Vol. 31 No. 28 Engaging the Community OCTOBER 17, 2017 EXCAVATIONS AT IN 2016-2017 CERAMIC ADORNMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE

looted and burned down the het - In 2016-17, archaeologists con - examined numerous of seven to nine patterns of floor Volodymyr Mezentsev, Ph. D. man capital, and annihilated its tinued their excavations in Hon - photos of unearthed rosette frag - pavements or inlays with glazed CIUS, Toronto Cossack garrison as well as all charivka, the suburb of Baturyn. ments. Using computer graphic and terracotta tiles, about 30 kinds the residents—from 11,000 to In the late 1690s, Mazepa con - techniques we prepared hypo - of fine glazed multicoloured stove War and economic problems tiles, and two versions of terracotta in have complicated but and glazed heraldic plaques. These not interrupted the annual exca - findings attest to the exceptionally vations conducted by the Cana - refined, costly, and diversified da-Ukraine archaeological expe - ceramic adornment of Mazepa’s dition in the town of Baturyn, main residence in Baturyn. Chernihiv since 2001. This I contend that the method of is thanks largely to the sponsors decorating the fa ҫades of this of the Baturyn historical and ar - structure with ceramic rosettes chaeological project: the Canadian was borrowed from Kyivan ec - Institute of Ukrainian Studies clesiastical architecture between (CIUS) at the University of Al - 1696 and 1700. This corresponds berta, the Pontifical Institute of with Yu. Sytyi’s assertion about Mediaeval Studies (PIMS) at the the production of all the ceramic University of Toronto, and the ornamental details of the Hon - Ucrainica Research Institute in charivka palace, including the Toronto. Prof. Zenon Kohut, dis - The 17th-century fortress citadel of Baturyn with the Resurrection Church and the earliest hetman residence within the bailey. rosettes, stove and floor tiles, and tinguished historian of the Hetman Reconstructed on the basis of archaeological research in 2008. Photos by V. Mezentsev. heraldic slabs, by experienced ar - state and former director of CIUS, Archaeologist Dr. Volodymyr 14,000 Ukrainians in total. By structed his principal residence thetical colour reconstructions of tisans or kakhliari , whom the het - serves as the academic adviser Mezentsev (CIUS, Toronto) is the order of Tsar Peter I, the com - there, an imposing brick palace six types of intact rosettes. Each man summoned from . Un - of this undertaking. Orest Steciw, the Canadian executive director plete destruction and depopulation (20 m by 14.5 m) with three type has its own specific relief doubtedly, they made these ware M.A., managing director of the of the Baturyn project. The notable of Mazepa’s capital was to serve stories and an attic. In 1708, Russ - flower or geometric ornament from local clay while in Baturyn. as a demonstration of the severe ian troops plundered and burned and predominantly three or four Yet these masters could have ɁȿɇɈɇɄɈȽɍɌ price to be paid for disloyalty to this outstanding piece of Ukrainian subtypes with variations of colour brought with them the carved ȼɈɅɈȾɂɆɂɊɆȿɁȿɇɐȿȼ the tsar’s authority. His intent architecture. glazing, up to 21 subtypes alto - wooden molds which they em - ɘɊȱɃɋɂɌɂɃ was to terrify and demoralize all Analysis of the excavated Hon - gether. ployed to fashion rosettes for of Ukraine. charivka palace debris and written These details were nailed to some contemporaneous churches Half a century later, Hetman sources, along with the 1744 the frieze of the entablature in a in Kyiv. Kyrylo Rozumovsky (1750-64) drawing of its ruins, has allowed row alternating different types or In the 17 th -18 th centuries, in privatized and rebuilt Baturyn, researchers to establish the ar - and renewed its status as the cap - chitectural design and decoration ital of the Hetmanate. Although, of this structure. At Mazepa’s be - in 1764, the abol - hest, his main residence was likely ished this Cossack realm, Rozu - built and adorned primarily in the movsky continued to reconstruct style of the mature Central Euro - and repopulate the town, promot - pean baroque. My research, how - ing its economic growth until his ever, has shown that the embel - death in 1803. After this last up - lishment of this palace’s fa ҫade s surge, the former hetman capital with glazed ceramic rosettes rep - fell into decline, but it has begun resented a distinctive attribute of to revive in independent Ukraine. Hetmanate architecture. Since 2009, with the recon - While excavating the remnants struction of the impressive fortress of Honcharivka’s villa in 1995- citadel, hetman palaces, the state 2013, many fragments of such ȺɊɏȿɈɅɈȽȱɑɇȱ ȾɈɋɅȱȾɂȻȺɌɍɊɂɇȺɊ treasury house, court hall, and rosettes were found. These plate- churches, as well as the estab - like ceramic details have a semi- Hetman of Ukraine, , with his coat of arms as Prince ɄɟɪɚɦɿɱɧɿɨɡɞɨɛɢɩɚɥɚɰɭɆɚɡɟɩɢ lishment of several modern mu - spherical central part and flat cir - of the Holy Roman Empire. Computer collage by S. Dmytriienko.  seums of antiquities, Baturyn has cular rims. Their convex facing ɌɈɊɈɇɌɈ‡ become a popular tourist attrac - is ornamented with relief rosettes, subtypes. According to the au - keeping with the Kyivan model, tion. Over the past three years, i.e. stylized flowers of various thor’s reconstruction of the Hon - and possibly with the involvement Richly illustrated booklet providing the update on excavations the influx of visitors to the town’s patterns, and covered by white, charivka palace exterior, these of Kyivan craftsmen, several in Baturyn, published by “Homin Ukrainy” in 2017. museums and historical sites from yellow, green, turquoise, and light friezes on each of its three stories monastic churches in the Kyiv, Ukraine and abroad has increased, or dark blue enamel. were decorated with rosettes of Chernihiv, and Poltava regions National Executive of the League historian of Ukraine- Rus’, Prof. reaching up to 150,000 sightseers In 2017, this writer and graphic various diameters, ranging from were also embellished with ce - of Ukrainian Canadians, is the Martin Dimnik (PIMS), has also in 2016. artist Serhii Dmytriienko of 30 cm to 40 cm. S. Dmytriienko ramic rosettes. In fact, the Hon - president of the Ucrainica Re - collaborated in this research. has estimated that approximately charivka palace was the only search Institute. In 1625, when the Chernihiv- 264 rosettes were mounted on known residential building in The W. K. Lypynsky East Eu - Siversk land was under Polish the palace fa ҫades. Ukraine which was ornamented ropean Research Institute Inc. in rule, the Baturyn castle, the nu - Specialists have pointed to the with ceramic rosettes (excluding Philadelphia awarded a generous cleus of the emerging town, was perfect technical and artistic qual - later imitations on dwellings or grant for the archaeological in - founded. Subsequently, a sizeable ity of the heating stove tiles or kam’ianytsi of the Cossack era). vestigation of early modern Batu - and sturdy fortress was constructed kakhli , the rosettes, and the slabs Thus, the exclusive application ryn in 2016-17. In 2005-17, the around the castle. It became the bearing Mazepa’s coat of arms of this specific method of adorning State Adminis - political, military, and adminis - from the Honcharivka palace. churches of the leading Kyivan tration also contributed annual trative capital of the Cossack state They recognize them as valuable architectural school for finishing subsidies for the excavations in in 1669. Baturyn flourished and pieces of Ukrainian baroque ar - Mazepa’s palace in Baturyn shows the town. reached the peak of its urban de - chitectural majolica. The rosettes the unique nature and national In 2016, nearly 70 students velopment during represented one of the most nu - flavour of the structure. By its and archaeologists from the uni - the reign of Hetman Ivan Mazepa merous and typologically diverse three-story design, highly artistic versities of Chernihiv, , (1687-1709), who was the best- categories of ceramic embellish - glazed ceramic polychrome revet - and Sumy were involved in the known and most respected of all ment of this edifice. ments, and unusual combination Baturyn excavations. Past summer, Ukrainian in the West. My conclusions regarding the of Western and Ukrainian baroque the archaeological expedition there In 1708, with Sweden as an ornamentation of the Honcharivka decorations, the principal hetman decreased to 50 members due to ally, Mazepa led a revolt to liberate palace by six types and from 16 residence stood out among the the absence of students from central Ukraine from increasing to 21 subtypes of rosettes with a secular buildings of the Cossack Sumy. The expedition was headed Russian domination. In retaliation, Mazepa’s palace in Honcharivka, the suburb of Baturyn palette of six colours of enamel state. by archaeologist Yurii Sytyi of tsarist forces, aided by a traitor, before 1708. Hypothetical reconstruction by complement the results of earlier * Chernihiv National University. broke into the Baturyn fortress, V. Mezentsev, computer graphic by S. Dmytriienko. research on the application there Excavations ... page 2 UE

