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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00479-5 - Peasants and Slaves: The Rural Population of Roman Italy (200 BC to AD 100) Alessandro Launaro Index More information

INDEX

Ad Novas, 135 Carandini, A., 156, 169 Alcock, S. E., 4 carrying capacity, 30–3 alimenta, 182 Casilinum, 135 Alsium, 126 Casinum, 132 Antonine plague, 186 Cassius Dio, 27, 32 Appian, 49, 170, 171, 174 Celuzza, M. G., 80 Apulia, 154, 159, 161, 166 Censorinus, 33 Aquinum, 132 census Aubert, J.-J., 156 70/69 to 28 bc leap, 14–15, 33–8 Augustus. See also Res Gestae Divi Augusti by Augustus, 2, 34 army, 185 by Claudius, 32, 47 census, 2, 14–24, 34 by Servius Tullius, 19, 25 ideology, 13–14 by Vespasian, 33 last will, 11 capita libera, 19, 20, 25 mausoleum, 11 censura, 12 saeculum aureum, 13 cives sine suffragio, 28, 42 decentralised procedure, 36, 37 Beloch, K. J. duicensus, 28 70/69 to 28 bc leap, 34 enumeration, 28 Augustan census, 18–19 incensi, 42 census reliability, 38 iuniores, deﬁnition of, 26 estimated area of Roman Italy, 30 overcount, 24 foundational contribution, 1 praeter orbos orbasque, 19, 23, 26 Italian population in 225 bc, 39–40 professio, 22 slaves in 28 bc, 19 proletarii, 42 Boserup, E., 92 provincial census, 19, 27 Bourne, F. C., 22, 26 registration, 27 Bovianum, 129 reliability, 38 British School at Rome, 53, 110, 118 seniores, deﬁnition of, 26 Brixellum, 107 shift in practice, 19, 20, 23, 25–8 Brundisium, 139 tabulae censoriae, 22 Brunt, P. A. undercount, 20, 34, 35–6, 37, 40, 44, 49 70/69 to 28 bc leap, 34–5 women and children, inclusion of, 14, 18–19, 20, attitude to archaeological evidence, 3, 53 25–8 carrying capacity of Italy, 30 Chapman, J., 3 citizens living in the provinces, 17 Cherry, J. F., 4, 88 combining solitudo Italiae and laudes Italiae, 162 Cicero, 18, 36, 37, 161, 162 fundamental contribution, 1 Cisalpina. See also Transpadana Italian population in 225 bc, 40 a much celebrated land, 161 Italian population in 28 bc, 20–1 population in 225 bc, 40, 41, 48 slaves in 28 bc, 21, 61 urbanisation, 30 Bruttium, 159, 161 citizens living in the provinces, 17, 19, 21, 24, 34, 36, Buxentum, 142 48, 49, 186–8 citizens serving in the legions, 34, 48 Caere, 126 Civil Wars, 24, 34, 185 Caiaitia, 135 Claudius Cambi, F., 64 census, 32, 47 Campania, 161 concession of citizenship, 32, 48 345

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00479-5 - Peasants and Slaves: The Rural Population of Roman Italy (200 BC to AD 100) Alessandro Launaro Index More information

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clientes, 172, 174, 177 Foxhall, L., 84, 171, 173 Collatia, 127 Frank, T. Columella, 87, 174, 175, 181 70/69 to 28 bc leap, 35–6 comparative demographic evidence alternative to Beloch, 2 Egypt (Roman period), 32 Italian population in 28 bc, 15–17 France (ad 1600), 32 slaves in 28 bc, 15 Han China (ad 2), 32 Fregellae, 130, 132 Italy (ad 1840), 32 Frier, B., 3 Italy (ad 1881), 18 Italy (ad 1920s), 17 Gaul Italy (14th c. ad), 32 first provincial census, 27 Italy (16th c. ad), 29 market for Italian wine, 169, 178 Cosa, 118 population density in ad 14, 40 Crawford, M., 24, 187 Genoa, 108 Cubulteria, 135 Georgius Syncellus, 28 Cures Sabini, 124 Gracchan reforms, 176–7 Curti, E., 80 Gracchus, Caius, 177 Gracchus, Tiberius, 161, 170, 176 de Ligt, L. Greene, K., 80, 81 Italian population in 225 bc, 41–2 tenancy and the Twelve Tables, 171 Hannibal’s Legacy, 1, 168–70 urbanisation of Cisalpina, 30 Heba, 118 De Neeve, P., 171 high count. See also Frank, T.; Lo Cascio, E. Dench, E., 80 alleged shortcomings, 184 Diodorus Siculus, 169 Augustan census, 15–18 Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 15, 43 in brief, 2 Domitian, 185 possible refinement, 187 Duncan-Jones, R., 185 support from late sources, 28 Hin, S. Empire Italian population in 225 bc, 43 fiscal system, 179 Italian population in 28 bc, 24 provincial census, 27 Hopkins, K. total population, 32, 33 free supplanted by slaves, 46–7 enfranchisement rural/urban split, 28–9, 46 of Italians, 35 slaves in 28 bc, 21 of provincials, 34, 36 taxes and trade model, 179–80 of Transpadana, 34 Erdkamp, P., 43–4, 172 Ikeguchi, M. Etruria, 72 calibration, 83, 94 central areas, 154, 159, 161, 166, 170 comparative study of surveys, 82–4 innovative perspective, 81 Fabius Pictor, 19, 39 Interamna Lirenas, 132 Fabrateria Nova, 131, 132 interdisciplinarity, 6–7, 50, 188–9 Fagifulae, 129 intermediate scenarios, 21–4, 57. See also Crawford, farms M.; Witcher, R. E. as defined in this study, 99 Jones, A. H. M., 2, 36 status of residents, 59, 66, 98 Jongman, W., 3, 31, 170 trend, 154 Fentress, E. Kehoe,D.P.,172 absolute population figures (Albegna Valley), 64–6 Kron, G., 3, 31, 37 demographic trend (Albegna Valley), 71–2 Festus, 28 landscape archaeology field survey. See landscape archaeology absolute population figures, 57, 65, 67–70, 185 Finley,M.I.,170 calibration, 83, 94–5 formula togatorum. See military enlistment chronological framework, 86–7 Forum Novum, 122 comparative issues, 4–5, 77–80

