiding opposition to that this reporting requirement singled policy in Bosnia, Russia’s role in desta- establishing a road map or criteria for out certain countries and ‘‘draws dan- bilizing Georgia and abominable con- admission to NATO. Senior officials gerous new lines in Europe.’’ duct in Chechnya—among many fac- engaged in a simple shell game arguing Just about this time, President Clin- tors focused attention on the urgent Eastern and Central European nations ton left for Poland. Ever eloquent, he need to revitalize U.S. leadership in a were not qualified to meet the stand- tried to reassure the Polish Assembly stronger Atlantic security alliance. ards to join NATO’s ranks, yet they re- that the U.S. ‘‘would not allow the Iron 1995 marked the point when the Ad- fused to define those standards. I recall Curtain to be replaced by the veil of in- ministration seemed to grasp a very a particularly frustrating session when difference.’’ His comments prompted basic concept articulated by Henry Kis- Secretary Christopher appeared before the Chairman of their Foreign Affairs singer—‘‘an alliance depends on draw- the Foreign Operations Subcommittee, Committee to observe his speech was ing lines around a specified territory and I questioned him on this point. I ‘‘beautiful, but did little to satisfy our that members undertake to defend. asked him what exactly an applicant security expectations.’’ Walesa pub- Basing European and Atlantic security must do to join NATO? He claimed it licly lamented the fact that the Ad- on a no-man’s land between Germany was all spelled out in the NATO char- ministration did not seem to under- and Russia runs counter to historical ter. ‘‘Where?’’ I pressed. ‘‘Right there,’’ stand Poland’s ‘‘history and geography experience, especially that of the he demurred. cautioned not to take this moment for interwar period.’’ Of course, there were no specific granted.’’ This Treaty reflects the fact that we terms for admission nor had any been What turned this debate around? have finally reached a point, with bi- imposed on other recent entrants. This When exactly did the Administration partisan agreement, where we draw game, which bent to Russian demands stop taking Central European security new, bright lines in Europe. The vote not to expand NATO, continued, even- for granted? this week affirms our commitment to tually taking on new shape with the in- I can pinpoint the moment—the protect our partners and our principles troduction of the Partnership for month—when I saw and heard the with an iron clad military guarantee. Peace. Dismissed by leaders in Poland change. Now is not the time for ambiguity. as ‘‘treachery’’ and a ‘‘second Yalta,’’ On February 9, 1995, Deputy Sec- Today, is not the occasion to equivo- the Partnership drew no admissions retary Talbott appeared before the For- cate, qualify or confuse the message we

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00034 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY April 29, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3773 send to friends, allies and potential foe. deals, doubts or questions raised about times in history that are so momen- Expanding our horizons and enlarging the deployment of weapons or troops tous, they strike at our heart and leave NATO safeguards our interests as it on a new member’s soil. This Treaty a lasting imprint for all our years. strengthens the sense of security in Po- must be implemented with the firm un- I think back to the fall of 1956, when land, Hungary, the Czech Republic and derstanding that new members are full the people of Hungary bravely re- the next class of entrants. partners entitled to full protection and nounced the shackles of tyranny, only Shortly before the Madrid summit, expected to bear full responsibility. We to have their dreams of freedom and leaders across Europe were asked about cannot create damaging divisions with- democracy brutally suppressed. I will the importance and implications of ex- in the alliance by imposing restrictions never forget sitting around the tele- pansion. Their answers offer a com- on the nature of participation. vision with my family, watching the manding vision of American interests Only instability and uncertainty TV footage of this major challenge to in NATO’s future. would result from creating such a dou- Soviet rule be crushed by tanks. Those Czech President Vaclav Havel offered ble standard for defense. Only Democ- were dark days for Hungary, as they a compelling view: racy’s opponents would gain ground. were for Poland, the Czech Republic, Membership is the best tool for a collective Only those who have long maligned and all nations behind the Iron Cur- European defense, and for the defense of closing the gap between East and tain. democratic values of states under the rule of West—who yearn for the days of des- The memory of those times makes law . . . Members will now work together to pots and communists kings—would me appreciate to my core how wonder- face a spectrum of threats, including local win. ful it is that the countries of the and regional conflicts. We should not cast votes which serve former Soviet Union are now free and The Chairman of Lithuania’s Par- to encourage Zhirinovsky’s storm that three of them have the oppor- liament strengthens the case for expan- troopers. Our call is to stand by the tunity to join the peaceful community sion: champions of free market principles— of nations that make up the North At- NATO’s declared open door policy . . . and to stand up for the voices which appeal lantic Treaty Organization. To me, the post-Cold War Era will be truly over firm stand on the principle that the Baltic for democracy’s day. countries have an unrestricted sovereign I’m sure there may still be a senator when all the nations of Europe—west right to their own choice will only aid the or two unconvinced that American and east—join in an alliance that will emerging new Russia in living up to its obli- lives should be laid down to defend Bu- in and of itself indicate a Europe at gations of normal European behavior. peace. dapest or Prague. Let me remind those Romania’s President’s goes further: Mr. President, I support NATO ex- colleagues of remarks made by Mar- pansion, and do so for one primary rea- The process for preparing for NATO en- garet Thatcher when she called Great largement has led in less than four years to son: I truly believe that expanding the a broad and profound stability and solidarity Britain to the defense of the Falklands. NATO alliance to include Poland, Hun- in Central Europe. She said, ‘‘To those—not many—who gary and the Czech Republic will lead Both he and Mr. Havel acknowledge speak lightly of a few islanders beyond to greater peace and security through- that the enlargement process stimu- the seas and who ask the question, ‘Are out Eastern Europe—the same peace lated resolution of age-old border and they worth fighting for?’ Let me say and security that American leadership ethnic policy disputes. this: right and wrong are not measured was able to provide Western Europe for Poland’s President’s made a final by a head count of those to whom that the past 49 years. In that time, no point: wrong has been done. That would not American soldier has had to fire a shot be principle but expediency. The Enjoying traditionally close ties with the to defend a NATO ally, nor has NATO United States and being at the same time a Falklanders are not strangers. They ever had to wage war to fulfill its secu- profoundly Europe oriented society, Poland are our own people.’’ rity guarantees. will contribute to the alliance’s cohesion. As With more than 23 million Americans A peaceful, secure Europe is nec- for the military dimension, the alliance will of Central and East European descent, essary for a peaceful, secure America. gain reliable and modernizing armed forces. Prime Minister Thatcher’s insight and We are inextricably linked. In two We shall continue our active policy aimed at the analogy reach across our nation World Wars, American troops have ensuring Central Europe remains a zone of into every community. stable and harmonious relations. fought and died as a result of insta- NATO exists to defend principle not bility in Europe. Through collective Central Europe’s leaders have expediency. defense, an enlarged NATO will help re- summed up with clarity and conviction I know some of my colleagues feel we duce the chance of another major Euro- the strategic political, economic, and are rushing to judgment. For those pean conflict. security justification both for NATO friends and colleagues, I call attention The formation of NATO in 1949 has and its expansion. They make clear to the fact that I believe this debate enabled Europe to flourish into the that the importance of our decision has gone on at least five years—it has prosperous region it is today. I believe this week will only increase over time. taken a long time and much effort to history will show that the trans- While I am convinced of the argu- bring the Administration to this im- formation of a war-ravaged Europe in ments in favor of expansion, there is portant decision. the first half of the twentieth century one concern raised by some of my col- The cause is important—the rea- to the safe and secure Europe we have leagues which I wish to address—that soning sound. Our vote to expand seen in the second half of the century is the doubt about providing security NATO’s European frontier strengthens is among the most remarkable achieve- guarantees to new members. the pillars of democracy and free mar- ments of our time. I believe NATO can I know there are Senators who would ket principles, stimulates dispute reso- bring that same stability to the former prefer to narrowly define the terms of lution, balances and restrains Russian Warsaw Pact nations. participation of new members or limit ambitions, reduces military tensions, What is also remarkable are the re- our contribution or commitment to and adds new security capabilities. cent achievements of Poland, Hungary their defense. Unfortunately, such de- In short, we take one step closer to and the Czech Republic. These nations terminations would create a caste sys- finishing the mission President Lin- have made great strides to reform their tem—dismissing new or future mem- coln called upon our nation to faith- economic and political systems to con- bers to second class citizen status. This fully serve. form with international norms and to would be a terrible mistake and under- Freedom. provide greater freedom for its citi- mine an alliance forged and strength- I know my father and his friends zens. These nations have placed their ened by its tradition of common pur- would have been proud to defend our armed forces under civilian control and pose, common defense, in short, a com- choice, our invitation to Poland, to have resolved historical disputes that mitment to equality. Hungary and the Czech Republic to have threatened the region. In all, ten NATO’s strength and credibility join NATO. major accords have settled ethnic and would be compromised by any decision Mrs. BOXER. Mr. President, every border disputes throughout Eastern to qualify new members with ambig- one of us has memories of historical Europe. These include agreements be- uous standing. There should be no side- events that stay with us forever. Those tween Poland and Lithuania, Poland

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00035 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3774 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 29, 1998 and the Ukraine, Hungary and Roma- want to thank both the Chairman and As noted in my votes and previous nia, Italy and Slovenia, Germany and Ranking Member of the Senate Foreign floor statements, I do not believe our the Czech Republic. Relations Committee for all their hard vital national interests justify the ex- During the Senate Foreign Relations work on this historic issue. Let me end tent of our contribution in Bosnia. In Committee’s thorough debate on the with the words of President Clinton, my judgment, that is a matter where NATO issue, Colonel Herbert Harman, who said, ‘‘A new NATO can extend the European nations should have taken the National Commander of the Re- blessings of freedom and security in a charge. It is always hard to say when serve Officers Association, stated that, new century . . . we can bring Europe century-old hostilities in the Balkans ‘‘over time, the defensive nature of together—not by force of arms, but by may threaten the peace, but the issue NATO will become clear to all parties, possibilities of peace. That is the prom- is sufficiently a European obligation and with it, the realization that NATO ise of this moment. And we must seize that I do not think the United States threatens no one.’’ I agree. NATO is it.’’ should again be pulling the ‘‘laboring strictly a defensive alliance. It does UNANIMOUS CONSENT AGREEMENT oar’’—that is, doing more than our not aim to pose a military threat to Mr. WARNER. Mr. President, I ask share. Russia or any other nation. I know unanimous consent, on behalf of the The inclusion in NATO of Poland, the some of my colleagues do not see it leader, that the following amendments, Czech Republic, and Hungary is the un- this way, but Russia is making moves declarations, and conditions be the mistakable start of bringing in more toward democracy and those have been only remaining in order, other than the nations than the United States should recognized by the NATO-Russia Found- pending amendment, and following the be obligated to defend. It is getting us ing Act. The Founding Act, signed in disposition of the listed issues, the deeper into potential quicksand, like May 1997, created the Permanent Joint Senate proceed to vote on the com- Bosnia. Perhaps even more important, Council, a useful forum where NATO mittee reported amendment, as amend- including those countries poses more of and Russia can consult on security ed, to be followed by adoption of the a risk of a Russian military action issues of mutual interest. This will resolution of ratification, all without against them than assurances of their help facilitate a trusting and construc- further action or debate, following 90 national security. There is the obvious tive relationship between NATO and minutes of debate equally divided. risk that Russia, with a deteriorating Russia. Last fall, Ambassador Thomas The list of amendments, declarations army, may choose to use its enormous Pickering put it best when he said, ‘‘it and conditions is as follows: An amend- nuclear arsenal. is in the security interest of the United ment by Senators WARNER and MOY- The representations that Russian States, NATO, and the States of Cen- NIHAN mandating a 3-year moratorium, President Boris Yeltsin does not object tral Europe to have constructive rela- under a 2-hour agreement, with an up- to NATO enlargement do not answer tions with Moscow, and to integrate a or-down vote; Senator MOYNIHAN’s the threat that Russia might retaliate peaceful Russia into the world commu- amendment that defers membership under a new leader. President Yeltsin’s nity.’’ I would also point out that until members of EU, under a 1-hour government is unstable. His health NATO has an open door policy to other agreement; Senator STEVENS’ amend- may be even worse. Radical Russian nations wishing to join NATO, includ- ment on cost; Senator STEVENS’ elements have already used NATO ex- ing Russia, as long as NATO members amendment on caps; Senator INHOFE’s pansion as a potential argument to determine it would promote European amendment on submission of the Kyoto take over the Russian Presidency. security and the strategic interests of Protocol; Senator ROBERT SMITH’s Final action on expansion of NATO the Alliance. amendment on Bosnia; Senator CON- may give them the political weapon to Mr. President, there is a long list of RAD, tactical nuclear weapons; Senator succeed. So instead of strengthening high-ranking officials and organiza- NICKLES, strategic concept of NATO; NATO, the expansion may subject tions who support NATO expansion. Senator BINGAMAN, Baltics; Senator NATO to attack with the possible focus These include every living former Sec- BINGAMAN, strategic concepts; Senator on its newest members. retary of State, the former Majority HARKIN, costs; Senator HARKIN, arms In 1949, the United States and its al- Leader Senator Dole, former National control; Senator BIDEN, relevant lies in Europe literally joined forces to Security Adviser Colin Powell, several amendment; and Senator HELMS, rel- define the post-World War II world. The veterans groups—including the Amer- evant amendment. North Atlantic Treaty Organization ican Legion—and many, many others. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without was established with a clear mission: Let us hear the thoughts of some of objection, it is so ordered. collective defense of its members. these distinguished people on NATO ex- Mr. SPECTER addressed the Chair. NATO became the centerpiece of the pansion. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- U.S. policy of collective security and Secretary Henry Kissinger says that ator from Pennsylvania is recognized. defined our military commitment to NATO enlargement ‘‘represents above Mr. SPECTER. Mr. President, after our allies in Europe. Throughout the all an overriding American political in- extensive study, discussions, and delib- Cold War, NATO protected U.S. inter- terest.’’ Secretary James Baker claims, eration, I have decided to vote against ests and U.S. allies in Europe by pro- ‘‘The Cold War’s legacy of great power ratifying the treaty to expand NATO. viding a framework through which to confrontation in Europe will be truly Since my college days, when I wrote overcome the political instabilities in ended only when it is replaced by a col- my senior thesis on U.S.-U.S.S.R. rela- post war Europe. NATO started out as laborative structure between former tions, I have supported a strong U.S. a military alliance of 12 members and antagonists. The expansion of NATO role in international affairs. I oppose eventually expanded to a military alli- should be seen in this light.’’ Our cur- NATO expansion now because it does ance of 16 members. Turkey and Greece rent Secretary of State, Madeleine not fulfill NATO’s basic purpose in have been members since 1952, Ger- Albright, states that Poland, Hungary countering the U.S.S.R. military many since 1955, and Spain since 1982. and the Czech Republic, ‘‘will not just threat that existed from 1945 to 1991 Then, in 1989, the political landscape be consumers of security by the United but, instead, creates a new potential in Europe changed. The Berlin Wall States but producers of a more secure threat from Russia. fell. The Cold War was over. The War- Europe; and also because the United As a frequent participant in the saw Pact disbanded. In 1990, the Union States has interests in Europe, pro- North Atlantic Assembly meetings of Soviet Socialist Republics disinte- ducers of security for the United since the spring 1981 session in Venice, grated. In its stead, across central and States.’’ Senator Dole maintains, ‘‘The I have always felt that the United eastern Europe and in Russia itself, enlargement of NATO will strengthen States consistently paid more than its fledgling governments began the tran- security, freedom, and peace in Europe. fair share of the NATO burden. Our na- sition to democracy and market-ori- It will secure the gains of democracy in tional interests were so substantial in ented economies. The original goal of Central Europe.’’ countering the Soviet threat in West- NATO had been fulfilled. Once again, I support expanding ern Europe that it was worthwhile not Immediately after the fall of com- NATO to include the nations of Poland, to withdraw because other nations did munism, NATO began to reevaluate its Hungary and the Czech Republic and not do their part in burden sharing. role and purpose. NATO has redefined

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00036 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY April 29, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3775 its organization to focus not only on George Kennan, most noted for the START II treaty. Lebed contends that collective defense, but also on ‘‘pro- policy of containment of Russian ex- the Conventional Forces in Europe moting stability throughout Europe pansive tendencies, who later dis- Treaty and other arms control treaties through cooperation and by developing claimed the view that containment could all be reconsidered. the means for collective crisis manage- meant stationing military forces In my college senior thesis, I was ment and peacekeeping.’’ Furthermore, around Soviet borders, wrote in the very much impressed by the famous what started out as a military organi- New York Times last year that ‘‘ex- words of Winston Churchill, which he zation of first 12 then 16 nations is now panding NATO would be the most fate- gave in a 1939 London radio broadcast holding out the possibility of member- ful error of American policy in the en- when he was first lord of the admi- ship for at least 12 new members and tire post-Cold War era.’’ He went on to ralty. Commenting on his inability to even more if the Administration’s rhet- ask: oric comes to fruition. Why, with all the hopeful possibilities en- forecast the action of Russia, Churchill My former colleagues Senator How- gendered by the end of the cold war, should described Russia as ‘‘* * * a riddle ard Baker and Senator Sam Nunn, East-West relations become centered on the wrapped in a mystery inside an enig- along with former national security ad- question of who would be allied with whom ma.’’ But perhaps more telling is the visor Brent Scowcroft and Alton Frye and, by implication, against whom in some oft-forgotten phrase following. Church- fanciful, totally unforeseeable and most im- ill went on to say that ‘‘* * * perhaps from the Council on Foreign Relations probable future military conflict? there is a key. That key is Russian na- wrote in February that the Adminis- Kennan pointed out that the Rus- tional interest.’’ NATO expansion is tration’s premise that NATO should be sians are not impressed with American open to many additional members ‘‘is a assurances that NATO expansion does clearly not in the Russian national in- prescription for destroying the alli- not reflect hostile intentions. In fact, terest, and the West can expect Russia ance’’ which will antagonize Russia. In he notes, the Russians ‘‘would continue to react accordingly. their words, NATO expansion is ‘‘an ill- to regard it as a rebuff by the West and I believe that the United States and defined invitation for new members un- would likely look elsewhere for guar- Russia must maintain a real balance of related to either military threats or antees of a secure future.’’ What comes power if we are going to coexist as military capabilities.’’ to mind is forcing Russia to move even peaceful nations. Clearly, if NATO is to I agree with their interpretation that closer to China or Iran. remain a strictly military alliance, ex- an expanded NATO is unrelated to cur- Michael Brown, then senior fellow at panding NATO to the east means tilt- rent military threats and capabilities. the Center for Science and Inter- ing the balance of power toward the I question U.S. participation in an or- national Affairs at Harvard, cautioned ganization increasingly devoted to west. If the desire is to create greater early on in 1994, when NATO was first economic and political cooperation ‘‘crisis management and peace- addressing the question of new mem- keeping.’’ While NATO was originally among Western and Central European bers, that ‘‘NATO expansion should be nations, there are already existing or- designed to counter the threat of com- tied to strategic circumstances: If Rus- munism, it will increasingly be called ganizations such as the European sia takes steps to threaten Central Eu- Union, the Organization for Security upon to counter new threats facing the rope militarily, NATO should offer region: particularly civil unrest and and Cooperation in Europe and others membership to as many states in the to take up this task. ethnic conflict in Eastern and Central region as possible.’’ Otherwise, Brown Europe. Membership in NATO involves pointed out, correctly I think, that Many claim that there is now a secu- a serious commitment to defend other ‘‘Russian aggression would be encour- rity vacuum in Central Europe that members if attacked. As NATO ex- aged, not discouraged by NATO expan- NATO expansion can address. On the pands, the United States may well be sion.’’ contrary, I believe NATO expansion is obligating itself to become involved in Potential Russian presidential can- creating just such a vacuum. It is im- a potentially great number of conflicts didates are already preparing them- plausible to think that Russia would that are strictly European in nature selves for the next Russian presidential send conventional troops into Central and not a direct threat to vital U.S. na- election in 2000 and NATO expansion is Europe any time soon. tional security interests. I do not be- already on the platform. Alexander While it is probable that there are lieve the United States should commit Lebed, a likely top contender for the lingering fears of Russian aggression in to involvement in ethnic and civil Russian presidency, wrote in an opin- the countries of Central Europe, Rus- hotspots throughout Europe, but ion piece last year that NATO expan- sia’s current Army capabilities make should reserve the option to decide on sion is drawing Russia into ‘‘a process such involvement on a case by case such an advance next to impossible. of mutual provocations.’’ He cautioned Furthermore, the West would never basis. that ‘‘a reversion to old ways threatens tolerate a repeat of past Russian ag- Furthermore, NATO reports from the the system of agreements which until gression in these countries. July 1997 NATO summit in Madrid recently had provided stability in Eu- state that the end of the Cold War has rope.’’ On the other hand, it is plausible to provided the opportunity to ‘‘build an One year later, the Russians remain think that Russia will revisit the sta- improved security architecture in the quite clear on how they view NATO ex- tus of its relations with the Baltic na- whole of the Euro-Atlantic area with- pansion. Russia’s ambassador to the tions, Ukraine and Belarus. Oddly out recreating dividing lines.’’ This United States, Yuli Vorontsov, com- enough, these may be the countries line of reasoning is unsound. If NATO mented in the March 10, 1998 Wash- most likely to be adversely affected by is in fact to remain a primarily mili- ington Post on what he calls the ‘‘au- NATO expansion and the very nations tary alliance, how can including new thentic Russian view’’ of NATO expan- not to be included in the first round of members not recreate dividing lines? It sion. new members. We must also not forget is likely that the new dividing lines In his article, Ambassador Vorontsov Russian military involvement in Geor- will antagonize Russia. advises that ‘‘Russia’s attitude toward gia and in the Armenia-Azerbaidjan Last year, in an open letter to the NATO enlargement has been and re- conflict. How will NATO expansion in- President, 50 former Senators, cabinet mains unequivocally negative. The fluence Russian military action in the secretaries and ambassadors, as well as signing of the Russia-NATO Founding Caucasus? arms control advisors and foreign pol- Act does not alter that attitude in any icy experts, called for postponement of manner.’’ He goes on to say, ‘‘If en- In 1992, I presented remarks at the NATO expansion until other security largement goes forward, there are no North Atlantic Assembly meeting in options are explored. In their letter, guarantees that everything positive we the Netherlands while I was part of a they expressed concerns about drawing have developed in the relationship be- Senate delegation visiting the Assem- ‘‘a new line of division in Europe, between Russia and leading Western bly, commenting then that there was tween the ‘ins’ and the ‘outs’ of countries will not be put in severe jeop- an unease among the American people NATO,’’ which would actually work to ardy.’’ over the cost of U.S. foreign relations increase regional instability and de- The most telling Russian reaction to obligations. That is not to say that the crease the security of those not in- date has been the Russian Duma’s de- predominant U.S. view would ever re- cluded. layed vote on ratification of the turn to the isolationist ideology of the

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00037 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3776 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 29, 1998 1930s, but the question I posed then Serbs and Croats. The entire region an enigma. It is puzzling as to what the was: What is fair and equitable? As a would be destabilized. Certainly, the Russian will do next. They are enig- longtime member of the Foreign Oper- current situation in Kosovo is cause for matic. ations Subcommittee of the Senate Ap- great alarm. Russia has come out on While we are on the path which has a propriations Committee, I believe the side of the Serbs against the United reasonable possibility of leading to many Americans still feel the same States and Europe. In the short term, peace and stability, the inclusion of unease when it comes to U.S. contribu- the ability of the West to work with new NATO members I do believe would tions to areas clearly outside our vital Russia will aid in the resolution of this be counterproductive. national interests. issue. This picture changes in the long- For these reasons, I oppose the ex- Again in 1993, after returning from term. Albania, Kosovo’s neighbor to pansion of NATO at this time. the next North Atlantic Assembly the south, is on the long list of coun- I intend to vote against the ratifica- meeting, in remarks on the Senate tries proposed for NATO membership. tion of this treaty. floor, I commented on the debate under There is significant question as to I thank the Chair. way in NATO at the time on inviting how far can U.S. military resources be I yield the floor. new members to join the alliance. stretched on the current $268 billion de- Mr. BUMPERS. Mr. President, first There were signs at the time that fense budget. The top military brass in of all, let me say that I have listened NATO and the North Atlantic Assem- Bosnia had no answer to my question rather attentively to the debate the bly were looking more toward eco- on priorities in deciding how to spend past 3 days. It has all been heartfelt. A nomic matters than defense matters. among Bosnia, Korea, Iran, Iraq and lot of it has been very thoughtful. I Furthermore, when we talked to the the world’s other hot spots. think it has been instructive for the Director of the Center for Strategic Now we add to this the additional Senate to hear this debate. Stability, he made the point that the costs of NATO expansion. Although the I spent a lot of time reading a lot of Russians were very concerned about an Administration says the total cost of articles, doing a lot of research and expanding alliance. The concern then expansion will be $27 to $35 billion—the trying to reach a conclusion that I felt was what would happen with respect to U.S. portion being $1.5–$2 billion over not only was correct, but one that I Russia being isolated. I do not believe 10 years—other estimates for the cost would feel very comfortable with not this question has been adequately ad- of NATO expansion range as high as just today but in future years. dressed. $125 billion. There are many unan- I have heard a lot of people say the Last January, I made remarks on the swered questions about the cost of average man on the street in Russia Senate floor concerning my participa- NATO expansion. does not really care about NATO ex- tion in the 1996 North Atlantic Assem- We have good reason to conclude that pansion. I agree with that. He or she bly meeting. I noted that NATO has the estimates of the administration as doesn’t care about it right now, just as been perhaps the most successful inter- usual, are deceptively low. the American people are not zeroed in national collective security arrange- If we use Bosnia as an example, how on partial-birth abortion right now. ment in the world’s history, ultimately much more are we willing to spend in But you wait until October and Novem- achieving its once thought unattain- Europe than the Europeans them- ber comes and all those 30-second spots able goal of containing and outlasting selves? Doing our part does not mean start appearing on television, and the empire of the former Soviet Union doing more than other major European those awful, barbaric films are shown through a vigilant deterrence rather nations. This is not the Cold War where just before the election, and you will than actual conflict. It was this suc- the United States squared off against find that virtually everybody in Amer- cessful because it was more than a mu- the USSR and our dominant role in ica cares about that issue. And when tual defense pact. It is the coming to- NATO protected our vital national in- the election in Russia is held in the gether, across the Atlantic, of the terests. Obviously, Bosnian stability is year 2000, you can rest assured the power of the ideas of freedom and de- of much greater concern to the Euro- hard-liners are going to have a picnic. mocracy. However, I pointed out that pean nations than it is to the U.S. al- Mr. President, I have read a number NATO’s very success in achieving its though you wouldn’t know it from the of times that we should not let the original aim is the basis of the present contributions in Bosnia today. This Russian hard-liners dictate our foreign quandary of the alliance. I asked then, also does not mean that the United policy. I agree with that. By the same and I repeat now: In the wake of the States cannot play an important stra- token, I do not think we ought to gra- dissolution of the Soviet Union there tegic role in the region, for the United tuitously allow the Russian hard-liners are many reasons—including our re- States has played a successful leading to dictate internal policy in Russia as sponsibility to wisely spend American role in the War Crimes Tribunal for the well as foreign policy to come. taxpayers’ dollars—why we must ask Former Yugoslavia. I am one who believes that peace on what is NATO for now, what countries The United States will always play a the Eurasian Continent and probably should be a part of the Alliance, and role in peace and security in Europe. in the world is dependent on our engag- what roles and burdens should be We all applaud the great success of the ing Russia over the next several years. played and borne by the different mem- new countries of Eastern and Central I do not denigrate any of the argu- bers of the North Atlantic community? Europe on their transition to democ- ments for ratification. I think a lot of In the year since I gave these re- racy and free-market economies. How- the arguments are very compelling for marks, there has been much discussion ever, as we move into the 21st century, expanding NATO. But when I weigh and debate on NATO expansion, here in I believe this is not the time for NATO what I believe will be the cost some- the Senate and in the media. I believe expansion. time in the future compared to the the situation now in Bosnia gives us We would be moving away from the benefits, I believe the cost is likely to reason to pause and reflect on these basic premise that NATO was expanded far outweigh the benefits. questions before we commit the United to protect Western Europe from Soviet What do we get out of it? Not NATO States to even more security obliga- attack. We would be looking at a Rus- but the United States. How are we en- tions in Eastern and Central Europe. sia now, after the disintegration of the riched? How is our security aided by During my visit last December to Soviet Union, which is not stable. We taking in these three countries? If, as I Bosnia, I asked our troops to estimate are trying to build up our relationships believe at some point the hard-liners in how long we would need to stay there with Russia. Certainly this would be Russia are going to have a field day to avoid the resumption of bloodshed very counterproductive. with this, just as there are people in which would happen if they left on As I noted earlier, I recall very well this body and in the United States who Congress’ schedule. The answer was a in my studies at the University of cannot give up on the cold war, I think ‘‘generation,’’ given the intensity and Pennsylvania noting in my college the- we are going to pay a heavy price. longevity of the religious and ethnic sis on United States-U.S.S.R. relations Nobody should cling to the naive be- tensions in the region. There is no the description of Winston Churchill lief that a lot of this expansion is not doubt about the dire consequences if that Russian foreign policy was a mys- dictated by the hard-liners in this fighting resumes among the Muslims, tery surrounded by a puzzle wrapped in country. We have our own. We have

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00038 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY April 29, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3777 people who after 50 years of fearing the tion of the Soviet Union, the United States and the Czech Republic. But we have great Russian bear and communism and its NATO allies face threats to their sta- refused to put that in writing. You and the Soviet Union have a very dif- bility and territorial integrity including [lis- think of that. ficult time turning loose that philos- ten to this] the potential for the emergence Again, I am going to come back to of a hegemonic power in Europe. ophy. the broken promise of all broken prom- I hear it said that we gave our word That is No. 1. ‘‘The potential for the ises in just a moment. But here we are to Poland, the Czech Republic, and emergence of a hegemonic power in Eu- telling Russia that we will not put nu- Hungary, and we must follow through rope.’’ clear weapons in the three countries on our word. I hear it said that they Now, the Russians would never guess that we are taking into NATO, ‘‘So you have suffered enough. And God knows, who we were referring to with that. have nothing to fear.’’ But we don’t we can all relate to that. We all know Further: want to put it in writing. And yester- what Eastern Europe endured under The invasion of Poland, Hungary, or the day the U.S. Senate, by a vote of 90 to the foot of communism and the Czech Republic, or their destabilization aris- 9, said the very foundation of NATO re- U.S.S.R. for 45 years after World War ing from external subversion, would threaten quires a nuclear presence in Europe the stability of Europe and jeopardize vital II. Not only are we sympathetic, in my United States national security interests. and those three countries were not ex- opinion, without the expansion of cluded in that amendment. Who would invade Poland, Hungary NATO, the United States and our allies The Russians would have to be naive or the Czech Republic? The Russians in Europe would come to the rescue of beyond all imagination to believe that would never guess who we were refer- any of these countries if they were Dr. Krauthammer wasn’t saying it ex- ring to in this resolution. threatened. But we should bear in mind actly right. NATO enlargement is de- Listen to this: also in that connection that it was not signed to hem Russia in. Russia, it was not the Soviet Union Extending NATO membership to Poland, Mr. President, the last time Russia Hungary, and the Czech Republic will took our word for something was in that invaded Czechoslovakia, that in- strengthen NATO, enhance security and sta- vaded Poland and Hungary. bility in Central Europe, deter potential ag- 1990. It was in a meeting during a meet- We hear all of these soothing assur- gressors, and thereby advance the interests ing between Secretary of State Baker ances from proponents of enlargement of the United States and its NATO allies. and Mikhail Gorbachev, and the prom- that NATO is a defensive alliance; we Question: Who do you think the po- ise was very simple, according to Jack have no aggressive intentions. I believe tential aggressor is? Matlock, who was our Ambassador to that. Of course, that is true. But I am Or, perhaps the Russians will never Russia at the time. When the Soviet not Russia. I ask the Members of this see or know about a letter I received in empire was falling apart and the Ger- body, if the shoe were on the other foot my office last week from Mr. Bruce mans were clamoring to reunify the how would they feel? Incidentally, I Jackson, president of the United States west and east, we promised Mikhail might say that one of the most power- Committee to Expand NATO. Here is Gorbachev that if he would not inter- ful speeches I have ever heard made on what he said: fere with the reunification of Germany, the Senate floor was about 30 seconds Dear Senator: we would never move NATO 1 foot fur- long during the Panama Canal Treaty I am forwarding a copy of Charles ther east toward Russia. I have no doc- debate. That was by far the most vola- Krauthammer’s opinion piece which ap- umentation to prove that, but I called tile political issue to confront this peared on April 17 in the Washington Post Jack Matlock, who knows what hap- body since I have been in the Senate. while the Senate was in recess. While I can- pened, and asked him. He assured me in not say that every member of the U.S. Com- roughly a 30-minute conversation, over Everybody that was going to vote for mittee to Expand NATO shares Dr. it—and it had 67 votes—was trying to Krauthammer’s views on Russia, we are in and over and over, that not only did cleanse their skirts with their con- complete agreement with his conclusion: the United States promise Russia we stituents back home. And Henry NATO expansion is simply a return to—a would not move any further—wouldn’t Bellmon, a wonderful Republican Sen- ratification of normality . . . It is the easi- move NATO any further east toward ator from Oklahoma, stood at his desk est U.S. foreign policy call of the decade. Russia, Helmut Kohl later joined in the at about where the Senator from Indi- If you need any additional information, promise. I am not saying that Gorba- ana is seated right now and said: ‘‘I call me. chev had that much option. I am say- have agonized about this for 6 weeks. This is the Committee to Expand ing we made the promise. Again, an The President’s called me. The Sec- NATO, saying we agree with virtually oral promise. retary of State’s called me, and people everything Dr. Krauthammer said in Let me go back to the rationale some on the other side have called me. Mr. his article in the Washington Post. And people use for saying we have to go President, I have decided that I think what did Dr. Krauthammer say? Listen through with this. It is because we we ought to treat the Panamanians the to this headline. This is the headline of promised the Czech Republic, Poland, way we would want to be treated, and the Krauthammer article that that and Hungary that we would do it. How therefore I am going to vote for the committee says they agree with to- about our promises to Russia that we treaties.’’ He shortly thereafter an- tally. ‘‘Is NATO expansion directed would not? nounced he would not run again be- against Russia? Of course it is.’’ So, what are we doing to Russia? We cause he knew he could not possibly be What would our response be if we are forcing them to rely more and more reelected in Oklahoma with that vote. were in Russia’s shoes? Their conven- heavily on nuclear weapons. And the You talk about a profile in courage. tional forces are in shambles, their more you rely on nuclear weapons, the That is probably the most dramatic il- economy is a basket case, their people lower the hair trigger for nuclear war. lustration of it I have seen since I have are demoralized and they are experi- Why are they depending on nuclear been in the Senate. encing the fifth consecutive year of weapons? It is cheaper. They can main- And so I ask you this: If this treaty economic negative growth. The most tain a nuclear force at a fraction of the were being executed by Russia, Mexico dangerous thing in the world is for a cost of maintaining a conventional and Canada, and Russia was saying not bully to jump on somebody who is force in case NATO did attack them. to worry, don’t worry about us lining weak. You know what I have always Are we safer with the Russians de- up with Mexico and Canada on your said? I think government has a role in pending on nuclear weapons? Of course border, we have no aggressive inten- our lives. I think government has a we are not. That is another big nega- tions, how would that go over? role in protecting the weak from the tive to this whole thing. And the Duma Mr. President, we cannot deny what bully. I am not saying the United says they are not going to ratify this treaty is all about. It is to hem States is a bully. But I am saying, START II. Maybe they will. I hear ar- Russia in. The Russians are not stupid. when we expand NATO at a time when guments on both sides of that. But I Look at some of the declarations in Russia is on their hunkers and every- can tell you this, START II is ex- the resolution itself. Paragraph body knows it—mostly the Russians— tremely important to the security of (2)(A)(i). It says: what would our response be? We have the world and it is extremely impor- Notwithstanding the collapse of com- assured Russia orally we will not put tant to the security of the United munism in most of Europe and the dissolu- nuclear weapons in Poland, Hungary, States. But the Duma has not ratified

