A NEWS BULLETIN published quarterly by the NEW ZEALAND ANTARCTIC SOCIETY (INC)

Scott Base now has kennels to house its huskies in the winter months. This time exposure shows the winter dog lines on the ice, and th e 200 -watt lights turned on to provide light at feeding time in the Antarctic winter darkness. Antarctic Division, D.S.I.R. photo

Registered at Post Office Headquarters. Vol. 7, No. 11 Wellington, New Zealand, as a magazine. September, 1976 GEORGIA. -.. SOUTH SANDWICH Is

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(Successor to "Antarctic News Bulletin")

83rd ISSUE September, 1976

Editor: J.M. CAFFIN, 35 Chepstow Avenue, Christchurch 5. Address all contributions to the Editor.

CONTENTS mr ARTICLES SIGNS OF SPRING 335-361

POLAR ACTIVITIES NEW ZEALAND 340-349 UNITED STATES 351-354 AUSTRALIA 362-365 UNITED KINGDOM 367-371 SOVIET UNION 372-373 Mmmw GENERAL -/EflfcHV.fj I ^m ^m^M ANTARCTIC CENTRE 374-376 WHALING COMMISSION 377-378 THE READER WRITES

This month 14 men died in Antarctica, 11 from the Argentine and three from Britain. In the past relations between Britain and the Argentine about their Antarctic interests have been strained at times. But national differences do not concern those who share the same hostile environment and its dangers. As on other occasions men from the Antarctic bases of both countries, and the United States, disregarded danger in the search for the 14 who died in air and mountain accidents. Economic pressures could impose strains in the special relationship of nations involved in Antarctica. They are not likely to weaken human relationships. ANTARCTIC September. 1976 NEW ZEALAND PART IN ICE SHELF PROJECT

New Zealand marine biologists and oceanographers will work with United States scientists in the , and on the Ross Ice Shelf Project this season. This is the major international project in the New Zealand Antarctic research programme for 1976-77, but support will be given to French, Italian, and Japanese parties which will work on Ross Island, and in Victoria Land. Because of economic constraints the season, but budgetary constraints and normal scientific programme will not be reduced air support forced the National run from Vanda Station this summer. Science Foundation to defer nearly all The station will be occupied only for the field activities until this season. Field short periods to provide operational work this season will include drilling support for the Italian and Japanese through the ice shelf to allow parties working in the dry valleys, and investigations of the shelf ice, water, other parties in the area. There have possible life beneath the shelf, and sea been other cutbacks — the withdrawal of bottom sediments. Geological Survey and Soil Bureau field parties, and the cancellation of the BENTHIC STUDIES Ministry of Works glaciological and Three scientists from the New Zealand hydrological studies in the dry valleys. But these are not expected to affect the Oceanographic Institute will be attached complete research programme to any to R.I.S.P. Dr E. Barnes will take marked degree as most of the work is of a temperature measurements at varying continuing nature. depths down the drill hole, Dr Janet Bradford will sample pelagic Copepods One feature of this summer's from the hole, and Dr W.E. Whitley will programme will be the erection of a two- carry out benthic biota studies of storey pre-fabricated accommodation echinoderms etc. on the sea floor under block at Scott Base — the first new the ice shelf. building for a number of years. Erection of the new building, which will house up A n o t h e r s c i e n t i s t f r o m t h e to 35 people in summer, and include Oceanographic Institute, Dr G. Glasby, laboratory and storage space, will be the will spend three weeks on a United first step in the planned replacement of States Coast Guard icebreaker in the the buildings which have been there Ross Sea to carry out a regional sediment since the base was established in 1957. sampling programme. He will be asisted by Mr A. Hull, an honours student from In January a combined Ministry of Victoria University of Wellington. Works and New Zealand Army construction team will fly south to work French vulcanologists will work with on the new building. Similar teams built New Zealanders on Mt. Erebus again Scott Base, and made major alterations this season. One of the world's foremost and additions to the complex in the vulcanologists, Dr Haroun Tazieff, who summers of 1959-60 and 1962-63. worked on Erebus in the 1974-75 season, and three other scientists will spend up New Zealand scientists were to have to three weeks monitoring volcanic taken part in the third year of field work activity. Attempts will be made to in the Ross Ice Shelf Project. Last analyse gases from the inner crater, and September. 1976 ANTARCTIC a map of the inner crater will be and the Physics and Engineering completed. Field leader of the party will Laboratory, will work on geological and be Mr C.C. Monteath, field operations glaciological projects in the dry valleys, officer, Antarctic Division, who worked biological and marine studies in the on Erebus last season. A Lands and McMurdo Sound area, and on the Ross Survey Department surveyor, Mr J.D. Ice Shelf, and a joint upper atmosphere Palmer, will do the mapping work for the project with the United States at Siple Antarctic Division. Station in Ellsworth Land. The Universities of Alaska and California will be involved in New Zealand upper ITALIAN PARTY atmosphere research at Scott Base and Arrival Heights. New Zealand support will also be provided for the Italian and Japanese parties wl .ch will work in l! i« dry valleys RADIO "NOISE" during the summer. A party of four Italians led by Dr C. Stochinno, a Since mechanised transport replaced physicist and meteorologist, will spend dog teams engine noises have disturbed six weeks in the dry valleys and on Mt. the Antarctic silence at bases. This Lister in the Royal Society Range season men from the Physics and studying the geology and micro-meteor Engineering Laboratory, and Scott Base ology of the areas. staff, will be concerned with another This will be the third time an Italian kind of noise. They will attempt to locate, party has joined the New Zealand isolate, and reduce radio "noise" which research programme. Dr Stocchine's at present seriously affects field party colleagues are Captain E. Rossi (meteor communications. This project is ologist-cartographer), I. de Menno (tech expected to be completed early in the nician), and W. Bonatti (guide). They will summer season so as to minimise the have the support of a D.S.I.R. field assist relaying of field party messages. ant. New Zealand will join with the United Some New Zealand support will be States again to provide the logistic provided to a four-man Japanese party support required for their respective led by Dr T. Torii, which will work in the programmes. The main contribution will " y valleys. Other members of the party be seven flights by Royal New Zealand Air Force Hercules aircraft of No. 40 Squadron between New Zealand and id particularly Dr Torii, have worked Antarctica. Air crews and load planners in the. dry valleys for several seasons in will be provided, and also Army cargo co-operation with the New Zealand handlers who will work at Williams Field research programme. near McMurdo Station. New Zealand will co-operate with the Coarses in basic snowcraft and United States in the meteorological survival techniques will be provided as in past seasons for United States Navy programme at the Amundsen-Scott Station for the second year. air crews, United States Coast Guard Two men will spend a complete year at icebreaker crews, and American and the Pole conducting routine upper air New Zealand research staff. The courses and surface observations, and a third will be conducted by two mountaineers will work there for the summer. from the Antarctic Division's field staff, and two R.N.Z.A.F. physical training Scientists from four universities will instructors, and a Royal New Zealand be involved in events in this year's Army Medical Corps sergeant will assist programme. Men and women from the in .training the No. 40 Squadron air universities, Antarctic Division, crews, and also learn skills for cold Ministry of Works, Lands and Survey weather training of air crews within New Department, Oceanographic Institute, Zealand. ANTARCTIC September, 1976

