Discover Parliament Contents

Did you know? What is Parliament? 2 As well as being considered very Parliament and Government 3 wise creatures, a group of owls is known as a parliament. The House of Commons 4 Elections 5 Who’s Who in the House of Commons? 7 What Does the House of Commons do? 9 How Laws are Made 11 The House of Lords 13 The Government 17 The Monarchy 19 Test Your Knowledge 20 Find Out More 21

What is Parliament?

The Parliament of the United Kingdom Why do we need Parliament? Did you know? consists of: We live in a democratic country, which The only time that the three means that we can all have a say in how • The House of Commons (646 elected parts of Parliament meet the country is run. We do this by electing Members of Parliament or MPs) together is for the State MPs to represent our views in the House of Opening when the monarch Commons; the part of Parliament which has • The House of Lords (approximately opens the new Parliamentary the greatest political power. The expertise 720 unelected members, most of them session each year. appointed for life) and independence of members of the House of Lords complement the work of the House • The Queen (our hereditary monarch) of Commons.

What does Parliament do? What is Devolved Government? Parliament is responsible for making and To give the people of Scotland, Wales changing the laws of the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland more say over what and for checking (scrutinising) the work happens in their own countries, the UK of the Government. Parliament has devolved (given away) some of its powers to other national and regional bodies. In Scotland, for example, there is the Scottish Parliament which has elected members who make some decisions for Scotland. Wales and Northern Ireland also have their own Assemblies. A Greater London Assembly has also been established.

Parliament and Government

Did you know? What is the Government? What is the difference between The Government is like the management Parliament and Government? The word parliament comes of the country. It is made up of about While the job of Government is to run the from the French word ‘parler’ 100 members of the political party which country, the job of Parliament is to check which means to speak. wins the most seats at a general election Government is carrying out its role properly

and so has the most MPs in the House of and effectively. To do this, Parliament has Decisions taken by Parliament Commons. Most of those in the Government powers to limit the Government and prevent are made only after lots of will be MPs but some will be members of it from becoming too powerful. Government is debating (talking) has been the House of Lords. accountable to Parliament for all of its actions. done.

House of Commons 646 MPs House of Lords c 720 Members Opposition Parties Governing Party Governing Party Opposition Parties & Crossbenchers Government Shadow Ministers Shadow Ministers Prime Minister Ministers Ministers Whips Whips Whips Whips Back-benchers Back-benchers Back-benchers Law Lords

Back-benchers Bishops

The House of Commons

What is the House of Commons? What does the House of Commons do? Did you know? The House of Commons is made up of The main functions of the House The seats in the House of 646 Members of Parliament (MPs) who of Commons are: Commons are green in colour are elected by the voters (the electorate) • To pass laws because green dye was one to each represent an area of the UK which • To provide (by voting for taxes) of the easiest and cheapest is known as a constituency. We all live the money which the Government to produce so was more easily in a constituency and have an MP to needs to carry out its work available to common people. represent us in the House of Commons. • To check (scrutinise) that the Government MPs represent all of the people who live is doing its work properly in their constituency, whether or not they voted for him or her. • To debate the major issues of the day Where does the House of Commons meet? The House of Commons meets in a special chamber within the Palace of Westminster in London.