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00039 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3778 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 29, 1998 it. They have talked about it for al- What does a democratic Russia mean to tion in U.S.-Russian and allied-Russian rela- most 2 years now and they have not Americans? Lower defense spending, a re- tions, and a political climate may emerge in ratified it. duced nuclear threat, a diminished risk of Russia which erodes the ability and the will- So, what does that mean? It means environmental disasters, fewer arms exports ingness of Russian leaders to make rational we have to maintain our nuclear forces and less proliferation, access to Russia’s vast decisions on critical foreign policy matters. resources through peaceful commerce, and Even those Russians who are most inclined on a high state of readiness, at an the creation of a major new market for to seek compromise and who see no military extra cost of several billion dollars a American goods and services. threat in the admission of Poland, Hungary year. There has been a lot of talk about That is what President Clinton said and the Czech Republic into NATO would find the expansion of NATO into the geo- who is going to pay for all of the new in a beautiful statement in 1992 when weaponry for Poland, Hungary, and the political space claimed by the former Soviet he was candidate Clinton. Union intolerable. Czech Republic. Nobody has mentioned What does Admiral Bill Crowe say? Of course they find it intolerable. the fact that instead of destroying And Admiral Crowe, incidentally, fa- weapons, as we would under START II, Mr. President, I do not speak out of vors the expansion of NATO, but he fear of Russia. I do not speak out of we may very well not only keep them wrote some beautiful words about it. but keep them on a high state of readi- denigration of my colleagues who Listen to it. I think everybody in this think this is absolutely the right thing ness, and it is already costing us sev- body and everybody whoever knew him eral billion dollars a year to maintain to do. It is no secret that President has a profound respect for Bill Crowe, Clinton and I have been close friends the extra nuclear forces. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, What are our friends in Russia say- for 25 years, and I have, I think, the recently Ambassador to the Court of ing? Mr. President, I feel this may be best record in the Senate of supporting St. James. He said: the most salient point I can make in his legislation. Maybe one other Sen- the debate on why I do not intend to Put bluntly, the outcome of events in Rus- ator has a better record than I have. sia can directly affect the future of the free vote for the expansion of NATO. What But I think he would be the first per- world. The epic journey of that great nation son to understand my strong feelings are our friends—who we are depending is far from over . . . If the Russian people ul- on to democratize and bring sanity to timately return to some form of autocracy, that this is a mistake. the Soviet Union and bring that poor, it would be a genuine disaster, not only for When I about this subject, I think of bedraggled nation into the 20th cen- them but for us as well. In essence, I would all throughout history, from Napoleon tury—what are they saying? judge that Russia is our number one foreign to Hitler, who have underestimated Victor Chernomyrdin, everybody policy challenge, and it would be folly to Russia. And I can tell you we are un- thought he was a rational, moderate treat it otherwise. derestimating Russia, we are assuming person. Vice President GORE is genu- Yet we are engaging in precisely that she is always going to be an eco- inely fond of him and met with him what he said—folly. What did Jack nomic basket case, that she will never many times. What does he think about Matlock, who was our Ambassador to be able to build her conventional forces this? Here is what he said: the Soviet Union at the time, say? and that she will always accept our We will never agree that the expansion of In making a major effort to bring more soothing assurances that our inten- NATO is needed now, since its doctrine of members into NATO when countries who tions are defensive and not offensive. confrontation with the Warsaw Pact, the So- wish to join face no military threat, the ad- One of the best books I ever read in viet Union and Russia, has not essentially ministration undermines its ability to pro- my life, Mr. President, is called ‘‘The changed. tect the United States and its allies from po- March of Folly: From Troy to Viet- That is one of our good friends. Then: tential nuclear leakage from Russia. nam,’’ by Barbara Tuchman. No young The Russian Federation National Secu- He goes on to say: person should be allowed to graduate rity Blueprint which was signed by Russia may have no choice other than to from high school and certainly not Boris Yeltsin: accept an enlarged NATO, but in the ensuing from college without reading Barbara The prospect of NATO expansion to the atmosphere of political estrangement, close Tuchman’s ‘‘The March of Folly.’’ east is unacceptable to Russia since it rep- cooperation in nuclear matters, never easy, Bill Lind, who most of the people in resents a threat to its national security. will become even more difficult. It will also this body know, an expert on military be much harder to maintain the momentum What did the State Duma, the prin- of weapons destruction if it appears to Rus- affairs of some note, widely respected, cipal legislative body in Russia, say 3 sian military planners that they must main- wrote an article about NATO enlarge- months ago? This wasn’t way back in tain a nuclear option in order to balance an ment not long ago, and he refers to this the past, it was January 23 this year. expanding NATO. magnificent book, ‘‘The March of They passed a resolution saying: Mr. President, did you know that we Folly.’’ He said: Given the weakening of Russia’s defense have spent billions of dollars in Russia It is folly to humiliate a Great Power dur- capacity, NATO enlargement means the ap- helping them dismantle their nuclear ing an historical moment of weakness. It is pearance of the most serious military threat folly to reignite a cold war within the West— to our country since 1954. weapons? That is what we call Nunn- Lugar money around here. It is the and Russia is rightfully part of the West—as And here is Yuli Vorontsov, Ambas- the world moves into an era of conflicts best money we have ever spent. I prom- sador to the United States: among cultures. It is folly to risk pushing a ise you, Mr. President, I promise you weak Russian government further toward I would say that movement of NATO forces that the Russians are going to ulti- close to the Russian borders is generally loss of legitimacy, when its replacement being considered by all political forces in mately say, ‘‘Get out. We thought you may be a variety of non-state entities rang- Russia as a threat. You can ask anybody were serious about dismantling our nu- ing from mafias through religious groupings, there. Do not just ask Communists; we know clear weapons and dismantling yours, some of which would inevitably possess rem- what they will say. Ask liberals, ask demo- but if you are going to treat us this nants of the Soviet nuclear arsenal. crats, ask young and ask old. Nobody in Rus- way and show this kind of bad faith to- Bill Lind goes on to say: sia is applauding this move, because every- ward our good faith in dismantling our In her glorious book, ‘‘The March of body is afraid it is going to be a military nuclear weapons and letting you do it, Folly,’’ Barbara Tuchman writes: ‘‘A phe- threat. it is over.’’ nomenon noticeable throughout history re- That is what our friends in Russia Our former colleague Sam Nunn who gardless of place or period is the pursuit by say. What they say is, ‘‘You’re cutting governments of policies contrary to their was the most revered person on mili- own interests. Mankind, it seems, makes a our legs off right under us. We want to tary matters I ever served with—and be friends. We want Russia to move poorer performance of government than of believe you me, Sam Nunn and I had almost any other human activity. In this into the 21th century, and we want plenty of disagreements—is opposed to sphere, wisdom, which may be defined as the peace on the Eurasian continent. So NATO expansion. Here is what Sam exercise of judgment acting on experience, what in the name of God are you doing Nunn said: common sense and available information, is threatening us with this expansion?’’ less operative and more frustrated than it Bill Clinton made one of the most I believe it is essential for the Clinton administration and our allies to start laying should be. Why do holders of high office so poignant statements he has ever made the groundwork now for a ‘‘soft landing’’ for often act contrary to the way reason points in his life back in 1992 when he was U.S.-Russian relations in the wake of NATO and enlightened self-interest suggests?’’ running for President. April 1992—lis- enlargement. Unless this is accomplished Mr. President, Barbara Tuchman’s ten to this beautiful statement: soon, there will be a significant deteriora- definition of ‘‘the march of folly’’ was

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The reso- ministration to assist Europe. and the march of folly continued to the lution marked a formal recognition It is interesting to note that treaty considerable detriment of the nation that the United States had to become mentions no specific external threat that did not listen. constructively engaged in European which the alliance was being formed to Admiral Yamamoto told the Japa- and world affairs if it were to be suc- counter, just as this resolution men- nese warlords, ‘‘I’ve been to the United cessful in influencing and supporting tions no specific external threat. States. I will participate in the attack the broader adoption of democratic In testimony before the Senate For- on Pearl Harbor. I will serve my Em- principles in the world-market econ- eign Relations Committee, Secretary peror and do the best I can. But you are omy. of State, Dean Acheson affirmed that foolish if you think you’re going to We had, with tragic consequences, re- the treaty was not aimed at any coun- conquer the United States. I’ve been treated from world affairs earlier in try but was proposed to prevent aggres- there. I’ve seen their industrial this century, only to pay considerable sion. ‘‘If we want peace,’’ he said, ‘‘we might.’’ costs in terms of not only monetary must be prepared to wage peace, with In World War I, the commander of all costs but, more importantly, in terms all of our thought, energy, and cour- the German U-boats said, ‘‘I cannot of lives because we were drawn into age.’’ At the time, the Senate Foreign sink the amount of shipping you tell those affairs as a matter of necessity. Relations Committee was careful to as- me I have to sink in order to defeat the Two successive World Wars dem- sert that the treaty’s article V com- United States.’’ Yet they went head- onstrated unequivocally Europe’s im- mitment would not remove the con- long and paid no attention to him. portance to our own national interests, stitutional power of Congress to de- Even when the Greeks attacked the and the Members of this body, in 1948, clare war. The Senate subsequently ap- Trojan fortress, and placed the Trojan were determined that the United proved the Washington treaty by a horse outside the gates, one person, La- States not be forced to catch up to vote of 87–8. ocoon said, ‘‘Don’t let that horse in world events again. It is interesting to note, that while here. What have the Greeks ever done Growing concern at the time about some say, ‘‘All right. That was fine for the time being, but why expand?’’ there for us? It is a trick’’ But he was a soli- the intentions of the Soviet Union have been three membership exten- tary voice, so the Trojans brought the were, of course, pivotal to the debate sions to four other nations over subse- wooden horse into the city. The rest is regarding the formation of the alli- quent years—in 1952 to Greece and Tur- history. Fifty-five of the best Greek ance. After World War II, Soviet troops key, in 1955 to Germany, and in 1982 to soldiers piled out of the horse and took remained in Germany and the other Central/Eastern European countries Spain. the Trojan fortress. Today, after nearly 50 years of out- that the Soviets occupied during the There are not too many dissenters in standing success, NATO no longer war. this debate. I am one of them and I seems controversial in and of itself. It During the course of the Berlin hope to God I am wrong. I can tell you is widely viewed as the most successful Blockade, in the midst of that not in- that in my opinion we are going military alliance in history. It was suc- considerable crisis, the United States against our enlightened self-interest cessful in its goal of deterring aggres- engaged Canada and the Brussels trea- and continuing the march of folly. sion in Europe. And through a robust ty powers in discussions that cul- Mr. President, I yield the floor. commitment to military strength, minated in the establishment of NATO Mr. COATS addressed the Chair. NATO’s existence also brought en- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- in 1949. Interestingly enough, Mr. hanced stability to Europe, enabling ator from Indiana. President, the reaction then in this its members to prosper economically. Mr. COATS. Mr. President, there has body, and in other corridors that were Today’s debate centers on the addi- been significant, considerable debate discussing the feasibility of this reaction of three former Eastern bloc na- on this issue over the past several tion to both the Vandenberg Resolu- tions to NATO and whether somehow days, and then several days before that tion and the North Atlantic talks, was this will dilute NATO and its collective before the Easter recess. Many of the decidedly vociferous. commitment to the principles outlined arguments have been made, discussions Eminent scholars and statesmen— in the treaty. It also talks about have been had, and debate has been en- George Kennan among them—decried whether or not such inclusion and addi- gaged in regarding the merits and de- the U.S. decision to pursue this alli- tion of nations will be provocative to merits of NATO expansion. ance with Britain, Canada, France, and Russia and will be destabilizing. I think it is important to put a little other nations. Kennan, who was the There are many issues that have and bit of historical perspective to this and original advocate of containment, de- need to be discussed before we vote on then I would also like to bring a little scribed the proposed alliance as pro- NATO and its future. But we must keep bit of perspective as a member of the vocative and potentially destabilizing. in mind that while this debate over Senate Armed Services Committee, be- Interestingly enough, that is what what type of missions NATO under- cause, after all, NATO is a military al- much of the debate about the addition takes in the future is important, it is liance. It is designed for military pur- of three formerly Soviet Warsaw Pact not, in my opinion, the central consid- poses primarily. And it is important nations, now Central European nations eration of adding new members. that we look at the military capacity that have gained independence—much Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hun- and capability of the three nations of the debate is centered on that very gary were on the forefront of Soviet he- that are being discussed as potential issue. gemony during the cold war. For al- members of NATO. Then, as now, the debate covered a most 50 years, their people lived under So I would like to bring that portion broad spectrum of other issues, includ- the totalitarianism of a Communist re- of the discussion to the debate so that ing policy, proposed missions, member- gime. With the fall of the Soviet Union, Members are aware of some of the facts ship, political as well as military aims, freedom came at last. They moved for- and considerations relative to that por- and U.S. military aid to Europe. The ward quickly to transform their econo- tion of the NATO debate. resultant treaty signed in Washington, mies to the free-market system, to First, the historical perspective. DC, on April 4, 1949, committed the hold democratic elections, and estab- This June will mark the 50th anni- parties to: peaceful resolution of dis- lish the rule of law. There is a compel- versary of the start of the Berlin putes; the active promotion of stability ling reason, moral reason I would sub- Blockade. Fifty years ago, the United and well-being; continuous military mit, to extend NATO membership to States had passed the Vandenberg Res- vigilance; joint consultation; and devo- these countries. But it is more than olution which laid the groundwork for tion to the common defense. that. Because we must remember that U.S. participation in regional and During the Senate consideration of NATO is first and foremost a military other cooperative defense alliances. the treaty, two major issues were dis- alliance.

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00041 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3780 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 29, 1998 These nations are able and willing to racies and the openness which gen- egories in which these commitments contribute to the common defense of erally follows free elections, civilian have been made. He talks about the Europe as they desire the security link oversight of the military intelligence, interoperability through Partnership of being a part of NATO. That is essen- rule of law, market economies—most for Peace and cites in 1997 alone Poland tial to our consideration— the answer important, since NATO was never in- participated in 22 Partnership for to that question, Are these nations tended to be a free ride. These nations Peace exercises in which the United able, are they willing, to contribute to are willing and able to contribute to States also took part. The highlight of the common defense of Europe, and do their own self-defense. Already they these events was ‘‘Brave Eagle,’’ one of they desire to be part of a 50-year es- have begun the restructuring required the most complex exercises to date, tablished security link? The 1949 Euro- to make their militaries compatible which Poland hosted. Poland also par- pean nations themselves must answer with NATO’s. ticipated in hundreds of bilateral and this question. Continued commitment to this goal multilateral exercises, seminars, and Though an expansion of the Soviet will be needed, obviously, over the next other activities with other partners Union played a key role in NATO’s ori- decade or more, but for now they are and NATO allies, all of which have con- gins, it was the history of warfare in moving substantially in the right di- tributed to increase their interoper- Europe which spurred the North Atlan- rection. The principle of immediate ability. The Poles have emphasized tic nations to action. Again, as Dean changes—reducing the size of their ar- military training and tactical exercises mies, modernizing their forces, achiev- Acheson testified in 1949, ‘‘NATO is not in their Partnership for Peace partici- ing interoperability as it relates to to counter any particular threat but pation. rather all aggression. The treaty itself NATO command, control, and commu- I met with members of the Defense states its purpose as safeguarding free- nications—is well under way. Poland Establishment and the Intelligence Es- has already presented a 15-year plan to dom, common heritage, and civiliza- tablishment recently in my office. reduce its forces overhauling the offi- tion of their people, founded on the Much of what was presented was classi- cer corps structure and introducing principles of democracy, individual lib- fied. I can confidently speak to the fact professional noncommissioned officers. erty, and rule of law. NATO is designed that very significant activity has Airfields, ports, and depots are being and said to promote stability and well- taken place within these three nations. readied to conduct operations with being in the North Atlantic area, and a NATO, and they have conducted many Poland, in particular, has very signifi- collective defense allowance to pre- joint operations under the Partnership cant contributions to make to the serve peace and security.’’ for Peace program and other programs. NATO alliance on an immediate basis, ‘‘The treaty itself,’’ he said, ‘‘invites Poland has established a national and Hungary and the Czech Republic any other European states in a position military center for language education. also have significant contributions to to further the principles of this treaty It spends, interestingly enough, 2.4 per- make. Hungary has participated in 17 and contribute to the security of the cent of its gross domestic product on multilateral Partnership for Peace ex- North Atlantic area to accede to the defense and intends to maintain this ercises just in the last year. The Czechs treaty.’’ Let me repeat that: ‘‘The trea- level or increase this level of support. have participated in 18 of those exer- ty itself invites any other European Interestingly enough, Mr. President, cises. states in a position to further the prin- that is more than half what the current In addition to that, all three coun- ciples of this treaty and contribute to NATO nations spend as a percentage of tries have participated in the Partner- the security of the North Atlantic GDP. Belgium spends 1.7 percent; Brit- ship for Peace planning and review area’’—invites them to become part of ain, 3.1; Germany, 2.0; the United process in which NATO has established the alliance. States, 3.1; as examples of the commit- 41 specific interoperability objectives. These nations, which have been ment of nations that spend either less These include C3/SAR, ground under the suppression and oppression than, equal to, or substantially more refuelings of aircraft, commonality of of communism nearly 50 years now, are than Poland, but clearly they are in airfield procedures, use of NATO com- simply asking us to comply with the the top 50 percent. munications procedures and termi- terms of the treaty by allowing them, The Czech Republic has begun mod- nology, aircraft IFF systems, logistic since they are now capable of becoming ernizing its forces. They plan to in- support, interoperability of commu- part of this mutual security alliance crease their defense spending by one- nications equipment and of air naviga- and this stabilizing future. It is, in ef- tenth of 1 percent of GDP a year for 3 tion aids. Poland committed to obtain fect, an open-door policy to other na- years, bringing spending to $1.2 billion all 41 of these interoperabilities by tions of Europe who share the goal of for defense in 2001. 1999, Hungary pledged to reach 38, and defense and are willing to contribute to Hungary is committed to increase de- the Czech Republic promised to meet the security environment. fense spending by one-tenth of 1 per- 31—a very significant commitment. Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Re- cent of GDP over 5 years, a substantial A number of other areas were ana- public, for 50 years under the domina- amount of money, bringing it from the lyzed, including military reforms and tion of the Soviet Union, have made current 1.4 to 1.8 percent. They have al- modernization. Each of these nations the long journey to freedom and the be- ready succeeded in reducing the num- has ambitious plans in place to bring ginnings of prosperity. These nations, ber of troops from 100,000 to 489,000 and about reforms in command, control, always a part of Europe, have been ar- set up a joint peacekeeping battalion communications, air defense, traffic tificially separated from their historic in Romania. control, logistics, infrastructure, per- and cultural roots behind an Iron Cur- I recently was made aware of testi- sonnel reform, reduction in forces, in- tain that had no place in Europe yet di- mony given by Assistant Secretary of crease in quality of training. I could vided European nations for nearly 50 Defense for International Security Af- detail those, but those were provided years. They now have an opportunity fairs Franklin Kramer before the Sen- and I think they are significant. to once again become an integral part ate Committee on Foreign Relations. Their core capabilities and increase of Europe. How can we now deny them Some of his testimony has been classi- operability plans for personnel, for the right to belong to a European secu- fied, some of it unclassified. I am going training and NATO doctrine, and for rity alliance? It seems to me a fairly to quote from the unclassified portion interoperability have all been signifi- strong imperative that the nations of his testimony in which he concludes, cant. that were previously divided from the ‘‘I am fully confident that with the re- Mr. President, there is good reason to rest of Europe now be invited to be- forms and strategies currently being believe that the three countries that come a part of an organization dedi- implemented in all three countries, Po- we are discussing, in terms of inclusion cated to the survival of Europe. land, Hungary and the Czech Republic in NATO, have already made substan- Why these three countries? They will both be reliable allies and net pro- tial progress and have committed to each have a clear case to demonstrate ducers of security to the North Atlan- further substantial progress in the nec- their commitment to the goals of tic alliance.’’ Net producers. essary areas of bringing together the NATO. In addition, their recent history In analyzing their contributions, Mr. fit that will make their inclusion in shows the strength of their new democ- Kramer details a whole number of cat- NATO significant.

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00042 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY April 29, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3781 Mr. President, let me examine some increased requirements to counter the ceives them, just as the United States of the issues that have been raised in increased threat, and we would want to pursues those interests that benefit our opposition to adding new members to be ahead of the game by having built national interest as we perceive them, NATO. the communications and air defense in- and this treaty is not going to change Several academicians and former dip- frastructures during a time of relative that fact. lomats have raised the specter of the peace and stability. Fifty years ago a similar debate was United States and its NATO allies Having said that, the anticipation is taking place as it relates to Russia and bogged down in some internal or ethnic that the threat will be decreased, that the creation of NATO. Stalin blockaded dispute involving one or more of the more stability will result and, there- Berlin both to express displeasure at an new members. In doing so, they ignore fore, lower costs. attempt to roll back the Marshall Plan the experience of 50 years in which I am also troubled by those who raise and related initiatives, as well as to NATO members, some of whom have the specter of the article V commit- convince the United States that its experienced their own civil unrest, and ment. We have all heard this said in role in Europe was ill-advised. The some of whom have experienced con- many different ways, most unfortu- United States and its allies held to flicts with their own NATO partners, nately as, ‘‘Who wants to die for Po- their position and signed the Wash- have ignored the fact these relations land?’’ ‘‘Who wants to die for Hungary ington treaty in April of 1949. One have improved their respective demo- or the Czech Republic?’’ This is par- month later, the Soviet Union lifted cratic institutions, and that they have ticularly offensive when you consider the blockade. We must do what we grown steadily more stable and more Hitler’s and Stalin’s largely unopposed think is right, independent of what the productive. NATO, rather than fos- subjugation of Central Europe—includ- debate is in the Russian Duma. That is tering instability, has provided a forum ing Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Hun- not to say that we are uninterested in for the resolution of conflicts among gary—particularly Czechoslovakia—in Russia and what Russian leaders think its members. Turkey and Greece are the early days of World War II. The and its citizens think. Quite the con- probably the prime example. The pros- fact is that I have no doubt of the re- trary. It is essential that we remain pect of NATO membership has has- solve of America and her NATO allies engaged with Russia—politically, eco- tened the resolution of disputes be- to take appropriate steps if any NATO nomically, and in relation to security tween Hungary and Romania and the member is under attack; nor do I doubt concerns. We must work to achieve our Czech Republic and Germany. There the serious and earnest intent of the mutual interests but continue to sup- are numerous examples of reconcili- three nations seeking to join us in port the transformation of this nation ations and resolutions of conflict that NATO to do the same. to a strong and healthy democratic have taken place just in the anticipa- As for the supposed difficulty in ob- system. Our relationship with Russia, tion of becoming part of NATO. taining consensus, it is hard to see that however, does not mean ignoring the A second objection has been directed this could be the case. How can U.S. desires of Central and Eastern Euro- toward the NATO directive to collec- leadership be sufficient to acquire con- pean nations simply because we find tively and individually develop and sensus on vital issues when the mem- some Russian resistance. NATO is a de- maintain the capacity to resist an bers total 16 but not sufficient when fensive alliance, not an offensive alli- armed attack; that is, that the costs the members total 19? From my per- ance. We must state that. That is its connected with admitting new mem- spective, the difficulty will vary ac- history. Russia knows that. We know bers are uncertain and could be sub- cording to the circumstance, not the that. NATO knows that. This has been stantially more than NATO’s estimate absolute number of members. I think reaffirmed—this fundamental aspect of of $1.5 billion over 10 years as the U.S. an agreement that gives one nation— the treaty. Russia has nothing to fear share. Detractors using this argument who is not a member of NATO—the op- from NATO as it currently exists, nor tend to follow it in virtually the same portunity to bully and threaten NATO from NATO with its new members. We breath with the statement that the members in NATO headquarters ought must continue to reassure them, to principal threat has gone away. On the to be of far greater concern. work with them and bring them fully one hand, they say the threat has gone Finally, there is the consideration of into the West’s orbit. It is important away, and they are saying, therefore, others’ attitudes about NATO expan- that both the United States and Russia we don’t need to be concerned about fu- sion and the potential influence upon realize that both can benefit from this ture security arrangements; and on the other matters of importance to the new relationship. other hand, they say they are con- United States. As many of my col- cerned about the potential of future leagues are aware, many well-regarded NATO remains in America’s strategic conflict, and, therefore, that will drive scholars and celebrities have raised interests as long as Europe remains in the costs up. concerns over Russia’s reaction to ex- our interest. Likewise, the addition of Well, let’s accept the premise for a pansion. They insist that Russia’s good new members to this treaty is also in moment that there is no specific will is imperative and should come be- our interest. When we expand member- threat. The NATO common costs of ac- fore other considerations, particularly ship to like-minded nations, we extend cepting these new members is depend- the expansion of NATO membership. the security of Europe and the stabi- ent upon that threat—if the threat is An oft-cited example is the Russian lizing influence of the alliance itself. substantial, then the costs will likely Duma’s failure to ratify START II, al- We may not have any one single threat be substantial as well. In contrast, a legedly because of NATO expansion. at this time, but the world remains an reduced threat will almost certainly Frankly, the Duma has been dragging insecure and unstable place. The con- mean a minimal expenditure. Current its feet on START II for 3 years, not tinuity of an expanded NATO will as- plans call for the latter. Prospective because of the NATO expansion ques- sure that this successful military alli- members are expected to obtain com- tion, but primarily due to the cost of ance will continue to play a stabilizing patible command and control systems, implementing the treaty rather than role in Europe and help ensure our pre- maintain air defense and ground forces NATO itself. The same argument, used paredness to take on future threats. I appropriate to their nation’s security in relation to the Chemical Weapons believe that the American people are needs, and maintain one squadron of Convention, was put to rest when the deserving of a temperate and deliberate modern tactical aircraft. In addition, Duma moved forward and ratified it, debate on the merits of the accession of they are to provide sufficient facilities after individuals said, ‘‘If we ratify this the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Po- infrastructure to support the rapid de- treaty, the Russians will walk away.’’ land. This has been a worthwhile dis- ployment of NATO forces into their re- That does not seem to support a clear cussion, a necessary debate, one of the spective nations in the event of a cri- connection between the decision on critical functions of the U.S. Senate. sis. Obviously, if a substantive threat NATO expansion and START II ratifi- As many of you now know, I have should arise, then the number and mix cation. supported these countries’ accession to of required forces could increase, and Let’s be frank, Mr. President, Russia NATO, not out of an interest of right- maybe substantially. But just as clear is going to pursue activities that ben- ing wrongs but in recognition of their is that we would want to meet those efit her national interest as she per- geopolitical importance and their

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00043 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3782 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 29, 1998 progress as democratic states deter- that is something of a triumph. South vention also requires declarations re- mined to join with other NATO mem- Asia is probably the area where the garding certain chemical production. bers in preserving the peace that NATO risk of nuclear war is highest today. We have submitted that declaration has won in Europe. This debate, this Both countries are generally assessed only regarding government facilities, vote, will affirm the importance of as nuclear-capable. Pakistan recently because we lack legislation to require these nations to NATO’s continued tested a missile that could target near- commercial reporting and to protect mission. ly any site in India, and India is talk- the confidential information in those Mr. President, I look forward to a ing about reviving a missile that could reports from disclosure through the successful vote and to a formal acces- strike all of Pakistan. Yet both those Freedom of Information Act. Finally, sion in Washington next spring. countries ratified the Chemical Weap- we still need a regime to govern inter- f ons Convention, and India admitted— national inspections of private U.S. fa- again, for the first time—to having a cilities. MORNING BUSINESS chemical weapons program. Aside from the dishonor that we Mr. COATS. Mr. President, I ask Before the Convention entered into bring upon ourselves by failing to com- unanimous consent that there now be a force, the United States and Russia ply with a treaty that we have ratified, period of morning business for 5 min- were the only two admitted chemical why should we care? We should care be- utes to allow the Senate to consider a weapons possessors. To date, however, cause our failure to enact imple- few items that have been cleared by six more countries—including South menting legislation harms the national both sides. I further ask that following Korea, as well as China and India— security. It makes it difficult to en- my closing remarks, the Senate then have complied with the Convention’s courage compliance by other countries, resume consideration of the NATO requirements to declare their chemical or to request a challenge inspection if treaty to allow Senator CONRAD to weapons and existing or former chem- another country’s declarations omit a offer an amendment. ical weapons facilities. suspected chemical weapons facility. The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. The chemical weapons that India has In addition, other countries are using GRAMS). Without objection, it is so or- declared will be destroyed. The chem- our delay to draw attention away from dered. ical weapons facilities that China, their own misdeeds. Last month, a Russian general was interviewed by f South Korea and other countries have declared will be destroyed, unless the Izvestiya. The general made an utterly FIRST ANNIVERSARY OF THE Council of States Parties approves con- specious claim that the Sverdlovsk an- ENTRY INTO FORCE OF THE version of those facilities under strin- thrax disaster was due to natural CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVEN- gent safeguards. These are achieve- causes—a claim that even Russian offi- TION ments that we could not guarantee a cials have long since abandoned—and Mr. BIDEN. Mr. President, today year and four days ago, when Senate he even recycled the old lie that the marks the first anniversary of the consent to ratification was debated and United States invented AIDS. But how entry into force of the Chemical Weap- approved. But we have them today, and did the article end? Why, with a recital ons Convention, which bans the devel- I hope there will be more such admis- of the U.S. failure to enact imple- opment, production, stockpiling, and sions, declarations, and destruction of menting legislation! That’s truly out- use of poison gas. The achievement of chemical weapons and chemical weap- rageous, but that will continue until we come into compliance. that Convention and of U.S. ratifica- ons facilities in the years to come. The fault does not lie with this body, tion were signal accomplishments of In the past year, the Technical Secre- Mr. President. The Senate passed S. 610 the Bush and Clinton Administrations. tariat of the Organization for the Pre- on May 23 of last year. It then lan- I am pleased to report that, after a vention of Chemical Warfare (the inter- guished in the House for six months, year in force, the Chemical Weapons national inspectorate for the Conven- before being attached to an unrelated Convention has begun to pay signifi- tion) has conducted nearly 200 inspec- measure. One way or another, we must cant dividends for our national secu- tions. Roughly three-fourths of those rity. Those dividends would be even enact this legislation. inspections—including 25 in Russia— The implementing legislation is not greater if both Houses of Congress have been at chemical weapons produc- perfect. I noted last year that it harms would pass legislation to implement tion, storage, and destruction facili- U.S. interests if we bar the analysis of the Convention, so that the United ties. U.S. samples outside this country or States could come into compliance About a third of the inspections have give the President the right to invoke with it. been in the United States—with no a national security exemption from in- When the United States finally rati- problems in protecting sensitive U.S. spections. The immediate need, how- fied the Chemical Weapons Convention, information. The United States is the ever, is to enact a bill and bring our just days before it entered into force, only country currently destroying its country into compliance with this im- we joined roughly 90 other states. In chemical weapons, and the Technical portant and useful Convention. the days and months that followed, Secretariat must monitor these facili- We have come far with the Chemical several important countries followed ties continually during destruction op- Weapons Convention. It is already our lead. Among the 107 countries that erations. As other countries begin to proving its worth. But there is still now have joined the Convention are destroy their chemical weapons stocks, this overdue work to accomplish—not Russia, China, India, Pakistan, and their inspection numbers will increase for the sake of others, but to further Iran. Over 60 more nations have signed accordingly. our own national security. We can do the Convention, and some of those are Few among the treaty’s critics or it, and we should do it now. in the final stages of ratification. proponents expected this much f I want to emphasize those five par- progress so soon. There is still a long ticular countries that have ratified the way to go. But in just one year, the THE VERY BAD DEBT BOXSCORE Chemical Weapons Convention since we Convention has clearly begun to prove Mr. HELMS. Mr. President, at the did. Many opponents of ratification its utility as a tool to reduce the close of business yesterday, Tuesday, said that Russia and China would never threat of chemical weapons. April 28, 1998, the federal debt stood at join, that we would be limiting our own What remains to be done? One crucial $5,512,793,625,127.26 (Five trillion, five options while other major powers re- step is for the United States to come hundred twelve billion, seven hundred frained from the obligation to do with- into compliance with the Convention. ninety-three million, six hundred twen- out chemical weapons. Both Russia and We have yet to enact implementing ty-five thousand, one hundred twenty- China have joined, however, and China legislation pursuant to the Convention. seven dollars and twenty-six cents). has admitted—for the first time—that Until we do so, our country will remain One year ago, April 28, 1997, the fed- it has had a chemical weapons pro- a violator of the Convention. eral debt stood at $5,347,125,000,000 gram. Why is that? The Convention re- (Five trillion, three hundred forty- India and Pakistan have also ratified quires us to make violations of it a seven billion, one hundred twenty-five the Chemical Weapons Convention, and crime; we have yet to do that. The Con- million).