This season there will be a New born TV technician employed by TV2. Zealand Army officer as leader at Scott Base again, but only for the summer. He R.D. Fearn (25), Auckland. Science is Captain K.A. Tasker, aged 49, of the technician. He is an English-born Royal New Zealand Electrical and telecommunications technician. Mechanical Engineers. Before his R. Keizer (21), Wakefield. Cook. He is appointment he commanded infantry a Royal New Zealand Navy chef. workshops in Christchurch. I.D. Johnstone (25), Taihape. Captain Tasker, who has had 25 years Postmaster. He is a Post Office super- service, will be the fourth Army officer to be in charge at Scott Base. The first was Lieutenant-Colonel R.A. Tinker in 1963, G.N. Money (27), Christchurch. Post the second was Major J.R.M. Barker Office radio technician. (1972) and the third Major P.G. Frazer (1973). These three all wintered at the R.W. Wills (26), Christchurch. Field base. assistant-dog handler. A former alpine guide. Ten men have been selected to winter at Scott Base through 1977. Two men A 28-year-old Health Department have wintered there before. They are publications officer, Miss Robin Messrs J.S. Rankin (1971) and K.M. Ormerod, is the first woman to be Weatherall (1972). Messrs G.N. Money appointed to the summer support staff at and R.W. Wills worked with the 1974-75 Scott Base. She will be the information summer support staff. officer this season. Eight members of the team are New Zealand-born; the others come from England and Scotland originally. There are three 21-year-olds, and other ages range from 22 to 45. This time South Islanders outnumber the North Islanders by seven to three. Members of the winter team are: J.S. Rankin (45), Kumara. Base engineer. He is service manager for Greymouth Motors. I.J. Booker (21), Nelson. Fitter- mechanic. He is a fitter and turner for the Ministry of Works and Development. H.F. Richards (21), Taupo. Fitter- electrician. He is an electrician in the Christchurch Municipal Electricity Department. K.M. Weatherall (25), Milton. Senior science technician. He is a radio and TV technician. P.J. Doherty (22), Christchurch. Science technician. He is a Glasgow- CAPTAIN TASKER