Elections

What is a general election? What happens at election time? Fair and free elections are an essential The United Kingdom is divided up into part of a democracy, allowing the people 646 areas called constituencies. We have to have a say in how they want the country three main political parties - Conservative, to be governed. A general election is held Labour and Liberal Democrats and a number when Parliament is dissolved (closed) by of other smaller parties. Each party that the monarch on the advice of the Prime wants to win a constituency will select one Minister. person to be their candidate and will try In the UK, unlike in many other countries to persuade people to vote for that person such as the USA, we do not have a fixed and their policies. There may also be amount of time between general elections. independent candidates. There is no minimum length of a Parliament To be a candidate in a general election but the maximum time is five years, and it you must be aged 21 or over and a citizen is up to the Prime Minister to decide when of Britain, the Commonwealth or the Irish to hold an election within this period. He or Republic. Some people have jobs where she will hope to choose a time when their they need to be politically impartial (such party will win again. as judges, police officers and civil servants) so are disqualified. All candidates must Did you know? pay a £500 deposit which they will only In the 2005 general election get back if they secure at least 5% of the candidates from 109 registered votes cast in their constituency. political parties stood for election. Only 9 of these parties succeeded in winning seats. There were also a number of independent candidates, two of whom were elected. Who can vote in parliamentary elections? What happens on election (polling) day? Did you know? To be able to vote you must be aged 18 or The time between Parliament being dissolved Since 1872 voting has been over and a British, Irish or Commonwealth and election day is known as an election by secret ballot (in private). citizen. You are not allowed to vote if you campaign. This usually lasts for about three This is to stop people from being are in prison for more than 12 months or weeks and all of the parties and candidates bribed or threatened into voting in a mental hospital. You must also have will try to persuade voters to vote for them for a particular candidate. your name on the electoral register. Each by putting up posters, sending out leaflets, autumn a registration form is sent to every knocking on doors and holding meetings. household for details of those who are, General elections are usually held on a or are about to reach, 18, but you can add Thursday. Voting takes place from 07.00 your name at any time. until 22.00 in a number of places throughout Voting is not compulsory: you do not have each constituency known as polling to vote if you do not want to but it is your stations. These are often school and village chance to have your say in how the country halls. Each voter has one vote which they is governed. You can vote in person, by post cast for the candidate of their choice. The or by proxy (letting someone cast your vote candidate with the largest number of votes for you). becomes the MP for the constituency. This voting system is called ‘first-past-the-post’. If a Member dies, retires or is disqualified between elections then a by-election (an election only in the constituency without an MP) is held.

Who’s Who in the House of Commons?

Did you know? The leader of the political party with the most Its leader is known as the Leader of the seats (MPs) in the House of Commons (the Opposition and will also choose senior The House of Commons governing party) becomes Prime Minister. members of his or her party to be shadow originally sat in a chapel with He or she chooses a number of senior ministers. They sit on the front bench the Speaker’s chair in front of members of their party to become ministers. opposite the Government so are known the altar and Members sitting in Ministers sit on the front bench in the as Opposition or Shadow front-benchers. the choir stalls. This is why the House of Commons, so are known as front- All of the other smaller parties are known two main parties sit opposite benchers. They lead debates and answer as Opposition parties even though some each other in the Chamber. questions about their departments from the may support the Government. despatch box. All of the MPs who are not either The party which has the second largest ministers or Shadow ministers are number of seats in the House of Commons known as back-benchers. is known as the Official Opposition.

The Commons Chamber 6

1 Speaker's Chair 10 10 2 Table of the House 10 12 10 3 Despatch boxes 10 12 10 10 11 4 The Mace 9 11 14 5 Aye Division Lobby 6 No Division Lobby 3 1 13 2 4 7 Government Front bench 3 8 Government Back benches 7 8 9 Opposition Front bench 8 8 10 Opposition Back benches 8 8 11 Liberal Democrats 8 8 12 8 8 12 Other smaller Parties 13 Clerks at the Table 5 14 Serjeant at Arms Who are Whips and what do they do? Who keeps the House of Commons Did you know? Each party chooses a number of its MPs in order? The Speaker is so called because to be Whips. Whips are responsible for The House of Commons can be a very noisy he or she speaks on behalf of making sure that all members of the party place where lots of MPs have very strong the House of Commons — know what is going on and know who to views and may all want to speak in a debate. he or she is unable to speak in go to if they have a problem. They are also It is the job of the Speaker to keep order debates or ask questions and responsible for party discipline. in the Chamber and to make sure that as keeps order in the Chamber. Each party issues its Members with a weekly many MPs as possible are able to take part timetable of what is happening in the House in the debate. of Commons and gives guidance as to how The Speaker is an experienced MP who is the party hopes its Members will vote on chosen by all of the other MPs to be their issues. This timetable is also known as the Speaker at the beginning of each Parliament. Whip. Votes (divisions) are underlined Once chosen, the Speaker must give up once, twice or three times according to how all party views and be politically impartial important the party thinks that the issues so that he or she can be fair to all. The are. All MPs are expected to be present to Speaker’s most well known words are “Order, vote on issues which are underlined three Order” and all MPs, even the Prime Minister, times (a three-line whip) unless they must obey him or her. have special permission from their Whip to be absent.

What Does the House of Commons do?