Some of the glazed ceramic rosettes from the fa ҫade decoration of the Honcharivka palace prior to 1700. Hypothetical reconstructions by V. Mezentsev and S. Dmytriienko, computer graphics by S. Dmytriienko. Ukrainian Echo October 17 , 2017 2

EXCAVATIONS AT BATURYN IN 2016-2017 CERAMIC ADORNMENTS OF HETMAN ARCHITECTURE

 From page 1 UE in the late baroque Dutch style. Rozumovsky likely imported This year, archaeologists partly the best and most expensive tiles excavated the foundation of some glazed cobalt and white from hitherto unknown destroyed brick Holland for finishing the heating structure at Mazepa’s manor in stoves and fireplaces at his am - Honcharivka. Its investigation bitious palatial residences and of - and identification will be com - fices of hetman administration. pleted next summer. He could have also used some The 2016 excavations in the cheaper imitations of the fash - former fortress and the southern ionable Dutch tiles, which were suburb of Baturyn discovered manufactured in from the th remnants of wooden dwellings Discovery of a pot while early 18 century, and possibly of the burghers and , 11 excavating the remnants of a locally in Baturyn since 1750. Excavations of the 17th-18th-century dwellings of Cossacks and burghers silver and copper Polish and Russ - 17th-century structure in Hon - Conceivably, the flat tiles glazed in the former Baturyn fortress as well as the brick foundation of the administrative ian coins, three fragments of cop - charivka. Photos of the 2016 ex - brown, green, yellow, and beige office of Hetman Kyrylo Rozumovsky at Vasyl Kochubei’s household in 2016. per rings, four copper buttons, cavations and finds by Yu. Sytyi. of Rozumovsky’s era found in four bronze and brass clasps and Baturyn represent Ukrainian ware. An iron cannon ball was found the League of Ukrainian Canadi - Canadians – Toronto Branch (Bo - six decorative appliqués from elaborate floral motifs executed In their paintings, some influences inside this structure, a reminder ans in Toronto (tel.: 416-516- rys Mykhaylets, president), the Cossack leather belts, sabre-knots, in dark-blue enamel on white and of the style, images, and orna - of the artillery shelling suffered 8223, email: [email protected]) League of Ukrainian Women in and horse harnesses, a fragment yellow backgrounds. ments of Dutch glazed ceramics by the town that year. and through the CIUS Press in Canada – Toronto Branch (Halyna of a bronze sabre hilt guard, four In 2016, within the fortress, along with its national folk inter - In summary, the 2016 excava - Edmonton (tel.: 780-492-2973, Vynnyk, president), the Kniahynia lead musket bullets, four flint archaeologists unearthed half of pretations in the multicoloured tions in Baturyn have yielded a email: [email protected], http: Olha Branch of the Ukrainian pieces from flint-lock rifles, an a small flat rectangular ceramic enamel techniques are visible. number of rare and significant //www.ciuspress.com/catalogue/hi Women’s Association of Canada iron horse stirrup, a lead seal, stove tile, which was glazed Last year, in the fortress, for artefacts for the study of ceramic story/361/arhaieologheichni-de - (Natalia Jemetz, president), the cobalt-blue and white, and bears oslidei-baturina-2016-r). Buduchnist Credit Union (Oksana the images of a house and a large Prociuk, CEO and Chrystyna Bidi - flower in baroque Dutch style. * * * ak, personnel manager), the Stove tiles of the same shape, Next summer, archaeologists Prometheus Foundation (Maria size, colouring, and manner of will renew their field explorations Szkambara, president), the Ukrain - glazed painting from the second in Baturyn. Meanwhile, the ian Credit Union (Taras Pidza - half of the 18 th century have been Ukrainian government, burdened mecky, CEO), the Golden Lion found in considerable numbers with heavy military expenses, Restaurant (Anna