N^^^HM^^^H September, 1976 ANTARCTIC Field Projects for Summer

New Zealand oceanographers will work on the Ross Ice Shelf and in the Ross Sea this season, and meteorologists will work again at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station. They are members of the support staff of more than 120, including seven women, who will be involved in the Antarctic research programme during the 1976-77 season. Research will be conducted by scientists from four New Zealand universities, and the programme will draw on staff from the Antarctic Division, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, the Oceanographic Institute, Physics and Engineering Laboratory, the Meteorological Service, Ministry of Works and Development, Lands and Survey Department, and the Post Office. The programme will also include guest scientists from France, Japan, and Italy, and men and women from England, Scotland, and Australia. These men and women will work at or A major contribution to future from Scott Base, Cape Bird, in the dry programmes will be made this season by valleys of Victoria Land, on White the Army. It will send a construction Island, and in McMurdo Sound. New team south in January to erect a pre Zealanders will work with the fabricated accommodation block at Scott Americans at the South Pole, on a joint Base,'a project in which the Ministry of upper atmosphere programme at Siple Works and Development will also be Station in Ellsworth Land, and on the involved. The Royal New Zealand Air Ross Ice Shelf. They will also work with Force and the Royal New Zealand Army the French on Mt. Erebus, and with the Medical Corps will contribute to the Japanese and Italians in the dry valleys. snowcraft and survival training courses One small party will work at Carapace during the summer. Nunatak, which is 200km north-west of Scott Base. There will be a woman technician, Miss Thelma Rodgers, from the Physica One of the main field events will be the and Engineering Laboratory at Scott Ross Ice Shelf Project, an international Base this summer. Two biologists, project initiated by the United States, Misses Vicky Cameton and Debbie Teale which involved scientists of several will study the parasitology of Weddell nations. Drilling will be done through Seals with the University of Otago the ice shelf, and New Zealand marine biology team, and Miss Elspeth biologists and oceanographers will take Wingham will work with the University part in investigations of the shelf ice, of of Canterbury party in studies of an the water and possible life beneath the isolated seal colony on White Island. shelf, and of the sea bottom sediments. Last season Mrs Margaret Vanda Station, in the Wright Valley, Bradshaw spent four weeks in the field which has been a summer station since collecting geological specimens in 1970, was occupied in the winter of 1974, Southern Victoria Land for the and used for summer operations only Canterbury Museum's new Antarctic last season. This season it will be centre. This season Mrs Bradshaw, who occupied for short periods during the is the museum's geologist, will complete s u m m e r f o r m a i n t e n a n c e a n d her programme. With a field assistant operational purposes!. she will spend six weeks at Carapace ANTARCTIC September, 1976