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00044 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY April 29, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3783 Five years ago, April 28, 1993, the fed- MEASURES REFERRED and second time by unanimous con- eral debt stood at $4,238,574,000,000 The following concurrent resolutions sent, and referred as indicated: (Four trillion, two hundred thirty- were read and referred as indicated: By Mr. BENNETT: eight billion, five hundred seventy-four H. Con. Res. 215. Concurrent resolution S. 2000. A bill to ensure that businesses, fi- million). congratulating the people of the Co-opera- nancial markets, and the Federal Govern- Ten years ago, April 28, 1988, the fed- tive Republic of Guyana for holding ment are taking adequate steps to resolve eral debt stood at $2,499,676,000,000 (Two multiparty elections; to the Committee on the year 2000 computer problem; to the Com- trillion, four hundred ninety-nine bil- Foreign Relations. mittee on Governmental Affairs. H. Con. Res. 218. Concurrent resolution By Mr. MURKOWSKI (for himself, Mr. lion, six hundred seventy-six million). LOTT, and Mr. BAUCUS): Fifteen years ago, April 28, 1983, the concerning the urgent need to establish a cease fire in Afghanistan and begin the tran- S. 2001. A bill to amend the Indian Health federal debt stood at $1,246,126,000,000 sition toward a broad-based multiethnic gov- Care Improvement Act to make permanent (One trillion, two hundred forty-six bil- ernment that observes international norms the demonstration program that allows for lion, one hundred twenty-six million) of behavior; to the Committee on Foreign direct billing of medicare, medicaid, and which reflects a debt increase of more Relations. other third party payors, and to expand the than $4 trillion—$4,266,667,625,127.26 H. Con. Res. 222. Concurrent resolution ex- eligibility under such program to other pressing the sense of Congress, congratu- tribes and tribal organizations; to the Com- (Four trillion, two hundred sixty-six mittee on Indian Affairs. billion, six hundred sixty-seven mil- lating the former International Support and Verification Commission of the Organization By Mr. BREAUX (by request): lion, six hundred twenty-five thousand, of American States (OAS–CIAV) for success- S. 2002. A bill to modify the marking of one hundred twenty-seven dollars and fully aiding in the transition of Nicaragua certain silk products and their containers; to twenty-six cents) during the past 15 from war-ridden state into a newly formed the Committee on Finance. years. democracy and providing continued support By Mr. REID: through the recently created Technical Co- S. 2003. A bill to amend title II of the So- f operation Mission (OAS–TCM) which respon- cial Security Act to allow workers who at- sible for helping to stabilize Nicaraguan detain age 65 after 1981 and before 1992 to MESSAGES FROM THE HOUSE mocracy by supplementing institution build- choose either lump sum payments over four ing; to the Committee on Foreign Relations. years totalling $5,000 or an improved benefit At 2:02 p.m., a message from the computation formula under a new 10-year House of Representatives, delivered by f rule governing the transition to the changes Ms. Goetz, one of its reading clerks, an- REPORTS OF COMMITTEES in benefit computation rules enacted in the nounced that the House has passed the Social Security Amendments of 1977, and for The following reports of committees other purposes; to the Committee on Fi- following bill and joint resolution, in were submitted: which it requests the concurrence of nance. By Mr. MURKOWSKI, from the Committee By Mr. GRAMS (for himself, Mr. the Senate: on Energy and Natural Resources, with an COVERDELL, Mr. FRIST, Mr. MCCAIN, H.R. 2807. An act to amend the Rhinoceros amendment in the nature of a substitute: Mr. HUTCHINSON, Mr. SMITH of Or- and Tiger Conservation Act of 1994 to pro- S. 633. A bill to amend the Petroglyph Na- egon, Mr. GRAHAM, and Mr. hibit the sale, importation, and exportation tional Monument Establishment Act of 1990 D’AMATO): of products labeled as containing substances to adjust the boundary of the monument, S. 2004. A bill to amend the Internal Rev- derived from rhinoceros or tiger. and for other purposes (Rept. No. 105–176). enue Code of 1986 to authorize the Secretary H.J. Res. 102. Joint resolution expressing S. 1069. A bill entitled the ‘‘National Dis- of the Treasury to abate the accrual of inter- the sense of the Congress on the occasion of covery Trails Act of 1997.’’ (Rept. No. 105– est on income tax underpayments by tax- the 50th anniversary of the founding of the 177). payers located in Presidentially declared dis- modern State of Israel and reaffirming the By Mr. MURKOWSKI, from the Committee aster areas if the Secretary extends the time bonds of friendship and cooperation between on Energy and Natural Resources, with for filing returns and payment of tax for the United States and Israel. amendments: such taxpayers; to the Committee on Fi- S. 1132. A bill to modify the boundaries of nance. The message also announced that the the Bandelier National Monument to include House agrees to the following concur- By Mr. MCCONNELL: the lands within the headwaters of the Upper S. 2005. A bill to amend the Federal Power rent resolutions, in which it requests Alamo Watershed which drain into the Act to ensure that certain Federal power the concurrence of the Senate: Monument and which are not currently with- customers are provided protection by the H. Con. Res. 215. Concurrent resolution in the jurisdiction of a federal land manage- Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, and congratulating the people of the Co-opera- ment agency, to authorize purchase or dona- for other purposes; to the Committee on En- tive Republic of Guyana for holding tion of those lands, and for other purposes ergy and Natural Resources. multiparty elections. (Rept. No. 105–178). By Mr. ABRAHAM (by request): H. Con. Res. 218. Concurrent resolution f S. 2006. A bill to amend the Act estab- concerning the urgent need to establish a lishing the Keweenaw National Historical cease fire in Afghanistan and begin the tran- EXECUTIVE REPORTS OF Park, and for other purposes; to the Com- sition toward a broad-based multiethnic gov- COMMITTEES mittee on Energy and Natural Resources. ernment that observes international norms The following executive reports of By Mr. COCHRAN (for himself and Mr. of behavior. committees were submitted: HOLLINGS): H. Con. Res. 222. Concurrent resolution ex- S. 2007. A bill to amend the false claims By Mr. D’AMATO, from the Committee on pressing the sense of Congress, congratu- provisions of chapter 37 of title 31, United Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs: lating the former International Support and Donna Tanoue, of Hawaii, to be States Code; to the Committee on the Judici- Verification Commission of the Organization .Cchairperson of the Board of Directors of ary. of American States (OAS–CIAV) for success- the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation By Mr. COVERDELL (for himself, Mr. fully aiding in the transition of Nicaragua SHCROFT, Mr. SHELBY, Mr. FRIST, for a term of five years. A from war-ridden state into a newly formed Donna Tanoue, of Hawaii, to be a Member Mr. COCHRAN, Mr. HAGEL, Mr. INHOFE, democracy and providing continued support of the Board of Directors of the Federal De- and Mr. MCCAIN): through the recently created Technical Co- posit Insurance Corporation for the remain- S. 2008. A bill to amend the Internal Rev- operation Mission (OAS–TCM) which respon- der of the term expiring October 3, 2000. enue Code of 1986 to prohibit the use of ran- sible for helping to stabilize Nicaraguan de- dom audits, and for other purposes; to the mocracy by supplementing institution build- (The above nominations were re- Committee on Finance. ing. ported with the recommendation that By Mr. LOTT (for himself, Mr. The message further announced that they be confirmed, subject to the nomi- DASCHLE, Mr. MCCONNELL, Mr. LIE- the House had agreed to the following nees’ commitment to respond to re- BERMAN, Mr. HELMS, Mr. BIDEN, Mr. quests to appear and testify before any BROWNBACK, Mr. ROBB, Mr. MACK, Mr. concurrent resolution, without amend- AKAKA, Mr. D’AMATO, Mr. BAUCUS, ment: duly constituted committee of the Sen- ate.) Mr. MCCAIN, Mr. SMITH of Oregon, S. Con. Res. 37. Concurrent resolution ex- Mr. BINGAMAN, Mr. WARNER, Mrs. pressing the sense of Congress that the Lit- f BOXER, Mr. ALLARD, Mr. BREAUX, Mr. tle League Baseball Incorporated was estab- INTRODUCTION OF BILLS AND COVERDELL, Mr. BRYAN, Mr. CAMP- lished to support and develop Little League JOINT RESOLUTIONS BELL, Mr. BUMPERS, Mr. HATCH, Mr. baseball worldwide and that its international BURNS, Mr. BYRD, Mr. JEFFORDS, Mr. character and activities should be recog- The following bills and joint resolu- CLELAND, Mr. COATS, Mr. CONRAD, nized. tions were introduced, read the first Mr. DEWINE, Mr. DODD,

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00045 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3784 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 29, 1998 Mrs. HUTCHISON, Mr. DORGAN, Mr. 1974 (29 U.S.C. 1104(a)) is amended by adding permanent the demonstration program KYL, Mr. DURBIN, Mr. THOMPSON, Mr. at the end the following new paragraph: that allows for direct billing of medi- FEINGOLD, Mr. HAGEL, Mrs. FEIN- ‘‘(3) A fiduciary shall not be treated as care, medicaid, and other third party STEIN, Mr. CHAFEE, Mr. GLENN, Ms. meeting the requirements of paragraph (1)(B) payors, and to expand the eligibility COLLINS, Mr. GRAHAM, Mr. FRIST, Mr. unless— under such program to other tribes and HARKIN, Ms. SNOWE, Mr. ABRAHAM, ‘‘(A) the fiduciary determines that— Mr. INOUYE, Mr. ASHCROFT, Mr. JOHN- ‘‘(i) the issuer of any security in which the tribal organizations; to the Committee SON, Mr. BENNETT, Mr. KENNEDY, Mr. fiduciary seeks to invest the assets of the on Indian Affairs. BOND, Mr. KERREY, Mr. CRAIG, Mr. plan has, or is taking, steps to substantially THE ALASKA NATIVE AND AMERICAN INDIAN KERRY, Mr. DOMENICI, Mr. KOHL, Mr. eliminate any year 2000 computer problem DIRECT REIMBURSEMENT ACT OF 1998 ENZI, Ms. LANDRIEU, Mr. FAIRCLOTH, faced by the issuer, and Mr. MURKOWSKI. Mr. President, Mr. FORD, Mr. GORTON, Mr. LAUTEN- ‘‘(ii) such security is traded on a market today I rise on behalf of myself and BERG, Mr. GRAMM, Mr. LEAHY, Mr. that is prepared to operate without any Majority Leader LOTT, Senator BAU- GRAMS, Mr. LEVIN, Mr. GRASSLEY, interruption due to the year 2000 computer CUS, and Senator CAMPBELL, to intro- Mr. GREGG, Mr. HOLLINGS, Mr. problem, or duce legislation which would perma- HUTCHINSON, Ms. MIKULSKI, Mr. ‘‘(B) in any case where such assets are in- INHOFE, Ms. MOSELEY-BRAUN, Mr. vested by an insurance carrier, bank, or nently authorize and expand the Medi- KEMPTHORNE, Mr. MOYNIHAN, Mr. similar institution, the fiduciary determines care and Medicaid direct collections LUGAR, Mrs. MURRAY, Mr. MUR- that such institution makes the determina- demonstration program under section KOWSKI, Mr. REED, Mr. NICKLES, Mr. tions described in subparagraph (A) with re- 405 of the Indian Health Care Improve- REID, Mr. ROBERTS, Mr. ROTH, Mr. spect to the investment of such assets.’’ ment Act. ROCKEFELLER, Mr. SANTORUM, Mr. (b) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendment This act will end much of the redtape SARBANES, Mr. SESSIONS, Mr. made by this section shall apply to invest- and bureaucracy for IHS facilities in- TORRICELLI, Mr. SHELBY, Mr. SMITH ments made by a fiduciary, and contracts to volved with Medicare and Medicaid re- of New Hampshire, Mr. WELLSTONE, invest plan assets entered into with insur- imbursement, and will mean more Mr. SPECTER, Mr. WYDEN, Mr. STE- ance carriers, banks, and similar institu- Medicaid and Medicare dollars to Na- VENS, Mr. THOMAS, and Mr. THUR- tions, on or after the date of the enactment MOND): of this Act. tive health facilities to use for improv- S.J. Res. 46. A joint resolution expressing SEC. 2. STEPS TO ENSURE THE FEDERAL GOV- ing health care. the sense of the Congress on the occasion of ERNMENT ADDRESSES YEAR 2000 Our bill will allow Native hospitals the 50th anniversary of the founding of the COMPUTER PROBLEM. to collect Medicare and Medicaid funds modern State of Israel and reaffirming the (a) PRESIDENT’S COUNCIL ON YEAR 2000 CON- directly from the Health Care Financ- bonds of friendship and cooperation between VERSION.— ing Administration instead of having the United States and Israel; to the Com- (1) IN GENERAL.—The President shall estab- to go through the maze of regulations mittee on Foreign Relations. lish the President’s Council on Year 2000 Conversion (the ‘‘Council’’) which shall be mandated by HIS. f chaired, at the President’s discretion, by an This bill is an expansion of a current SUBMISSION OF CONCURRENT AND Assistant to the President. demonstration project that includes SENATE RESOLUTIONS (2) MEMBERSHIP.— Bristol Bay Health Corporation of (A) IN GENERAL.—The Council shall be com- Dillingham, Alaska; the Southeast The following concurrent resolutions posed of 1 representative from each of the ex- Alaska Regional Health Corporation of and Senate resolutions were read, and ecutive departments and from such other Sitka, Alaska; the Mississippi Choctaw referred (or acted upon), as indicated: Federal agencies as the Chair shall des- Health Center of Philadelphia, Mis- By Mr. MACK (for himself and Mr. ignate. sissippi; and the Choctaw Tribe of Dur- DASCHLE): (B) VICE CHAIR; OTHER PERSONNEL.—The ant, Oklahoma. All of the participants S. Res. 219. A resolution to authorize print- Chair shall appoint a Vice Chair and shall as- ing of the minutes of the Senate Republican sign other responsibilities to members of the in the demonstration program—as well and Democratic Party Conferences; consid- Council as the Chair determines necessary. as the Department of Health and ered and agreed to. (3) FUNCTIONS.—The Chair shall— Human Service and the Indian Health By Mr. TORRICELLI (for himself and (A) oversee the activities of executive de- Services—report that the program is a Mr. D’AMATO): partments and other Federal agencies to as- great success. In fact, the program has: S. Con. Res. 92. A concurrent resolution ex- sure that their computer systems operate Dramatically increased collections pressing the sense of Congrss with respect to smoothly through the year 2000, for Medicare and Medicaid services, the collection of demographic, social, and (B) provide policy direction to, and receive which in turn has provided badly-need- economic data as part of the 2000 decennial reports and data from, executive depart- ed revenues for Indian and Alaska Na- census of population; to the Committee on ments and other Federal agencies, as is nec- tive health care; significantly reduced Governmental Affairs. essary to ensure progress and compliance the turn-around time between billing f with Federal standards for remediation of the year 2000 computer problem, and the receipt of payment for Medi- STATEMENTS ON INTRODUCED (C) allocate resources for correcting crit- care and Medicaid services; and in- BILLS AND JOINT RESOLUTIONS ical year 2000 computer problems among ex- creased the administrative efficiency By Mr. BENNETT: ecutive departments and other Federal agen- of the participating facilities by em- S. 2000. A bill to ensure that busi- cies in order to meet critical deadlines, and powering them to track their own (D) utilize any existing authorities granted Medicare and Medicaid billings and col- nesses, financial markets, and the Fed- to the executive branch, or recommend to eral Government are taking adequate lections. the Congress other appropriate plans, for the In 1996, when the demonstration pro- steps to resolve the year 2000 computer retention of critical personnel needed to ad- problem; to the Committee on Govern- dress the Federal Government’s year 2000 gram was about to expire, Congress ex- mental Affairs. computer problem in a timely manner. tended it through FY 1998. This exten- (4) COOPERATION.—The head of each execu- sion has allowed the participants to YEAR 2000 COMPUTER PROBLEM LEGISLATION tive department and any other Federal agen- continue their direct billing and collec- Mr. BENNETT. Mr. President, I ask cy shall cooperate to the fullest extent with tion efforts and has provided Congress unanimous consent that the text of the the Council. with additional time to consider bill be printed in the RECORD. (b) REPORT.—The Director of the Office of whether to permanently authorize the There being no objection, the bill was Management and Budget shall report quar- program. ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as terly to the Congress on the progress made Because the demonstration program follows: by the Federal Government— is again set to expire at the end of FY S. 2000 (1) in achieving year 2000 compliance, and (2) in obtaining and retaining the resources 98, it is time to recognize the benefits Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Rep- and personnel necessary to achieve an or- of the demonstration program by en- resentatives of the United States of America in derly conversion to year 2000 compliance. acting legislation that would perma- Congress assembled, nently authorize it and expand it to SECTION 1. FIDUCIARIES OF EMPLOYEE BENEFIT By Mr. MURKOWSKI (for him- PLANS MUST CONSIDER YEAR 2000 other eligible tribal participants. OTT AU COMPUTER PROBLEMS IN MAKING self, Mr. L , and Mr. B - I hope that my colleagues will sup- INVESTMENT DECISIONS. CUS): port this important legislation. (a) IN GENERAL.—Section 404(a) of the Em- S. 2001. A bill to amend the Indian ployee Retirement Income Security Act of Health Care Improvement Act to make By Mr. REID:

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00046 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY April 29, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3785 S. 2003. A bill to amend title II of the 1960s, with annual wage increases out- when on December 31, 1994, the Com- Social Security Act to allow workers pacing prices, and inflation remaining mission on the Social Security who attain age 65 after 1981 and before relatively low. As we all know, that did ‘‘Notch’’ issue released its final report. 1992 to choose either lump sum pay- not happen. The rapid inflation and It concluded that the ‘‘benefits paid to ments over four years totalling $5,000 high unemployment of the 1970s gen- those in the ‘Notch’ years are equi- or an improved benefit computation erated increases in benefits. In an ef- table, and no remedial legislation is in formula under a new 10-year rule gov- fort to end this problem, in 1977 Con- order.’’ The National Committee to erning the transition to the changes in gress revised the way that benefits Preserve Social Security and Medicare benefit computation rules enacted in were computed. In making its revi- strongly disagreed with the Commit- the Social Security Amendments of sions, Congress decided that it was not tee’s methodology and conclusions. Al- 1977, and for other purposes; to the proper to reduce benefits for persons though they have stopped advocating Committee on Finance. already receiving them; it did, how- for this issue due to the political and NOTCH FAIRNESS ACT OF 1998 ever, decide that benefits for all future fiscal climate, their disagreement with Mr. REID. Mr. President, I rise today retirees should be reduced. As a result, the outcome is nonetheless significant. to introduce legislation that would cor- those born after January 1, 1917 would, The Commission’s report also stated rect a problem which plagues a special by design, receive benefits that were, ‘‘in retrospect’’ Congress ‘‘Probably group of older Americans. I am speak- in many cases, far less. In an attempt should have’’ limited the benefits of ing on behalf of those affected by the to ease the transition to the new, lower those who were grandfathered, but that Social Security notch. benefit levels, Congress designed a spe- it is too late now to do so given their For my colleagues who may not be cial ‘‘transitional computation meth- advanced age. Since we did not do the aware, the Social Security notch od’’ for use by beneficiaries born be- right thing then, I propose that we do causes 11 million Americans born between 1917 and 1921. the right thing now. Let’s show we tween the years 1917–1926 to receive Mr. President, we have an obligation have the courage to correct a mistake less in Social Security benefits than to convey to our constituents that So- when we have made one. The Commis- Americans born outside the notch cial Security is a fair system. In town sion report provided political cover for years due to changes made in the 1977 hall meetings back home in Nevada, I those who were opposed to notch re- Social Security benefit formula. have a hard time trying to tell that to form legislation. I have long opposed I have felt compelled over the years a notch victim. They feel slighted by ‘‘political’’ solutions to problems such to speak out about this issue and the their government and if I were in their as this. injustice it imposes on millions of situation I would too. Through no fault My legislation is intended to make Americans. The notch issue has been of their own, they receive less, some- good on what this government should debated and debated, studied and stud- times as much as $200 less, than their have done long ago. I propose that ied, yet to date, no solution to it has neighbors. workers who attain the age of 65 after been found. Because of this, many older The legislation I am offering today is 1981 and before 1992 be allowed to my proposal to right the wrong. I pro- Americans born during this period choose either lump sum payment over pose using any projected budget sur- must scrimp to afford the most basic of four years totaling $5,000 or an im- plus to pay the lump sum benefit to necessities. proved benefit computation formula notch babies. While we have a surplus, Mr. President, I am the first to ac- under a new 10-year rule governing the let’s fix the notch problem once and for knowledge that with any projected transition to the changes in benefit all and restore the confidence of the budget surplus we must save Social Se- computation rules enacted in the So- ten million notch babies across this curity. In many ways, my legislation land. cial Security Amendments of 1977. does just this. It restores confidence to Government has an obligation to be As of December 1996, there were the many notch victims around the fair. I don’t think we have been in the 11,637,390 recipients born between 1917 country and will show them that we in case of notch babies. My support of and 1926 who were receiving Social Se- Congress will accept responsibility for notch babies is longstanding. I intro- curity retirement benefits. By pro- any error that was made. We should duced the only notch amendment in viding each with a $5,000 lump sum not ask them to accept less as a result April 1991 that ever passed in Congress payment or an improved benefit com- of our mistake. While we must save So- as part of the fiscal year 1992 Budget putation formula, maximum costs cial Security for the future, we have an Resolution. Unfortunately, it did not would be $60 billion spread over four obligation to those, who through no become the law of the land as it was years or $15 billion annually. fault of their own, receive less than dropped in Conference with the House There are some who would say there those that were fortunate enough to be of Representatives. I have cosponsored are ‘‘bigger fish to fry’’ such as Social born just days before or after the notch numerous pieces of legislation over the Security solvency and Medicare’s long period. years to address this issue. With this term solvency. While I am in full I believe we owe a debt to notch ba- legislation, my effort continues. agreement that these are very impor- bies. Like any American family, we Mr. President, it is unfortunate that tant issues that I intend to work on, we must first pay the bills before we in- these measures have not seen the light should include in our discussion con- vest in the future. With a surplus proof day. Many who have written to me cerning uses of any budget surplus, to jected for this fiscal year, we have the think Congress is waiting for notch ba- repair the damage that has been done resources to make good on our debt to bies to die rather than honor this debt. as a result of notch. Living on a fixed notch babies. We should come forward I must tell you it concerns me when income is not easy. Many notch babies and honor our commitment. our constituents have this perception have difficulty making ends meet. This Mr. President, the ‘‘notch’’ situation of their elected representatives. Unfor- one time lump sum payment would had its origins in 1972, when Congress tunately, the truth is that today a provide much needed financial support decided to create automatic cost-of-liv- number of notch babies will die. We for some of this nation’s most needy ing adjustments to help Social Secu- will not have to worry about those citizens. rity benefits keep pace with inflation. notch babies, or honor our debt to Mr. President, it is time to return Previously, each adjustment had to them. This is the wrong approach. these dollars to the hands of those who await legislation, causing bene- Each day a grave injustice is per- earned them. It is time to show our ficiaries’ monthly payments to lag be- petrated when these people pass away. support for notch reform. All of our of- hind inflation. When Congress took We have to do something to make sure fices have staff to help us answer the this action, it was acting under the Americans believe that Social Security mail. We tell our constituents what best of intentions. is a fair system. Passage of my legisla- bills have been offered and that we will Unfortunately, this new benefit ad- tion provides us that chance. I invite lend our support if their issue comes to justment method was flawed. To func- members to join me in cosponsoring a vote. tion properly, it required that the this important legislation. Well, here is our change. I am intro- economy behave in much the same I acknowledge that the battle for ducing this legislation because actions fashion that it had in the 1950s and notch reform suffered a major setback speak louder than words. The ‘‘Notch

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00047 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3786 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 29, 1998 Fairness Act of 1998’’ that I am intro- load will affect rates as well as the Recently, I read an article written by ducing on behalf of notch victims overall economic health of the region. Carlos Smith, the General Counsel to today, is intended to put my words into In 1997, GAO found that TVA paid TVPPA, an association which rep- action. I ask all my colleagues to join over 35 percent of its power revenue to resents TVA distributors. Mr. Smith me in support of this important and servicing its debt. In other words, TVA made the case that investor-owned long overdue legislation. pays an astronomical 35 cents of every utilities should be regulated, ‘‘because $1 earned to interest. Compare that to only in this way can the captive rate- By Mr. MCCONNELL: a public utility which paid a mere 7 payers learn the underlying basis for S. 2005. A bill to amend the Federal percent in finance costs. In a 1994 the retail utility rates and require jus- Power Act to ensure that certain Fed- study, GAO found that 69 percent of tification for the charges made for eral power customers are provided pro- TVA’s total debt is tied to the nuclear services.’’ tection by the Federal Energy Regu- facilities, yet they generated only 14 Mr. President, I wholeheartedly con- latory Commission, and for other pur- percent of TVA’s total power produc- cur with Mr. Smith’s conclusion that poses; to the Committee on Energy and tion in 1994. This study concluded that ratepayers, including the distributors Natural Resources. TVA’s financial condition ‘‘threatens Mr. Smith represents, should know TVA CUSTOMER PROTECTION ACT OF 1998 its long-term viability and places the what their rates are based on and have Mr. MCCONNELL. Mr. President, I federal government at risk.’’ a justification for such rates. Further, have come to the Senate floor today to Only through years of ratepayers should be able to challenge, introduce a bill that is long overdue. unaccountability and fiscal irrespon- through FERC, any rate increase they Known as the TVA Customer Protec- sibility could a power company have find unreasonable. tion Act, this legislation will imple- ever reached this level of debt despite Mr. President, let me point out one ment a number of consumer reforms to the fact that TVA is a monopoly pro- very important provision in this legis- make TVA accountable to ratepayers vider of electricity. Therefore, I have lation. I have included a provision that and better prepare TVA to compete in come to the conclusion that TVA needs makes it explicitly clear that nothing a restructured electricity market. to be made more accountable for their in this bill would change the law apply- The bill I am introducing provides actions. Not more accountable to Con- ing to TVA distributors. Unlike TVA, Tennessee Valley ratepayers a number gress or the President, but the people distributors are directly accountable to of consumer protections against un- they were charged to serve—the TVA the customers they serve. Coopera- checked and unjustified increases in customers. tives, for example, are operated by a their power rates. This bill will put an Mr. President, it is my desire to pro- board elected by the customers to rep- vide TVA customers with a clear pic- end to TVA’s ability to compete un- resent their own member interests. I ture of TVA’s financial situation in- fairly with its regional distributors. don’t believe we need to change this cluding TVA’s rates, charges and costs. This bill will prohibit TVA from stick- policy, except to make TVA more ac- The Federal Energy Regulatory Com- ing ratepayers with the bill for TVA’s countable to the people they serve. international forays that have no rel- mission (FERC) is authorized under the Mr. President, I expect TVA to com- evance to TVA’s responsibility to pro- Federal Power Act with regulating plain that this legislation somehow vide low cost power to the Tennessee electric utilities. treats them unfairly. They will at- FERC provides regulatory oversight Valley. Finally, this bill also codifies tempt to blame me for unfairly bur- to over 200 utilities for wholesale and an agreement between TVA and several dening them with new accountability transmission power rates to ensure industry associations to limit TVA’s that their electric rates and charges standards and claim that a rate in- authority as a government entity to are ‘‘just and reasonable and not un- crease will be a direct result. compete with small businesses in non- Mr. President, I don’t believe Valley duly discriminatory or preferential.’’ electric services. residents will be fooled by TVA’s rhet- At present, TVA is entirely exempt Mr. President, TVA is a federal cor- oric when they recall TVA’s track from these necessary regulations al- poration that was first formed in 1933, record. It’s hard to argue that the TVA lowing it to operate as a self-regulating to tame the Tennessee River, our na- Board has kept ratepayers’ interests monopoly, with no such mandate for tion’s fifth largest river, and to bring openness fairness or oversight. foremost in mind as they ran up $28 bil- economic development to this once Requiring TVA to comply with FERC lion in debt, while serving a captive poverty stricken region. Over the years regulations will serve two purposes. customer base. It’s hard to argue it was as the Valley has developed, TVA has First, it will allow customers to accu- in the ratepayers’ interest to try to evolved in their role as a river steward rately evaluate TVA’s wholesale and hide million dollar bonuses to a select to become the largest power producer transmission pricing and terms to en- cadre of high level staff. It is hard to in the nation. Today, TVA provides sure the rates charged are ‘‘just and argue that it was in the ratepayers’ in- power to all of Tennessee and to parts reasonable’’ and to provide customers terest to zero out all federal appropria- of six other states covering over 80,000 with a forum for challenging future tions, which could add millions to square miles and serving eight million rate increases just as every other regu- TVA’s annual operating costs. consumers. The bulk of TVA’s power lated utility does. Mr. President, I have carefully com- sales are made through municipal and Second, this information will provide pared the rates of regulated utilities in cooperative distributors, which in turn FERC with a better understanding of Kentucky against TVA’s rates to deter- are responsible for delivering that the stranded costs TVA has accumu- mine if applying these regulations power to every home, office and farm lated. Understanding the full scope of would drive rates higher. Much to my in the Valley. TVA has exclusive power these costs will be critical in an open surprise, I have found that not only are contracts with its distributors and the transmission and wholesale market. It regulated utilities rates very competi- three member TVA board sets the re- will also have a significant impact in tive, but lower than rates offered by tail rates offered by distributors. TVA determining how competitive TVA will TVA. This confirms my assumption also has the authority to compete di- be in the future. that the underlying financial health of rectly with distributors to make retail Last year, former FERC Chair Eliza- TVA—and its $28 billion debt—has a far sales to large industrial customers. beth Moler testified before the Senate greater impact on its electric rates Mr. President, over the past 65 years, Energy Committee regarding nation- than any other factor. TVA has accumulated an enormous wide open access in the transmission Mr. President, since 1988, wholesale debt of nearly $28 billion, despite being and wholesale markets. She stated power rates of regulated utilities in a monopoly power provider. TVA is that, ‘‘like Swiss cheese, nationwide Kentucky have steadily fallen, while also carrying $6.3 billion in deferred as- open access has some holes. Federal TVA has maintained the same level, sets that will eventually force elec- legislation is necessary to fill in these until last year when TVA raised rates tricity rates higher in the future. By holes.’’ It was her belief that TVA’s by 7 percent. It is appearent to me that deferring these charges, TVA’s financ- large transmission system must be in- due to TVA’s past financial mis- ing costs will continue to mount. I cluded within FERC’s open access pro- management, thousands of Kentucky have real concerns about how this debt gram. resident are not able to take advantage

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00048 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY April 29, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3787 of the declining rates. Mr. President, I Mr. President, I have some advice for SEC. 4. FOREIGN OPERATIONS; PROTECTIONS. ask that this chart be printed in the TVA. If you can’t pay the fine, don’t do Section 208 of the Federal Power Act (16 record at this point. the crime. U.S.C. 824g) is amended by adding at the end Mr. President, in addition to apply- My bill’s final provision regards the following: ing FERC regulation to TVA I have in- TVA’s ability to branch out into other ‘‘(c) TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY.— ‘‘(1) LIMIT ON CHARGES.— cluded a number of other important businesses beyond power generation customer reforms. As I mentioned ear- ‘‘(A) NO AUTHORIZATION OR PERMIT.—The and transmission. TVA’s has attempted Commission shall issue no order under this lier, this bill prohibits TVA from con- to diversify into equipment leasing as Act that has the effect of authorizing or per- tinuing to subsidize their foreign en- well as engineering and other con- mitting the Tennessee Valley Authority to deavors at ratepayers expense. Quarter tracting services in direct competition make, demand, or receive any rate or charge, million dollar conferences in China and with other valley businesses. or impose any rule or regulation pertaining other points on the globe are not con- Mr. President, I hope these reforms to a rate or charge, that includes any costs sistent with either TVA’s deficit reduc- will offer TVA customers—both dis- incurred by or for the Tennessee Valley Au- tion goals or its mission to be a low thority in the conduct of any activities or tributors and individuals alike—the operations outside the United States. cost power provider to the valley. means to make TVA more accountable. Another provision that I have in- ‘‘(B) UNLAWFUL RATE.— I am very concerned, however, that cluded is a measure proposed by the ‘‘(i) IN GENERAL.—Any rate, charge, rule, or these reforms may be too late to avert TVA distributors. Section Five in the regulation described in subparagraph (A) shall be deemed for the purposes of this Act bill protects distributors from unfair a gradual increase in power rates within the TVA region. Last year, for the to be unjust, unreasonable, and unlawful. competition by ending TVA’s ability to ‘‘(ii) NO LIMITATION ON AUTHORITY.—Clause directly serve large industrial cus- first time in 10 years, TVA raised rates on households and business by over 7 (i) does not limit the authority of the Com- tomers. In the past, TVA has been able mission under any other provision of law to to directly serve some of the valley’s percent in order to prepare for a more regulate and establish just and reasonable largest industrial customers. Through open electricity market. This can be rates and charges for the Tennessee Valley this loophole, TVA is able to use it contrasted with a 15 percent decline in Authority. considerable market power to unfairly rates over the past ten years in Ken- ‘‘(2) ANNUAL REPORT.—The Tennessee Val- compete with distributors. This provi- tucky—outside the TVA fence. ley Authority shall annually— I remain hopeful that with these re- ‘‘(A) prepare and file with the Commission, sion also facilitates the transition from in a form that the Commission shall pre- TVA to FERC regulation. To protect forms, TVA’s Board will be more accountable to ratepayers and will help scribe by regulation, a report setting forth in the sanctity of the existing contracts, detail any activities or operations engaged FERC is directed to accept the terms ensure that the economic potential of in outside the United States by or on behalf and conditions of those contracts with- the Tennessee Valley, which was mort- of the Tennessee Valley Authority; and out initial review. gaged by years of fiscal ‘‘(B) certify to the Commission that the Section Seven of this bill will in- unaccountability, will not be dimin- Tennessee Valley Authority has neither re- crease TVA’s level of accountability by ished. covered nor sought to recover the costs of applying all federal antitrust laws and Mr. President, I ask unanimous con- activities or operations engaged in outside penalties. I have included this provi- sent that the full text of the bill be the United States by or on behalf of the Ten- nessee Valley Authority in any rate, charge, printed in the RECORD. sion in response to heavy-handed tac- rule, or regulation on file with the Commis- tics used by TVA to punish the City of There being no objection, the bill was sion.’’. Bristol, Virginia for signing a contract ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as SEC. 5. TVA POWER SALES. with another energy provider. Last follows: (a) IN GENERAL.—Part II of the Federal year, Bristol Virginia Utilities Board S. 2005 Power Act (16 U.S.C. 824 et seq.) is amended signed an agreement with Cinergy Cor- Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Rep- by adding at the end the following: poration to provide its wholesale resentatives of the United States of America in ‘‘SEC. 215. TVA POWER SALES. power, which yielded a savings of $70 Congress assembled, ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The Tennessee Valley million for Bristol after fulfilling the SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. Authority shall not sell electric power to a terms of the contract with TVA. What This Act may be cited as the ‘‘TVA Cus- retail customer that will consume the power Bristol didn’t expect was the backlash tomer Protection Act of 1998’’. within the area that, on the date of enact- from TVA and effort to punish Bristol SEC. 2. INCLUSION IN DEFINITION OF PUBLIC ment of this section, is assigned by law as for leaving the TVA family. UTILITY. the distributor service area, unless— In testimony before the Senate En- (a) IN GENERAL.—Section 201(e) of the Fed- ‘‘(1) the customer (or predecessor in inter- ergy Committee, the Chairman of the eral Power Act (16 U.S.C. 824(e)) is amended est to the customer) was purchasing electric Bristol Utility Board, David Fletcher, by inserting before the period at the end the power directly from the Tennessee Valley outlined the anti-competitive practices following: ‘‘, and includes the Tennessee Val- Authority as a retail customer on that date; ley Authority’’. ‘‘(2) the distributor is purchasing firm employed by TVA to undermine Bris- (b) CONFORMING AMENDMENT.—Section power from the Tennessee Valley Authority tol’s new contract. TVA applied scare 201(f) of the Federal Power Act (16 U.S.C. in an amount that is equal to not more than tactics by predicting unreliable elec- 824(f)) is amended by striking ‘‘foregoing, or 50 percent of the total retail sales of the dis- tricity services as a discouragement to any corporation’’ and inserting ‘‘foregoing tributor; or leaving. TVA also sought to recover (other than the Tennessee Valley Authority) ‘‘(3) the distributor agrees that the Ten- tens of millions invested by TVA to or any corporation’’. nessee Valley Authority may sell power to provide power to Bristol, despite the SEC. 3. DISPOSITION OF PROPERTY. the customer. fact that Bristol had fulfilled the terms Section 203 of the Federal Power Act (16 ‘‘(b) RETAIL SALES.—Notwithstanding any of their contract. Finally, TVA at- U.S.C. 824b) is amended by adding at the end other provision of law, the rates, terms, and tempted to steal Bristol’s industrial the following: conditions of retail sales of electric power by the Tennessee Valley Authority that are not customers by offering direct-serve ‘‘(c) TVA EXCEPTION.—This section does not apply to a disposition of the whole or prohibited by this section shall be subject to power contracts at 2 percent below any any part of the facilities of the Tennessee regulation under State law applicable to rate offered by Bristol. I find these Valley Authority if— public utilities in the manner and to the ex- predatory practices to be entirely un- ‘‘(1) the Tennessee Valley Authority dis- tent that a State commission or other regu- acceptable, especially for an entity of closes to the Commission (on a form, and to latory authority determines appropriate.’’. the federal government. It is my belief the extent, that the Commission shall pre- (b) TRANSITION.— that since TVA’s activities were per- scribe by regulation) the sale, lease, or other (1) FILING REQUIREMENT.—Not later than formed in a commercial endeavor, they disposition of any part of its facilities that— 180 days after the date of enactment of this should be held to the same standards as ‘‘(A) is subject to the jurisdiction of the Act, the Tennessee Valley Authority shall any other corporation under the anti- Commission under this Part; and file all rates and charges for the trans- ‘‘(B) has a value of more than $50,000; and mission or sale of electric energy and the trust laws. ‘‘(2) all proceeds of the sale, lease, or other classifications, practices, and regulations af- Recently, I was informed that TVA disposition under paragraph (1) are applied fecting those rates and charges, together willing to subject themselves to the by the Tennessee Valley Authority to the re- with all contracts that in any manner affect federal antitrust laws, so long as they duction of debt of the Tennessee Valley Au- or relate to contracts that are required to be weren’t subject to any penalties. thority.’’. filed under Part II of the Federal Power Act