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comparative studies, 80–4 Mattingly, D. J., 5, 81, 82 contemporaneous occupation of sites, 94 Mediterranean climate, 172 contribution to demography, 3–5, 54 mercatores, 169 internal consistency of projects, 88–93 middle count. See also Hin, S. methodology, 87–8 Augustan census, 23–4 recovery issues, 58, 63–4, 66, 69–70 citizens living in the provinces, issue of, 187 regional framework, 6, 74, 80 military enlistment relative population trends, 85 alternative to rural underemployment, 176 site classiﬁcation, 87 decline of assidui, 177 site dating, 93–4 formula togatorum, 39, 40 Teotihuacan problem, 155 peripherisation during the Empire, 184–5 visibility issues, 77–9 Millett, M. J., 4, 80 Larinum, 129 Minturnae, 134 latifundia, 186 Model life tables, 17, 37, 43 Latium, 161 Modena, 107 laudes Italiae, 162 Monumentum Ancyranum. See Temple of Rome and lex agraria (111 bc), 172 Augustus (Ankara) lex Iulia municipalis, 36 Morel, J.-P., 90 Lexicon Suidas, 28 Morley, N., 2, 3, 31, 44–5, 54, 166 Livy census of 234/3bc, 22 negotiatores, 169 praeter orbos orbasque, 23, 26–7 Servian census, 19, 20, 25 Panella, C., 163, 178, 180 Lo Cascio, E. Parkin, T., 3 70/69 to 28 bc leap, 37 Patterson, J. R., 74, 80–1, 155 alimenta, 182–3 pax Romana, 179 attitude to archaeological evidence, 3, 54, 84 peregrini, 15, 19, 23, 25, 32, 61 carrying capacity of Italy, 31 Perkins, P., 64 challenge to Beloch, 2 Pliny the Elder hac penuria colonorum, 181 bene colere, 173 Italian population in 225 bc, 42–3 capita libera, 19, 20, 25 Italian population in 28 bc, 18 latifundia, 186 provincial census, 27 Pliny the Younger rural migration to Rome, 45 hac penuria colonorum, 181 Servian census, 25–6 sharecropping, 173 slaves in 28 bc, 18, 30 Trajan and candidates to the Senate, 182 stock/ﬂow data, 71 Plutarch, 49, 161, 170 support from late sources, 28 Polybius taxes and trade model, revision of, 179–80 Cisalpina, 161 urban population, 29–30 military mobilisation in 225 bc, 22, 38–44 low count. See also Beloch, K. J.; Brunt, P. A.; de POPULUS Project, 3, 4 Ligt, L.; Scheidel, W. Potentia, 114 Augustan census, 18–21 Potter, T., 80, 143 implied urbanisation rates, 28–30 pottery in brief, 2 access to, 78, 89–92 Lucania, 141, 154, 159, 161 African Red Slip, 89 Lunae, 110 amphorae, 91, 169, 177, 178, 180 lustrum, 12, 13, 33. See also census Black Gloss, 83, 89, 90, 93–4 coarsewares, 86 Malthusian paradox, 91–2, 163–4 date ranges, 86, 93 Mann, J. C., 185 Italian terra sigillata, 83, 89, 90, 93–4 market praeter orbos orbasque, 23, 26–7 favourable to Italian exports, 168, 173, 176, 183 precarium, 171 favourable to provincial exports, 180 normalised conditions, 178, 183 Rathbone, D., 66, 92 Marzano, A., 156 Reate, 120