Nunatak, Mt Crean, Allan and Coomb P.C. Carrington, Levin. Post Office Hills, and Mt Fleming. clerk. When Dr Janet Bradford, of the Ocean T.S. Leota, Wellington. Post Office ographic Institute, flies to the Ross Ice clerk. Shelf in December she and her colleagues will be further from Scott M.A. Caves, Wellington. Post Office Base than any other field party this radio technician. summer. She will be attached to the Ross H.N. Dengate, Christchurch. Field Ice Shelf Project for several weeks, and assistant. will study marine life from the drill hole through the ice shelf into the sea floor. D.C. Thompson, Wellington. Meteorological Service. Continuing research programmes at Scott Base include meteorology, C.A. Roper, Christchurch. geomagnetism, ionospheric physics, and Technician, Physical Engineering seismology. Research will also be Laboratory. continued at Arrival Heights into geomagnetism and the aurora. This T.A. Rodgers, Christchurch. season scientists from the Universities Technician, Physical and Engineering of California and Alaska will work at Laboratory. Scott Base with the New Zealanders. N. Linton-Smith, Melbourne. Each season since 1961-62 represent ANARE field officer. atives of New Zealand youth R.L. Park, Christchurch. Post Office organisations have spent several weeks senior rigger. in the Antarctic, and assisted in the research programme at Scott Base. In J.A. McGregor, ^Christchurch. Post late December three youths, Office lineman. representing the Scout Association, St John Ambulance Association, and the University projects are outlined Boys' Brigade, will travel south in a elsewhere. Other projects and the partici United States icebreaker. They will work pants are: at Scott Base and take part in short field Antarctic Division. Continuation of trips before returning to New Zealand in monitoring of McMurdo Ice Shelf the icebreaker. movement, supported by two surveyors from the Lands and Survey Department. SCOTT BASE Annual population studies of the Weddell seal population in the McMurdo Wmmmmmmm Sound-Ross Island region, and of the Pass National Park Board. Adelie penguin population at Cape Royds will be continued. Any banded L.P. Livingstone, Auckland. Main Adelies sighted will be recorded. tenance officer — carpenter. Snowcraft and survival training for United States and New Zealand staff. G.C. McKirdy, Lower Hutt. Assist S.B. Allan (field leader), G.I. Ball (field ant maintenance officer. assistant), K.R. Briscoe, B. Beveridge P.W. Cotton, Nelson. Assistant main (R.N.Z.A.F.), E.D. McLeod (R.N.Z. Army tenance officer. Medical Corps). Antarctic Division, Victoria maintenance officer. University of Wellington, and University of Canterbury. Physiolog B.M. Nissen, Waiouru. Storekeeper. ical and psychological studies of winter teams at Scott Base (1976 and 1977). R.A. Ormerod, Wellington. Professor A.J.W. Taylor, professor of Information officer-photographer. clinical psychology, Victoria University September. 1976 ANTARCTIC of Wellington, Professor R.A.M. International Projects Dr H. Gregson, Dr A.F. Barabasz, J. Barton Tasieff and three other French scientists (technician), psychology department, with C.C. Monteath (field leader) and University of Canterbury. J.D. Palmer (surveyor) will monitor volcanic activity on Mt Erebus. Scott Base staff will continue an^ aluminium corrosion project which was A Japanese Antarctic Research begun for the University of Cantebury in Expedition party will work in the dry the 1974-75 season. They will also valleys with New Zealand support. Dr T. continue for the University of Auckland Torii (leader), Dr Y. Suzuki, Y. Tanaka, the operation of an electrostatic field mill G. Matsumoto. New Zealand will provide which measures and records hourly the a field assistant to support an Italian electric field in the air above the earth's party in the dry valleys and the Royal surface. Society Range. Dr C. Stochinno (leader), Captain E. Rossi, I. de Menno, W. Bonatti. Physics and Engineering Laboratory. Continuation of upper Staff from the University of Alaska atmosphere studies, aurora and air glow, Geophysical Institute will complete the earth currents, geomagnetism, and installation and begin the operation of recording of ionspheric absorption at infrasqnic wave receiving and recording Arrival Heights with University of equipment at Scott Base. California. Messrs G. Lewis and A.H. Allen, with Scott Base staff, will attempt Collection of air samples from aircraft to locate and reduce radio noise affecting flying to and in the Antarctic for the field party communications. Two Commonwealth Scientific and technicians, Messrs R.G. Brown and J.E. Industrial Research Organisation. Dyer, will fly to Siple Station to reinstall and check the LEDA project VLF radio Ministry of Works and Army. Scott Base accommodation block construct receiving equipment for the joint United States-New Zealand upper atmosphere ion. V.G. Erridge (M.O.W. supervisor), S. Heaton, C.J. Oliver, K.T. Rikihana, A.D. programme. Stockwell, D.R. Pugh, M.P. Payne, G.L. Stack, R.M. James, M.S. Beal, G.Pullen, Meterological Service. Upper air W.A. Noah (Army construction team, and surface observation programmes at Burnham). Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station L.J. Anderson (winter), A.M. Quayle (summer). Routinuation of routine daily climatological observations.

Geophysics Division, D.S.I.R. The Australian Base Seismological programme at Scott Base will be continued. Casey, recorded minus 41 deg Celsius — its lowest tempera Institute of Nuclear Sciences. ture ever — on July 18. Records Continuation of monitoring programme were started in 1957 at what by technical staff at Scott Base to was then the United States determine increase in carbon dioxide in Wilkes Station. the atmosphere. (Australia took over adminis trative control of Wilkes in C a n t e r b u r y M u s e u m . D r M . 1959, and transferred opera Bradshaw, the museum's geologist, and tions in 1969 to the new station an Antarctic Division field assistant, Casey, built nearby.) J.M. Nankervis, will complete the collect ion' of geological specimens for future display in the museum's Antarctic centre. ANTARCTIC