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00049 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3788 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 29, 1998 (16 U.S.C. 824 et seq.), as amended by sub- (2) abrogates or affects any law in effect on hardship for hundreds of thousands of section (a), and that are in effect as of the the date of enactment of this Act that ap- Americans. date of enactment of this Act. plies to a TVA distributor. This year, 15 States have already (2) NO INITIAL REVIEW.—A filing under this SEC. 9. PROVISION OF CONSTRUCTION EQUIP- been hit by deadly disasters. section that is timely made under subsection MENT, CONTRACTING, AND ENGI- Starting on March 7, severe storms NEERING SERVICES. (a) shall be accepted for filing without initial and flooding struck the State of Ala- review by the Federal Energy Regulatory Section 4 of the Tennessee Valley Author- Commission. ity Act of 1933 (16 U.S.C. 831c) is amended by bama, damaging nearly 1,200 homes, SEC. 6. FILING AND FULL DISCLOSURE OF TVA adding at the end the following: and the city of Elba in Coffee County DOCUMENTS. ‘‘(m) PROVISION OF CONSTRUCTION EQUIP- was evacuated as a result of a levee Part III of the Federal Power Act (16 U.S.C. MENT, CONTRACTING, AND ENGINEERING SERV- failure. Three deaths were attributed 825 et seq.) is amended— ICES.— to the floods and one person was re- (1) by redesignating sections 319 through ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Notwithstanding any ported missing. 321 as sections 320 through 322, respectively; other provision of this Act, except as pro- On February 9, 27 California counties and vided in this subsection, the Corporation were wracked by severe storms. (2) by inserting after section 318 the fol- shall not have power to— During the period of January 28 lowing: ‘‘(A) rent or sell construction equipment; through February 6, a series of severe ‘‘SEC. 319. FILING AND FULL DISCLOSURE OF TVA ‘‘(B) provide a construction equipment DOCUMENTS. maintenance or repair service; winter storms hit communities in Sus- ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The Tennessee Valley ‘‘(C) perform contract construction work; sex County of Delaware. Authority shall file and disclose the same or Also in February, three southern documents and other information that other ‘‘(D) provide a construction engineering Florida counties were victimized by public utilities are required to file under this service; tornadoes and other violent weather. Act, as the Commission shall require by reg- to any private or public entity. In February, six counties in Georgia ulation. ‘‘(2) ELECTRICAL CONTRACTORS.—The Cor- were struck by tornadoes. On March 20, ‘‘(b) REGULATION.— poration may provide equipment or a service amid flood recovery efforts, tornadoes ‘‘(1) TIMING.—The regulation under sub- described in subparagraph (1) to a private and windstorms tore through northeast section (a) shall be promulgated not later contractor that is engaged in electrical util- than 1 year after the date of enactment of ity work on an electrical utility project of Georgia, adding to the overall devasta- this section. the Corporation. tion. Tornadoes again touched down in ‘‘(2) CONSIDERATIONS.—In promulgating the ‘‘(3) CUSTOMERS, DISTRIBUTORS, AND GOV- west Georgia, metro Atlanta, and regulation under subsection (a), the Commis- ERNMENTAL ENTITIES.—The Corporation may southeast Georgia on April 9. sion shall take into consideration the prac- provide equipment or a service described in In February, Atlantic and Cape May tices of the Commission with respect to pub- subparagraph (1) to— counties in southern New Jersey were lic utilities other than the Tennessee Valley ‘‘(A) a power customer served directly by hit by the coastal storm that lashed Authority.’’. the Corporation; the area. SEC. 7. APPLICABILITY OF THE ANTITRUST LAWS. ‘‘(B) a distributor of Corporation power; or The Tennessee Valley Authority Act of On April 16, six Tennessee counties ‘‘(C) a Federal, State, or local government were ravaged by deadly tornadoes and 1933 (16 U.S.C. 831 et seq.) is amended by in- entity; serting after section 16 the following: that is engaged in work specifically related other violent weather. ‘‘SEC. 17. APPLICABILITY OF THE ANTITRUST to an electrical utility project of the Cor- And, Mr. President, on March 29, LAWS. poration. seven counties in my own State of Min- ‘‘(a) DEFINITION OF ANTITRUST LAWS.—In ‘‘(4) USED CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT.— nesota were hit by the deadly torna- this section, the term ‘antitrust laws’ ‘‘(A) DEFINITION OF USED CONSTRUCTION does, damaging thousands of homes means— EQUIPMENT.—In this paragraph, the term and businesses along a 62-mile path ‘‘(1) an antitrust law (within the meaning ‘used construction equipment’ means con- of section (1) of the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. carved through the communities of St. struction equipment that has been in service Peter, Comfrey, and Le Center. The 12)); for more than 2,500 hours. ‘‘(2) the Act of June 19, 1936 (commonly storms claimed two lives. ‘‘(B) IN GENERAL.—The Corporation may The estimated total dollar value of known as the ‘Robinson Patman Act’) (49 dispose of used construction equipment by Stat. 1526, chapter 323; 15 U.S.C. 13 et seq.); means of a public auction conducted by a insured losses caused by the south-cen- and private entity that is independent of the Cor- tral Minnesota tornadoes has reached ‘‘(3) section 5 of the Federal Trade Com- poration. $175 million, exceeding insured losses mission Act (15 U.S.C. 45), to the extent that ‘‘(C) DEBT REDUCTION.—The Corporation incurred in my state during the floods the section relates to unfair methods of com- shall apply all proceeds of a disposition of of one year ago. petition. used construction equipment under subpara- ‘‘(b) APPLICABILITY.—Nothing in this Act The list goes on and on. But my point graph (B) to the reduction of debt of the Cor- modifies, impairs, or supersedes the anti- is: deadly natural disasters occur every poration.’’. trust laws. year. Lives are lost, homes are demol- ‘‘(c) ANTITRUST LAWS.— By Mr. GRAMS (for himself, Mr. ished, property is destroyed, businesses ‘‘(1) TVA DEEMED A PERSON.—The Ten- are ruined, and crops are wiped out. COVERDELL, Mr. FRIST, Mr. nessee Valley Authority shall be deemed to The survivors of these disasters need MCCAIN, Mr. HUTCHINSON, Mr. be a person, and not government, for pur- our help to get their feet back on the poses of the antitrust laws. SMITH of Oregon, Mr. GRAHAM, ground. ‘‘(2) APPLICABILITY.—Notwithstanding any and Mr. D’AMATO): Federal disaster assistance has been other provision of law, the antitrust laws S. 2004. A bill to amend the Internal effective. In fact, almost all of the (including the availability of any remedy for Revenue Code of 1986 to authorize the major disaster sites have been subse- a violation of an antitrust law) shall apply Secretary of the Treasury to abate the to the Tennessee Valley Authority notwith- quently designated as Presidentially accrual of interest on income tax un- standing any determination that the Ten- declared disaster areas and are eligible derpayments by taxpayers located in nessee Valley Authority is a corporate agen- to receive federal disaster assistance. cy or instrumentality of the United States Presidentially declared disaster areas However, there is one hurdle Con- or is otherwise engaged in governmental if the Secretary extends the time for gress still must remove. Residents in functions.’’. filing returns and payment of tax for Presidentially declared disaster areas SEC. 8. SAVINGS PROVISION. such taxpayers; to the Committee on can often get an extension to file their (a) DEFINITION OF TVA DISTRIBUTOR.—In Finance. this section, the term ‘‘TVA distributor’’ income tax returns. means a cooperative organization or publicly THE DISASTER VICTIM TAX EXTENSION ACT However, interest owed cannot be ex- owned electric power system that, on Janu- Mr. GRAMS. Mr. President, I rise empted by the IRS. That requires Con- ary 2, 1998, purchased electric power at today to introduce legislation that gressional action. wholesale from the Tennessee Valley Au- would permanently exempt the interest In other words, we give them time, thority under an all-requirements power con- payments owed by disaster victims to an extension to file their taxes, but at tract. the Internal Revenue Service. the same time we are saying, because (b) EFFECT OF ACT.—Nothing in this Act or any amendment made by this Act— Each year, our country is hit by a va- you cannot because of circumstances (1) subjects any TVA distributor to regula- riety of natural disasters such as hurri- beyond your control file, we are going tion by the Federal Energy Regulatory Com- canes, tornadoes, earthquakes, floods, to charge you interest on it. That is mission; or and ice storms, all causing extreme adding insult to injury.

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00050 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY April 29, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3789 So many States, like Minnesota, im- U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, cians acted together, cooperating in mediately have granted exemptions for OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY, most instances, to make sure all par- interest payments on State taxes when Washington, DC, February 23, 1998. ties were treated fairly in Medicare disaster areas are declared. Hon. ALBERT GORE, JR., billing disputes. Sometimes providers President of the Senate, Although Congress has granted such Washington, DC. were underpaid, sometimes they were Federal waivers in the past, they must DEAR MR. PRESIDENT: Enclosed is a draft overpaid. Either way, they and the gov- be done legislatively each time a dis- bill, ‘‘To amend the Act establishing the ernment would review and settle aster occurs, and appropriate vehicles Keweenaw National Historical Park, and for claims at the end of each quarter or are not always available. This creates other purposes.’’ each year. But, the government has one more uncertainty for victims of We recommend the bill be introduced, re- abandoned this practice with doctors disaster. ferred to the appropriate committee for consideration, and enacted. and hospitals and has begun a cam- The legislation I am here to intro- This bill will facilitate the appointment of paign to coerce and extract money im- duce today along with Senators COVER- the Keweenaw National Historical Park Ad- properly from the providers. DELL, FRIST, MCCAIN, HUTCHINSON, and visory Commission for this Michigan park. In the State of Mississippi, and SMITH of Oregon, the bill called the The existing statute raises constitutional across the Nation, health car providers Disaster Victim Tax Extension Act, concerns by directing the Secretary of the have received ‘‘demand’’ letters from would once and for all remove this bar- Interior to appoint to the Commission per- U.S. Attorneys’ offices, many not even rier and it would give residents of sons nominated by state and local officials. from their own State, asserting that Presidentially declared disaster areas The Department of Justice has opined that the doctors and hospitals may be this procedure does not satisfy the require- an interest payment exemption on any ments imposed by the Appointments Clause guilty of fraudulent billing. These let- Federal taxes owed. (U.S. Const. Art. II, Sec. 2, cl. 2) for appoint- ters threaten the imposition of treble By the way, Mr. President, our legis- ments of federal officers. Accordingly, damages plus fines of $5,000 to $10,000 lation would be effective retroactively former President Bush signed the existing per claim unless a quick settlement is to tax year 1997. law on the express understanding that the reached, often within fourteen days of Mr. President, this may seem like a commission would serve only in an advisory the letter. In some cases, the demand small matter, but for disaster sur- capacity and would not exercise executive letters have been sent based on alleged vivors, every dollar counts. I urge my authority. The proposed amendments will overbilling of minuscule amounts. eliminate the need for this limiting con- colleagues to support this legislation. struction of the commission’s duties. Providers should certainly do all The Office of Management and Budget has they can to minimize errors, and when By Mr. ABRAHAM (by request): advised that there is no objection to the en- discrepancies are discovered, the cor- S. 2006. A bill to amend the Act es- actment of the enclosed draft legislation rect amounts should be paid to the tablishing the Keweenaw National His- from the standpoint of the Administration’s Government with interest. torical Park, and for other purposes; to program. But, with the filing of large numbers the Committee on Energy and Natural Sincerely, of claims each year, and the volume of Resources. DONALD BARRY, Government rules, regulations, and di- Acting Assistant Secretary for KEWEENAW NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK Fish and Wildlife and Parks. rectives—some of which are con- Mr. ABRAHAM. Mr. President, on be- Enclosures. flicting—that providers must follow, it half of the administration, I rise today is impossible to be error-free. Hospitals to introduce legislation to amend the By Mr. COCHRAN (for himself and health systems submit nearly Act establishing the Keweenaw Na- and Mr. HOLLINGS): 200,000 Medicare claims a day. To en- tional Historical Park, and for other S. 2007. A bill to amend the false sure the accuracy of those claims, they purposes. I ask unanimous consent claims provisions of chapter 37 of title must comply with the 1,800 pages of that the administration’s letter of 31, United States Code; to the Com- law, 1,300 pages of regulations inter- transmittal, the bill, and a section-by- mittee on the Judiciary. preting the law and thousands of addi- section analysis of the legislation be THE HEALTH CARE CLAIMS GUIDANCE ACT tional pages of instructions. In addi- printed in the RECORD for the informa- Mr. COCHRAN. Mr. President, today tion, they are required to work with 41 tion of my colleagues. I am introducing the Health Care intermediaries—mostly insurance com- There being no objection, the items Claims Guidance Act. I am pleased to panies—that have their own procedures were ordered to be printed in the have the distinguished Senator from that hospitals must follow as part of RECORD, as follows: South Carolina (Mr. HOLLINGS), join the billing process. The same level of S. 2006 with me as an original co-sponsor of law, procedures, and instructions also Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Rep- the bill. This measure addresses a very apply to physicians. resentatives of the United States of America in serious concern: the government’s mis- The current practice of the Depart- Congress assembled, use of the False Claims Act and the ment of Justice, using the False Claims That section 9(c) of the Act to establish need to distinguish Medicare fraud Act, assumes that hospitals, health the Keweenaw National Historical Park from unavoidable billing errors. systems, and doctors are guilty of in- (Public Law 102–543, approved October 27, 1992), is amended as follows: Health care fraud has no place in tentionally filing erroneous claims (1) In paragraph (A), by striking ‘‘from health care practice. Health care fraud when errors are made. This, in my nominees’’ and inserting ‘‘after consider- costs taxpayers many millions of dol- view, is simply not right. ation of nominees’’. lars that should be spent on patient The Health Care Claims Guidance (2) In paragraph (B), by striking ‘‘from care. In addition, government agencies Act we are introducing would amend nominees’’ and inserting ‘‘after consider- must be able to use all of the tools at the False Claims Act to distinguish be- ation of nominees’’. their disposal to prosecute aggressively tween fraud and mere mistakes. It (3) In paragraph (C), by striking ‘‘from would apply only to claims under feder- nominees’’ and inserting ‘‘after consider- those who willfully engage in fraudu- ation of nominees’’. lent practices. ally funded health care programs, and (4) In paragraph (D), by striking ‘‘from It is equally important, however, would have no effect on other False nominees’’ and inserting ‘‘after consider- that government resources be used to Claims Act prosecutions. ation of nominees’’. go after genuine wrongdoers, rather The legislation does not change the than health care providers who may criminal portions of the False Claims SECTION-BY-SECTION ANALYSIS—KEWEENAW have overbilled the government for Act. Neither does it change the qui tam, NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK AMENDMENTS Medicare services through innocent or ‘‘whistle blower’’ provisions of the This bill would amend the enabling legisla- clerical errors or interpretive mis- law. And it in no way would impede the tion for the Keweenaw National Historical takes. Department of Justice or any other Park in Michigan to correct the language of Recently, the Department of Justice Government agency from zeroing in on the membership section for the Keweenaw National Historical Park Advisory Commis- has embarked on a program to utilize true fraud and prosecuting those who sion. The new language will alleviate con- the False Claims Act to prosecute pro- commit fraud. No other Federal laws stitutional concerns about the appointment vider billing errors. Until 1994, govern- would be affected, including changes process for the commission. ment agencies, hospitals, and physi- made by Congress in 1996 in the Health

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00051 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3790 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 29, 1998 Insurance Portability and Account- on a claim submitted with respect to a feder- based on the definition of the term ‘material’ ability Act. The changes would apply ally funded health care program, the pre- used by the American Institute of Certified only to health care claims for Feder- ceding provisions of this subchapter shall Public Accountants as of the date of the en- ally funded programs such as Medicare apply only to the extent that such provisions actment of this section; and are consistent with the provisions of this and CHAMPUS. This legislation would ‘‘(6) in determining whether an amount of section. damages is a ‘material amount’ under para- not prevent the Government from re- ‘‘(b) ACTIONS IF AMOUNT OF DAMAGES ARE graph (4), with respect to a person— ceiving any money that is rightfully MATERIAL AMOUNT.—Notwithstanding the ‘‘(A) the amount of damages for more than due. In all cases, overpayments would preceding sections of this subchapter, no ac- 1 claim may be aggregated only if the acts or be reimbursed with interest. tion may be brought under this subchapter omissions resulting in such damages were What this legislation does is to dis- based on a claim that is submitted under a part of a pattern of related acts or omissions tinguish Medicare billing fraud from federally funded health care program unless by such person, and honest billing mistakes. The bill does the amount of damages alleged to have been ‘‘(B) if damages for more than 1 claim are sustained by the United States Government these four things: aggregated in accordance with subparagraph with respect to such claim is a material (A), the proportion referred to in such para- It imposes a ‘‘de minimis’’ standard. amount. Under the standard, as defined by the graph shall be determined by comparing the ‘‘(c) ACTIONS FOR CLAIMS SUBMITTED IN RE- amount of such aggregate damages to the American Institute of Certified Public LIANCE ON OFFICIAL GUIDANCE.—Notwith- total of the amounts for which claims were Accountants, Medicare overpayments standing the preceding sections of this sub- submitted by (or on behalf of) such person to to providers of less than a specified chapter, no action may be brought under the same federally funded health care pro- percentage would result in penalties of this subchapter based on a claim submitted— gram for each of the calendar years for no more than the amount of the claim ‘‘(1) in reliance on (and correctly using) er- which any claim upon which such aggregate plus interest. roneous information supplied by a Federal damages were based was submitted.’’. agency (or an agent thereof) about matters It establishes a ‘‘safe harbor’’ for (b) TECHNICAL AND CONFORMING AMEND- of fact at issue; or health care providers that submit a MENT.—The table of sections for chapter 37 of ‘‘(2) in reliance on (and correctly applying) title 31, United States Code, is amended by claim based on advice given by fiscal written statements of Federal policy which intermediaries and carriers. Such hos- adding after the item relating to section 3733 affects such claim provided by a Federal the following: pitals would be subject to fines limited agency (or an agent thereof). ‘‘3734. Rules for certain actions based on to actual damages and interest, not ‘‘(d) ACTION FOR CLAIMS SUBMITTED BY PER- health care claims.’’. treble damages plus $5,000 to $10,000 per SONS IN SUBSTANTIAL COMPLIANCE WITH claim. MODEL COMPLIANCE PLAN.—Notwithstanding (c) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendment It raises the burden of proof required the preceding sections of this subchapter, no made by subsection (a) shall apply to actions under the act from a ‘‘preponderance of action may be brought under this subchapter brought under subchapter III of chapter 37 of title 31, United States Code, with respect to the evidence’’ standard to a ‘‘clear and based on a claim submitted by a person that is in substantial compliance with a model claims submitted before, on, and after the convincing evidence’’ standard. compliance plan issued by the Secretary of date of the enactment of this Act. And lastly, it establishes a ‘‘safe har- Health and Human Services (in consultation bor’’ for health care providers that Mr. HOLLINGS. Mr. President, I am with the Secretary of Defense). delighted to join my colleague Senator have adopted effective, good-faith com- ‘‘(e) STANDARD OF PROOF.—In any action pliance plans in which they are, if brought under this subchapter with respect COCHRAN in introducing legislation found to be in violation of the False to a claim submitted to a federally funded that helps define the rules of the game Claims Act, subject only to actual health care program, section 3731(c) shall be for health care providers and allows in- damages plus interest, rather than tre- applied by substituting ‘clear and convincing vestigators to focus on ferreting out ble damages plus $5,000 to $10,000 per evidence’ for ‘a preponderance of the evi- and prosecuting real fraud in Federal dence’. health programs. claim. ‘‘(f) RULE OF CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in Mr. President, although Congress 2 The Health Care Claims Guidance this section shall be construed as limiting Act of 1998 that we introduce today is years ago gave Federal agencies addi- the authority of the Government of the tional tools to go after health care United States to recoup or otherwise recover made necessary by conflicting, ex- fraud—such as expanded authority damages with respect to a claim submitted tremely complex regulations covering under the Health Insurance Portability to a federally funded health care program Medicare, Medicaid, CHAMPS and and Accountability Act—the Depart- under provisions of law other than this sub- other Federally funded programs. Iron- ment of Justice has nonetheless de- chapter. ically, most of these exist as a result of ‘‘(g) DEFINITIONS; RELATED RULES.—For cided that the use of the False Claims Congressional efforts to reduce fraud purposes of this section— and abuse—to establish a system for Act guarantees ‘‘easy money.’’ ‘‘(1) the term ‘claim’ means a claim (as de- The Health Care Claims Guidance fined in section 3729(c)) made with respect to billing and claims processing that Act stops this abuse of the law and pro- a federally funded health care program; assures these programs are paying rea- vides a clear and simple way of distin- ‘‘(2) the term ‘damages’ means the amount sonable costs for medically necessary guishing between those claims that are of any overpayment made by the United services actually provided to eligible fraudulent and those claims that result States Government with respect to a claim; individuals. Not achieving our goal of from human error. I urge Senators to ‘‘(3) the term ‘federally funded health care ending fraud, we just stack on more support this bill. program’ means a program that provides rules that require honest providers to I ask unanimous consent that a copy health benefits, whether directly, through take more and more time from patient the purchase of insurance, or otherwise, that of the bill be printed in the RECORD. care to do paperwork while the crooks There being no objection, the bill was is established under— ‘‘(A) title XVIII, XIX, or XXI of the Social ignore us or accept as a challenge get- ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as Security Act, or ting around the rules. There is no end follows: ‘‘(B) title 10, United States Code; in sight. This is a classic example of S. 2007 ‘‘(4) the amount of damages alleged to have the road to hell being paved with good Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Rep- been sustained by the United States Govern- intentions. We have created a night- resentatives of the United States of America in ment with respect to a claim submitted by mare, and we have a responsibility to Congress assembled, (or on behalf of) a person shall be treated as begin straightening out some of the SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. a ‘material amount’ only if such amount ex- This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Health Care ceeds a proportion (specified in regulations confusion so honest health care pro- Claims Guidance Act’’. promulgated by the Secretary of Health and viders can take care of patients and we SEC. 2. RULES FOR ACTIONS UNDER FALSE Human Services in consultation with the can concentrate on prosecuting those CLAIMS PROVISIONS BASED ON Secretary of Defense) of the total of the who willfully violate the law. CLAIMS SUBMITTED UNDER CER- amounts for which claims were submitted by It is absolutely imperative that we TAIN HEALTH CARE PROGRAMS. (or on behalf of) such person— accept nothing less than zero tolerance (a) IN GENERAL.—Subchapter III of chapter ‘‘(A) to the same federally funded health 37 of title 31, United States Code, is amended for real fraud and that the Government care program, and use all the tools at its disposal to pros- by adding at the end the following: ‘‘(B) for the same calendar year, ‘‘§ 3734. Rules for certain actions based on as the claim upon which an action under this ecute willful violations of the law. It is health care claims subchapter is based; equally imperative that we play fair ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—In the case of any action ‘‘(5) the regulations specifying the propor- with our partners who provide the that is brought under this subchapter based tion referred to in paragraph (4) shall be health care we pay for with Federal

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00052 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY April 29, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3791 funds. When a participating hospital By Mr. COVERDELL (for himself, the next several years because the IRS receives directions from its fiscal Mr. ASHCROFT, Mr. SHELBY, Mr. believes small businesses in Georgia intermediary, the hospital should know FRIST, Mr. HAGEL, Mr. INHOFE, are more likely than other so-called it can follow those directions without and Mr. MCCAIN): ‘‘subpopulations’’ to engage in tax fear of being accused of fraud. Using S. 2008. A bill to amend the Internal fraud. I do not understand why the IRS the False Claims Act, the Justice De- Revenue Code of 1986 to prohibit the believes that Georgia small business partment is notifying hospitals that use of random audits, and for other are more likely to cheat than their they are under investigation for al- purposes; to the Committee on Fi- counterparts elsewhere in the Nation. I leged billing fraud, offering minimal nance. still have not received an adequate time to respond or face prosecution. THE INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE RANDOM reply from the IRS regarding any of Hospitals are capitulating to these de- AUDIT PROHIBITION ACT these developments. mands even when they know no fraud Mr. COVERDELL. Mr. President, I Most of us understand the need to en- has been committed simply because rise today to introduce the Internal sure tax code compliance through rea- they cannot afford to pay the account- Revenue Service Random Audit Prohi- sonable mechanisms. Where there is ants and lawyers to take on the De- bition Act. I wanted to take this oppor- some indication that wrongdoing has partment of Justice. Others believe di- tunity to alert my colleagues of the occurred, an audit may be appropriate. verting these funds from patient care Senate that the IRS has identified a But Americans will not accept the IRS’s assertion that enforcement re- would be an irresponsible waste of tax new enemy: innocent taxpayers. quires them to go after innocent, low- dollars and not in the best interests of Over the past several years, all of us income taxpayers by using random au- Medicare beneficiaries. I certainly have seen news accounts of regular, av- dits that make no distinction between agree. erage citizens who have become the the guilty and the innocent. Honest Respected physicians in my State, targets of grueling IRS audits. These individuals were neither wealthy nor citizens deserve better. some personal friends of forty years, The legislation I introduce today, powerful; in fact, they were most often have received letters recently from the along with a number of my colleagues, ordinary, law-abiding taxpayers who ‘‘Medicare Fraud Unit’’ demanding would remove random audits as a tool earned a modest wage, ran a small that they pay up immediately or face available to the IRS in its examination business, or operated a family farm. prosecution. They are confused and an- process. Victims of random audits noyed about the complexity of Medi- Some struggled just to make ends would be entitled to damages of $5,000 care rules and coding, but they are out- meet, and many were understandably after filing civil action, and the cost of raged that they are being accused of confused about what they had com- litigation would also be recoverable. In fraud with no basis whatsoever. I submitted to justify the scrutiny of the addition, my proposal would require mit, Mr. President, that they deserve IRS. the IRS to identify the basis for audit to be enraged. And it doesn’t get any The truth is they committed no in any notice to the affected taxpayer better once they enter negotiations wrong. They were simply unfortunate of such an examination. Finally, the ef- and are virtually unable to practice victims of an IRS practice called ‘‘ran- fective date for these changes are set medicine because of the auditors con- dom audits,’’ where the IRS simply to the date of introduction. This puts sume most of the work day and office picks people out of a hat in the hope it the IRS on notice that Congress is space. Then they wait for months to can uncover some wrongdoing. deadly serious about the need to end A recent report produced by the Gen- see if the ax will fall. random audits. eral Accounting Office (GAO) at my re- I hope my colleagues will support my The Health Care Claims Guidance quest confirms that the IRS has been Act of 1998 would take a small but im- effort to stop the IRS from targeting targeting thousands of poor taxpayers innocent taxpayers. With passage of portant step in the right direction. It and small businesses for random au- would amend the False Claims Act to the IRS Random Audit Prohibition dits. In fact, almost 95 percent of all Act, honest, hardworking taxpayers create special rules for claims in all random audits of individual taxpayers Federally funded health care programs. can be assured they will be protected performed between 1994 and 1996 were from unwarranted audits. They deserve No criminal provisions are amended. conducted on taxpayers who earned The bill’s provisions apply only to no less. less than $25,000 each year. f health care claims limited to civil ac- Last Fall, hearings held by the Sen- tions. ate Finance Committee brought the ADDITIONAL COSPONSORS First, no action can be brought if the IRS’s abuse of taxpayers to the atten- S. 89 provider has relied on and correctly ap- tion of the entire Nation. One witness, At the request of Ms. SNOWE, the plied information supplied by a Federal Jennifer Long, who is a current field name of the Senator from New Jersey agency or an agent thereof. Second, no agent with the IRS, remarked, ‘‘As of (Mr. TORRICELLI) was added as a co- action may be brought unless the late, we seem to be auditing only the sponsor of S. 89, a bill to prohibit dis- amount of damages is material. Third, poor people. The current IRS Manage- crimination against individuals and it establishes a safe harbor for hos- ment does not believe anyone in this their family members on the basis of pitals with an effective compliance country can possibly live on less than genetic information, or a request for plan under the General Hospital Com- $20,000 per year, insisting anyone below genetic services. pliance Guidelines. And, fourth, it that level must be cheating by under- S. 659 raises the burden of proof from a ‘‘pre- stating their true income.’’ The IRS’ At the request of Mr. GLENN, the ponderance of the evidence’’ to a ‘‘clear belief that low-income families are name of the Senator from Indiana (Mr. and convincing evidence’’ standard. more likely to cheat than others serv- LUGAR) was added as a cosponsor of S. Mr. President, let me make it clear ices as a disturbing sign of how far it 659, a bill to amend the Great Lakes once again, this bill in no way limits has strayed from the principles of Fish and Wildlife Restoration Act of the authority of the Government to re- American justice. 1990 to provide for implementation of coup or otherwise recover damages The GAO report also indicates that recommendations of the United States with respect to claims under any other the IRS has been specifically targeting Fish and Wildlife Service contained in provisions of law and does not apply to my home state of Georgia for random the Great Lakes Fishery Restoration criminal provisions. It allows us to audits. Nearly twice as many random Study Report. begin restoring the partnership be- audits took place in Georgia between S. 852 tween the Federal Government and 1994 and 1996 than in all the New Eng- At the request of Mr. LOTT, the name those who provide health care under land states combined and Georgians of the Senator from Alaska (Mr. MUR- Federal programs and encourages the are three-times more likely to be ran- KOWSKI) was added as a cosponsor of S. Government to use its resources to domly audited than their California 852, a bill to establish nationally uni- prosecute those who violate that part- counterparts. Furthermore, the GAO form requirements regarding the ti- nership. I urge my colleagues to assist warns that we can expect that number tling and registration of salvage, non- us in its early passage. of rise dramatically in Georgia over repairable, and rebuilt vehicles.