Did you know? Making Laws Controlling Money New laws are needed to deal with our The Government needs money in order ‘No taxation without constantly changing society, hence the to be able to run the country. It raises representation’. The House of House of Commons spends nearly half of this from taxes. Each year, usually in March Lords does not play a significant its time making new laws which are known or April, the Government minister responsible part in financial matters as as Statute Laws. Laws are made in different for finances, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, they are not elected and only ways, for example, some are made by the makes a statement to the House of Commons our elected representatives European Union because when we joined in which he explains how he intends to raise can decide on taxes. in 1973 we agreed to obey European laws. the money which the Government needs to Some of our laws have developed over spend. This is known as the Budget. hundreds of years from decisions made The House of Commons has a duty on behalf by judges in law courts — these are of the people of the country to make sure known as Common Law. that the Government is not raising taxes without good reason and is spending the Debates money wisely. The House of Commons is where major issues of the day are debated with different arguments being put forward and opinions given. In this way all MPs have the chance to express their concerns and make their views, and those of their constituents, known. At the end of a debate MPs give their opinion by voting either aye (yes) or no.

Examining the Work of the Government Question Time Parliament has a duty to keep a check on Question Time takes place for almost an (scrutinise) the work of the Government. hour on Mondays to Thursdays. Ministers are It does this in a number of ways. responsible for the work of their departments and must answer questions about once Select Committees a month. Any MP can apply to ask an oral Select committees in the House of (spoken) question but there will not be Commons check the work of government time for all of them to be answered. departments. There is a committee for every Questions can also be answered in writing. major department. Committees are usually In this way ministers, including the Prime made up of 11 MPs who meet together to Minister, are answerable to the House of conduct enquiries into areas of the work Commons for their work. of their particular department. They can take written evidence and ask for witnesses The Opposition to come and answer questions, usually Opposition parties can question the work in public. At the end of an inquiry the of the Government and have set times when committee publishes a report which they can choose the topics for debate. The everyone can read and which may be Official Opposition mirrors the Government Did you know? debated in Parliament. This means that with its Shadow Cabinet and presents questions are always being asked about alternative policies so that voters have Unlike many other world the work of departments and attention a choice at election time. On international leaders, the Prime Minister can be drawn to matters of concern. The matters and at times of crisis the Opposition answers questions from MPs in Government must respond to each report will often agree with the Government and the House of Commons about although it is not bound to accept the offer its support. the work of the Government for committee’s recommendations. 30 minutes each Wednesday at 12 noon.

10 How Laws are Made

Did you know? No new law can be made unless it has House of Commons completed a number of stages in both First Reading Some of the stages of a bill the House of Commons and the House The bill is first introduced into Parliament are called Readings because, of Lords and has been signed by the so that people know that it is coming up in the days before printing, monarch. A proposed new law is known for discussion. the only way for Members to as a Bill and can only become an Act Second Reading find out what a bill said was of Parliament, and the law of the land, This is a very important stage where the by having it read out to them once it has completed all of its stages. in the Chamber. minister in charge will explain the purpose Preparatory Stages of the bill and answer questions. All MPs can attend the debate and vote on the bill. Before a bill is introduced, those people who are likely to be affected may be consulted Committee Stage and discussion documents, called Green Most bills are considered by a small group and White Papers, may be produced. of between 15 and 50 MPs in a Standing Sometimes a bill is published in draft Committee. Here the bill can be examined form so that it can be debated by a select in detail and changes (amendments) can committee in its early stages. be made.

PREPARATORY STAGES THE HOUSE OF COMMONS THE HOUSE OF LORDS First Reading Second Reading Committee Stage Report Stage Third Reading Consideration of AmendmentsTHE ROYAL ASSENT Pre-Legislative Scrutiny First Reading Second Reading Committee Stage Report Stage Third Reading

11 Report Stage Committee Stage Did you know? Any amendments made by the committee This is where detailed clause-by-clause are reported in the Commons for all MPs examination of the bill takes place. Sometimes a bill goes to consider. New amendments may also All members of the House of Lords can backwards and forwards be introduced at this stage. participate and amendments can be between the two Houses because they cannot agree Third Reading proposed. with each other’s changes. MPs vote for the final time as to whether Report Stage This is referred to as they want the bill to progress or not. If This is a further chance to change the bill. ‘ping-pong’. they agree the bill goes to the House of Third Reading Lords for them to consider. Last chance for discussion and, unlike the House of Lords Commons, to make further amendments. First Reading Royal Assent The bill from the Commons is announced in the House of Lords. Once both Houses have agreed with each other’s changes then the bill goes to the Second Reading monarch for Royal Assent. It can then become This is the main debate on the bill. the law of the land as an Act of Parliament.