University Party

A geological reconnaisance of the previously unexplored Fry Glacier, 170km north-west of Scott Base, is one of the main projects which will be carried out by university scientists during the New Zealand Antarctic research programme this summer. Four universities — Waikato, Victoria, Canterbury, and Otago — will contribute teams to this season's programme. Field parties will study an isolated Weddell seal colony on White Island inMcMurdo bound, make the annual census of the penguins on Ross Island, and explore the possibility of recent volcanic activity around Mts. Discovery and Morning. Some scientists will continue the work done tor several seasons in the ice-free valleys west of Scott Base in Victoria Land. at the head of the Fry Glacier are This summer the seven members of protected from plateau ice by the north- Victoria University's 21st expedition south trending Convoy Range to the will be divided into two teams. One led by west. At present no plateau ice enters Dr C. Burgess will be flown by United them, and consequently the glacial States Navy helicopter to the head of the deposits there may be much older than "£»««T?_.. /-<1_««vy •__..nencopter .1 .1 to > tne , , head , „ ol the deposits tnere may be much older than Fry Glacier; the other, led by J.R. Keys, those exposed in the dry valleys further will work in the ice-free Taylor Valley, south. and around Mts Discovery and Morning. <5T Pnrir mirovirv Both will be supported by field assistants SLEDGE JOURNEY from the Antarctic Division, D.S.I.R. In the second week of November the Fry Glacier team, which includes A. The Fry Glacier area lies between the SS'gV'S „'.M' person (geologists) *-ckay and Mawson Glaciers. It has a,nd, KR Sul1™™ (f'eld assistant) will ^nsive snow and ice-free areas, but pledge across McMurdo Sound to Marble -as not been geologically mapped, even tfS$LK^S tk ' 5"^*° the he£d at reconnaissance level, since it was first futh& gl%aer- ThT-lt w11 moVe ^ charted by Shackleton's expedition of ^ S" , TV* T' H***** °UJ 1907-09. of each camP- Towards the end of December a botanist, A.J. Frost, will Aerial photographs indicated well- repla°e ?r,?ur&?88' a"d continue his OnTof1 r°£j°o 1S=S£ SSU5%« JW^Sl then ^tes°fto\e^p^nce^S work in detai, inthe Towle Valley until it vonian quartz sandstone between Mt * P1Cked Up early m January- Gran and the area north of the Mawson Before he goes to the Towle and wacier Ihe strata in the intervening Northwind Valleys Frost will make a fry Glacier should contain some quantitative study of the ecology and indication of the reason. The dry valleys moss in the McMurdo Sound region September, 1976 ANTARCTIC

Numerous moss localities have been of the surface salt distribution, and the mapped and sampled, especially on sub- processes which cause distribution. Antarctic island, but there is still work to Further sampling will be done to trace be done on the ecology of Antarctic the saline and hydrated iron oxide species. An American botanist, E.D. deposits at the snout of the Taylor Rudolf, studied vegetation near Cape Glacier. Mallett in 1963, but like most of the SALT FORMATION research his work was mainly on lichens. Therefore Ross Island, almost 100km tc In late November and December Keys the south, has been chosen for this and Stern will work on the summit area season's project. and the upper northern slopes of Mt Discovery to examine the possibility of Led by Keys, a Ph.D. chemistry recent volcanic activity and salt student, who is making his fourth visit to formation around Mts. Discovery and Antarctic, the other V.U.W. party, P.H. Morning. They will leave the area Robinson, T.A. Stern (geologists), and towards the end of December. J.M. Nankervis (field assistant) will study debris layers within the upper Three large features up to 20m high Taylor Valley glacial ice, and measure were seen recently on aerial photographs other physical and chemical of the summit ice-cap of Mt. Discovery, characteristics of the Taylor Glacier, and and on an area on the northern rim of a associated soils. caldera (collapsed crater) west of the summit caldera of Mt. Morning. They ICE THICKNESS appear to be similar to features found in In October and November Robinson places in Marie Byrd Land volcanoes, and Keys will measure ice thickness, and attributed to present-day fumarole temperature gradients, and rates of ice activity on these old volcanic piles. It is possible that these features, called snow movement, and trace salt and debris hummocks by Dr L.J. Harrington, who layers in the Taylor Glacier. A D.S.I.R. reported them in 1959, may be of a surveyor, W.F. Wicks, will help in the different origin. tudy of the ablation rate at the surface of the Taylor Glacier. Last season a The age of volcanic activity of Mts. network of flagged poles was installed Discovery and Morning is significant. near the snout of the glacier to determine Volcanic activity introduces salt into the the lateral and vertical movement. These atmosphere, and on to the ground. This poles will be resurveyed to measure any origin could no longer be neglected if the movement that has taken place. two volcanoes were proved to be still Glacial and salt studies in the Taylor active since three volcanoes would have Glacier area include an investigation of been producing salt in recent time (Mt. the processes of debris entrainment and Erebus has produced localised salt *he formation