Kisil, owner), in Kyiv, , and the Rozu - will likely suspend its funding of the Healing Source Integrative movsky buildings in Baturyn. At this scholarly project from 2018 Pharmacy (Omelan and Zenia the museum in his Baturyn palace, onwards. In a time of peace, the Chabursky, owners) in Toronto, five intact analogous stove tiles benevolent support of the Baturyn the Canadian contributors to the are on display. They feature de - research by Ukrainians in Canada Ukrainian Studies Fund Inc. at pictions of early modern Western and the USA was very important, Harvard University, and the Front and back of the European country houses, towers, Bronze and brass clasps and decorative appliqués from and in the present situation it will Ukrainian History and Educational 17th-century patterned bronze stylized birds, and flowers. Cossack belts and horse harnesses, and a copper button keep this project alive. C e n t e r i n S o m e r s e t , N . J . ( N a t a l i a neck cross found in the Perhaps these narrow and small from the 17th-18th century discovered in Baturyn in 2016. The late poetess Volodymyra Honcharenko, director). southern suburb in 2016. rectangular tiles discovered at the first time in Baturyn, archae - decorations of residential and ad - Wasylyszyn and her husband, Continued support for archae - and a ceramic game chip of the Baturyn in 2016 were applied as ologists unearthed a remarkable ministrative buildings of the het - artist Roman Wasylyszyn ological investigations in Baturyn 17 th and 18 th centuries. decorative horizontal bands and tiny porcelain figure of a gentle - man capital, as well as the culture (Philadelphia), Dr. George and the publication of its findings Last year, in the southern sub - cornices between rows of larger men in 18 th -century European and lifestyle of hetmans, Cossack Iwanchyshyn and Dr. Wilhelmina by Ukrainian organizations, foun - urb, a 17 th -century bronze neck tiles revetting the heating stoves clothing. This statuette was mas - officers, gentry, and burghers Degroot (Toronto), Andrew dations, companies, and private cross was unearthed. It bears the of Dutch design. Representative terly fashioned in a realistic man - there. New archaeological data Maleckyj and Motria Kyzycz benefactors in North America will relief of a three-barred Golgotha finds of such sizeable tiles from ner, although without small details, has also advanced our knowledge (New York), and Alexandra be most welcome. Canadian citi - cross with the symbols of the and painted in blue, red, apple- Passion of Christ on both sides. green, gold, dark-bronze, and In the fortress, a carved stone black colours. I believe that it mold for casting neck crosses was a product of the porcelain was also found. Yu. Sytyi has factory in Meissen, Saxony, and maintained that these items were brought to Baturyn during Rozu - manufactured in Baturyn before movsky’s time. The figurine could its destruction in 1708. have stood on display in the house In 2016-17, the expedition con - of either a Cossack officer tinued excavating the site of the (starshyna ), a member of the gen - household of Judge General Vasyl try ( shliakhta ), or a well-to-do Fragment of a stove tile painted Kochubei (after 1700) in the with multicolou гed glaze. burgher, and served as a child’s town’s western end. After 1750, Presumably a local Baturyn toy. These finds of valuable Ger - Rozumovsky owned this manor product from Rozumovsky’s era. man porcelain sculpture and and commissioned three wooden 2007 excavations in the citadel. Dutch-style glazed ceramic stove edifices there. In Yu. Sytyi’s view, Photo by V. Mezentsev. tiles provide insight into the Eu - these served as offices for the ropean commercial and cultural Tiles with glazed painting in Dutch style from the adornment of hetman’s administration, which Rozumovsky’s buildings in Batu - connections of Baturyn, as well stoves in Rozumovsky’s buildings. Baturyn National Preserve. This and the next photo of a stove tile by V. Mezentsev. were dismantled in the 19 th cen - ryn are exhibited in his palace- as the Westernization and pros - tury. museum. They are glazed pre - perity of its elite during the last Zolobecky-Misiong (Livonia, MI) zens are kindly invited to send Archaeologists have uncovered dominantly cobalt and white, but town’s vibrancy under Rozu - Fragments of small ceramic have been the most generous pa - their cheques with donations to: portions of brick foundations, occasionally brown, green, yellow, movsky. stove tiles from the second part trons of the study of Baturyn. In Orest Steciw, M.A., President, which supported the timber walls and beige. These tiles boast skillful Yu. Sytyi published an impor - of 18th century with glazed im - 2016-17, the archaeological re - Ucrainica Research Institute, 9 of two of Rozumovsky’s build - realistic and stylized drawings of tant article this year about the ages in the Dutch style. 