Note: Bills can begin in either House (above, the bill is assumed to have started in the House of Commons). Bills which start in the Lords go through the same stages. 12 The House of Lords

What is the House of Lords? and its wishes take precedence. However, The House of Lords is the second chamber the House of Lords can stop a bill to extend in the United Kingdom’s Parliament. It has the life of a Parliament beyond five years approx 720 members. Members of the House to make sure that an unpopular Government of Lords together have great breadth of cannot delay elections to stay in power. expertise and, individually, are characterised Examines the Work of the Government by independence of thought. They complement the work of the House of Commons by Parliament has a duty to check on (scrutinise) making laws, scrutinising the Government the work of the Government. The House and providing independent expertise. of Lords does this in a number of ways. Debates What does the House of Lords do? The House of Lords holds debates which Makes Laws give a valuable opportunity to discuss All bills must be agreed by both Houses matters of public interest or to talk about of Parliament before receiving Royal a report which has just come out. These Assent and becoming law. All bills that debates draw on the members’ wide range of Did you know? come from the House of Commons will be knowledge and expertise. In times of crisis special debates will be held in the Lords at The House of Lords spends reviewed and some bills will start their the same time as in the Commons. two-thirds of its time revising life in the Lords. and improving new laws. Many If the Lords make changes that the Question Time thousands of amendments are Commons do not like then the bill will go Government ministers in the Lords have considered each year, a large backwards and forwards between the two until to answer questions about their work as number of which are accepted. agreement is reached. If they cannot agree in the Commons. Question time takes place then the Lords can only delay the passage at the beginning of each sitting day for of a bill for about a year. This is because about half an hour. Questions can also be the House of Commons is our elected House asked and answered in writing.

13 Provides Independent Expertise our taxes are raised and spent. Parliament’s Did you know? Like the Commons, the Lords have select work on these matters is all done by the Members of the House of Lords committees. The main difference is that, House of Commons. only wear robes during the instead of looking at the work of government What types of Lords are there? State Opening ceremony once departments, Lords’ select committees a year. On a normal day, deal with broader issues such as scientific, Currently there are four types of Lords: members wear business suits. economic and constitutional affairs. They Life Peers also have a major role in scrutinising Most of the members of the House of Lords European laws. When a committee finishes are life peers. They are appointed by the its work on a particular matter it publishes monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister a report for the House to debate and for for the duration of their lives, often for the public to see what it has discovered. services to the country. This ensures a wide range of expertise amongst the membership Judicial Work of the House of Lords. The House of Lords is currently the highest Hereditary Peers court in the land. If the judge in a lower The House of Lords Act 1999 effectively court is unsure about a point of law it can removed the right of peers who inherited their be referred through higher courts until it titles from their family to sit and vote in the reaches the House of Lords. This judicial House except for 92. The 92 who remain are work is carried out only by highly qualified judges called Law Lords. From 2009 this no longer able to pass on to their children the legal function will be removed completely right to sit as a member of the House of Lords. from the House of Lords. A new UK Supreme Law Lords Court will replace the House of Lords as the The country’s most senior judges, known highest court of appeal in the country. as Lords of Appeal in Ordinary, are appointed As the members of the House of Lords are to the House of Lords, which is, until 2009, not elected they have no power over how the highest court in the land. 14 The House of Lords