Antarctic Books Fetch High Prices

Antarctic literature of the Heroic Age "The Home of the Blizzard", the story of and earlier is now beginning to attract the Australasian Antarctic Expedition the attention of book collectors and those of 1911-14. There was spirited bidding for who see rare books as a new avenue of "With the Aurora" by John King Davis, investment. A collection of Antarctic who commanded the Aurora on books, letters, and maps realised more Mawson's expedition, and also when it than SNZ5000 at an auction sale in rescued the survivors of the Ross Sea Wellington recently. Party of Shackleton's 1914-17 expedition. It went for $165. For the two volumes of Sir 's "A Voyage of Discovery 's two-volume and Research in the Southern and account of his expedition was sold for Antarctic Regions during the years 1839- $150. "The Voyage of the Discovery" in. 43", first published in 1847, the sum of the familiar Macmillan's Colonial $400 was paid. It was signed by the Library series brought $26, but the two author, and bore in several places the volumes of the 1905 first edition (second signature of David Lyall, assistant impression) presented by the Lords surgeon on the expedition ship Terror. Commissioners of the Admiralty as an examination prize to a naval cadet, A second edition of 's Edward G.H. Bellars, in 1911, was sold account of his voyage towards the South for $180. Pole performed in the years 1822-24 brought $300. This edition, published in Probably because of their association 1827, also contains observations on the with Teddy Evans, the two volumes of probability of reaching the South Pole, the first edition of "Scott's Last and an account of a second voyage Expedition" brought $280. The fly leaf performed by the cutter Beaufoy to the bore a sketch in green ink of the Terra same seas. Matthew Brisbane, master of Nova, an ice floe, and penguins, and was the Beaufoy, accompanied Weddell to the signed "Edward R.G.R. Evans, 1914". in January, 1823, Another sketch, initialled by Evans, was and roughly charted the south coast of of a horse's head captioned "also for the group. racing on the Great Ice Barrier". Scott and Shackleton material was 's copy of "The keenly sought by buyers, but the third Heart of the Antarctic" was sold for $ 180. highest price of the sale was $300 for the It was inscribed "To A.E. Mackintosh two volumes of Sir 's from the author in remembrance of the 'OH J0J 1U9M '„suoi3ay jbioj q?nog aq; oj,,, 'ajspy adBQ o? uopipadxa aq? q?iM ?siaisAqd sb saauauadxa siq jo ?unoaaB sjqaasujag -Q-q -qj,$ Pu^ 09$ ?qSnojq ((?uaui?uoQ ai?ajB?uy aq? uo ?sjigj> s^uiAaaSqaaog -g-Q jo saidoa pus 'g^$ joj pjos sbm jing pH Aq i(ai?aJB?uy aq? jo asnu^ aqj,,, saaud '6961 9ouis uosBas qSiq puBuiuioa ?ou pip uoi?BJoidxa Ajbab — spAoy adBQ ?b ?nq s(uo?aT5pBqg ai?ajB?uy ui sajnSij UMOuSj-aassaj puB 'suBAg adBQ ?b s?nq s(??oag Aq Sijooq ?nq 'gni$ ?qimojq ,,^0^ Aq^ — s?nq ouo?siq aq? joj sjajjB?ajBa om? aq? jo 33bAoa 9HJ,„ '(01-8061) uouipadxa papiAoad ssq A?aiaog ai?ajB?uy puBjBaz puoaas sp^ jo ?unoaoB s^oajsqQ uBap M9N 9H? 'uosBas ?sb[ joj ?daaxg •QI$ ?noqB s?soo pus 'X^uaaaa 'U0SB8S siq? pa?u;jdaa sbm jjooq aqj^ -021$ aoj q?nos oS o? ajqsun sbm oqM 'uo?ajddbj pios sbm uonipa ?sjij aq? jo saidoa bjbj 'O'd JPM paoBfdaj SBq ??Bjg-uo??ng jt^t A{aAi?BJBduioa aq? jo auQ mb^ PHo^ •jaodsuBj; jib jo JfOBj jo asnBoaq paanpaj ?sjii?j aq? Suunp paAoj?sap aaaM 'A[?sauj sbm auiuiBjSojd qajBasaj puBjBag M9N puoui^By jig Aq 'AVBd ujaq?jo>j aq? uaqM pajjaauBa sbm ?aafojd aq? ?nq S„ aq? jo aa??iuiuioa aq? jo jaqmaiu b si an -puB[3ua u! qn10 SuuaauiB?unoj\[ sa[?i?ua a.iaM sauaas aqj^ -uo?sjBp\i aSjoag '?si?jb s(uoi?ipadxa aq? Aq taxing aq? o? paSuoiaq put? 'j[Bq b pus sjBaA om? joj puBjBaz M9N u! u990i SBM pa?Bj?sn|ji sbm nuaui aq? uoi?ippB uj puB uorjBJodJOQ sABMJiy p3U0UBjsj aq? •smupy g-p puB q?iM jaoyjo oijjbj? b si ??Bjj-uo??'ng jjaj 'aaAop?sauag 'i[BqsjBp\j -g aug 'uo?sjbjaj aSaoar) 'aSB?Auiay -g 'Ai?saug -g ■ uo?jng -^-y jjaj 'aauuuou puouiABy 'Abq -q pasuaag 'qso?ui>(aBj^i qauBjq Ajnqja?uBQ aq? q?iM Jjjom 'PHM JIUBjg '?sanqa[ijaojg dinqg o? jaqmaaaQ ui q?nos Ag [jim 'A?aiaog aq? Jig — uoi?ipadxa ?sjtj siq jo sjaquiaui jo qauBjq uo?Suq[aM aq? Aq pa?Buiuiou sbm oqM '??Bjj-uo??ng Aiuajap jjaj 01 puB uo?aj5pBqg Aq paqdBjSo?nB sbm ?i asnsaaq Ajqsqojd '()Q$ 'uosBas joj pros sbm '(1?uBJnB?sag saauuj 'go6I siq? puBisj ssoy uo s?nq auo?siq aq? '6S 9urif 'sapujuioQ siq puB uo?a[>pBqg joj sja>{B?ajBa om? s^apog ai?ajB?uy 'H'3 ?uBua?naig,) o? jauuip auioq puB[B82Majsj aq? jo auo aq jjim 'saauajAg auioaiaM b jo nuaui [Buo?aid pa?uud y aq? pus 'Bu?sny 'Abmjo^''puBjaaT ui '9161 '^bjaj ui AjJBa paquiip SBq oqM UBiuqsqSug ifunoA y aai Bas Suissoja uaqM ?soj sbm aj-j gi -9T6I '^l^d B9S ssoH 9M? jo JapBaj puB '9I-M6I u! diqs aq? jo OXB?dBO puB '6061 ■8061 u! Bjojny aq? jo Jaaijjo puoaas sbm qso?ui^0BTAj ,,"6061 '•'aqo?ao 'uopipadxg DLIO^SIJJ UO 5[JO^V aq? o? djaq siq pus ljaq?a3o? sAsp September, 1976 ANTARCTIC Increased Air Support for U.S. Research Programme