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00053 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3792 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 29, 1998 S. 981 (Mr. HAGEL), the Senator from Georgia dence shall apply to certain sales by a At the request of Mr. THOMPSON, the (Mr. COVERDELL), the Senator from surviving spouse. name of the Senator from Washington North Dakota (Mr. CONRAD), the Sen- S. 1995 (Mr. GORTON) was added as a cosponsor ator from Iowa (Mr. GRASSLEY), the At the request of Mr. ABRAHAM, the of S. 981, a bill to provide for analysis Senator from Missouri (Mr. BOND), the name of the Senator from Connecticut of major rules. Senator from California (Mrs. FEIN- (Mr. LIEBERMAN) was added as a co- S. 1089 STEIN), the Senator from Idaho (Mr. sponsor of S. 1995, A bill to amend the At the request of Mr. SPECTER, the CRAIG), the Senator from Minnesota Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to allow names of the Senator from South Da- (Mr. GRAMS), the Senator from South the designation of renewal commu- kota (Mr. DASCHLE), and the Senator Dakota (Mr. DASCHLE), and the Senator nities, and for other purposes. from California (Mrs. FEINSTEIN) were from Illinois (Ms. MOSELEY-BRAUN) SENATE RESOLUTION 175 added as cosponsors of S. 1089, a bill to were added as cosponsors of S. 1879, a At the request of Mr. ROBB, the name terminate the effectiveness of certain bill to provide for the permanent ex- of the Senator from Massachusetts amendments to the foreign repair sta- tension of income averaging for farm- (Mr. KERRY) was added as a cosponsor tion rules of the Federal Aviation Ad- ers. of Senate Resolution 175, a bill to des- ministration, and for other purposes. S. 1882 ignate the week of May 3, 1998 as ‘‘Na- S. 1145 At the request of Mr. JEFFORDS, the tional Correctional Officers and Em- At the request of Mr. GRAMS, the name of the Senator from Ohio (Mr. ployees Week.’’ name of the Senator from Alabama DEWINE) was added as a cosponsor of S. SENATE RESOLUTION 201 (Mr. SESSIONS) was added as a cospon- 1882, a bill to reauthorize the Higher At the request of Mr. KEMPTHORNE, sor of S. 1145, a bill to amend the So- Education Act of 1965, and for other the name of the Senator from West cial Security Act to provide simplified purposes. Virginia (Mr. BYRD) was added as a co- and accurate information on the social sponsor of Senate Resolution 201, A S. 1900 security trust funds, and personal earn- resolution to commemorate and ac- At the request of Mr. D’AMATO, the ings and benefit estimates to eligible knowledge the dedication and sacrifice name of the Senator from Wyoming individuals. made by the men and women who have (Mr. ENZI) was added as a cosponsor of S. 1325 lost their lives while serving as law en- S. 1900, a bill to establish a commission At the request of Mr. FRIST, the forcement officers. to examine issues pertaining to the dis- name of the Senator from New York f (Mr. D’AMATO) was added as a cospon- position of Holocaust-era assets in the sor of S. 1325, a bill to authorize appro- United States before, during, and after SENATE CONCURRENT RESOLU- priations for the Technology Adminis- World War II, and to make rec- TION 92—EXPRESSING THE tration of the Department of Com- ommendations to the President on fur- SENSE OF CONGRESS WITH RE- merce for fiscal years 1998 and 1999, and ther action, and for other purposes. SPECT TO THE COLLECTION OF for other purposes. S. 1919 DATA AS A PART OF THE 2000 S. 1365 At the request of Mr. MURKOWSKI, the DECENNIAL CENSUS At the request of Ms. MIKULSKI, the name of the Senator from Mississippi Mr. TORRICELLI (for himself and name of the Senator from Vermont (Mr. LOTT) was added as a cosponsor of Mr. D’AMATO) submitted the following (Mr. LEAHY) was added as a cosponsor S. 1919, a bill to provide for the energy concurrent resolution; which was re- of S. 1365, a bill to amend title II of the security of the Nation through encour- ferred to the Committee on Govern- Social Security Act to provide that the aging the production of domestic oil mental Affairs: reductions in social security benefits and gas resources from stripper wells S. CON. RES. 92 which are required in the case of on federal lands, and for other pur- spouses and surviving spouses who are poses. Whereas the decennial census of population also receiving certain Government pen- S. 1920 is the only source of accurate, reliable, and sions shall be equal to the amount by At the request of Mr. MURKOWSKI, the comparable information on the demographic, which two-thirds of the total amount name of the Senator from Mississippi social, and economic characteristics of the people of the United States and the commu- of the combined monthly benefit (be- (Mr. LOTT) was added as a cosponsor of fore reduction) and monthly pension nities in which they live, for all geographic S. 1920, a bill to improve the adminis- levels, including rural areas and census exceeds $1,200, adjusted for inflation. tration of oil and gas leases on Federal tracts; S. 1392 lands, and for other purposes. Whereas the Bureau of the Census, in re- At the request of Mr. BROWNBACK, the S. 1930 sponse to a mandate from Congress to reduce names of the Senator from Minnesota the reporting burden on the residents of the At the request of Mr. NICKLES, the (Mr. GRAMS), and the Senator from United States, has proposed to include on name of the Senator from Wyoming Oklahoma (Mr. INHOFE) were added as the long-form census questionnaire only (Mr. THOMAS) was added as a cosponsor cosponsors of S. 1392, a bill to provide those subjects that have specific Federal leg- of S. 1930, a bill to provide certainty for offsetting tax cuts whenever there islative justification; for, reduce administrative and compli- Whereas the demographic and socio- is an elimination of a discretionary ance burdens associated with, and economic data collected in the decennial spending program. streamline and improve the collection census helps policymakers assess population S. 1649 of royalties from Federal and outer changes, housing conditions, ancestry, and At the request of Mr. FORD, the name continental shelf oil and gas leases, other patterns of mobility and achievement of the Senator from Hawaii (Mr. for different regions and governmental juris- and for other purposes. INOUYE) was added as a cosponsor of S. dictions, as well as for different population 1649, a bill to exempt disabled individ- S. 1985 subgroups; uals from being required to enroll with At the request of Mr. HATCH, the Whereas independent analysis by a panel a managed care entity under the med- name of the Senator from Michigan convened by the National Academy of Sciences determined that there are essential icaid program. (Mr. ABRAHAM) was added as a cosponsor of S. 1985, a bill to amend Part L of public needs for information gathered by the S. 1862 long form and that the extra cost of the cen- At the request of Mr. DEWINE, the the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe sus long form, once the census has been de- name of the Senator from Connecticut Streets Act of 1968. signed to collect limited data for every resi- (Mr. DODD) was added as a cosponsor of S. 1992 dent, is relatively low; S. 1862, a bill to provide assistance for At the request of Mrs. HUTCHISON, the Whereas the National Academy of Sciences poison prevention and to stabilize the name of the Senator from California has concluded that the long form does not significantly affect the overall mail response funding of regional poison control cen- (Mrs. FEINSTEIN) was added as a co- rate to the census; ters. sponsor of S. 1992, A bill to amend the Whereas independent analyses of the de- S. 1879 Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to pro- cennial census have found that the long form At the request of Mr. BURNS, the vide that the $500,000 exclusion of a does not increase the undercount in the cen- names of the Senator from Nebraska gain on the sale of a principal resi- sus or the differential undercount of racial,

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00054 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY April 29, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3793 ethnic, and low-income populations to any Office under the supervision of the Secretary cation for the treaty (Treaty Doc. No. significant extent; of the Senate, with the concurrence of the 105–36) protocols to the North Atlantic Whereas administering a traditional long United States Senate Republican Con- Treaty of 1949 on the accession of Po- form at a later point in time, instead of as ference. land, Hungary, and the Czech Republic. part of the 2000 decennial census of popu- (b) SPECIFICATIONS.—The Senate document lation, would substantially increase the cost described in subsection (a) shall include il- These protocols were opened for signa- of collecting the data, place the quality of lustrations and shall be in the style, form, ture at Brussels on December 16, 1997, the data at risk, and jeopardize the avail- manner, and binding as directed by the Joint and signed on behalf of the United ability of reliable and timely data for rural Committee on Printing after consultation States of America and other parties to and small geographic areas; with the Secretary of the Senate. the North Atlantic Treaty; as follows: (c) NUMBER OF COPIES.—In addition to the Whereas the General Accounting Office has At the appropriate place in the resolution, found that over $170,000,000,000 in Federal usual number of copies, there shall be printed with suitable binding the lesser of— insert the following: program funds are distributed each year to (1) 1,000 copies for use of the Senate, to be NEGOTIATION WITH ALLIES REGARDING THE ES- State and local governments on the basis of allocated as determined by the Secretary of TABLISHMENT OF A PROCESS TO RE- data collected in the census, including data the Senate; or SOLVE DISPUTES AMONG OR BE- available only from the long form; and TWEEN ALLIES. (2) a number of copies that does not have a Whereas the collection of demographic, so- (A) Prior to the first deposit of any of the total production and printing cost of more cioeconomic, housing, and transportation United States instruments of ratification of than $1,200. data on the long form in the 2000 decennial any of the Protocols, the United States rep- census of population is supported by Federal, SEC. 2. PRINTING OF THE MINUTES OF THE resentative at the North Atlantic Council DEMOCRATIC CONFERENCE, 1903– State, and local government officials and 1964. will introduce at the NAC a proposal for con- agencies, service providers, researchers, and (a) IN GENERAL.—There shall be printed as sideration by all allies and aimed at estab- other social scientists who help chart the di- a Senate document the book entitled ‘‘Min- lishing a process for dispute resolution rection of the United States, private sector utes of the Senate Democratic Conference, among allies. The proposal shall be limited decisionmakers, and many other census 1903–1964’’, prepared by the Senate Historical to addressing those disputes— stakeholders, as well as by a panel convened Office under the supervision of the Secretary (i) between or among allies that are within by the National Academy of Sciences at the of the Senate, with the concurrence of the the collective security purview of the NATO direction of Congress: Now, therefore, be it United States Senate Democratic Con- alliance and address territorial or other such Resolved by the Senate (the House of Rep- ference. disputes within the alliance’s area of oper- resentatives concurring), (b) SPECIFICATIONS.—The Senate document ations and responsibility, and; (ii) in response to which at least one dispu- SECTION 1. SENSE OF CONGRESS. described in subsection (a) shall include il- tant has credibly threatened the use of mili- It is the sense of Congress that the Sec- lustrations and shall be in the style, form, tary force. retary of Commerce should ensure that— manner, and binding as directed by the Joint (1) the 2000 decennial census of population Committee On Printing after consultation include the administration of a long-form with the Secretary of the Senate. ASHCROFT (AND OTHERS) (c) NUMBER OF COPIES.—In addition to the census questionnaire; EXECUTIVE AMENDMENT NO. 2318 usual number of copies, there shall be print- (2) the content of the long-form census ed with suitable binding the lesser of— Mr. ASHCROFT (for himself, Mr. questionnaire include, at a minimum, the (1) 1,000 copies for the use of the Senate, to ROBERTS, Mr. HELMS, Mr. WARNER, Mr. subjects sent to Congress by the Bureau of be allocated as determined by the Secretary HUTCHINSON, Mr. FAIRCLOTH, Mr. BOND, the Census on March 31, 1997, in accordance of the Senate; or and Mr. GRAMS) proposed an amend- with section 141(f)(1) of title 13, United (2) a number of copies that does not have a States Code; and ment to the resolution of ratification total production and printing cost of more for the treaty (Treaty Doc. No. 105–36) (3) a sufficient number of households re- than $1,200. ceived the long-form census questionnaire to protocols to the North Atlantic Treaty ensure the availability of reliable data for f of 1949 on the accession of Poland, Hun- small geographic areas, including rural com- AMENDMENTS SUBMITTED gary, and the Czech Republic. These munities. protocols were opened for signature at SEC. 2. TRANSMISSION TO THE SECRETARY OF Brussels on December 16, 1997, and COMMERCE. PROTOCOLS TO THE NORTH AT- signed on behalf of the United States of The Secretary of the Senate shall transmit LANTIC TREATY OF 1949 ON AC- a copy of this concurrent resolution to the America and other parties to the North CESSION OF POLAND, HUNGARY, Atlantic Treaty; as follows: Secretary of Commerce. AND CZECH REPUBLIC In section 3(1), strike ‘‘(A) THE FUNDA- f MENTAL IMPORTANCE OF COLLECTIVE DE- SENATE RESOLUTION 219—AU- FENSE.—’’ and all that follows through ‘‘in- CRAIG (AND OTHERS) EXECUTIVE terests of NATO members.’’ at the end of THORIZING PRINTING OF THE AMENDMENT NO. 2316 MINUTES OF THE SENATE RE- paragraph (1)(A) and insert in lieu thereof PUBLICAN AND DEMOCRATIC Mr. CRAIG (for himself, Mrs. the following new condition: (2) THE FUNDAMENTAL IMPORTANCE OF COL- PARTY CONFERENCES HUTCHISON, and Mr. SMITH of New Hampshire) proposed an amendment to LECTIVE SELF-DEFENSE.— Mr. MACK (for himself and Mr. the resolution of ratification for the (A) PRESIDENTIAL CERTIFICATION.—Prior to DASCHLE) submitted the following reso- treaty (Treaty Doc. No. 105–36) proto- the deposit of the United States instrument of ratification, the President shall certify to lution; which was considered and cols to the North Atlantic Treaty of agreed to. the Senate that— 1949 on the accession of Poland, Hun- (i) NATO is and will remain a defensive S. RES. 219 gary, and the Czech Republic. These military alliance, and that Article 5 of the Whereas the Senate Republican and Demo- protocols were opened for signature at North Atlantic Treaty, which provides for cratic Conferences have maintained minutes Brussels on December 16, 1997, and the collective self-defense of NATO members of their meetings since the earliest years of signed on behalf of the United States of against armed attack, continues to con- this century; America and other parties to the North stitute the heart of that treaty; and Whereas the Advisory Committee on the Atlantic Treaty; as follows: (ii) the United States will only support a Records of Congress recommends that the At the appropriate place, insert the fol- military operation under the North Atlantic portions of those minutes at least 30 years lowing: Treaty that is commenced on or after the old be published; and () STATUTORY AUTHORIZATION FOR DEPLOY- date of adoption of this resolution of ratifi- Whereas the minutes of the Senate Party MENTS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA.—Prior to cation— Conferences offer rich documentation of the the deposit of the United States instrument (I) if the operation is intended for the pur- Senate’s institutional development during of ratification, there must be enacted a law pose of collective self-defense in response to the first two-thirds of the 20th century: Now, containing specific authorization for the an armed attack on the territory of a NATO therefore, be it continued deployment of the United States member; or Resolved, Armed Forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina as (II) in response to a threat to the terri- SECTION 1. PRINTING OF THE MINUTES OF THE part of the NATO mission in that country. torial integrity, political independence, or REPUBLICAN CONFERENCE, 1911– security of a NATO member. 1964. HUTCHISON EXECUTIVE (B) CONSTRUCTION.—The Senate declares (a) IN GENERAL.—There shall be printed as AMENDMENT NO. 2317 that nothing in the North Atlantic Treaty, a Senate document the book entitled ‘‘Min- the Strategic Concept of NATO, or any other utes of the Senate Republican Conference, Mrs. HUTCHISON proposed an document setting forth the fundamental pur- 1911–1964’’, prepared by the Senate Historical amendment to the resolution of ratifi- poses, objectives, or missions of NATO shall

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00055 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3794 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 29, 1998 be construed as altering the constitutional (v) the accession to the North Atlantic (III) an explanation of how an invitation to authority of the Congress or the President. Treaty of new NATO members in the future that country would affect the national secu- (C) EXCLUSIONS FROM MEANING OF ‘‘NATO must not undermine the ability of NATO and rity interests of the United States; MILITARY OPERATION’’.—The term ‘‘NATO the Partnership for Peace countries to (IV) an up-to-date United States Govern- military operation’’ does not include any achieve the objectives of the Partnership for ment analysis of the common-funded mili- NATO training mission or exercise. Peace; and tary requirements and costs associated with (3) ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS REGARDING (vi) membership in the Partnership for integrating that country, and an analysis of THE STRATEGIC CONCEPT OF NATO.— Peace does not in any way prejudice applica- the shares of those costs to be borne by tion or consideration for accession to the NATO members, including the United States; HELMS (AND BIDEN) EXECUTIVE North Atlantic Treaty. and AMENDMENT NO. 2319 (9) REGARDING PAYMENTS OWED BY EURO- (V) a preliminary analysis of the implica- PEAN COUNTRIES TO VICTIMS OF THE NAZIS Mr. SMITH of Oregon (for Mr. HELMS, tions for the United States defense budget (A) DECLARATION.—The Senate declares and other United States budgets of inte- for himself and Mr. BIDEN) proposed an that in future meetings and correspondence amendment to the resolution of ratifi- grating that country into NATO. with European governments, the Secretary (ii) UPDATED REPORTS PRIOR TO SIGNING of State should— cation for the treaty (Treaty Doc. No. PROTOCOLS OF ACCESSION.—Prior to the sign- 105–36) protocols to the North Atlantic (i) raise the issue of insurance benefits ing of any protocol to the North Atlantic Treaty of 1949 on the accession of Po- owed to victims of the Nazis (and their bene- Treaty on the accession of any country, the ficiaries and heirs) by these countries as a land, Hungary, and the Czech Republic. President shall submit to the appropriate result of the actions taken by any com- These protocols were opened for signa- congressional committees a report, in classi- munist predecessor regimes in nationalizing fied and unclassified forms— ture at Brussels on December 16, 1997, foreign insurance companies and confis- (I) updating the information contained in and signed on behalf of the United cating their assets in the aftermath of World the report required under clause (i) with re- States of America and other parties to War II; the North Atlantic Treaty; as follows: (ii) seek to secure a commitment from the spect to that country; and (II) including an analysis of that country’s In section 1, insert ‘‘(as defined in section governments of these countries to provide a 4(7))’’ after ‘‘Czech Republic’’. full accounting of the total value of insur- ability to meet the full range of the financial In section 1, strike ‘‘as defined in section ance company assets that were seized by any burdens of NATO membership, and the likely 4(6),’’. communist predecessors and to share all doc- impact upon the military effectiveness of In section 2(1)(D), strike ‘‘evenly’’ and in- uments relevant to unpaid insurance claims NATO of the country invited for accession sert ‘‘equitably’’. that are in their possession; and talks, if the country were to be admitted to In section 2(2)(A), strike ‘‘including—’’ and (iii) seek to secure a commitment from the NATO. all that follows through ‘‘members;’’ and in- governments of these countries to contribute (D) REVIEW AND REPORTS BY THE GENERAL sert ‘‘including those common threats de- to the payment of these unpaid insurance ACCOUNTING OFFICE.—The Comptroller Gen- scribed in section 3(1)(A)(v);’’. claims in an amount that reflects the eral of the United States shall conduct a re- In section 2(7)(A)(iii), insert ‘‘, or com- present value of the assets seized by any view and assessment of the evaluations and mitted to invite,’’ after ‘‘consented to in- communist governments (and for which no analyses contained in all reports submitted vite’’. compensation had previously been paid). under subparagraph (C) and, not later than 90 In section 2(7)(A)(iv), strike ‘‘admission of, (B) DEFINITION.—As used in this paragraph, days after the date of submission of any re- or the invitation for admission of, any new the term ‘‘victims of the Nazis’’ means per- port under subparagraph (C)(ii), shall submit NATO member’’ and insert ‘‘accession to the sons persecuted during the period beginning a report to the appropriate congressional North Atlantic Treaty of, or the invitation on March 23, 1933 and ending on May 8, 1945, committees setting forth the assessment re- to begin accession talks with, any European by, under the direction of, on behalf of, or state (other than Poland, Hungary, or the sulting from that review. under authority granted by the Nazi govern- Czech Republic),’’. In section 3, redesignate paragraph (4) as At the end of section 2, add the following ment of Germany or any country allied with paragraph (5). new paragraphs: that government. In section 3(1)(C)(i), before the semicolon In section 3, insert after paragraph (3) the (8) PARTNERSHIP FOR PEACE.—The Senate at the end thereof, insert the following: ‘‘, following new paragraph: declares that— including the broader strategic rationale of (4) REPORTS ON INTELLIGENCE MATTERS.— (i) the Partnership for Peace between NATO’’. (A) PROGRESS REPORT.—Not later than Jan- NATO members and the Partnership for In section 3(1)(D), strike ‘‘Committee on uary 1, 1999, the President shall submit a re- Peace countries is an important and endur- Foreign Relations’’ and insert ‘‘appropriate port to the congressional intelligence coming complement to NATO in maintaining and congressional committees’’. mittees on the progress of Poland, Hungary, enhancing regional security; In section 3(2)(B), strike and the Czech Republic in satisfying the se- (ii) the Partnership for Peace serves a crit- ‘‘ANNUAL REPORTS.— curity requirements for membership in ical role in promoting common objectives of (i) REQUIREMENTS.—’’ NATO members and the Partnership for and insert NATO. Peace countries, including— ‘‘ANNUAL REPORTS.—’’. (B) REPORTS REGARDING PROTECTION OF IN- (I) increased transparency in the national In section 3(2)(B), redesignate subclauses TELLIGENCE SOURCES AND METHODS.—Not defense planning and budgeting processes; (I), (II), (III), and (IV) as clauses (i), (ii), (iii), later than January 1, 1999, and again not (II) ensuring democratic control of defense and (iv), respectively. later than the date that is 90 days after the At the end of section 3(2)(B), add the fol- date of accession to the North Atlantic Trea- forces; lowing new clause: (III) maintaining the capability and readi- ty by Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Repub- (v) The status of discussions concerning lic, the Director of Central Intelligence shall ness of Partnership for Peace countries to NATO membership for countries partici- contribute to operations of the United Na- submit a detailed report to the congressional pating in the Partnership for Peace. intelligence committees— tions and the Organization for Security and Strike clause (ii) of section 3(2)(B). Cooperation in Europe; At the end of section 3(2), insert the fol- (i) identifying the latest procedures and re- (IV) developing cooperative military rela- lowing new subparagraphs: quirements established by Poland, Hungary, tions with NATO; and (C) REPORTS ON FUTURE ENLARGEMENT OF and the Czech Republic for the protection of (V) enhancing the interoperability between NATO.— intelligence sources and methods; and forces of the Partnership for Peace countries (i) REPORTS PRIOR TO COMMENCEMENT OF AC- (ii) including an assessment of how the and forces of NATO members; CESSION TALKS.—Prior to any decision by the overall procedures and requirements of Po- (iii) NATO has undertaken new initiatives North Atlantic Council to invite any country land, Hungary, and the Czech Republic for to further strengthen the Partnership for (other than Poland, Hungary, or the Czech the protection of intelligence sources and Peace with the objectives of— Republic) to begin accession talks with methods compare with the procedures and (I) strengthening the political consultation NATO, the President shall submit to the ap- requirements of other NATO members for mechanism in the Partnership for Peace propriate congressional committees a de- the protection of intelligence sources and through the Euro-Atlantic Partnership tailed report regarding each country being methods. Council; actively considered for NATO membership, (C) DEFINITIONS.—In this paragraph: (II) enhancing the operational role of the including— (i) CONGRESSIONAL INTELLIGENCE COMMIT- Partnership for Peace; and (I) an evaluation of how that country will TEES.—The term ‘‘congressional intelligence (III) providing for expanded involvement of further the principles of the North Atlantic committees’’ means the Select Committee members of the Partnership for Peace in de- Treaty and contribute to the security of the on Intelligence of the Senate and the Perma- cision-making and planning within the Part- North Atlantic area; nent Select Committee on Intelligence of the nership; (II) an evaluation of the eligibility of that House of Representatives. (iv) enhancement of the Partnership for country for membership based on the prin- (ii) DATE OF ACCESSION TO THE NORTH AT- Peace promotes the security of the United ciples and criteria identified by NATO and LANTIC TREATY BY POLAND, HUNGARY, AND THE States by strengthening stability and secu- the United States, including the military CZECH REPUBLIC.—The term ‘‘date of acces- rity throughout the North Atlantic area; readiness of that country; sion to the North Atlantic Treaty by Poland,

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00056 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY April 29, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3795 Hungary, and the Czech Republic’’ means the parency, exchange data, increase warhead se- session of the Senate on Wednesday, latest of the following dates: curity, and facilitate weapon dismantle- April 29, 1998, at 10:00 a.m. (I) The date on which Poland accedes to ment. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without the North Atlantic Treaty. (C) CERTIFICATION.—Prior to the deposit of objection, it is so ordered. (II) The date on which Hungary accedes to the instruments of ratification, the Adminis- the North Atlantic Treaty, tration shall certify to the Senate that with SELECT COMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE (III) The date on which the Czech Republic regard to non-strategic nuclear weapons— Mr. SMITH of Oregon. Mr. President, accedes to the North Atlantic Treaty. (i) it is the policy of the United States to I ask unanimous consent that the Se- In section 4, redesignate paragraphs (1) work with the Russian Federation to in- lect Committee on Intelligence be au- through (7) as paragraphs (2) through (8), re- crease transparency, exchange data, increase thorized to meet during the session of spectively. warhead security, and facilitate weapon dis- the Senate on Wednesday, April 29 and In section 4, insert after ‘‘In this resolu- mantlement; and tion:’’ the following new paragraph: (ii) that discussions toward these ends Thursday, April 30, 1998 at 2:30 p.m. to (1) APPROPRIATE CONGRESSIONAL COMMIT- have been initiated with the Russian Federa- hold closed hearings on intelligence TEES.—The term ‘‘appropriate congressional tion. matters. committees’’ means the Committee on For- (D) REPORT.—Not later than 180 days after The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without eign Relations, the Committee on Armed the deposit of the instruments of ratifica- objection, it is so ordered. Services, and the Committee on Appropria- tion, the President shall submit a report to SUBCOMMITTEE ON COMMUNICATIONS tions of the Senate and the Committee on the Senate on the Russian Federation’s non- International Relations, the Committee on strategic nuclear arsenal. This report shall Mr. SMITH of Oregon. Mr. President, National Security, and the Committee on include— I ask unanimous consent that the Com- Appropriations of the House of Representa- (i) current data and estimates regarding munications Subcommittee of the Sen- tives. the current numbers, types, yields, and loca- ate Committee on Commerce, Science, tions of Russia’s non-strategic nuclear weap- and Transportation be authorized to CONRAD (AND BINGAMAN) ons; meet on Wednesday, April 29, 1998, at EXECUTIVE AMENDMENT NO. 2320 (ii) an assessment of the extent of the cur- 10:00 a.m. on Satellite Reform. rent threat of theft, sale, or unauthorized Mr. CONRAD (for himself and Mr. use of such warheads; The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without BINGAMAN) proposed an amendment to (iii) a plan to work with the Russian Fed- objection, it is so ordered. the resolution of ratification for the eration to increase transparency, exchange f treaty (Treaty Doc. No. 105–36) proto- data, increase warhead security, and facili- ADDITIONAL STATEMENTS cols to the North Atlantic Treaty of tate weapon dismantlement; and, (iv) an assessment of the strategic implica- 1949 on the accession of Poland, Hun- tions of the Russian Federation’s non-stra- gary, and the Czech Republic. These tegic arsenal. CONGRATULATING CENTRAL protocols were opened for signature at f FALLS HIGH SCHOOL FOR ITS Brussels on December 16, 1997, and FIRST PLACE FINISH IN THE signed on behalf of the United States of AUTHORITY FOR COMMITTEES TO ‘‘WE THE PEOPLE . . . THE CIT- America and other parties to the North MEET IZEN AND THE CONSTITUTION’’ Atlantic Treaty; as follows: COMMITTEE ON BANKING, HOUSING, AND URBAN STATE COMPETITION At the appropriate place in section 3 of the AFFAIRS ∑ resolution, insert the following: Mr. SMITH of Oregon. Mr. President, Mr. CHAFEE. Mr. President, on May () NON-STRATEGIC NUCLEAR WEAPONS.— I ask unanimous consent that the Com- 2nd, twenty outstanding students from (A) FINDINGS.—The Senate finds that— mittee on Banking, Housing, and Central Falls High School in Rhode Is- (i) the United States Strategic Command land will visit Washington to compete has estimated that the Russian Federation Urban Affairs be authorized to meet in executive session during the session of in the national finals of the ‘‘We The has between 7,000 and 12,000 non-strategic nu- People . . . The Citizen And The Con- clear warheads, weapons that—unlike stra- the Senate on Wednesday, April 29, tegic systems—are not covered by any arms 1998, to conduct a mark-up of S. 1260, stitution’’ program. In fact, this is the control accord; the ‘‘Securities Litigation Uniform second time that the Central Falls (ii) the thousands of tactical nuclear war- Standards Act of 1997,’’ and of the nom- High School team has won the state- heads inside Russia present the greatest ination of Donna Tanoue, of Hawaii, to wide competition! threat of sale or theft of a nuclear weapon in be a member and chairperson of the For those of my colleagues who are the world today; not familiar with it, the ‘‘We The Peo- (iii) with the number of deployed strategic board of directors of the Federal De- posit Insurance Corporation. ple . . . The Citizen And The Constitu- warheads in the Russian and United States tion’’ program is among the most ex- arsenals likely to be reduced to around 2,250 The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without warheads under a START III accord, Russia’s objection, it is so ordered. tensive educational programs in the country focusing on citizenship. The vast superiority in tactical nuclear warheads COMMITTEE ON FINANCE program was developed specifically to becomes a strategic concern; Mr. SMITH of Oregon. Mr. President, (iv) the Commander in Chief of the United ensure that young people understand the Finance Committee requests unani- States Strategic Command has stated that the history and philosophy of the Con- mous consent to conduct a hearing on future nuclear arms control agreements stitution and the Bill of Rights. The Wednesday, April 29, 1988 beginning at should address tactical nuclear weapons; three-day national competition simu- (v) statements from Russian officials that 9:00 a.m. in room 215 Dirksen. lates a congressional hearing in which NATO enlargement would force Russia to The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without students are given the opportunity to rely more heavily on its nuclear arsenal have objection, it is so ordered. caused concern that NATO expansion could demonstrate their knowledge while be an impediment to progress on tactical nu- COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY they evaluate, take, and defend posi- clear arms control; and, Mr. SMITH of Oregon. Mr. President, tions on historical and contemporary (vi) the danger of theft or sale of a tactical I ask unanimous consent that the Com- constitutional issues. nuclear warhead, and the destabilizing stra- mittee on the Judiciary be authorized Administered by the Center for Civic tegic implications of Russia’s enormous lead to meet during the session of the Sen- Education, the ‘‘We The People . . . The in tactical nuclear weapons creates an ur- ate on ’Wednesday, April 29, 1998 at 2:00 Citizen And The Constitution’’ pro- gent need for progress on increasing the se- p.m. in room 215 of the Senate Dirksen curity of Russia’s tactical nuclear arsenal gram provides an excellent opportunity and working toward conclusion of a US-Rus- Office Building to hold a hearing on for students to gain an informed per- sian agreement on tactical nuclear arms in ‘‘Judicial Nominations.’’ spective on the significance of the U.S. Europe. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without Constitution and its place in our his- (B) SENSE OF THE SENATE.—It is the Sense objection, it is so ordered. tory. It is heartwarming to see young of the Senate that— COMMITTEE ON LABOR AND HUMAN RESOURCES Rhode Islanders taking such an active (i) it would be advisable for future nuclear Mr. SMITH of Oregon. Mr. President, and participatory interest in public af- arms control agreements with the Russian Federation to address non-strategic nuclear I ask unanimous consent that the Com- fairs. weapons in Europe; and, mittee on Labor and Human Resources I am very proud of Rodolfo Alvarez, (ii) the Administration should work with be authorized to meet for a hearing on Paula Arango, Viviana Blandon, Liana the Russian Federation to increase trans- Assistive Technology Act during the Breton, Angela Cano, Elizabeth

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00057 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3796 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 29, 1998 Carmona, Jessica Carmona, Nicole special place in our lives and the life of one in Wilmington—has been the man Duguay, Arabella Garzon, Jennifer our city. who makes things happen. He is re- Kelley, Suzanne Krupka, Kathleen As St. Anthony’s Parish begins the sponsible for the building of St. Antho- Lopes, Gina Matuszek, Nicole Mercado, year-long celebration of its seventy- ny’s Grammar School, the Parish Richard Oliveira, Patricia Pina, Shelly fifth year, they have chosen to kick off House and Rectory, the Padua Acad- Rua, Amanda Ryfa, Giovann Restrepo, that celebration Thursday evening, emy, and the Antonian. He was the Melisa Sylvestre, and Melissa Weber April 30, with a dinner and Mass of founder of the community center which for making it to the national finals. I Thanksgiving, in which they will honor now bears his name, and initiated the applaud this terrific group of young three of the pillars of the parish, three St. Anthony’s festival, which has be- men and women for their hard work individuals who have labored long and come one of the premier social events and perseverance. Also, Mr, President, hard over many years to build St. An- for families of all faiths in the Wil- I want to congratulate Bert Brousseau, thony’s into the vital part of commu- mington area. He is a living legend, a fine teacher who deserves so much nity life that it has become; Father known and respected by Delawareans credit for guiding the Central Falls Mario Bugliosi, Brother Michael who have never set foot in his church High School team to the national Rosenello, and Father Roberto but who share his love for our city and finals. Balducelli. its people, and yet for all of his success On Tuesday, April 7th I was pleased Father Mario came to Wilmington in working with the leaders of Dela- to visit the Central Falls winners. I for the first time in 1954, as a teacher ware industry, commerce, and govern- couldn’t resist giving them a sponta- at Salesianum High School, a premier ment, he has never left the working- neous oral quiz. I am happy to report Catholic high school. After spending class community to which he came that they responded to my questions five years at Salesianum and a year at from Italy a half-century ago. Twenty superbly! Congratulations to Mr. a high school in Philadelphia, Father years ago, he was chosen by Delaware’s Brousseau and his students for what Mario returned to Wilmington in 1960 largest newspaper, The News Journal they have already achieved, and best of as an Associate Pastor at St. Antho- as one of ten outstanding Dela- luck in the final competition. These ny’s and, except for a two-year hiatus wareans—and he has been building students, with the guidance of Mr. in his native Italy, has been doing the upon that legacy for two decades since. Brousseau, have learned what our na- Lord’s work among us ever since. His Since his ‘‘retirement’’ in 1988, he has tion is all about and what countless kind, gentle manner and complete de- continued his efforts to develop rec- men and women have fought and died cency—always there with a supportive reational facilities for young people to protect. No matter what the out- word for everyone—has made him the bringing youngsters from the city out come of the contest is, they have each parish’s chief ‘‘Confessor’’—the man into the country to enjoy the outdoors earned the greatest prize of all: Knowl- you go to in times of crisis (spiritual or and share in the spirituality and enjoy- edge.∑ otherwise), at times when you are in ment of God’s natural creations. Those f need of advice and counsel, and at efforts would tax the energy of a dozen times when you simply need someone ST. ANTHONY’S PARISH CELE- people half his age, but for Father Rob- to listen. He personifies the notion ert, it is simply a continuation of his BRATES THE BEGINNING OF ITS that ‘‘to minister’’ need not refer only SEVENTY-FIFTH YEAR IN SERV- tireless energy on behalf of his flock. to great and glorious words from the He is truly one of Delaware’s living ICE TO GOD AND COMMUNITY pulpit, but to a quiet moment over a ∑ treasures. Mr. BIDEN. Mr. President, on a hill cup of coffee, a shared walk along the These three individuals, plus the in the western section of my hometown street, or to a visit to the home of thousands of parishioners and staff who of Wilmington, Delaware, stands St. someone in spiritual need. have worked so hard with them over Anthony’s Roman Catholic Church, a Brother Mike—there are folks in the the years, epitomize the old idea that a beautiful and imposing masterpiece of parish who refer to him as ‘‘Mr. church is a vital part of the commu- architecture and a testimonial to the Padua’’ for his yeoman like work at nity, not just on Sundays, but every power of faith that dominates the sky- the school—also first came to St. An- day in many ways to everyone in the line. Founded in 1924, St. Anthony’s thony’s in 1954 as a Pastoral Assistant community. Their spirit is the spirit Parish has been a major force in the re- and the Director of Youth Ministry. that has sustained St. Anthony’s par- ligious, social, and cultural life in Wil- After a short absence in the 1960’s, he ish for seventy-five years, and hope- mington for four generations. In addi- returned to the parish in 1966 as the Di- fully will sustain the parish and its pation to the magnificent church, the rector of Parish Maintenance, where he rishioners for many years to come. parish has built St. Anthony’s Grade has overseen virtually every aspect of I am honored to have the opportunity School, an elementary school, and life at the school, starting with the to salute that spirit and commend St. Padua Academy, a fine high school for construction of the new school building Anthony’s Parish as they embark upon young women. In addition, there is beginning in 1967. He developed the their seventy-fifth year doing God’s Fournier Hall, a center for the social girls’ athletic programs at the school work in Wilmington.∑ and recreational needs of the commu- and coached basketball himself for f nity; The Antonian—an apartment many years. He has organized and di- complex built to ensure that the neigh- rected many of St. Anthony’s most POISON CONTROL CENTERS borhood’s senior citizens have access to successful social events over the years ∑ Mr. ABRAHAM. Mr. President, I rise quality, affordable housing; and the and decorated the church for all of its today in support of S. 1862, the ‘‘Poison Father Roberto Balducelli Community major feasts and celebrations. And per- Control Center Enhancement and Center, which provides day care for the haps most importantly to the students Awareness Act.’’ I believe this legisla- community’s children and daily activi- at Padua, he has overseen the oper- tion is crucial to our effort to protect ties for their grandparents and great- ations of the school’s cafeteria, ensur- Americans, and American children in grandparents. And every June, St. An- ing that lunch time is both delicious particular, from the tragic effects of thony’s Festival draws tens of thou- and nutritious as well as a time for accidental poisoning, and I commend sands of Delawareans and people from catching up with friends. He is one of my colleague, Senator DEWINE, for his across the country for a week of good those fellows who is always there when leadership on this issue. food, good fun, and a celebration of the parish or the parishioners need a Mr. President, more than 2 million God’s blessings. For three-quarters of a fresh idea, an organizer, or a pair of times a year, poison control centers in century, the good people of St. Antho- hands used to hard work. the United States receive a report of a ny’s Parish—both clergy and parish- For fifty-two years, first as a teacher poisoning. On average that’s almost ioners—have looked to the needs of the and Associate Pastor, then for twenty- 5,500 every day, over 225 every hour, entire community, and joined together nine years as pastor, and for the past and about 4 calls each and every to meet those needs. The entire Great- ten years as the parish’s ‘‘Senior minute. More than 90 percent of these er Wilmington area has benefitted from Statesman’’, Father Roberto poisonings happen in homes in Michi- their efforts. They truly have earned a Balducelli—‘‘Father Robert’’ to every- gan and around the country, and over