2016 search on the hetman capital and Plastics Ave., Toronto, ON, ings. The heating stoves ( hruba ) people in 18 th -century European excavations by our expedition of excavations in Baturyn. the preparation of related publi - Canada M8Z 4B6. Please make there were faced with artistic ce - dress, flowers, and landscapes of cemeteries in the Baturyn out - cations were supported with do - your cheques payable to: Ucraini - ramic tiles. Last summer, two early modern Western European skirts. He argues that most of the of the local manufacturing of nations from the National Exec - ca Research Institute (memo: fragments of narrow tiles from cities and ports with sailboats, as 25 buried inhabitants of the 17 th - metal ornaments, neck crosses, utive of the League of Ukrainian Baturyn Project) . the second part of the 18 th century well as sophisticated plant and 18 th centuries, exhumed in the arms and accoutrements of the Canadians (Roman Medyk, pres - American residents are advised were found there. They feature geometric ornaments, all executed Teplivka suburb in 2005, were hetman’s Cossacks and their hors - ident), the League of Ukrainian to send their donations to: Mr. victims of the 1708 Russian attack es, and the architectural majolica Stan Kamski, Treasurer, Pon - on the hetman capital. Archaeol - in the town, as well as its trade tifical Institute of Mediaeval ogists uncovered there skeletons imports and artistic influences Studies, 59 Queen ’s Park Cr. of children, men, and women of from Western Europe in the 17 th E., Toronto, ON, Canada M5S various ages – members of several and 18 th centuries. The review of 2C4. Please make your cheques families. findings from the graves excavated payable to: Pontifical Institute In a southern suburb, in 2006, by our expedition in the suburbs of Mediaeval Studies (memo: they excavated the remains of a has provided archaeological evi - Baturyn Project). These institutes child inside a timber structure dence of the killing of entire fam - will issue official tax receipts to that was burned in 1708. In pre - ilies during the extermination of all donors in Canada and the vious years, in several parts of the population of Mazepa’s capital. USA , and they will be gratefully Baturyn, archaeologists also un - The recent detailed examination acknowledged in related publi - earthed human remains buried of its history and antiquities is cations and public lectures. near or amidst the ruins of burnt presented in the richly illustrated For additional information dwellings of the 17 th or early 18 th booklet Arkheolohichni doslidy about the Baturyn project, readers centuries. Yu. Sytyi has positively Baturyna 2016 roku. Keramichni may contact Dr. Volodymyr identified these buried residents ozdoby palatsu Ivana Mazepy Mezentsev in Toronto (tel.: 416- as casualties of Tsar Peter’s puni - (Archaeological Research of Batu - 766-1408; email: v.mezentsev@ tive action. ryn in 2016. Ceramic Decorations utoronto.ca ). I kindly thank the In Honcharivka, this year, our of Ivan Mazepa’s Palace), Toronto: Ukrainian communities in North expedition investigated the rem - “Homin Ukrainy”, 2017, 32 pp. America for their generous con - nants of a wooden dwelling of in Ukrainian, 75 colour illustra - tinuous support helping the project th The 18th-century German the early 18 century, which was tions. This publication is available porcelain statuette found in the scholars to reconstruct the glorious Half of a large glazed ceramic stove tile depicting a man burned together with the neigh - for purchase for $10 from the of - and tragic history of the capital and a floral ornament in late baroque Dutch style. Baturyn fortress in 2016. Rozumovsky’s palace-museum in Baturyn. bouring Mazepa villa in 1708. fice of the National Executive of Photo by Yu. Sytyi. of Cossack Ukraine.