After two seasons with limited air support the United States Antarctic research programme for the 1976-77 season is expected to be the most ambitious for the last three years. This season 287 scientists will work in the Antarctic under the auspices of the National Science Foundation, and a Soviet exchange scientist will winter at the South Pole for the first time. Last season the scientific programme was reduced by about 35 per cent. With four United States Navy ski-equipped Hercules aircraft available to support the scientific effort again, programmes cancelled, modified or curtailed will be resumed. Projects this season will include Page 318). Construction of the new preliminary work on a new station to station at the foot of the Sentinel replace the present Siple Station, Mountains will be spread over the 1977- 2250km from McMurdo Station, in 78 and 1978-79 seasons. It will be ready Ellsworth Land, the recovery of the last for occupation by the summer of 1979. of the three Hercules aircraft damaged Materials for the new buildings will be between January and November last shipped south this summer. year at Dome C in Wilkes Land, and the Recovery of the last of the three resumption of deferred field activities in Hercules aircraft damaged at Dome C the Ross Ice Shelf Project. will be a major operation for the United Last season the third year of field work States naval support force this summer. in the Ross Ice Shelf Project was to be a A team of 22 men will be flown from continuation of surface geological and McMurdo Station to the skiway built at glaciological investigations, and drilling Dome C by last season's recovery team. through the ice shelf to allow This year's team will work from the investigations of the shelf ice, the water camp left behind on the ice-cap between and possible life beneath the shelf, and of November 20 and January 17. the sea bottom sediments. Because of restraints on spending and the With its four ski-equipped Hercules aircraft, two of them recovered from temporary loss of two aircraft at Dome C Dome C, the Navy's VXE-6 Squadron nearly all the field activities had to be deferred. R.I.S.P. will be the biggest will begin its regular logistic support for the research programme next month. single project in the United States Aircraft will transport men and programme this season, and will involve scientists from the United States, materials from Christchurch to McMurdo Station. Flights will then be Britain, Norway, Switzerland, made to the Amundsen-Scott Sou'.h Pole Australia, and New Zealand. Station and Siple Station. For the fifth NEW STATION season support will be provided for radar-echo sounding studies in East Siple Station, which was built in 1970, Antarctica and other areas. is the most isolated United States station in Antarctica. Last season it was closed Air operations from Williams Field on for the winter. ("Antarctica", June, 1976, the Ross Ice Shelf near McMurdo Station ? ,&^/c.J,J-^*V *r\ ANTARCTIC September. 1976