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00058 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY April 29, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3797 half of the poisoning victims are chil- gram was developed in the 1930’s, when TRIBUTE TO ROBERT T. STAF- dren under the age of 6. the Upper Midwest was seen as the pri- FORD ON HIS WORK FOR THE The conveniences most of us take for mary reserve for additional supplies of VERMONT RED CROSS granted can be dangerous for our chil- milk. The idea was to encourage the ∑ Mr. JEFFORDS. Mr. President, I rise dren. The household cleaner we use to development of local supplies of fluid today to pay tribute to retired U.S. keep our counters and floors clean, the milk in areas of the country that had Senator Bob T. Stafford. The Central fertilizer that keeps our lawns green, not produced enough to meet local Vermont-New Hampshire Valley Chap- the products we use to keep our yards needs. Six decades ago, the poor condi- ter of the American Red Cross is hon- and homes free of vermin, all can bring tion of the American transportation in- oring Bob with its most prestigious tragedy if they fall into the hands of an frastructure and the lack of portable award at a dinner to be held at the refrigeration technology prevented innocent child. Capitol Plaza Hotel in Montpelier, Upper Midwest producers from shipping People in my own state Michigan are Vermont on May 7, 1998. He will receive fresh fluid milk to other parts of the lucky to have a regional poison control the Chapter’s Volunteer of the Year country. Therefore, the only way to en- center conveniently located in Grand Award, in recognition for his six years sure consumers a fresh local supply of Rapids. There clearly is a need for this of service on the Board of Directors fluid milk was to provide dairy farmers office, which handles approximately and his sterling leadership of the its in those distant regions with a boost in 50,000 calls a year and has taken over capital campaign, ‘‘Building for the milk price large enough to encourage 800,000 calls since opening its doors in 21st Century.’’ local production—that higher price re- 1977. Like other poison control centers, Bob was elected to the Board of Di- ferred to as the Class I differential. Mr. the one in Grand Rapids deals mostly rectors in 1992, and has served on a with accidents involving children President, the system worked well—too well. Wisconsin is no longer this coun- number of committees, including fi- under age 6. nancial development and the executive As the parents of three children, all try’s largest milk producer. This pro- committees, as well as chair of the cap- of them under age 6, my wife Jane and gram has outlived its necessity and is ital campaign committee. He led the I have become deeply disturbed about now working only to shortchange the last committee by identifying and ac- these sky-high poisoning statistics. Be- Upper Midwest, and in particular, Wis- quiring major lead gift pledges for the cause of this concern, we have gotten consin dairy farmers. $1 million campaign, initiated in 1997. involved in an effort to strengthen ex- The Dairy Reform Act of 1998 is very Before joining the Red Cross Chap- isting and future poison control cen- simple. It establishes that the min- ter’s Board, he provided leadership for ters and to set up a 1-800 toll-free hot- imum Class I price differential will be several significant disaster fund-rais- line. We also want to help establish a the same, $1.80/hundredweight, for each ing campaigns, including the effort to national media campaign to make peo- marketing order. As many of you raise funds to support recovery oper- ple aware of the availability of poison know, the price for fluid milk increases ations during the 1992 flood that rav- control resources in their commu- at a rate of approximately 21 cents per aged downtown Montpelier. He was nities. 100 miles from Eau Claire, WI. Fluid also honorary chair of several special That is why I am proud to be cospon- milk prices, as a result, are nearly $3 events to raise funds to support the op- soring the ‘‘Poison Control Center En- higher in Florida than in Wisconsin, erating expenses of the Chapter. hancement and Awareness Act.’’ This more than $2 higher in New England, In addition to these honors, the legislation would: establish a toll-free and more than $1 higher in Texas. This Chapter is hosting the dinner as a cele- number to make sure that all Ameri- bill ensures that the Class I differen- bration and recognition of the long- cans have access to poison control tials will no longer vary according to time service of the state of Vermont. services; implement a nationwide an arbitrary geographic measure—like Bob has served the state of Vermont as media campaign to educate the public the distance from Eau Claire Wis- Attorney General, Lieutenant Gov- and health care providers about poison consin. No longer will the system pe- ernor, Governor, U.S. Representative prevention and to advertise the new, nalize producers in the Upper Midwest and U.S. Senator. His name is now re- nationwide toll-free number; and estab- with an archaic program that outlived vered by college students throughout lish a grant program to help certified its purpose years ago. This legislation the country for his development and poison control centers prevent and pro- identifies one of the most unfair and support of legislation creating student vide treatment recommendations for unjustly punitive provisions in the cur- loans and his leadership in efforts to poisonings. The total amount of grant rent system, and corrects it. There is preserve the environment. His support funds available will be $25 million each no substantive, equitable justification of vocational education is memorial- year from 1999 to 2001. These funds can to support non-uniform Class I dif- ized in his home town of Rutland, be used to supplement other Federal, ferentials in present day policy. where the Stafford Technical Center State, local or private funds. USDA’s Federal Milk Marketing Mr. President, too many of our chil- Order reform proposal is currently serves the needs of hundreds of Rutland dren stumble across dangerous chemi- being considered. It is long past the County students. cals right in their own homes. Too time to set aside regional bickering His name is also affixed to the Robert many of them suffer often tragic con- and address the problems in both op- T. Stafford Disaster Relief Act, which sequences when they unknowingly in- tions presented under the proposed allows various federal agencies to gest these poisons. I believe we should rule. The Dairy Reform Act of 1998 will make preliminary advance prepara- do everything we can to see to it that not adversely affect the modest reform tions in response to disasters before our children do not suffer in this way. of Option 1B as offered by Secretary their official declarations. At very small cost, the ‘‘Poison Con- Glickman. It will take Option 1B a step I am pleased that my friend and trol Center Enhancement and Aware- further and lead the dairy industry former colleague is being recognized ness Act’’ will provide increased access into a more market oriented program. for this longstanding efforts in support to poison control centers and help peo- Also producers will still be able to re- of the community. Bob represents the ceive payment for transportation costs best of Vermont and has set the example who are trying to prevent and treat ∑ poisoning. and over-order premiums. This meas- ple we should all strive to emulate. I urge my colleagues to support this ure would finally bring fairness to an f important legislation.∑ unfair system. With this bill we will APPOINTMENTS BY THE VICE f send a clear message to USDA and to Congress that Upper-Midwest dairy PRESIDENT THE DAIRY REFORM ACT OF 1998 farmers will never stop fighting this The PRESIDING OFFICER. The ∑ Mr. FEINGOLD. Mr. President, today patently unfair federal milk marketing Chair, on behalf of the Vice President, I rise in support of S. 1982, the Dairy order system. After over 60 years of pursuant to 10 U.S.C. 4355(a), appoints Reform Act of 1998, introduced by my struggling under this burden of in- the Senator from Rhode Island (Mr. colleague from Minnesota, Senator equality, Wisconsin’s dairy industry REED), At Large, to the Board of Visi- ROD GRAMS. The Federal Dairy Pro- deserves more; it deserves a fair price.∑ tors of the U.S. Military Academy.

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00059 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3798 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 29, 1998 The PRESIDING OFFICER. The lustrations and shall be in the style, form, the fulfillment of a spiritual yearning Chair, on behalf of the Vice President, manner, and binding as directed by the Joint that had remained unrealized for over pursuant to 10 U.S.C. 6968(a), appoints Committee on Printing after consultation two millennia. the following Senators to the Board of with the Secretary of the Senate. At the conclusion of the conference, (c) NUMBER OF COPIES.—In addition to the Theodor Herzl recorded a prescient Visitors of the U.S. Naval Academy: usual number of copies, there shall be print- The Senator from Maryland (Ms. MI- ed with suitable binding the lesser of— entry in his diary: KULSKI), from the Committee on Appro- (1) 1,000 copies for use of the Senate, to be In Basel, I founded the Jewish state. If I priations, and the Senator from Mary- allocated as determined by the Secretary of were to say this aloud I would meet with land (Mr. SARBANES), At Large. the Senate; or laughter; but in another five years, and cer- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The (2) a number of copies that does not have a tainly in another fifty years, everyone will be convinced of this. Chair, on behalf of the Vice President, total production and printing cost of more pursuant to 10 U.S.C. 9355(a), appoints than $1,200. From the distance of a hundred the following Senators to the Board of SEC. 2. PRINTING OF THE MINUTES OF THE years, I can say we are convinced. DEMOCRATIC CONFERENCE, 1903– Of course, it took fifty years of sac- Visitors of the U.S. Air Force Acad- 1964. rifice—and a world shamed by the Hol- emy: (a) IN GENERAL.—There shall be printed as ocaust—before Herzl’s dream of a Jew- The Senator from South Carolina a Senate document the book entitled ‘‘Min- ish homeland became a reality. But it (Mr. HOLLINGS), from the Committee utes of the Senate Democratic Conference, happened, and tomorrow we celebrate on Appropriations, and the Senator 1903–1964’’, prepared by the Senate Historical fifty years of Israeli independence. from Georgia (Mr. CLELAND), At Large. Office under the supervision of the Secretary of the Senate, with the concurrence of the In that short span of time, Israel has f United States Senate Democratic Con- become the beacon of hope for Jews the AUTHORIZING THE PRINTING OF ference. world over. It has successfully absorbed MINUTES OF PARTY CON- (b) SPECIFICATIONS.—The Senate document wave after wave of immigrants from FERENCES described in subsection (a) shall include il- every corner of the globe. It has built a lustrations and shall be in the style, form, thriving economy larger than the Mr. COATS. Mr. President, I ask manner, and binding as directed by the Joint economies of all its immediate neigh- unanimous consent that the Senate Committee On Printing after consultation bors combined. It is the sole democracy proceed to the immediate consider- with the Secretary of the Senate. in a region where dictatorships and ation of Senate Resolution 219, sub- (c) NUMBER OF COPIES.—In addition to the monarchies are the norm. It excels in mitted earlier today by Senators MACK usual number of copies, there shall be printed with suitable binding the lesser of— science, technology, and culture far and DASCHLE. out of proportion to its small popu- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The (1) 1,000 copies for the use of the Senate, to be allocated as determined by the Secretary lation. clerk will report. of the Senate; or In short, the Jewish people have, The bill clerk read as follows: (2) a number of copies that does not have a after long tribulation, taken their A resolution (S. Res. 219) authorizing the total production and printing cost of more rightful place among nations. And printing of the minutes of the Senate Repub- than $1,200. Israel has become a symbol to all of us. lican and Democratic Party conferences. f The very fact that Israel exists The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there means that Jews will never again be at objection to the immediate consider- THE 50TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE FOUNDING OF ISRAEL someone else’s mercy. They are mas- ation of the resolution? ters of their destiny. Israel is the tan- There being no objection, the Senate Mr. COATS. Mr. President, I ask gible expression of the solemn vow we proceeded to consider the resolution. unanimous consent that the Senate made after the Holocaust—‘‘Never Mr. COATS. Mr. President, I ask proceed to the immediate consider- Again.’’ unanimous consent that the resolution ation of House Joint Resolution 102, Never again will Jews be powerless. be agreed to, that the preamble be which is at the desk. Never again will they have to rely upon agreed to, and that the motion to re- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The the mercy and goodwill of an overlord. consider be laid on the table. clerk will report. Never again will they have to watch The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without The bill clerk read as follows: helplessly as nearly half of their people objection, it is so ordered. A joint resolution (H. J. Res. 102) express- is exterminated. Put simply, Israel The resolution (S. Res. 219) was ing the sense of the Congress on the occasion symbolizes the restoration of Jewish agreed to. of the 50th anniversary of the founding of the independence and dignity. The preamble was agreed to. modern State of Israel and reaffirming the Nearly a quarter century ago as a The resolution (S. Res. 219), with its bonds of friendship and cooperation between junior Senator on the Foreign Rela- the U.S. and Israel. preamble, reads as follows: tions Committee, in my first official S. RES. 219 The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there trip overseas, I made a formative jour- Whereas the Senate Republican and Demo- objection to the immediate consider- ney to Israel. It was just after the Yom cratic Conferences have maintained minutes ation of the joint resolution? Kippur war—a war that vividly brought of their meetings since the earliest years of There being no objection, the Senate home Israel’s vulnerability as well as this century; proceeded to consider the resolution. the absolute necessity of an intimate Whereas the Advisory Committee on the Mr. BIDEN. Mr. President, I would Records of Congress recommends that the U.S.-Israel relationship. portions of those minutes at least 30 years like to recount a little history—a his- The lessons I learned on that journey old be published; and tory I’m sure many are familiar with. have remained with me ever since. In Whereas the minutes of the Senate Party One hundred years ago last August, the the past twenty-five years, I have Conferences offer rich documentation of the first World Zionist Congress convened worked with six different Israeli Prime Senate’s institutional development during in the Swiss city of Basel. Although Ministers and six different American the first two-thirds of the 20th century: Now, the gathering attracted little attention Presidents. I have been twice in the therefore, be it at the time, what transpired then Resolved, majority party in the Senate and I am would forever change the course of now in the minority for the second SECTION 1. PRINTING OF THE MINUTES OF THE REPUBLICAN CONFERENCE, 1911– Jewish history, and indeed world his- time. 1964. tory. But through it all, the United States (a) IN GENERAL.—There shall be printed as What later came to be known as the relationship with Israel has remained a a Senate document the book entitled ‘‘Min- Basel Program stated quite simply constant feature. It transcends indi- utes of the Senate Republican Conference, that the aim of Zionism was ‘‘To create vidual leaders and political parties. It 1911–1964’’, prepared by the Senate Historical for the Jewish people a home in Pal- is not subject to the vagaries of inter- Office under the supervision of the Secretary estine secured by public law.’’ of the Senate, with the concurrence of the national events. The bond between United States Senate Republican Con- With that simple proposition, the Israel and the United States is un- ference. delegates at the first Congress formally breakable. (b) SPECIFICATIONS.—The Senate document set into motion the Jewish national This strategic and moral partnership described in subsection (a) shall include il- liberation movement. It would mean between Israel and the United States

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00060 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY April 29, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3799 has made possible the peace agree- Throughout its existence, Israel has from cultural and religious ties to a ments between Israel and three former faced an array of enemies dedicated to mutual belief in the power of democ- adversaries. its destruction. It has been forced to racy to the assurance of a peaceful, As Israel’s enemies have seen that fight six wars, battle against countless prosperous future. they cannot drive a wedge between our terrorist acts, survive economically in Each time I have visited Israel, I two countries, so they have come to the face of widespread economic boy- have been impressed with the hope for recognize slowly but surely that Israel cotts, and make its way in the world the future expressed by her people. is here to stay. despite international criticism against This hope exists despite the challenges I know that I speak for many of my it. Israel has faced from the moment of its colleagues when I say that the Amer- This resolution commemorates not creation. In many ways, I believe these ican commitment to Israel over the only Israel’s ability to survive these challenges have helped the Israeli peo- next 50 years will be just as reliable as odds, but also its ability to thrive and ple create a society that serves as an it has been in Israel’s first 50 years. prosper in the face of these constraints example to all nations. I urge my colleagues to support this and to maintain its adherence to de- It is a society based on democracy. In joint resolution and I yield the floor. mocracy and the rule of law. Israel a region where the seeds of democracy Mr. DASCHLE. Mr. President, I am today is a dynamic, vibrant society have not fully taken root, Israel has a very pleased to join with Senator LOTT committed to the same values and vibrant democracy with strong public in sponsoring this resolution honoring principles as the United States. participation. It is a prosperous soci- the 50th anniversary of Israel’s found- Another important reason we are of- ety. Despite a wide variety of economic ing. fering this resolution is to reiterate I had the privilege of speaking last challenges, Israel’s economy has grown the strength of the partnership be- week at the U.S. Holocaust Memorial to the point where per capita income tween the U.S. and Israel—a partner- Founders Reunion in Washington. In rivals that of most Western nations. my remarks, I quoted from one of the ship based on shared values, interests Finally, it is a society based on oppor- sages of the Torah, who told us more and goals. Israel is a trusted ally and tunity. Like our own country, Israel is than 200 years ago that God could have an important strategic partner. a nation of immigrants. It is a nation I would like to make the resolution’s created plants that would grow into that has gathered people from around loaves of bread. Instead, He created four resolved clauses part of my state- the world with the promise of political wheat for us to grow and mill and ment offering my best wishes to Israel and religious freedom. transform into bread. on this important occasion. Today, Israel continues to face chal- Why? The measure resolves that the United lenges as it prepares to move into the Because He wanted us to be able to States recognizes the historic signifi- 21st Century. As the people of Israel take part in the miracle of creation. cance of the fiftieth anniversary of the seek to achieve economic independ- And, just as the founders of the Holo- re-establishment of the sovereign and ence, ensure their security, and create caust Museum can take pride in their independent modern State of Israel. a lasting peace with their neighbors, contribution to the creation of that It commends the people of Israel for they do so with the assurance of the memorial, so too can Israelis take their remarkable achievements in continued strong relationship with the great pride in their contributions to building a new state and a pluralistic United States. the creation of the modern State of democratic society in the Middle East Mr. President, the words Prime Min- Israel. in the face of terrorism, hostility and ister David Ben-Gurion delivered in his In my remarks to the Holocaust Mu- belligerence by many of her neighbors. address to a new nation still ring true seum founders, I also cited Elie It reaffirms the bonds of friendship today: Wiesel’s view that: ‘‘Survivors are un- and cooperation which have existed be- Whatever we have achieved is the result of derstood by survivors only. They speak tween the United States and Israel for the efforts of earlier generations no less than in code. All outsiders could do was the past half-century and which have our own. It is also the result of unwavering come close to the gates.’’ been significant for both countries. fidelity to our precious heritage, the herit- That is what the Holocaust Memorial And it extends the warmest con- age of a small nation that has suffered much, Museum allows us to do: to come close gratulations and best wishes to the but at the same time has won for itself a spe- to the gates; to see; to grieve; and, fi- State of Israel and her people for a cial place in the history of mankind because of its spirit, faith, and vision. nally, to learn, so that we can pass the peaceful and prosperous and successful knowledge on, from generation to gen- future. Mr. President, again, I offer my con- eration, about what can happen when Mr. President, I urge all Senators to gratulations to the people of Israel on intolerance and hatred are allowed to join me in sending our congratulations this 50th Anniversary. We share with spread unchecked. to Israel on this noteworthy day. them the bond of democracy and the One of the greatest benefits of the Mr. KERREY. Mr. President, I rise hope of a peaceful and prosperous fu- Holocaust Museum is that it helps its today to offer my congratulations on ture. millions of visitors understand why the upcoming 50th Anniversary of the Mr. COATS. Mr. President, I ask there must be an Israel. The Holocaust founding of the state of Israel. unanimous consent that the joint reso- Museum is evidence of the fact that Throughout Israel and the United lution be considered as read a third out of the unspeakable horror of the States, people will gather together to time and passed, the motion to recon- Holocaust has come the miracle of the commemorate this anniversary, to re- sider be laid upon the table, and that creation of the State of Israel to pro- flect upon the accomplishments of the any statements relating to the resolu- vide a homeland for Jews around the Israeli people, and to look forward to tion appear at this point in the world. Out of this tragedy has come the the new millennium. RECORD. modern-day State of Israel, the 20th Not unlike the founding of our own The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without century version of the 3,000-year old nation, a small group of leaders gath- objection, it is so ordered. historic Kingdom of Israel. ered in the Tel Aviv Museum at 4:00 on The preamble was agreed to. We are introducing this resolution May 14, 1948 to realize a dream by for- The joint resolution (H.J. Res. 102) today to celebrate and commemorate mally declaring the creation of the was passed. the 50th anniversary of Israel’s found- state of Israel. Few Americans may be f ing and to offer the Senate’s congratu- aware that within 11 minutes of that lations on reaching this important declaration, President Harry Truman ORDERS FOR THURSDAY, APRIL landmark. had taken the necessary steps to offer 30, 1998 Mr. President, fifty years is not con- formal diplomatic recognition to this Mr. COATS. Mr. President, I ask sidered long relative to the lifespan of new nation, making the United States unanimous consent that when the Sen- an England, a China or an India. In the the first nation to recognize Israel as a ate completes its business today, it case of Israel, however, it is an eter- sovereign state. From that point, the stand in adjournment until 11 a.m. on nity when we factor in the obstacles it United States and Israel cemented a Thursday, April 30. I further ask that has faced during these fifty years. friendship based on our common bonds: on Thursday, immediately following

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00061 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3800 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 29, 1998 the prayer, the routine requests ORDER FOR ADJOURNMENT warnings to us not to proceed. I re- through the morning hour be granted Mr. COATS. Mr. President, if there is cently met—with a group of Senators and the Senate then resume consider- no further business to come before the and Members of the House of Rep- ation of the Craig amendment num- Senate, I now ask that the Senate resentatives—with Alexi Arbatov, who bered 2316 to the NATO enlargement stand in adjournment under the pre- is deputy chairman of the Duma’s de- treatment. vious order, following the remarks of fense committee. He told us, ‘‘If you The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without Senator CONRAD. proceed with NATO enlargement, you objection, it is so ordered. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without are handing a powerful issue to the Mr. COATS. Mr. President, I further objection, it is so ordered. radicals in Russia. You are energizing ask that the time following the prayer The Senator from North Dakota. the extreme nationalists in Russia, and until 12 noon be equally divided for de- Mr. CONRAD. I thank the Chair. I you are weakening the forces for debate on the Craig amendment; further, thank my colleague from Indiana as mocracy.’’ that at 12 noon the Craig amendment well. Mr. President, we should not lightly be temporarily set aside and the votes f dismiss the warnings of committed on or in relation to the amendment fol- democrats in Russia like Alexi Arbatov low the two stacked rollcall votes pre- EXECUTIVE SESSION and others who have given us similar viously ordered to occur at approxi- warnings. I think it says a great deal mately 3 p.m. PROTOCOLS TO THE NORTH AT- that the primary architects of Amer- The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without LANTIC TREATY OF 1949 ON AC- ican strategy during the cold war, objection, it is so ordered. CESSION OF POLAND, HUNGARY, George Kennan and Paul Nitze, have f AND THE CZECH REPUBLIC cautioned the Senate against ratification and NATO expansion. PROGRAM The Senate continued with the con- Nearly 50 years ago, as successive sideration of the treaty. Mr. COATS. Mr. President, for the in- heads of the State Department’s policy formation of all Senators, tomorrow Mr. CONRAD. Mr. President, I rise in opposition to the resolution of ratifica- planning staff during the Truman Ad- morning at 11 a.m. the Senate will re- ministration, Kennan and Nitze under- sume consideration of the Craig tion for NATO enlargement. In my view, there are four questions stood that containment of the Soviet amendment numbered 2316 to the that must be answered in the affirma- Union was critically important to the NATO enlargement treaty. tive in order to support NATO expan- free world. Today, they have told us Under the previous order, at noon sion. that NATO expansion is a mistake. Senator MOYNIHAN will be recognized No. 1, are the risks to relations with I believe the stakes are very high. to offer an amendment under a 1-hour Russia and arms control acceptable? Remilitarization in Russia is a serious time agreement. No. 2, are we sure what NATO expan- threat. Avoiding this outcome should Following the debate on the Moy- sion will cost and who will pay for it? be our priority, not enlarging NATO. nihan amendment, Senator WARNER No. 3, has a compelling argument The first casualty of our expansion of will be recognized to offer an amend- been made as to why expansion is nec- NATO may very well be progress on ment under a 2-hour time agreement. essary? arms control. I know that many of my Following the debate on the Warner No. 4, are we certain that enlarge- colleagues do not like to be in a posi- amendment, at approximately 3 p.m., ment will not have perverse con- tion where it seems the Senate’s deci- at the conclusion of that debate, the sequences, fostering instability in sions about foreign policy are depend- Senate will proceed to three stacked Eastern Europe and perpetuating the ent on reaction in Russia. It smacks of rollcall votes. danger from Russia’s tactical nuclear blackmail. The problem with this The first vote will be on or in rela- arsenal? thinking is that it assumes that some- tion to the Moynihan amendment, fol- I am convinced, after thorough re- thing we need is being held hostage. lowed by a vote on or in relation to the view, that the answers to these ques- As I have discussed, there simply is Warner amendment, followed then by a tions are all no. no compelling argument for why we vote on or in relation to the Craig I start with the observation of Mr. must expand NATO. Therefore, to risk amendment. George Kennan, perhaps the foremost relations with Russia and arms control As a reminder, a unanimous consent observer of U.S.-Russian relations. Mr. are not acceptable. The Duma’s expedi- agreement was reached which limits Kennan, who was, after all, the archi- tious ratification of START II should the amendments to the NATO treaty. tect of the containment policy that be our priority. In pursuing our na- It is hoped that any Senator still in- proved so effective, said in a Newsday tional interest we are in no way giving tending to offer an amendment under editorial on March 15 that, ‘‘Expanding in to Russian blackmail. the consent agreement will do so early NATO would be the most fateful error I might add it is not just a question tomorrow to allow the Senate to com- of American policy in the entire post- of START II ratification, but it is also plete action on this important docu- world war era.’’ clearly in our national interest to ment by early tomorrow evening. Mr. President and colleagues, let me make a priority of reducing the threat Also, if available, the Senate may repeat. George Kennan, the architect of from the tactical nuclear weapons that consider the conference report to ac- containment, said as recently as March are in the Russian arsenal. company the supplemental appropria- 15 that, ‘‘Expanding NATO would be By rejecting NATO enlargement, we tions bill. the most fateful error of American pol- would simply be choosing not to em- Therefore, Senators should expect icy in the entire post-world war era.’’ bark on a dangerous and unjustified rollcall votes throughout the Thursday That is a pretty serious statement by course of enlarging NATO and would session of the Senate. someone who has great credibility avoid making a terrible mistake in the Mr. President, that is an ambitious based on his record. He is not alone in course of U.S.-Russian relations. schedule. Senators are urged to be that assessment. Former Senator The second point I think needs to be timely. Senators are urged, those who Nunn, who enjoyed enormous respect made is that NATO enlargement brings may have additional amendments to on both sides of the aisle in this Cham- unknown costs. The case for enlarge- the NATO enlargement treaty, to make ber, has discussed a dangerous con- ment becomes increasingly suspect those amendments known to leader- tradiction at the center of the argu- when we look at questions related to ship, and hopefully reasonable time re- ment for expansion, saying that while the costs and who will bear them. quests can be entered into. A number enlargement is intended to protect I direct the attention of my col- of Senators are making very important former Soviet satellites, nothing else is leagues to a chart on the various esti- official business commitments for the as likely to remilitarize Russia and en- mates that have been issued with re- weakend, and the more definite the danger those very countries as NATO spect to the cost of NATO enlargement. plans can be about the schedule tomor- enlargement. The Congressional Budget Office issued row, the more expeditiously those com- Senator Nunn is not alone. We are an estimate of $21 billion to $125 bil- mitments can be undertaken. hearing from leaders in Russia their lion. The Rand Corporation said the

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00062 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY April 29, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3801 cost would be $10 billion to $110 billion. Mr. President, concern about possible sive alliance, but why are they putting The first Clinton administration esti- instability in Eastern Europe does not tanks on our border? We don’t know mate was $27 billion to $35 billion. justify expansion of NATO. NATO is what the long-term intentions of NATO NATO itself has put a price tag of $1.5 not the only vehicle for stability in Eu- are,’’ they will argue, ‘‘but we do know billion on expansion. And the second rope. Other options that deserve review NATO’s capability—and that capability Clinton administration estimate was include expansion of the European is to put tanks on our border.’’ $1.5 billion. Union, or reworking the Partnership How will that be used politically in You talk about a wide-ranging esti- for Peace or the Organization for Secu- Russia? How will that be used in a mate. We have anywhere from $1.5 bil- rity and Cooperation in Europe. Expan- post-Yeltsin era? Will it strengthen the lion to $125 billion. I do not know sion of a military alliance is not our hardliners and those who argue for re- where the truth lies. I am a member of only option. In fact, it appears to this militarization? Or will it strengthen the Budget Committee, as is the distin- Senator that it is the worst option. I the forces for democracy and a market guished occupant of the Chair. I think think the New York Times put it very economy? I do not think it takes any it is fair to say that none of us has a well when it stated in a recent edi- great analysis to figure out the result truly credible estimate with respect to torial: ‘‘There is simply no compelling in Russia or how it will be used politi- the cost of NATO enlargement. security justification for NATO en- cally. Those in Russia who argue for This takes me to another key ques- largement.’’ democracy, who argue for arms control tion. Who is going to pay this tab? I Fourth point: NATO expansion may and arms reductions, who argue for a think all of us know these estimates have perverse consequences, increasing market economy, they are warning us are probably far off the mark. They instability in Eastern Europe and per- that we are weakening them, and that probably understate in a very serious petuating the danger from Russia’s we are strengthening the forces for re- way the potential costs of NATO en- tactical nuclear arsenal. The impact of militarization. largement. expansion on Eastern Europe and pro- Mr. President, I also believe NATO The third main point that must be liferation are perhaps the least studied enlargement could perpetuate the dan- made with regard to NATO enlarge- of all aspects of this issue. But these ger from Russia’s tactical nuclear arse- ment is that no compelling argument are some of the most important con- nal. According to General Habiger, the for expansion has been made. What is cerns. After all, stability in Eastern Commander of U.S. Strategic Com- the military threat that we are en- Europe and the safety of our country is mand, Russia has 7,000 to 12,000 tactical countering? After all, NATO is a mili- why we are debating NATO enlarge- nuclear weapons. That bears repeating: tary alliance. What threat are we de- ment on the Senate floor tonight. Russia has 7,000 to 12,000 tactical nu- fending against by expanding NATO? I I am very concerned that NATO en- clear weapons. The United States see no immediate Russian threat to the largement could actually increase the today has approximately 1,600. What is Czech Republic, Hungary, or Poland. danger in Eastern Europe. As former going to happen with Russia’s tactical We must remember that article V of Senator Nunn has indicated, expansion nuclear stockpile if NATO expansion the North Atlantic Charter states could create the very danger from Rus- goes forward? What will Russia’s deci- clearly that an attack on any one sia that it is intended to prevent. Ex- sionmaking be about their huge advan- member nation is to be considered an panding NATO to foster stability could tage in tactical nuclear weapons? attack on all. The test for extension of have the perverse result of increasing I am concerned that NATO expansion such a guarantee ought to be simple the danger to the former Soviet sat- will hurt the prospect of an agreement and clear. We must be convinced that ellites that we decide not to include. on tactical nuclear arms because it the safety of the American people is di- By not including some countries while will increase Russia’s reliance on those rectly tied to the security of the coun- welcoming others, Russia might well very weapons. Russia already sees try in question, and therefore we must conclude that some countries in East- itself conventionally outmatched by defend that country as we would our ern Europe are less important to us NATO. It has abandoned its nuclear own. That must be the test. than others, and therefore easier to in- policy of no first use. NATO enlarge- Clearly, Western Europe’s freedom timidate. Let us not draw new lines in ment will simply increase their insecu- from Soviet domination was central to Eastern Europe without serious rity, making them less willing to part the survival of our country and of the thought about their consequences. with their tactical nuclear weapons. free world. Article V deterred Moscow NATO expansion may additionally This will mean it will be harder to re- by sending an unmistakable message drive remilitarization and arms build- duce the threat of theft, sale, or unau- that a Soviet move against Bonn, West ups. We are asking Poland, Hungary thorized use of these weapons. Germany, would have been resisted as and the Czech Republic to significantly I will be addressing this issue with an would an attack on Bismarck, North increase their defense budgets. How amendment. But first, let me conclude Dakota. But nearly 10 years after the can we expect their neighbors to re- on the question of NATO enlargement. fall of the Berlin Wall, the Russian spond? How can we expect Russia to re- Mr. President, NATO expansion fails army weakened and greatly reduced, spond? Just as the Russian extreme na- on the four tests that I outlined at the and warning times dramatically ex- tionalists are predicting, it would ap- outset of my remarks, leading me to panded, I fail to understand why it is pear that NATO expansion would have the following conclusions. First, the immediately imperative that we pro- the effect of tipping the conventional risks to relations with Russia and arms vide that same guarantee to Budapest, balance in Europe even further against control are unacceptable. Second, we Hungary. Russia. are not certain what NATO expansion Mr. President, what is our national This is what the Russian forces for will cost or who will pay for it. Third, interest? That is the question before democracy are warning us against. there is no compelling argument for this body. I believe the overarching pri- They are saying: ‘‘Don’t you under- why expanding NATO is necessary, es- ority is to further reduce nuclear weap- stand that if you proceed with NATO pecially when there are other alter- ons that are in the Russian arsenal. enlargement, those who are the most natives. And, fourth, there is ample And the question before the Senate is radical elements in Russia, those who reason to conclude that enlargement whether NATO enlargement will slow are the extreme nationalists, will seize will have perverse consequences, in- down the progress towards arms con- on this and they will look to the capa- creasing instability in Eastern Europe trol or will speed it up. bility of this expanded military alli- and perpetuating the danger from the I don’t think there is any question ance and they will say the capability of Russian tactical nuclear arsenal. that there exists in expanding NATO a NATO is to put tanks on our border?’’ Fortunately, it is not too late. Col- clear risk to this true priority. The We will answer, in the United States: umnist Jim Hoagland in a column in overwhelming likelihood is that the ‘‘But NATO is not an offensive military the Washington Post last month said: U.S. vital interest, which is in reducing alliance; it is defensive in nature.’’ ‘‘The Senate needs an extended debate, the threat from the Russian nuclear ar- And those who are the extreme na- not an immediate vote.’’ senal, will be harmed. Expanding tionalists and the radicals in Russia Jim Hoagland has it right. We do NATO is not in our interest. will respond: ‘‘NATO says it is a defen- need an extended debate. There should