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Regoli, E., 80 solitudo Italiae, 37, 162 Res Gestae Divi Augusti. See also Augustus Spurr, M. S., 179 chapter 8 (text and commentary), 12–14 Stoddart, S., 3 content, 11 Strabo, 161, 189 ideology, 11, 13–14 suburbium, 55–64 Rich, J., 2, 28 Suessa Aurunca, 134 Ricina, 114 Suetonius, 11 roads, Roman sui iuris, 22, 28, 43 via Aemilia, 107 Sulla, 36 via Aurelia, 125, 127 survey projects via Clodia, 125 ager Caeretanus, 126–7, 241–7 via Collatina, 128 ager Cosanus. See Albegna Valley. Albegna Valley via Labicana, 128 ager Foronovanus, 122–3, 228–9 via Latina, 128 ager Lunensis, 110–12, 200 via Postumia, 109 ager Tusculanus, 63 via Praenestina, 128 ager Venusinus, 137–8, 302–16 via Salaria, 120 Agro Pontino, 145 via Tiburtina, 128 Albegna Valley, 64–6, 67, 71–2, 117–18, 221 Rome Alto-Medio Polesine / Basso Veronese, 144 consumer of bodies, 45 Biferno Valley, 128–30, 155, 274–83 population, 29, 57 Botromagno, 145 Rosaﬁo, P., 171 Carta Archeologica del Comune di Modena, 107–8, Rosenstein, N., 171, 176 196–8 rural/urban split, 2, 28–9, 46 Carta Archeologica del Comune di Poviglio, 106–7, 193–5 Saepinum, 129 Carta Archeologica della Campania, 135–7, Saller, R., 23, 43 294–301 Samnium, 154 Carta Archeologica della Provincia di Siena, 115, Saturnia, 118 205–17 Sbonias, K., 3 Carta Archeologica della Valle del Sinni, 139–41, Scheidel, W, 318–21 attitude to archaeological evidence, 3, 58–9, Cecina Valley, 112–13, 201 69, 70 Collatia, 63, 127–8, 156, 248–73 Italian population in 225 bc, 40–1 Corese Survey, 123–5, 230 Italian population in 28 bc, 21 Cures Sabini, 63 peripherisation of military service, 184 Fidenae, 63 Pliny the Elder, 173 Fregellae, 130–1, 284 population of the Empire, 32 Gubbio Basin, 145 praeter orbos orbasque, 26–7 Liri Valley, 131–3, 285–91 slaves in 28 bc, 21 Marina di Montalto, 122, 227 urban population, 29, 30 Metapontum, 144 Seneca, 32, 161 Northern Campania, 133–5, 292–3 Septempeda, 114 Oria, 138–9, 317 Setteﬁnestre, villa of, 59, 117, 156 Polcevera Valley, 108–10, 199 sharecropping. See tenancy Pontine Region, 145 Sinuessa, 134 Potenza Valley, 113–15, 202–4 slaves Rieti Basin, 120–2, 224–6 economic role, 175 Roccagloriosa, 142–3, 322 manumission, 34, 36 San Giovanni di Ruoti, 94, 144 number (Beloch), 19 Sangro Valley, 144 number (Brunt), 21 Scarlino, 115–17, 218–20 number (Frank), 15 South Etruria Survey, 80, 87, 143 number (Lo Cascio), 18 Tiber Valley Project, 123, 143. See also South number (Scheidel), 21 Etruria Survey servus quasi colonus, 98, 179 Tibur, 63 slave mode of production, 156, 169, 176 Torrimpietra, 125–6, 231–40 Social War, 34, 128 Tuscania, 118–20, 167, 222–3 348

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Valesio, 144 Varro, 87 Valli Grandi Veronesi, 105–6, 192 Venusia, 137 Verona, 105 Tacitus, 47, 162 Vespasian, 33 taxes and trade model. See Hopkins, K. vilicus. See villas Tchernia, A., 163, 178, 180 villages Temple of Rome and Augustus (Ankara), as defined in this study, 99 11 status of residents, 59, 66, 98 tenancy, 170–7 trend, 155 political role, 174 villas productivity, 173 as defined in this study, 99 rent, types of, 172–3 ergastula, 156 risk-sharing, 172 link with farms and villages, 157–8, 166–8, 177 sharecropping, 173 maritime villas, 168 Teotihuacan problem. See landscape archaeology significance of, 155–8 Terrenato, N., 97, 156, 168 status of residents, 59, 66, 98–9, 157 Toynbee, A. J. trend, 154 attitude to archaeological evidence, 53 vilicus, 98, 156 Hannibal’s Legacy, 1, 168 villa schiavistica model. See slaves, slave mode of Traina, G., 105 production Trajan, 182, 185 Volaterrae, 112 Transpadana Vulci, 118 a much celebrated land, 162 enfranchisement, 34, 36 Ward-Perkins, J., 53 population in 28 bc, 19, 34, 37 wine Trea, 114 exported in Gaul, 169 Trebula Balliensis, 135 produced with free labour, 175–6 Tuscana, 118 provincial vineyards in Italy, 178 Twelve Tables, laws of the, 171 Wiseman, T. P., 37 Witcher, R. E. underemployment, rural, 182 earlier comparative attempts, 5, 81, 82 urban population intermediate scenario, 21–2 434 cities in Early Imperial Italy, 18 Italian population in the Early Empire, 57 Northern Italy, 30 rural slave population (implied), 61 Rome, 29 study of Etruria, 72–4 Uria, 138 study of suburbium, 55–64

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