Bishops Who keeps the House of Lords in order? The 26 most senior Archbishops and Members of the House of Lords are more Bishops of the Church of England are orderly and polite than MPs so do not need members of the House of Lords. anyone to keep them in order. In the Lords, Where does the House of Lords meet? the Leader of the House is the leader of the governing party and gives advice to The House of Lords meets in a special all peers. The Lord Speaker sits on the chamber at the opposite end of the Palace Woolsack. Her role is very different from of Westminster to the House of Commons. that of the Speaker in the House of The seats in the House of Lords are red. Commons as she does not keep order and How is the House of Lords organised? does not decide who should speak next. The House of Lords is organised on a Who are the Whips and what do they do? party basis in much the same way as As in the House of Commons the parties the Commons with all the major parties, in the House of Lords appoint Whips to together with some of the smaller be their business managers and to help parties, being represented by peers. The with communication. Party discipline is not Did you know? Government sits on the benches on the so strong in the House of Lords as members right side of the throne with ministers Set into the red benches of are more independent. sitting on the front bench. Opposition the House of Lords are little members sit opposite with the shadow loudspeakers like the one above ministers sitting on their front bench. — which help members hear what is being said. Most senior ministers are members of the House of Commons but most government departments will have one minister who is a member of the Lords to answer questions and to speak for his or her department.

15 House of Lords Chamber

Spiritual Side Content Hansard reporters Government back benches

Ofﬁcials

Seats for Members’ spouses

Government front bench Bishops

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Bar of the on f Committee’s Judges ouse able f th f th T eelchairs o H House Thr ossben an o Wh Cr Chair at th Clerks at th Lord Speaker Steps o Chairm or Deputies Chairs of State

Ofﬁcial Opposition front bench Liberal Democrats front bench

Clerks Black Rod Ofﬁcial Opposition back benches Not content Temporal Side

16 The Government

Did you know? What is the Government? What is the Cabinet? The Government is chosen by the leader The Prime Minister chooses about 20 senior 10 Downing Street was given of the political party which has the majority members of the Government to form the to Sir Robert Walpole by King of seats in the House of Commons. It is Cabinet. The majority of members of the George II in 1732. It has been made up of about 100 MPs and members of Cabinet come from the House of Commons the official residence of the the House of Lords who become government but there will also be a few members from Prime Minister ever since. ministers. the House of Lords. Heads of government The Conservative party won the general departments and other senior figures such election in 1979, 1983, 1987 and 1992 as the Lord Chancellor will normally be so we had a Conservative Government for included in the Cabinet but the final eighteen years. The leader of the governing decision rests with the Prime Minister. party becomes the Prime Minister so we The Cabinet usually meets on a Thursday had Margaret Thatcher and then John Major morning in private in the Cabinet Room at as Conservative Prime Ministers. Since 10 Downing Street. It decides on which Labour’s election victories in 1997, 2001 and policies should be introduced at what time 2005 we have had a Labour Government. and how the Government should respond to what is happening.

17 What are Government Departments? Who are civil servants? The work of the Government is divided Ministers may not stay in their departments between departments of state which each for very long and all will change if a new specialise in a particular subject, such as Government is chosen at election time. They the Home Office or the Department of Health. are helped in their work in their departments The minister in charge of a government by officials who are known as civil servants. department is usually a Cabinet minister Civil servants are not members of political and is often called a Secretary of State. parties and serve each Government. They He or she may have been chosen for his or may spend years in one department and her special interest in, or knowledge of, the have time to become experts in their work subjects handled by the Department and will or to develop technical skills which are make all the important decisions affecting needed to run services throughout the the Department. The Secretary of State will country such as the benefits system. be helped by one or more junior ministers. Ministers rely on civil servants for information Although the majority of members of the and advice when working out policies Government belong to the House of Commons, but must be the ones who make the final most departments will have one minister decisions as they, and not the civil servants, Did you know? who sits in the House of Lords. As well as are accountable to Parliament and the people. their work within their departments, ministers There are about 500,000 have to speak and answer questions on the civil servants doing various work of their department in Parliament. jobs from assisting ministers to working in benefit offices and job centres throughout the country. Over 400,000 work outside of London.