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00063 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3802 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 29, 1998 not be a rush to judgment. There are Unfortunately, there have been no The lack of a treaty means we have serious questions that should be an- arms control treaties on tactical nu- no guarantee that Russia’s numbers swered. clear weapons. will come down. The 7,000 to 12,000 tac- The Senate, in my judgment, should Mr. President, this chart dem- tical nuclear warheads inside Russia not give in to the Cold War argument onstrates the record on arms control. present the greatest threat of theft or about American credibility being on On conventional forces, the red bar sale of nuclear warheads in the world the line. How many times have we seen shows eastern forces, which during the today. These constitute the greatest that argument called up in this Cham- Cold War were part of the Warsaw so-called ‘‘loose nuke’’ threat. We have ber? When the arguments are weak on Pact. The blue bar shows NATO forces. reason to believe that the danger with behalf of a decision that is already We can see on conventional forces those tactical warheads is greater than moving forward, we have colleagues sharp reductions in the treaty limited with strategic warheads because tac- who rush to the floor and say, ‘‘Oh, it equipment of both the old Warsaw Pact tical weapons are not subject to the might not be such a good idea, but and NATO. The same is true under the START accords. They are largely in America’s credibility is on the line. START accords—dramatic reductions storage, not deployed on missiles, Our President has made this commit- on both sides in strategic systems. bombers, and submarines where they ment, and therefore we must go along But on tactical forces there has been are likely to be better protected. to maintain American credibility.’’ no treaty. We don’t know with any pre- A recent story in the Jerusalem Post I remember that argument being cision what has happened in the former indicated that Iran may have been able made in the Vietnam era. It wasn’t a Soviet Union. We don’t know what to purchase up to four former Soviet good argument then, and it is not a their inventory is. nuclear warheads earlier this decade. good argument now. In 1991 the United States had more This report highlights an important The better course, rather than mov- than 3,500 tactical weapons in Europe. danger. Terrorist use of one of these ing to expand NATO, is to tell the ad- The U.S.S.R. is estimated to have had weapons would be devastating. A nu- ministration we should, first, inves- around 15,000. In 1991, Presidents Bush clear blast would make the Oklahoma tigate alternatives to NATO enlarge- and Gorbachev unilaterally pledged to City fertilizer bomb look like a fire- ment, such as expansion of the Euro- withdraw most tactical nuclear weap- cracker. Today, many tactical nuclear pean Union. Second, we should have a ons from Europe and begin dismantle- warheads have yields that dwarf the new round of hearings when the results ment. device that destroyed Hiroshima in Since that time, this country has of the studies that are required by this 1945. withdrawn all but around 400 tactical resolution are available. That, after Mr. President, this chart tells us nuclear weapons from Europe, and dis- all, was the recommendation of former something about terrorist use of a tac- mantled all but about 1,600 of our tac- Senators Sam Nunn and Howard Baker. tical nuclear warhead. It tells us how tical nuclear weapons in total. And third, we ought to pursue arms devastating it would be. The fertilizer control as our top priority. The story on the Russian side has been very different. With the collapse bomb detonated in Oklahoma City two As Professor Michael Mandelbaum of years ago had a destructive yield in the Johns Hopkins University has advised of the Soviet empire and a 70 percent range of two one-thousandths of a kil- us: NATO expansion is at best a dis- reduction in military spending, weapon oton. The so-called ‘‘fat man’’ atomic traction from, and at worst a hin- dismantlement has slowed to a crawl. bomb that was dropped on Hiroshima, drance to, making progress on these All former Soviet tactical nuclear 13 kilotons. Smaller tactical weapons issues. weapons have been withdrawn to Rus- Mr. President, I believe we ought to sia and placed in storage, but today we of today can be in the range of 10 kilo- take Professor Mandelbaum’s sound ad- don’t know how many of those weapons tons. Some tactical nuclear weapons vice. Before we rush headlong into ex- Russia has. have been reported to be as small as a panding NATO, we ought to think care- The excellent Nunn-Lugar Program suitcase. Some larger tactical nuclear fully about what is truly in our coun- has helped the Russians round up and weapons can have a yield of more than try’s interests. account for many of these weapons. 300 kilotons. And remember—Russia has 7,000 to 12,000 tactical nuclear war- EXECUTIVE AMENDMENT NO. 2320 The fact is, however, we don’t know (Purpose: To encourage progress on reducing how many they retain. heads, devices that are not included in the threat posed by Russia’s non-strategic That arsenal of tactical nuclear any arms control regime. We don’t nuclear arsenal) weapons is clearly a threat. Because have an accounting. We don’t have the Mr. CONRAD. Mr. President, on a re- there is not any arms control regime accountability that comes with a for- lated matter, I would like to at this covering tactical nuclear weapons, we mal inspection regime. point lay down my amendment, as pro- are not allowed to inspect, to assess The threat from Russia’s tactical nu- vided for in the unanimous consent the security of those tactical warheads, clear arsenal is where we ought to be agreement. and determine their number. directing our attention. This is what Mr. President, as I have considered Let’s go to the second chart to high- ought to be our top priority. We endan- NATO enlargement, it seems to me to light this point. ger progress by moving to enlarge be clear we need to put the Senate on In 1991, it is estimated that the NATO at this time. record during the NATO debate sup- U.S.S.R. had 15,000 tactical nuclear The other threat is one that has been porting cooperative efforts with the weapons—15,000. We had in the range of highlighted by the United States Stra- Russians to reduce the threat from 3,500 deployed in Europe. Today, we tegic Command. Strategic warhead lev- Russia’s tactical nuclear arsenal. have just over 400 in Europe. But the els would likely decline to around 2,250 At the outset, allow me to emphasize Russians retain, according to the head under a START III accord. An 8-to-1 that recent years have seen important of the U.S. Strategic Command, Gen- Russian advantage in tactical war- progress on arms control. Reduced ten- eral Habiger, 7,000 to 12,000 tactical nu- heads becomes a major strategic con- sions with Moscow have allowed impor- clear weapons. And yet, arms control cern in this environment. Let me di- tant treaties to be negotiated that agreements do not cover this category rect the Senate’s attention to this have made the world a far safer place. of weapons. chart. One of the great successes has been the On strategic systems, we have come The strategic breakout danger has Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces down on both sides, and have come been referenced by some of our top Treaty. That agreement has eliminated down sharply. The same is true with military leaders. The United States, an entire class of nuclear weapons, in- regard to conventional forces in Eu- under a START III accord, would likely cluding the Pershing missiles that this rope. But regarding tactical nuclear have 2,250 deployed strategic nuclear body debated so intensely. The Conven- weapons, there is an enormous dis- warheads. Russia would presumably tional Forces in Europe treaty has parity. Russia has in the range of 7,000 have the same number. But look what markedly reduced tanks and artillery to 12,000 tactical nuclear weapons. We happens on the tactical side. With tac- and armored vehicles in Europe. Two are down in the range of 400 tactical tical nuclear weapons, our arsenal START accords have been negotiated, warheads in Europe, and approximately would stand at around 1,500. Russia deeply cutting strategic nuclear forces. 1,600 in all. could still be at 7,000 to 12,000 tactical

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00064 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY April 29, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3803 warheads, an enormous disparity. And Briefly, my amendment expresses the The PRESIDING OFFICER. The that leads to a concern about strategic sense of the Senate that it would be ad- clerk will report the amendment. instability. visable for future nuclear arms control The assistant legislative clerk read This is especially true in light of the agreements with the Russian Federa- as follows: fact that the distinction between tac- tion to address tactical nuclear weap- The Senator from North Dakota [Mr. CON- tical and strategic weapons has been ons in Europe. RAD], for himself and Mr. BINGAMAN, proposes disappearing. During the early years of And second, the administration an executive amendment numbered 2320. the Cold War, large nuclear weapons should work with the Russian Federa- Mr. CONRAD. Mr. President, I ask with yields in the tens of megatons tion to increase transparency, ex- unanimous consent that reading of the were needed. At that time, our ICBMs change data, increase warhead security amendment be dispensed with. and other delivery systems were inac- and facilitate weapons dismantlement. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without curate enough that a massive bomb My amendment contains a simple but objection, it is so ordered. was needed to destroy a target. But as important certification. Prior to de- The amendment is as follows: the accuracy of missiles increased, posit of the instruments of ratification, At the appropriate place in section 3 of the many large multimegaton bombs were the administration shall certify to the resolution, insert the following: replaced with strategic weapons with Senate that, one, with regard to tac- () NON-STRATEGIC NUCLEAR WEAPONS— much smaller yields. Today, for exam- tical nuclear weapons it is the policy of (A) FINDINGS.—The Senate finds that ple, the warheads on the MX—or Peace- the United States to work with the (i) the United States Strategic Command keeper—have a yield of 350 kilotons. Russian Federation to increase trans- has estimated that the Russian Federation As the next chart notes, this is in the parency, exchange data, increase war- has between 7,000 and 12,000 non-strategic nu- range of many tactical nuclear weap- head security and facilitate weapons clear warheads, weapons that—unlike stra- ons today. dismantlement; and that two, discus- tegic systems—are not covered by any arms During the cold war, many strategic control accord; sions toward this end are underway (ii) the thousands of tactical nuclear war- weapons were in the range of 500 kilo- with the Russian Federation. tons to 10 megatons. Today, tactical heads inside Russia present the greatest The administration should be able to threat of sale or theft of a nuclear weapon in weapons can range from 10 kilotons to meet this certification with little dif- the world today; around 400 kilotons or more. Many of ficulty based on current staff level dis- (iii) with the number of deployed strategic today’s strategic weapons are in the cussions. Nevertheless, this provision warheads in the Russian and United States range of 300 kilotons to 1 megaton. puts the Senate on record and the ad- arsenals likely to be reduced to around 2,250 So the difference in yield between ministration on notice that the Senate warheads under a START III accord, Russia’s strategic systems and tactical nuclear vast superiority in tactical nuclear warheads is interested and concerned. systems has been altered dramatically becomes a strategic concern; Finally, my amendment requires a over time. There is much less of a dis- (iv) the Commander in Chief of the United report within 180 days after deposit of tinction between the yield of strategic States Strategic Command has stated that the instruments of ratification on the warheads and tactical warheads than future nuclear arms control agreements status of the Russian tactical nuclear should address tactical nuclear weapons; in the past. (v) statements from Russian officials that The implication is clear and dis- arsenal, the threats associated with it, and plans to continue to work coopera- NATO enlargement would force Russia to turbing. The 7,000 to 12,000 tactical rely more heavily on its nuclear arsenal have warheads that General Habiger has tively with the Russian Federation on increasing transparency, exchanging caused concern that NATO expansion could said the Russians could have are tak- be an impediment to progress on tactical nu- ing on a strategic relevance. I think data, increasing warhead security and clear arms control; and, my colleagues would agree that a mas- facilitating weapons dismantlement. (vi) the danger of theft or sale of a tactical sive Russian superiority could be de- These, Mr. President, ought to be our nuclear warhead, and the destabilizing stra- stabilizing. clear goals. tegic implications of Russia’s enormous lead My amendment would send a clear I also believe this amendment is in tactical nuclear weapons creates an ur- signal of Senate support for progress timely and we need this statement gent need for progress on increasing the se- now. curity of Russia’s tactical nuclear arsenal on reducing the threat from Russia’s and working toward conclusion of a US-Rus- tactical nuclear arsenal. It supports As Senator MOYNIHAN has discussed, Russian officials have said that in the sian agreement on tactical nuclear arms in the recommendation of General Europe. face of an expanding NATO and dwin- Habiger, the general charged with (B) SENSE OF THE SENATE.—It is the Sense America’s nuclear security, that future dling Russian conventional forces, they of the Senate that arms control initiatives should include will have to place greater reliance on (i) it would be advisable for future nuclear tactical warheads. nuclear weapons. That is a valid con- arms control agreements with the Russian Let’s listen to America’s nuclear cern. Rushing to enlarge NATO could Federation to address non-strategic nuclear commander. He says: ‘‘The Russians reduce Russia’s willingness to cooper- weapons in Europe; and, have anywhere from 7,000 to more than ate on tactical nuclear arms. NATO ex- (ii) the Administration should work with pansion could perpetuate the risk of the Russian Federation to increase trans- 12,000 of these nonstrategic nuclear parency, exchange data, increase warhead se- weapons, and we need to bring them sale or theft of a ‘‘loose nuke’’ and curity, and facilitate weapon dismantle- into the equation.’’ This from General Russia’s massive lead over the United ment. Eugene Habiger, Commander of the States in tactical warheads. (C) CERTIFICATION.—Prior to the deposit of U.S. Strategic Command. Even if the Senate approves NATO the instruments of ratification, the Adminis- My amendment is simple and de- enlargement, we need to keep our eye tration shall certify to the Senate that with serves the support of every Senator. Its on the ball. That ball is arms control. regard to non-strategic nuclear weapons purpose is to put the Senate on record My amendment sends a clear and com- (i) it is the policy of the United States to in the context of the NATO debate as pelling signal to Moscow that we want work with the Russian Federation to in- being concerned about the danger of to continue to work with them to re- crease transparency, exchange data, increase warhead security, and facilitate weapon dis- ‘‘loose nukes.’’ The strategic implica- duce the threat in this area. mantlement; and, tions of Russia’s arsenal are also criti- Mr. President, I believe there is noth- (ii) that discussions toward these ends cally important. We should continue to ing in this amendment that is a hazard have been initiated with the Russian Federa- work cooperatively with the Russians to NATO enlargement. Although I per- tion. to reduce this threat. I believe the dan- sonally oppose enlargement, I believe (D) REPORT.—Not later than 180 days after gers in this area require an increased it would be a serious mistake for the the deposit of the instruments of ratifica- emphasis if we are to be serious about Senate not to pass this amendment. I tion, the President shall submit a report to arms control. believe it should be approved. the Senate on the Russian Federation’s non- I am pleased to be joined by Senator Mr. President, I thank the Chair and strategic nuclear arsenal. This report shall include BINGAMAN, the ranking member on the I thank the staff for their patience. I (i) current data and estimates regarding Strategic Forces Subcommittee of the thank my colleagues for this oppor- the current numbers, types, yields, and loca- Armed Services Committee, in offering tunity, and I hope they will support tions of Russia’s nonstrategic nuclear weap- this amendment. this amendment. ons;

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00065 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S3804 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 29, 1998 (ii) an assessment of the extent of the cur- MICHAEL K. BAYLES, 0000 ANTONIO F. REYES, 0000 STEPHEN G. BEARDSLEY III, 0000 JAMES S. RICE, 0000 rent threat of theft, sale, or unauthorized EDWARD B. BERNARD, 0000 SALLY ROBERTSON, 0000 use of such warheads; JOHN A. BIRRER, 0000 FRANKLIN D. ROWLAND, JR., 0000 (iii) a plan to work with the Russian Fed- DOUGLAS A. BOOM, 0000 RODGER J. RUDOLPH, 0000 CYNTHIA F. BROWN, 0000 *MICHAEL L. RUSSELL, 0000 eration to increase transparency, exchange MARK R. BRUINS, 0000 PAULA J. RUTAN, 0000 data, increase warhead security, and facili- SCOTT A. BURGESS, 0000 DIANA L. RUZICKA, 0000 tate weapon dismantlement; and, JOYCE W. BURNS, 0000 *PAUL W. SCHMIDT, 0000 HOWARD L. BURTNETT, 0000 *DEBRA D. SCHNELLE, 0000 (iv) an assessment of the strategic implica- VICKY CAMPBELLHEMMING, 0000 EDWARD R. SCHOWALTER III, 0000 tions of the Russian Federation’s non-stra- JAMES W. CARTWRIGHT, JR., 0000 SUSAN M. SCHRETENTHALER, 0000 tegic arsenal. PATRICE E. CHANDLER, 0000 PETER J. SCHULTHEISS, 0000 *CATHY J. CHESS, 0000 *PATRICK G. SESTO, 0000 Mr. CONRAD. I yield the floor. MARK A. CHIN, 0000 LAWRENCE E. SHAW, 0000 MICHAEL S. CHURCH, 0000 KEITH E. SICKAFOOSE II, 0000 f ALLISON P. CLARK III, 0000 ARLENE SIMMONS, 0000 WAYNE W. CLARK, 0000 JOHN C. SLATTERY, 0000 ADJOURNMENT UNTIL 11 A.M. BRENDA C. CONWAY, 0000 MARY E. SMITH, 0000 TOMORROW KAYLENE M. CURTIS, 0000 MICHAEL L. SMITH, 0000 *MARK K. DAVIS, 0000 STANLEY E. SMITH, 0000 PATRICK O. DEAN, 0000 The PRESIDING OFFICER. Under *JAIME E. SORIA, 0000 JOHN B. DEVITA, 0000 *JEFFERY C. SPRINGER, 0000 the previous order, the Senate will now BRIAN J. DICIANCIA, 0000 FATEMEH T. STRITMATTER, 0000 *HAROLD C. DICKENS, 0000 VICKY L. THOMAS, 0000 stand in adjournment until 11 a.m., DENNIS D. DOYLE, 0000 SHERYL A. TOYER, 0000 THEODORE ECKERT, III, 0000 Thursday, April 30, 1998. DALE G. VANDERHAMM, 0000 JENNIFER M. ECTOR, 0000 DEBBIE J. VASUT, 0000 Thereupon, the Senate, at 7:52 p.m., CAROLYN A. EDDINGS, 0000 *MINNIE R. WALLER, 0000 *CAROL L. EISENHAUER, 0000 adjourned until Thursday, April 30, ROBERT V. WARD, 0000 ELEANOR M. FENNELL, 0000 MARY A. WARREN, 0000 1998, at 11 a.m. HUBERT M. FISCHER, 0000 DIANE M. WEINBAUM, 0000 JOHN B. FOLEY, 0000 RANDY W. WEISHAAR, 0000 ELLEN E. FORSTER, 0000 f DAVID F. WEST, 0000 DAVID E. FULBRIGHT, 0000 NOMINATIONS JOHN A. GIDDENS, 0000 ANDREW C. WHELEN, 0000 PATRICIA L. GOGGINS, 0000 JONI L. WILLIAMS, 0000 Executive nominations received by *DONALD L. GOODE, 0000 PATRICK O. WILSON, 0000 *PATRICIA A. GUSTAFSON, 0000 *JAMES E. YAFFE, 0000 the Senate April 29, 1998: HOGSTON S. HAGA, 0000 CURTIS L. YEAGER, 0000 *JIMAL B. HALES, 0000 IN THE MARINE CORPS DEPARTMENT OF STATE JAMES R. HALLIBURTON, 0000 MICHAEL CRAIG LEMMON, OF FLORIDA, A CAREER RONALD A. HAMILTON, 0000 THE FOLLOWING NAMED OFFICER FOR APPOINTMENT MEMBER OF THE SENIOR FOREIGN SERVICE, CLASS OF DAN E. HARMS, 0000 TO THE GRADE INDICATED IN THE UNITED STATES MA- COUNSELOR, TO BE AMBASSADOR EXTRAORDINARY AND CHRISTOPHER J. HARRINGTON, 0000 RINE CORPS UNDER TITLE 10, U.S.C., SECTION 624: PLENIPOTENTIARY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA PATRICIA A. HARRINGTON, 0000 To be major TO THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA. MARGARET A. HAWTHORNE, 0000 RUDOLF VILEM PERINA, OF CALIFORNIA, A CAREER MARK W. HEGERLE, 0000 GARY F. BAUMANN, 0000 MEMBER OF THE SENIOR FOREIGN SERVICE, CLASS OF TERRENCE J. HEIDENREITER, 0000 THE FOLLOWING NAMED LIMITED DUTY OFFICERS FOR MINISTER-COUNSELOR, TO BE AMBASSADOR EXTRAOR- JAMES R. HICKEY, 0000 APPOINTMENT TO THE GRADE INDICATED IN THE DINARY AND PLENIPOTENTIARY OF THE UNITED STATES ELIZABETH J. HIGGINS, 0000 UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS UNDER TITLE 10, U.S.C., OF AMERICA TO THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA. MARK D. HINES, 0000 SHEILA A. HOBBS, 0000 SECTION 624: THE JUDICIARY ANN K. HOCHHAUSEN, 0000 To be lieutenant colonel *JOYCE A. HOHNER, 0000 LYNETTE NORTON, OF PENNSYLVANIA, TO BE UNITED RAY E. HORN, JR., 0000 MICHAEL L. ANDREWS, 0000 STATES DISTRICT JUDGE FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT STEVEN D. HUNTE, 0000 EVERETT J. BOUDREAU, 0000 OF PENNSYLVANIA VICE MAURICE B. COHILL, JR., RE- JEREMY P. HUTTON, 0000 ARNOLD J. COPOSKY, 0000 TIRED. NICHOLAS H. INMAN, 0000 ROY V. DANIELS, 0000 JEFFREY G. STARK, OF NEW YORK, TO BE A JUDGE OF ANNA R. IUNGERICH, 0000 RONALD W. ELLINGER, 0000 THE UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE, LILLIAN L. JENNINGS, 0000 GARY E. ENGELKING, 0000 VICE R. KENTON MUSGRAVE, RETIRED. CAROLYN J. JOHNSON, 0000 JAMES B. EUSSE, 0000 IN THE AIR FORCE ELIZABETH A. JOHNSON, 0000 GEORGE E. FOLTA, 0000 ALAN E. JONES, 0000 WILLIAM H. HAGUE, 0000 THE FOLLOWING AIR NATIONAL GUARD OF THE UNITED TEMPSIE L. JONES, 0000 WILLIAM L. HENSLEE, 0000 STATES OFFICER FOR APPOINTMENT IN THE RESERVE HYACINTH J. JOSEPH, 0000 SCOTTY W. MONTAGUE, 0000 OF THE AIR FORCE TO THE GRADE INDICATED UNDER RONALD S. KEEN, 0000 STEPHEN H. NEGAHNQUET, 0000 TITLE 10, U.S.C., SECTION 12203: *DEBORAH J. KENNY, 0000 MILTON L. PETERSON, 0000 JULIA M. KIRK, 0000 RAYMOND O. THOMAS, 0000 To be brigadier general CORNEL L. KITTELL, 0000 ROBERT C. WITTENBERG, 0000 COL. ARCHIE J. BERBERIAN, II, 0000 CAROL A. KORODY, 0000 TIMOTHY E. LAMB, 0000 THE FOLLOWING NAMED OFFICERS FOR APPOINTMENT THE FOLLOWING NAMED RESERVE OFFICER FOR AP- VERGEL C. LAYAO, 0000 TO THE GRADE INDICATED IN THE UNITED STATES MA- POINTMENT AS CHIEF OF THE AIR FORCE RESERVE FRANCINE M. LEDOUX, 0000 RINE CORPS UNDER TITLE 10, U.S.C., SECTION 624: UNDER TITLE 10, U.S.C., SECTION 8038: *ROBERT J. LEE, 0000 To be major CASSANDRA L. LEWIS, 0000 To be chief of the Air Force Reserve, United VASEAL M. LEWIS, 0000 JAMES N. ADAMS, 0000 States Air Force STEPHEN W. LOMAX, 0000 BRIAN T. ALEXANDER, 0000 ANGEL L. LUGO, 0000 KELLY P. ALEXANDER, 0000 MAJ. GEN. JAMES E. SHERRARD, III, 0000 GEORGE J. MAGNON, 0000 JEFFREY S. ALLEN, 0000 IN THE NAVY ROGER B. MARCIL, 0000 CHRISTOPHER J. ALPERT, 0000 PAMLEA J. MARTIN, 0000 GINO P. AMOROSO, 0000 THE FOLLOWING NAMED OFFICER FOR APPOINTMENT WENDY L. MARTINSON, 0000 WALTER T. ANDERSON, 0000 IN THE UNITED STATES NAVY TO THE GRADE INDICATED MARK R. MASON, 0000 BRIAN P. ANNICHIARICO, 0000 WHILE ASSIGNED TO A POSITION OF IMPORTANCE AND JILL E. MCCOY, 0000 PAUL E. ANSLOW, 0000 RESPONSIBILITY UNDER TITLE 10, U.S.C., SECTION 601: *CLEM D. MC DUFFIE, 0000 CHRISTOPHER A. ARANTZ, 0000 JOANNE E. MC GOVERN, 0000 JAMES L. ARMSTRONG, 0000 To be admiral GREGORY A. MC KEE, 0000 THOMAS E. ARNOLD, JR., 0000 VICE ADM. RICHARD W. MIES, 0000 FUJIO MC PHERSON, 0000 SOREN P. ASHMALL, 0000 AWILDA MEEKS, 0000 FINLEY M. ASMUS, 0000 THE FOLLOWING NAMED OFFICER FOR APPOINTMENT ZIA A. MEHR, 0000 WALTER W. AUDSLEY, 0000 AS CHIEF OF CHAPLAINS AND FOR APPOINTMENT TO THE MARK G. MENSE, 0000 EUGENE M. AUGUSTINE, JR., 0000 GRADE INDICATED UNDER TITLE 10, U.S.C., SECTION 5142: WILLIAM J. MIKLOSEY, JR., 0000 MARY A. AUGUSTITUS, 0000 JAMES T. MILLER, 0000 CURTIS D. AVERY, 0000 To be rear admiral SHIRLEY M. MILLER, 0000 DAVID D. BADGER, 0000 REAR ADM. (LH) ANDERSON B. HOLDERBY, JR., 0000 CONSTANCE J. MOORE, 0000 BRIAN F. BAKER, 0000 MICHAEL L. MOORE, 0000 FRANCISCO M. BALL, 0000 IN THE ARMY JOHN H. MORSE, 0000 CRAIG P. BARDEN, 0000 OPHELIA MUNN, 0000 BRUCE W. BARNHILL, 0000 THE FOLLOWING NAMED OFFICERS, FOR APPOINTMENT ULMONT C. NANTON, JR., 0000 MICHAEL R. BARRETT, 0000 TO THE GRADE INDICATED IN THE UNITED STATES ARMY WILLIAM F. NAUSCHUETZ, 0000 BRIAN S. BARTHOLF, 0000 AND FOR REGULAR APPOINTMENT IN THE ARMY NURSE TIMOTHY A. NEWCOMER, 0000 JAMES G. BARTOLOTTO, 0000 CORPS, MEDICAL SERVICE CORPS, ARMY MEDICAL SPE- DEBORAH M. NEWSOME, 0000 MATTHEW C. BAUGHER, 0000 CIALIST CORPS, AND VETERINARY CORPS (IDENTIFIED RICHARD A. NICHOLS, 0000 PETER B. BAUMGARTEN, 0000 BY AN ASTERISK (*)) UNDER TITLE 10, U.S.C. SECTION 624, *RONNIE L. NYE, 0000 TERRANCE A. BEATTY, 0000 531 AND 3064: JEREMY L. OLSON, 0000 JAMES D. BELSON, 0000 To be Lieutenant Colonel MARILYN E. OSBORNE, 0000 JESSE C. BENTON, 0000 MARILOU D. OVERLA, 0000 MICHAEL J. BERGERUD, 0000 EUGENE N. ACOSTA, 0000 *PATTI L. PALMER, 0000 PAUL F. BERTHOLF, 0000 *JULIA A. ADAMS, 0000 WILLIAM R. PARLETT, JR., 0000 LLOYD J. BIGGS, 0000 JAMES R. ALARCON, 0000 *ROSS H. PASTEL, 0000 JOHN A. BINGER, JR., 0000 DONALD T ALBEE, JR., 0000 ANGELA PEREIRA, 0000 MICHAEL W. BINNEY, 0000 WANDA K. ALLENHUBERT, 0000 MARK J. PERRY, 0000 ELIZABETH S. BIRCH, 0000 FRIDA G. ATWOOD, 0000 DOUGLAS S. PHELPS, 0000 DAVID J. BLIGH, 0000 PAUL T. BARTONE, 0000 PEARL R. POPE, 0000 ROY M. BLIZZARD III, 0000 TIMOTHY E. BATEMAN, 0000 MARSHA A. PRINCE, 0000 KERRY J. BLOCK, 0000 GASTON P. BATHALON, 0000 PRISCILLA E. QUACKENBUSH, 0000 HAROLD W BLOT, JR., 0000

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THURMAN L. BOBBETT, 0000 JEFFREY E. FORTE, 0000 WILLIAM K. LACEY, 0000 MICHAEL S. BODKIN, 0000 PAUL A. FORTUNATO, 0000 MARK A. LAMCZYK, 0000 KARL J. BOHN, 0000 SCOTT G. FOSDAL, 0000 LANCE K. LANDECHE, 0000 RICHARD L. BOMHOLD, JR., 0000 KEVIN R. FOSTER, 0000 CHRIS D. LANDRY, 0000 CRAIG D. BOURASSA, 0000 BENJAMIN C. FULCHER III, 0000 PAUL C. LANDRY, 0000 EDMUND J. BOWEN, 0000 JONATHAN O. GACKLE, 0000 KENNETH M. LASURE, 0000 RICHARD T. BOYER, 0000 JOHN C. GALE, 0000 GREGORY L. LEMONS, 0000 MICHAEL L. BRAMBLE, 0000 MAX A. GALEAI, 0000 FREDERICK H. LENGERKE, 0000 GREGORY A. BRANIGAN, 0000 ROBIN A. GALLANT, 0000 STEPHEN B. LEWALLEN, JR, 0000 JAMES C. BRENNAN, 0000 WILLIAM K. GEISSLER, 0000 COLT W. LEWIS, 0000 KEVIN A. BROOKS, 0000 DOUGLAS K. GELBACH, 0000 JAMES P. LIBERACE, 0000 ALLEN D. BROUGHTON, 0000 MICHAEL W. GEORGE, 0000 JOSEPH P. LISIECKI, III, 0000 DANIEL A. BROWN, 0000 PATRICK G. GIBBONS, 0000 ERIC L. LITCHFIELD, 0000 GREGORY R. BROWN, 0000 CHRIS A. GIBSON, 0000 JORGE E. LIZARRALDE, 0000 KEVIN W. BROWN, 0000 ERIC P. GIFFORD, 0000 CHARLES W. LOCHARD, JR, 0000 MICHAEL H. BROWN, 0000 ANDREW J. GILMORE, 0000 GREGORY C. LOFTESNES, 0000 WILLIAM M. BROWN, JR., 0000 JOHN M. GIRNIUS, 0000 ROD LONG, 0000 ERIC F. BUER, 0000 DAVID S. GLASSMAN, 0000 CURTIS L. LOVINS, 0000 KIMBALL S. BULLARD, III, 0000 JONATHAN C. GOFF, 0000 JAMES D. LUNDQUIST, 0000 TIMOTHY P. BULMAN, 0000 JOHN A. GONZALES, 0000 BRIAN R. LYNCH, 0000 SCOTT A. BURK, 0000 MICHAEL W. GRADY, 0000 LOUIS J. MAIDA, 0000 DAN E. BURTON, 0000 HAROLD W. GRAEF, 0000 KENNETH P. MANEY, 0000 DAVE W. BURTON, 0000 JOSEPH M. GRANT, 0000 JEFFREY L. MANNING, 0000 THOMAS L. BURTON, JR., 0000 DOMINIC A. GRASSO, 0000 JOHN F. MARCHILDON, 0000 MARK A. BUTLER, 0000 MATTHEW H. GREEN, 0000 JOHN M. MARES, 0000 RAYMOND D. BUTLER, 0000 STEPHEN J. GREENE, 0000 DAREN K. MARGOLIN, 0000 DWAYNE K. CANNION, 0000 ALAN M. GREENWOOD, 0000 DANIEL R. MARQUISE, 0000 RICHARD L. CAPUTO, JR., 0000 RONALD A. GRIDLEY, 0000 JEFFERY D. MARSH, 0000 JAMES K. CARBERRY, 0000 SEAN D. GRIFFIN, 0000 RENE C. MARTINEZ, 0000 CHRISTOPHER C. CAROLAN, 0000 MARTIN T. GRIFFITH, 0000 REY Q. MASINSIN, 0000 MICHAEL L. CARTER, 0000 MARK L. GRISSOM, 0000 DAVID W. MAXWELL, 0000 AUGUSTO G. CATA, 0000 CHRIS M. GROOMS, 0000 TIMOTHY A. MAXWELL, 0000 ROBERT A. CECCHINI, 0000 JESSE L. GRUTER, 0000 THOMAS O. MAYBERRY, 0000 STEVEN E. CEDRUN, 0000 CHARLES J. GUMMOW, 0000 MICHAEL A. MC CARTHY, 0000 JOHN H. CELIGOY, 0000 DANIEL J. HAAS, 0000 THOMAS R. MC CARTHY, JR, 0000 JOHN M. CHADWICK, 0000 KARL J. HACKBARTH, 0000 MICHAEL G. MC COY, 0000 PHILLIP W. CHANDLER, 0000 JEFFREY A. HAGAN, 0000 KEVIN F. MC CRAY, 0000 BYRON V. CHAPMAN, 0000 BRADLEY R. HALL, 0000 RALPH V. MC CREARY, II, 0000 ALEXANDER A. CHATMAN, JR., 0000 RICHARD D. HALL, 0000 THOMAS A. MC DANIELS, 0000 KEVIN M. CHENAIL, 0000 WILLIAM D. HALLAHAN, 0000 JAMES F. MC GRATH, 0000 JEFFREY R. CHESSANI, 0000 CHRISTOPHER N. HAMILTON, 0000 TIMOTHY P. MC GUIRE, 0000 JEFFREY W. CHLEBOWSKI, 0000 KYLE E. HARDMAN, 0000 DAVID W. MC MORRIES, 0000 ALAN B. CLARK, 0000 SCOTT W. HARRIS, 0000 BRIAN F. MC NAMARA, 0000 DAVID H. CLEARY, 0000 DAWN L. HARRISON, 0000 DANIEL J. MEDRANO, 0000 THOMAS M. CLEARY, 0000 LYLE M. HARRISON, 0000 BRENT E. MEEKER, 0000 BRADLEY C. CLOSE, 0000 ERIC C. HASTINGS, 0000 MARY K. MERASHOFF, 0000 CHRISTINE A. COETZEE, 0000 JAMES D. HAWKINS, II 0000 LUIS A. MERCADO, 0000 DAVID L. COGGINS, 0000 KEVIN A. HAWLEY, 0000 REID K. MERRILL, 0000 CHRISTOPHER P. COKE, 0000 SHAWN D. HEALY, 0000 CHRISTOPHER J. MICHELSEN, 0000 STEVEN K. COKER, 0000 THOMAS W. HEASLEY, 0000 EDWIN E. MIDDLEBROOK, 0000 STEVEN J. COLCOMBE, 0000 KARSTEN S. HECKL, 0000 CRAIG M. MILLER, 0000 MICHAEL G. COLEMAN, 0000 ROBERT D. HEIN, 0000 MICHAEL S. MILLER, 0000 ANTONIO COLMENARES, 0000 ANDREW J. HEINO, 0000 BONNIE J. MITCHELL, 0000 COET D. CONLEY, 0000 STUART B. HELGESON, 0000 HARRY MONROE, IV, 0000 DANIEL B. CONLEY, 0000 KONSTANTIN D. HEMMERLY, 0000 EDWARD M. MONTGOMERY, 0000 SEAN P. CONLEY, 0000 CHARLES R. HENDERSON, 0000 JAY B. MONTGOMERY, 0000 JAMES S. CONNELLY, 0000 DIMITRI HENRY, 0000 JAMES D. MOORE, 0000 KEVIN M. CONSOLE, 0000 JOHN M. HENRY, 0000 SEAN T. MOORE, 0000 NATHAN S. COOK, 0000 JAMES A. HERZBERG, 0000 PAUL H. MORGAN, 0000 MICHAEL A. COOLICAN, 0000 JOHN P. HESFORD, JR., 0000 ROBERT C. MORRIS, III, 0000 ROBERT W. COOPER, 0000 RICHARD K. HILBERER, 0000 RONALD M. MORRIS, 0000 BENJAMIN W. COPELAND, 0000 DAVID M. HITCHCOCK, 0000 ADRIAEN M. MORSE, JR., 0000 MICHAEL E. CORDERO, 0000 WILLIAM R. HITTINGER, 0000 LOUIS J. MORSE, JR., 0000 ROBERT L. COULOMBE, 0000 FRANK L. HODGES, 0000 PAUL L. MULLER, 0000 JAMES L. COX, 0000 JOHN S. HOGAN, 0000 DAVID J. MURPHY, 0000 DEAN E. CRAFT, 0000 MARK R. HOLLAHAN, 0000 MICHAEL J. MURPHY, 0000 GREGORY K. CRAMER, 0000 CHARLES M. HOLLER, 0000 STEPHEN M. MURRAY, 0000 ANTHONY C. CRUZ, 0000 MICHAEL J. HOOD, 0000 RICHARD J. MUSSER, 0000 ROBERT E. CURRAN, 0000 BRIAN C. HORMBERG, 0000 RICHARD E. MYRICK, 0000 TRACY A. DALY, 0000 MICHAEL A. HUNTER, 0000 RANDY A. NASH, 0000 THOMAS A. DAMISCH, 0000 DOUGLAS G. HURLEY, 0000 JACQUES C. NAVIAUX, II, 0000 JOHN M. DANTIC, 0000 VINCENT M. HUTCHERSON, 0000 STEPHEN M. NEARY, 0000 JOEL J. DAVIS, 0000 MARK J. HUTNAN, 0000 TROY L. NELSON, 0000 DAVID J. DEEP, 0000 HENRY M. HYAMS III, 0000 STEPHEN C. NEWMAN, 0000 STEVE A. DELACRUZ, 0000 THOMAS D. IGNELZI, 0000 VAN Q. NGUYEN, 0000 JAMES M. DELANI, JR., 0000 JAY A. INGWELL, 0000 JOHN H. NOLAN, 0000 MATTHEW C. DENNEY, 0000 CHRISTIA A. ISHAM, 0000 CHARLES A. NORFLEET, 0000 DARRIN DENNY, 0000 NANCY L. ISNER, 0000 DAVID E. O’BRIEN, 0000 JAMES F. DESY, 0000 BRIAN L. JACKSON, 0000 TERRENCE A. O’CONNELL, 0000 KENNETH M. DETREUX, 0000 JOSEPH R. JAMES, JR., 0000 JOHN F. O’CONNOR, JR., 0000 PETER J. DEVINE, 0000 MARK K. JAMISON, 0000 KEVIN S. O’CONNOR, 0000 TIMOTHY J. DEVLIN, 0000 RUDOLPH M. JANICZEK, 0000 JACK E. O’DONNEL, JR., 0000 ANTHONY P. DIBENEDETTO, JR., 0000 TIMOTHY L. JARDINE, 0000 ROBERT E. OGLE, 0000 THOMAS D. DICKEN, III, 0000 OLIVER G. JENKINS, 0000 MICHAEL J. ONDA, 0000 DAVID G. DIEUGENIO, JR., 0000 KARLA M. JESSUP, 0000 CARL L. OROS, 0000 MICHAEL W. DINARDO, 0000 RICHARD G. JETHON, 0000 MICHAEL R. ORR, 0000 ANDREW J. DINGEE, 0000 BRANDON F. JOHNSON, 0000 JOSEPH T. PARDUE, 0000 ANTONIO R. DOMINGUEZ, 0000 CLAXTON R. JOHNSON, JR., 0000 RANDEL W. PARKER, 0000 JAMES E. DONNELLAN, 0000 JAMES C. JOHNSON, JR., 0000 JOSEPH F. PASCHALL, 0000 FRANCIS L. DONOVAN, 0000 MARK D. JOHNSON, 0000 DOUGLAS W. PASNIK, 0000 FRITZ V. DORAN, 0000 MARK T. JOHNSON, 0000 PAUL D. PATTERSON, JR., 0000 JONATHAN S. DORANTICH, 0000 THOMAS V. JOHNSON, 0000 ROY D. PAUL, 0000 CHRISTOPHER S. DOWLING, 0000 GARY S. JOHNSTON, 0000 BRIAN J. PAYNE, 0000 STEVE M. DUNKIN, 0000 DAVID M. JONES, 0000 THOMAS R. PECK, JR., 0000 WILLIAM R. DUNN, II, 0000 JOHN H. JUDY, 0000 JOSEPH R. PERLAK, 0000 JOHN E. EANS, 0000 WILLIAM M. JURNEY, 0000 ROBERT A. PESCATORE, 0000 MICHAEL W. EATON, 0000 JOHN M. KASUDA, 0000 ROBERT B. PETERMAN, 0000 CHARLES C. EGERTON, 0000 TIMOTHY P. KEEFE, 0000 SCOTT T. PETERSON, 0000 ROBERT M. EHNOW, 0000 JEROME T. KEENEY, III, 0000 DAVID P. PFISTERER, 0000 AARON W. ELSHAUG, 0000 WILLIAM H. KEIRNAN, 0000 WILLIAM B. PITMAN, 0000 TODD R. EMO, 0000 DAVIN M. KEITH, 0000 DAVID L. POHLMAN, 0000 KENNETH E. ENNEY, JR., 0000 PATRICK N. KELLEHER, 0000 CHRISTOPHER R. POLLARD, 0000 RUSSELL E. ETHERIDGE, JR., 0000 MICHAEL W. KELLY, 0000 MICHAEL P. POMATTO, 0000 CURTIS J. EVERETT, 0000 SCOTT A. KERR, 0000 PETER D. PONTE, 0000 DAVID C. FADDEN, SR., 0000 TRACY W. KING, 0000 ERIC V. PORTER, 0000 BRIAN FAGAN, 0000 JOSEPH J. KLOCEK, JR, 0000 SERGIO POSADAS, 0000 JOHN K. FAIRCLOTH, JR., 0000 GROVER B. KNOWLES, 0000 PAUL G. POWER, 0000 MICHAEL FARACE III, 0000 MARK D. KNUTH, 0000 MARK PRICE, 0000 MICHAEL FARRELL, 0000 JEFFREY G. KOFFEL, 0000 ROBERT D. PRIDGEN, 0000 LY T. FECTEAU, 0000 EDWARD W. KOSTRZEBSKI, 0000 JOHN M. PUSKAR, 0000 STEPHEN A. FEGARD, 0000 CRAIG S. KOZENIESKY, 0000 WARD V. QUINN, III, 0000 STEPHAN J. FERNANDEZ, 0000 DANIEL G. KREILEY, 0000 EDWARD F. RAMSEY, 0000 WILLIAM H. FERRELL III, 0000 DAVID P. KRIZOV, 0000 WILLIAM C. RANDALL, 0000 DAMON E. FIELDS, 0000 MICHEL W. KUDSIN, 0000 HENRY A. RATLIFF, 0000 MICHAEL FINLEY, 0000 JOSEPH P. KUGEL, 0000 DAVID A. RATTE, 0000 DONALD R. FINN, 0000 MICHAEL L. KUHN, 0000 LINDSEY B. READING, 0000 STEPHEN J. FLYNN, 0000 CHRIS K. KYLER, 0000 JEFFREY M. REAGAN, 0000