18 The Monarchy

In the United Kingdom we have a hereditary Many people such as life peers, ministers, monarchy which means that the title passes senior members of the church and judges from one member of the royal family to are officially appointed by the monarch but another — usually to the eldest son, or if it is on the advice of the Prime Minister. there are no sons, to the eldest daughter, The monarch has to give Royal Assent to as was the case with Queen Elizabeth. Our all bills but this is done as a formality and current royal family is the House of Windsor. has not been refused since 1707. Although At one time the monarch was very powerful the Queen opens each session of parliament and ruled the country. Gradually the people and reads the speech from the throne, it wanted to have some say in how the country tells us what the Government hope to do was run. The current House of Lords developed in the next year, and has been written by from the council of wise men who were the Prime Minister. In this way important chosen to give advice to the monarch. decisions are made by those people who are elected to represent us. Later members of the House of Commons were elected by the people and gradually The Queen is able to provide the Government took political power from the monarch. with the benefit of her knowledge as she Did you know? Today the majority of the powers which deals with many officials and foreign were previously exercised by the monarch leaders. She can also offer advice based on The monarch is not allowed are carried out either by or on the advice past experience having so far worked with to go into the House of of the Prime Minister and the Government, 10 different Prime Ministers. Commons because MPs have making the monarch what is known as the right to do their work a constitutional monarch. without any interference.

19 Test Your Knowledge

How much can you remember? You can look back in the booklet to check your answers.

1. How many MPs are there in the House 6. What does the House of Lords spend of Commons? most of its time doing?

2. How old do you have to be to 7. In what ways is the House of Lords a) become an MP b) vote different to the House of Commons?

3. What is a party’s weekly timetable 8. Why can the House of Lords stop a bill of business called? to extend the life of a Parliament?

4. What is the Budget? 9. Who chooses members of the Government? 5. When does Prime Minister’s question time take place? 10. What do civil servants do?

See if you can find out the answers to the following questions. Did you know? Remember to look on the internet. The Portcullis is the emblem What is the name of your constituency? What issues are currently being discussed of both Houses of Parliament. Find out something about your MP. in the House of Commons and the House of Lords? Find out the names and titles of some of the members of the Cabinet.

20 Find Out More

Website Hansard You can find out more about the way in Newspaper reporters were first given special which Parliament works at www.explore. seats in the Public Gallery of the House of parliament.uk. Here you can read more Commons in 1803. Today you will often find about Parliament in the Explore by Theme reports of what was said in both Chambers section or learn more from the Explore in the national newspapers. by Topic section. You can also test your Everything which is said in the House of knowledge by trying the activities and Commons is taken down by a special team games in the Explore Zone. of reporters and is printed in Hansard General information about both Houses (the Official Report) on the following day. of Parliament can also be found at There is a separate Hansard for the House www.parliament.uk where you can also of Lords. It is named after the family who view live webcasts of both the House were the first official printers to the House Did you know? of Commons and the House of Lords. of Commons. Hansard is published on the internet by 8.00am the following morning. You can also find out more Television about Parliament on the The proceedings from the Chambers of both Visiting Parliament internet at www.explore. Houses were first broadcast on the radio in You can sit in the public galleries and parliament.uk 1978. Television cameras were not allowed listen to what is being said in both Houses into the House of Lords until 1985 and into of Parliament. There is no charge for this. the House of Commons until 1989. It is a good idea to book a ticket through Sometimes what happens in Parliament your MP to make sure that you do not have is shown on the television news. You can to wait for a long time in a queue. Your MP watch the proceedings of both Houses may also be able to arrange for you to have on the BBC’s Parliament Channel. a tour of the building.

21 Who is Your MP? Contacting Your MP Did you know? You live in a constituency so have an MP to You can contact your MP in writing at the People who are not Members of represent your views. You can find out who House of Commons, London SW1A 0AA or Parliament used to be known your MP is by asking your teachers, in your by telephone on 020 7219 3000. Most MPs as ‘strangers’. local library or at your local council offices. can also be e-mailed through the main If you know your postcode you can find out Parliament website: www.parliament.uk which constituency you live in and who your MP is from the Constituency Locata service You can find out more information from: at www.locata.co.uk/commons/ Parliamentary Education Service Meeting Your MP Houses of Parliament You may see your MP in your constituency London SW1A 2TT at events such as summer fairs and carol Tel: 020 7219 2105 services or perhaps visiting your school. Fax: 020 7219 0818 Most MPs hold ‘surgeries’, rather like doctors’ E-mail: [email protected] surgeries, when constituents can go to see them to ask for help with their problems or to explain their views. If you are in London you can also go into the Central Lobby in the Houses of Parliament to see your MP when the House of Commons is sitting. You do not have to have an appointment but it is a good idea to let your MP know that you are coming to Westminster.

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Images on pages 1, 7, 8 and 10: Deryc R. Sands