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GAVIN J. REARDON, 0000 ANTHONY C. WILLIAMS, 0000 JACOB L. GRAHAM, 0000 JAMES E. RECTOR, 0000 DELANEY C. WILLIAMS, 0000 SCOTT A. GRAHAM, 0000 GERALD R. REID, 0000 JOHN .P WILLIAMS, 0000 DAVID S. GREENBURG, 0000 PHILLIP J. REIMAN, 0000 STEVEN R. WILLIAMS, 0000 PATRICK J. GREENE, 0000 AUSTIN E. RENFORTH, 0000 BLAKE M. WILSON, 0000 CURTIS E. HABERBOSCH, 0000 JAMES P. RETHWISCH, 0000 DANIEL H. WILSON, 0000 KEVIN J. HAGENBUCH, 0000 MICHAEL B. RICHARDSON, 0000 STEPHEN M. WILSON, 0000 CHARLES M. HAMILTON, 0000 GEORGE W. RIGGS, 0000 MARK E. WINN, 0000 SCOTT P. HANEY, 0000 PATRICIA S. RIM, 0000 WILLIAM P. WITZIG, 0000 DONALD K. HANSEN, 0000 ROD D. ROBISON, 0000 KENNETH P. WOLF, JR., 0000 STEPHEN G. HARRIS, 0000 PAUL J. ROCK, JR., 0000 EDWIN A. WOLFE, 0000 KATHLEEN V. HARRISON, 0000 ERIC C. ROSA, 0000 RICHARD T. WOLFE, JR., 0000 KIP J. HASKELL, 0000 GREGORY W. ROUILLARD, 0000 STEVEN J. WOOD, 0000 JEFFREY W. HAWLEY, 0000 ROBERT A. ROWLETTE, 0000 PATRICIA L. WOODS, 0000 DALE B. HAYWARD, 0000 STANLEY K. RUSSELL, 0000 JOHN R. WOODWORTH, 0000 DAVID J. HEAD, 0000 JAIME M. RUVALCABA, 0000 PHILLIP W. WOODY, 0000 BRIAN J. HEARNSBERGER, 0000 TIMOTHY M. SALMON, 0000 ANTHONE R. WRIGHT, 0000 STEPHEN K. HEYWOOD, 0000 NOEL B. SANDLIN, 0000 ROBERT A. WUNDERLICH, JR., 0000 RANDALL A. HODGE, 0000 MICHAEL L. SCALISE, 0000 JOHN T. YANVARY, 0000 ADELE E. HODGES, 0000 CRAIG W. SCHEIDEGGER, 0000 MICHAEL H. YAROMA, JR., 0000 EVERETT S. HOFFMAN, 0000 DAVID A. SCHLICHTING, 0000 NICKEY F. YATES, 0000 DEBRA L. HOFSTETTER, 0000 DWIGHT C. SCHMIDT, 0000 SCOTT E. YOST, 0000 JOLENE L. HOLLINGSHEAD, 0000 PATRICK H. SCHOLES, 0000 BERNARD J. YOSTEN, 0000 STEVEN E. HOLMES, 0000 DOUGLAS R. SCHUELER, 0000 ROBERT C. YOUNG, 0000 DAVID K. HOUGH, 0000 MARK E. SEILHAMER, 0000 WILLIAM J. ZALMAN, 0000 JERRY D. HOWELL, 0000 CHRISTOPHER C. SEYMOUR, 0000 KENNETH ZIELECK, 0000 TIMOTHY H. HUETE, 0000 JOHN R. SHAFER, 0000 THOMAS J. ZOHLEN, 0000 DAVID W. HUNT, 0000 DEREK W. SHAFFER, 0000 KEVIN A. JACKSON, 0000 THOMAS E. SHARP, 0000 IN THE MARINE CORPS OSAMAH A. JAMMAL, 0000 ANDREW L. SHAW, 0000 MITCHELL A. JAURENA, 0000 JON E. SHEARER, 0000 THE FOLLOWING NAMED OFFICERS FOR APPOINTMENT WILLIAM S. JESSON, 0000 MICHAEL C. SHENBERGER, 0000 TO THE GRADE INDICATED IN THE UNITED STATES MA- TIMOTHY P. JONAS, 0000 PHILIP G. SHEVIS, 0000 RINE CORPS UNDER TITLE 10, U.S.C., SECTION 624: CAROL K. JOYCE, 0000 SUZETTE A. SHIJE, 0000 To be lieutenant colonel FRANCIS P. JOYCE III, 0000 GREGORY R. SHIMP, 0000 STANLEY J. JOZWIAK, 0000 ANDREW G. SHORTER, 0000 LOUIS R. ABRAHAM, 0000 PATRICK J. KANEWSKE, 0000 SCOTT C. SHUSTER, 0000 SCOTT R. ADAMS, 0000 BILLY D. KASNEY, 0000 JAMES L. SIGMON, III, 0000 MARTIN S. ALMQUIST, 0000 JAMES R. KASSELMANN, 0000 DENNIS S. SIMMONS, 0000 PAUL M. ANDRUS, 0000 JONATHAN L. KATZ, 0000 KENT D. SIMON, 0000 LYLE O. ARMEL III, 0000 JAMES A. KAZIN, 0000 WAYNE A. SINCLAIR, 0000 LAURENT O. BAKER, 0000 MICHAEL R. KENNEDY, 0000 JOHN A. SISSON, 0000 STEPHEN C. 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BRADEN, 0000 GREGORY E. LOCKE, 0000 CHRISTOPHER C. STARLING, 0000 DONALD S. BRUCE, 0000 PETER J. LOUGHLIN, 0000 RONALD F. STARTZEL, JR., 0000 RONALD J. BUIKEMA, 0000 BRUCE D. MACLACHLAN, 0000 CRAIG E. STEPHENS, 0000 ROBERT S. BURAN, 0000 MICHAEL J. MANUCHE, 0000 DENNIS R. STEPHENS, 0000 NEIL K. CADWALLADER, 0000 NICHOLAS J. MARSHALL, 0000 ROSS L. STEPHENSON, JR., 0000 JAMES E. CALLAWAY, 0000 ROBERT A. MARTINEZ, 0000 DONALD G. STERLING, 0000 STEPHEN J. CAMERON, 0000 DAVID H. MATTHEWS, 0000 JAMES C. STEWART, 0000 BOYD W. CAMPBELL, 0000 JAMES C. MATTIE, 0000 RICHARDO C. STEWART, 0000 MARK E. CANTRELL, 0000 CAROL A. MC BRIDE, 0000 CHARLES D. STOUT, 0000 JEREMIAH D. CANTY, 0000 FRANKLIN F. MC CALLISTER, 0000 CURTIS A. STRADER, 0000 THOMAS P. CARMODY, 0000 RONALD S. MC CLAIN, 0000 BLAISE R. STRANDQUIST, 0000 ROBERT H. CHASE, JR., 0000 MICHAEL J. MC CUSKER, 0000 ROBERT W. STRONG, 0000 DANIEL J. CHOIKE, 0000 MICHAEL W. MC ERLEAN, 0000 SAMUEL T. STUDDARD, 0000 MARK G. CIANCIOLO, 0000 JEFFREY T. MC FARLAND, 0000 MARK A. SUHRIE, 0000 MARK A. CLARK, 0000 RONALD E. MC GEE, 0000 JACQUELINE R. SUTTON, 0000 FRANCIS C. COBLE, 0000 ROBERT H. MC KENZIE III, 0000 MICHAEL M. SWEENEY, 0000 JAMES M. CODDING, 0000 PETER B. MC MURRAN, 0000 TRACY J. TAFOLLA, 0000 RAYMOND E. COIA, 0000 JEFFREY G. MEEKS, 0000 JOHN .P TALNAGI IV, 0000 TODD COKER, 0000 RICK J. MESSER, 0000 JONATHAN C. TAYLOR, 0000 PETER B. COLLINS, 0000 PATRICK E. MILLER, 0000 TRAVIS A. TEBBE, 0000 THOMAS N. COLLINS, 0000 TIMOTHY L. MILLER, 0000 ROBERT J. TERSELIC, 0000 JAMES T. CONKLIN, 0000 DAVID L. MITCHELL, 0000 JOHN J. THOMAS, 0000 MARSHALL I. CONSIDINE, 0000 JAMES G. MITCHELL, JR., 0000 BRUCE J. THOMSEN, 0000 SCOTT C. COTTRELL, 0000 JOHN E. MITCHELL, JR., 0000 BRIAN E. TIEFERT, 0000 ANN L. CRITTENDEN, 0000 MARK L. MOLITOR, 0000 THOMAS B. TIMBERLAKE, 0000 KENNETH E. CROSBY, JR., 0000 JOSEPH MOLOFSKY, 0000 ROBERT T. TOBIN III, 0000 WILLIAM B. CROWE, 0000 ARCHIBALD MORRISON VI, 0000 PHILIP A. TORETTI, 0000 MARK R. CYR, 0000 DENIS P. MULLER, 0000 PATRICK J. TOWEY, 0000 MICHAEL G. DANA, 0000 KELLY B. MULLINS, 0000 MATTHEW E. TRAVIS, 0000 JAMES T. DAULTON, JR., 0000 MARK S. MURPHY, 0000 KEITH H. TREADWAY, 0000 JOSEPH D. DAUPLAISE, 0000 DAVID C. MYERS, 0000 JOHN D. TROUTMAN, 0000 NORMAN C. DAVIS, 0000 MICHAEL G. NAYLOR, 0000 THOMAS E. TURNER, 0000 ENRICO G. DEGUXMAN, 0000 WALTER L. NIBLOCK, 0000 GREGORY P. UTLEY, 0000 PETER H. DEVLIN, 0000 JAMES D. ODWYER, 0000 DARIO W. VALLI, 0000 JOHN P. DIFFLEY, 0000 JAMES A. OGERSHOK, 0000 WILLIAM T. VAN ATTEN, 0000 JAMES A. DIXON, 0000 ALLEN S. OLSON, 0000 RICHARD J. VANDAMME, JR., 0000 RICHARD E. DOBBINS, JR., 0000 ISMAEL ORTIZ, JR., 0000 SCOTT W. VANZANDBERGEN, 0000 DEREK J. DONOVAN, 0000 JOSEPH L. OSTERMAN, 0000 ERIC M. VEIT, 0000 MICHAEL J. DONOVAN, 0000 JOHN M. OWENS, 0000 DALE S. VESELY, 0000 SUSAN G. DOOLEY, 0000 KURT S. OWERMOHLE, 0000 DAVID E. VILLARREAL, 0000 STEVEN W. DOWLING, 0000 CALVIN D. PETERS, 0000 WILLIAM C. VINYARD, 0000 GARY C. DOWNEY, 0000 STEVEN R. PETERS, 0000 WILLIAM A. VISTED, 0000 MARK A. DUNGAN, 0000 ILDEFONSO PILLOTOLIVE, 0000 JAMES A. VOHR, 0000 CHRISTOPHER M. EKMAN, 0000 JAMES J. POLETO, JR., 0000 THOMAS F. WALSH III, 0000 ANTHONY C. ELLIOTT, 0000 RICHARD S. POMARICO, 0000 HOWARD S. WALTON, 0000 OWEN W. ENGLANDER, 0000 ALBERT F. POTWIN, 0000 JOHN J. WANAT, 0000 LEO A. FALCAM, JR., 0000 CHRISTOPHER N. PROUDFOOT, 0000 KENNETH M. WARBURTON, 0000 DOUGLAS O. FEGENBUSH, JR., 0000 JOSEPH D. PROVENZANO III, 0000 ANDREW J. WAREHAM, 0000 PETER J. FERRARO, 0000 TIMOTHY E. QUAGGE, 0000 VINCENT P. WAWRZYNSKI, 0000 JOHN J. FITZGERALD, JR., 0000 JOHN P. RAYDER, 0000 MICHAEL E. WEAVER, 0000 JAMES N. FLOWERS, 0000 JON W. REBHOLZ, 0000 BRADLEY E. WEISZ, 0000 STEPHEN A. FOGLIO, 0000 TIMOTHY J. REEVES, 0000 DAVID P. WELLS, 0000 STEVEN A. FOLSOM, 0000 RAYMOND G. REGNER, JR., 0000 JAMES F. WERTH, 0000 CARL J. FOSNAUGH, III, 0000 SHAUGNESSY A. REYNOLDS, 0000 SCOTT C. WERTZ, 0000 PIERRE C. GARANT, 0000 JEFFREY S. RINGHOFFER, 0000 JOSEPH S. WHITAKER, 0000 GERALD H. GASKINS, 0000 HERBERT M. ROBBINS, 0000 KENNETH S. WHITE, 0000 STEVEN L. GAUDREAU, 0000 DAVID M. ROBINSON, 0000 ROBERT E. WHITE, JR., 0000 GLENN E. GEARHARD, 0000 MICHAEL J. RODERICK, 0000 JAMES W. WIECKING, 0000 BART R. GENTRY, 0000 DANIEL S. ROGERS, 0000 RONALD J. WIELSMA, 0000 GREGG L. GEORGE, 0000 MARTIN G. ROLLINGER, 0000 ANDREW G. WILCOX, 0000 STEVEN J. GOTTLIEB, 0000 ROBERT G. SALESSES, 0000 LUCINDA B. WILKS, 0000 WILLIAM R. GRACE, 0000 DAVID W. SAMPLES, 0000

VerDate Mar 15 2010 03:41 Oct 31, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00068 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 9801 E:\1998SENATE\S29AP8.REC S29AP8 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY April 29, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3807 JAMES T. SANNY, SR., 0000 To be captain JOHN M. HURST, 0000 RICHARD W. SCHMIDT, JR., 0000 JOHN E. JAYNES, 0000 ALAN D. SCHROEDER, 0000 DANIEL A. ACTION, 0000 JAMES J. JEFFERIES, 0000 DANIEL J. SCHUSTER, 0000 KEITH F. AMACKER, 0000 CHRISTOPHER H. JENSEN, 0000 MARK E. SCHWAN, 0000 JAMES C. ANDERSEN, 0000 DIANNE H. JOHNSON, 0000 MARK C. SEMPF, 0000 DAVID O. ANDERSON, 0000 GREGORY C. JOHNSON, 0000 JOE M. SHEHAN, 0000 DOUGLAS J. ANDERSON, 0000 BRADLEY W. JONES, 0000 JOHN E. SHOOK, 0000 STEVEN M. ANDY, 0000 MICHAEL P. JONES, 0000 MICHAEL A. SHUPP, 0000 STEPHEN B. ANTLE, 0000 JAMES L. KANTNER, 0000 GREGORY P. SIESEL, 0000 APRAHAMIAN, GEORGE 0000 JOHN J. KEARNEY, 0000 PAUL D. SIMONEAU, 0000 EDWARD D. ARMBRUSTER, 0000 RICHARD P. KELLY, 0000 MARK A. SINGLETON, 0000 HOWARD B. ASCHWASLD, JR., 0000 MARVIN E. KING, 0000 JAMES R. SINNOTT, 0000 BRETT D. AYOTTE, 0000 LAWRENCE P. KIRWAN, 0000 PAUL F. SKOPOWSKI, 0000 JOSEPH R. BADICK, 0000 JOHN L. KITTLER, 0000 GARY E. SLYMAN, 0000 THOMAS E. BARTON, 0000 PATRICIA A. KLUAER, 0000 JAMES C. SMITH, 0000 DEAN H. BAUDER, 0000 ROBERT M. KNIGHT, 0000 DENNIS A. SPIDAL, 0000 MOLLY R. BAUMGARDNER, 0000 BRIAN E. KONSUGAR, 0000 GLEN T. STARNES, 0000 LARRY L. BAXA, 0000 CHRIS R. KOURY, 0000 THOMAS N. STENT, 0000 GEORGE T. BEATTIE, JR., 0000 CRAIG E. KRAUSS, 0000 MICHAEL K. STEPHENS, 0000 VINCENT A. BELLEZZA, 0000 FRANCIS J.J. KULICK, 0000 VINCENT R. STEWART, 0000 ROBERT D. BELLING, 0000 THEODORE F. LAGERGREN, 0000 JOHN P. STIMSON, 0000 JOE C. BLAKE, 0000 DEAN B. LAHREN, 0000 ARNOLD E. STOCKHAM, 0000 THOMAS H. BLAKE, 0000 EDWIN G. LANDAUER, 0000 JAY A. STOUT, 0000 EUGENE BOJARSKI, 0000 RHONDA S. LANDERS, 0000 CALVIN F. SWAIN, JR., 0000 JAMES R. BOMA, 0000 CHARLES R. LASKO, 0000 ELIZABETH A. SWEATT, 0000 GERALD L. BONNETT, 0000 GRANVILLE D. LASSETER, II, 0000 DAVID L. SYKES, 0000 BOSARGE, MORRIS R. 0000 KENNETH M. LAW, 0000 JAMES J. TABAK, 0000 MICHAEL F. BOYER, 0000 CHARLES H. LEACH, III, 0000 NATHAN C. TABBERT, 0000 TERRY A. BRAGG, 0000 CAROLYN D. LEEF, 0000 LLOYD G. TETRAULT, 0000 MICHAEL B. BRANDS, 0000 GEORGE E. LEWIS III, 0000 MICHAEL D. THYRRING, 0000 ROBERT C. BRANTLEY, 0000 STEPHEN A. LEWIS, 0000 PHILLIP C. TISSUE, 0000 MARK K. BRAZIER, 0000 WILLIAM T. LILES, 0000 JAMES R. TRAHAN, 0000 THOMAS P. BREYER, 0000 WALTER B. LINCOLN, JR., 0000 GREGORY S. TYSON, 0000 ERIC D. BRIES, 0000 RONALD E. LIS, 0000 ANDREW L. VONADA, 0000 CLAYTON J. BRYSON, 0000 TIMOTHY J. LOCKHART, 0000 DONALD A. WALTER, 0000 KENNARD M. BUDDENBOHN, 0000 LAWRENCE E. LUCK, 0000 ERIC M. WALTERS, 0000 BARTON BUECHNER, 0000 STENVEN J. LUCKS, 0000 JOHN R. WASSINK, 0000 JEFFREY D. BUEHRLE, 0000 MARIANNE M. LYNCH, 0000 LEAH B. WATSON, 0000 FREDERICK M. BUESSER, 0000 MICHAEL J. MAKOWICZ, 0000 NATHAN O. WEBSTER, 0000 CYNTHIA K. BURGUNDER, 0000 WILLIAM A. MALEHORN, 0000 DAVID H. WESSNER, 0000 MARTIN E. BUSHIKA, 0000 JOHN E. MANIGO, 0000 JOHN R. WEST, 0000 WILLIAM C. BUSKIRK, 0000 GREGORY A. MANKEY, 0000 MARK A. WESTERBECK, 0000 JAMES L. BUTLER, 0000 LARRY K. MARSKE, 0000 GARY D. WIEST, 0000 SUSAN H. BUTLER, 0000 BRUCE C. MARTIN, 0000 JOHN N. WILLIAMS, JR., 0000 JULIUS S. CAESAR, 0000 ANN L. MATHEWS, 0000 JOHN C. WRIGHT, 0000 GARY W. CAILLE, 0000 ROBERT A. MCANINCH, 0000 KEN YOKOSE, 0000 ERIC R. CALDWELL, 0000 ROBERT L. MC CABE, 0000 PAUL R. YORIO, 0000 KENNETH W. CAMPBELL, 0000 JOHN J. MC GARRY, 0000 FRANCIS S. ZABOROWSKI, 0000 NICHOLAS J. CAPRON, 0000 ROBERTA L. MC INTYRE, 0000 DONALD W. ZAUTCKE, 0000 WENDI B. CARPENTER, 0000 JOHN W. MELEAR, 0000 PAUL C. ZIEGENFUSS, JR., 0000 BARBARA J. CARTER, 0000 PETER MENIO, JR., 0000 MARK G. ZIMMERMAN, 0000 CHARLES H. CHASSOT, JR., 0000 ARCHIE MITCHELL, JR., 0000 IN THE MARINE CORPS JOHN P. COFFEY, 0000 COREY S. MOORE, 0000 ROBERT D. CONWAY, 0000 JOHN L. MORRIS, 0000 THE FOLLOWING NAMED LIMITED DUTY OFFICERS FOR DANIEL M. CORPMAN, 0000 DAVID A. MORSE, 0000 APPOINTMENT TO THE GRADE INDICATED IN THE CHRISTOPHER M. CORRIGAN, 0000 MARK A. MUNSON, 0000 UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS UNDER TITLE 10, U.S.C., SUSAN A. COTTEY, 0000 JOHN S. MURDOCK, 0000 SECTION 624: PETER E. COVELL, 0000 EDWARD J. NANARTOWICH, 0000 To be major RICHARD S. CRAMER, 0000 JEFFERY A. NAUS, 0000 ROBERT K. CRIM, 0000 JOHN J. NEEDHAM, 0000 RUBEN BERNAL, 0000 ANDREW J. CUCA, 0000 SCOTT T. NEIDHOLD, 0000 JOHN T. BROWER, 0000 GERALD R. DAVIS, 0000 ELMER J. NELSON, 0000 GREGORY D. BUTLER, 0000 WILLIAM R. DAZE, 0000 MICHAEL E. NERUDA, 0000 JOHN J. CAMPBELL, 0000 JAY A. DELOACH, 0000 GREGORY F. NEUSCHAFER, 0000 MARK A. CLESTER, 0000 JAMES DEUSER, 0000 KENNETH R. NEWTON, 0000 SAMUEL L. COLEMAN, 0000 KEVIN DONAHUE, 0000 SHERRY R. NEWTON, 0000 RONALD C. CONSTANCE, 0000 THOMAS P. DONNELLY, 0000 BRENT J. O’BENOUR, 0000 JEROME CORE, 0000 LESLIE A. DOTSON, 0000 KEVIN B. O’CONNELL, 0000 ROGER N. CROSS, 0000 LINDA L. B. DUBOIS, 0000 JOHN H. O’DONNELL II, 0000 SCOTT E. DAVIS, 0000 JOSEPH M. EAGAN, 0000 HENRY J. OLDFIELD, 0000 MICHAEL W. DONHAM, 0000 ANGELIKA M. EVANGELIST, 0000 WILLIAM A. OTT, 0000 RONALD R. DUGAS, 0000 ROBIN FELIX, 0000 TIMOTHY J. PARMENTIER, 0000 DONALD L. ERICKSON, 0000 MARY E. FETHERSTON, 0000 MICHAEL J. PELLOTH, 0000 LESTER H. EVANS, JR., 0000 KEVIN W. FLEMING, 0000 SHELLEY PENNINGTON, 0000 JOHN J. FAHEY, 0000 DENIS W. FLOOD, 0000 JOHN R. PHIPPS, JR., 0000 GREGORY G. FRICH, 0000 JOSEPH M. FOSTER, 0000 RENALDO P. PILI, 0000 MICHAEL H. GAMBLE, 0000 ROBERT E. GALBRAITH II, 0000 RANDALL L. PINETTI, 0000 TIBURTIUS GERHART, JR., 0000 STEPHEN M. GANN, 0000 PAUL D. PITZER, 0000 RANDY L. GIEDT, 0000 LEE A. GARD, 0000 THOMAS M. PLANTENBERG, 0000 LEONARD HALIK III, 0000 STEPHEN GATES, JR., 0000 LOREN R. PLISCO, 0000 TIMOTHY M. HATHAWAY, 0000 JOHN E. GAULT, 0000 ROBERT H. PORTER, 0000 BRIAN K. HERBERT, 0000 PETER F. GAZDA, 0000 CAROL M. POTTENGER, 0000 JAMES G. HERRING, 0000 JAMES H. GENTILE, 0000 ANDREW N. POULOS, 0000 DOUGLAS J. HIBBARD, 0000 ANTHONY W. GILES, 0000 JAMES H. PUCKETT, 0000 ERNEST R. HINES, 0000 ROBERT M. GILL, 0000 MICHAEL C. PURCELL, 0000 LEONARD L. HOFFMAN, 0000 JAMES I. GILLESPIE, 0000 JOHN R. PYRON, JR., 0000 JAMES R. JOHNSON, 0000 MARY F. GLEASON, 0000 BRUCE A. RASMUSSEN, 0000 A.D. KING, JR., 0000 EUGENE M. GOLDA, 0000 STEVEN M. REYNOLDS, 0000 JOHNATHAN D. LAWSON, 0000 ROBERT A. GOODRUM, 0000 MICHAEL T. RIBBLE, 0000 PETER M. LAWSON, 0000 TIMOTHY E. GOODWIN, 0000 JOHN S. ROBERTSON, 0000 MICHAEL F. LEWIS, 0000 ROBERT L. GOULD, 0000 RICHARD E. ROBEY, 0000 TIMOTHY S. LOVE, 0000 RICHARD F. GOWARD, JR., 0000 MARGARET J. RONZIO, 0000 ROBERT J. MAGERS, 0000 JOHN C. GRACE, 0000 THOMAS K. ROSE, 0000 ARTHUR D. MARTIN, 0000 MARK, D. GRAY, 0000 PAUL P. ROSS, 0000 FRANKLIN MC LAIN, 0000 KENNETH E. GREEN, 0000 MICHAEL L. RUNALS, 0000 GEORGE C. MC LAIN, 0000 DAVID E. GUZA, 0000 CHRISTOPHER J. RYAN, 0000 MARK O. MEEHAN, 0000 SEBASTIAN C. HAFER, 0000 DOUGLAS J. SAHRBECK, 0000 EUGENE C. MENDIOLA, 0000 PAUL R. HALEY, 0000 KATHERINE L. SANFORD, 0000 RUSSELL E. MILLER, JR., 0000 JUERGEN G. HALF, 0000 RICHARD S. SAUNDERS, 0000 PAUL J. MINER, 0000 DON P. HAMBLEN, 0000 MARK D. SAVIGNAC, 0000 CLENNON W. MURRAY, 0000 MELINDA O. HASEN, 0000 MICHAEL A. SCHALL, 0000 KEVIN C. O’HERAN, 0000 KEITH E. HARDMAN, 0000 RICHARD E. SCHIEFEN, 0000 ROBERT J. OSBORN II, 0000 JOHN W. HARDY, 0000 RUSSELL C. SCHLOTE, JR., 0000 DANIEL J. PETERLICK, 0000 JAMES A. HARNAR, 0000 ROBERT J. SCHOLES, 0000 SANFORD P. PIKE, 0000 JOSEPH D. HARRINGTON, 0000 RONALD R. SCHOWE, 0000 RICHARD A. RATLIFF, 0000 WILLIAM E. HART, 0000 RONALD H. SCHWARTZ, 0000 LIGE ROSS, JR., 0000 LARRY E. HAYES, 0000 JOHN D. SCOTT, 0000 DONALD C. SCOTT, 0000 JEFFREY A. HEDGES, 0000 MICHAEL L. SCOTT, 0000 WILLIAM S. SEINER, 0000 ROBERT J. HEISTER, JR., 0000 ROBBIE D. SCRUGGS, 0000 ROBERT E. SEVERSON, 0000 CHARLES L. HEWELL, 0000 CONSTANCE M. SENKOWSKI, 0000 GARY M. SNYDER, 0000 GORDON J. HILL, 0000 KARL R. SETTE, 0000 RANDELL TACKETT, 0000 JAMES D. HOFFMAN, JR., 0000 THOMAS P. SHARKEY, 0000 ROBERT P. VENEMA, 0000 ROBERT L. HOGAN, 0000 KENNETH W. SHEETS, JR., 0000 JAMES WERDANN, 0000 ROBERT L. HOWARD, 0000 ROBERT SHEPPARD, 0000 THE FOLLOWING NAMED OFFICERS FOR APPOINTMENT RICHARD P. HUBBARD, 0000 MICHAEL SHINEGO, 0000 TO THE GRADE INDICATED IN THE UNITED STATES ROBERT K. HUDGENS, 0000 KEVIN R. SKJEI, 0000 NAVAL RESERVE UNDER TITLE 10, U.S.C., SECTION 12203: RICHARD J. HUMENUCK, 0000 RICHARD P. SKRZAT, 0000

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DAVID L. SMITH, 0000 KENNETH N. THOMPSON, 0000 JOSEPH WASEK, JR., 0000 JAMES F. SMITH, 0000 STEVEN M. THRAILKILL, 0000 MICHAEL N. WATSON, 0000 STANLEY A. SOWINSKI, 0000 WILLIAM E. TILLERSON, JR., 0000 JOHN S. WEBB, 0000 KENNETH G. SPENCER, 0000 LEE A. TIMRECK, 0000 MILTON B. WHITFIELD, 0000 CHARLES J. STEINBAUGH, 0000 MICHAEL D. TSCHILTZ, 0000 THOMAS H. WILLIAMS, 0000 ARTHUR L. STEPHENS, 0000 DIANNA M. TURMAN, 0000 ELDON J. WILSON, 0000 JOHN R. STEPHENS, 0000 PATRICK A. TUZZOLO, 0000 ARNETT J. WISE, 0000 MICHELE V. STICKNEY, 0000 JAMES R. UNDERWOOD, 0000 LAURA D. STUBBS, 0000 RICHARD R. VANTHOF, 0000 TERRAY E. WOOD, 0000 KEVIN J. SULLIVAN, 0000 JOHN R. VERBRYCKE, 0000 GARLAND P. WRIGHT, 0000 WILLIAM J. SUMNER, 0000 DAVID C. WAGNER, 0000 THOMAS A. YEAGER, 0000 STEPHEN D. SWAZEE, 0000 DALE W. WAINWRIGHT, 0000 MICHAEL J. YURINA, 0000 SHEILA S. SWEETSER, 0000 CHARLES D. WALTERS, 0000 JAMES M. ZAHORNACKY, 0000 CHARLES C. SWENSEN, JR., 0000 ALAN F. WARE, 0000 CAROL J. ZINK, 0000 DAVID A. SWINGLE, 0000 DONALD C. WARREN, JR., 0000 ERIC R. ZUMWALT, 0000 JOHN M. THOMPSON, 0000 STEWART T. WARREN, 0000

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