will be facilitated by the improvement ot NUCLEAR PLANT acommodation for the men who work there each summer. Living facilities will Another project related to the be upgraded, using ski-mounted modular Antarctic environment will be the units. If necessary, the whole field camp completion of the dismantling of the can be moved each season. nuclear power plant on Observation Hill at McMurdo Station, which began in PENGUIN AIRLIFT October, 1973. The plant operated from July, 1962, to September, 1972, and its Between 35 and 40 flights between expected life was 20 years. It was shut Christchurch and Antarctica will be down, and a decision made to remove it made this season by United States Air altogether because of the possibility of Force Starlifters of the Military Airlift chloride stress cracking in the reactor Command. They will transport the bulk pressure vessel and the primary coolant of the cargo and most of the scientific piping. and support staff involved in the Because many of the reactor's research programme this summer. components were radioactive from long use, a three-year removal project to One Starlifter will fly another dismantle and ship the plant piecemeal consignment of live penguins from back to the United States began in McMurdo Station to San Diego, October, 1973. Most of the plant was California, late in November. Present dismantled and removed during the plans are to take 140 birds back to the 1973-74 and 1974-75 seasons. The United States for research and uranium core was removed from the educational purposes. Smelt will be reactor in July, 1973. flown specially from the United States to feed the birds on their journey. RADIOACTIVE WASTE Last season the dismantling was Last November 80 Adelie and 20 continued. Contaminated soil and rock Emperor penguins were shipped to around the plant site were excavated and California. Twenty were to be made held for shipment to the United States available to Dr H.T. Hammel, of the for disposal. Because of the late arrival of Physiological Research Laboratory, the supply ship Private John R. Towle Scripps Institution of Oceanography, for and the condition of the ice wharf in a long-term research project on the Winter Quarters Bay, this material could alteration of body temperatures, which not be shipped last season as planned. he began in 1971. In the 1974-75 season But 370 metric tons of radioactive waste Dr Hammel arranged for 12 Adelie and were loaded aboard the John R. Towle three Emperor enguins to be flown to and returned to the United States. California. This season the remaining contaminated soil will be removed, and Sea World, which collected the Adelies the nuclear plant complex will be cleaned from Cape Bird, Ross Island, and the up. Contaminated material — about6500 Emperors from the ice edge of McMurdo cubic yards — will probably be returned Sound, planned to house them last year to the United States in the new supply in a temperature-controlled facility for ship Bland when she makes her last trip research, education, and display. The from the Antarctic. birds reached California safely, and were placed in quarantine. But on the An extensive site survey will then be night of December 16 a fire, believed to made by an independent agency to verify have been caused by an electrical fault in that the dismantling project has been the refrigeration system, destroyed the done in accordance with United States quarantine building, and all the birds Atomic Energy Commission regulations died from smoke inhalation. and the provisions of the Antarctic Treaty. September, 1976 ANTARCTIC U.S. Operations Start with McMurdo Sound Flights Spring in Antarctica for 65 Americans, 11 New Zealanders and one Russian exchange scientist on Ross Island, really began early this month when their winter isolation ended with the arrival of two ski-equipped Hercules aircraft from New Zealand. To prepare for the United States scientific research programme for the 1976-77 season, six flights were made by United States Navy VXE-6 Squadron aircraft. Mail, fresh fruit and vegetables were on the first flights were Captain A.N. the cargo most eagerly awaited by the 77 Fowler, deputy director of the Division of men who have been remote from the Polar Programmes, National Science outside world since early February. The Foundation, and Mr R.B. Thomson, New Zealanders and their winter superintendent of the Antarctic neighbours were able to enjoy the scent Division, D.S.I.R. and colour of spring flowers when the first aircraft arrived; the Americans had WEATHER DELAYS the choice of six different flavoured ice-creams with their meals. In early spring the weather south of the Antarctic Circle can be uncertain, Only one of the flights of the operation and this month the Winfly flights were known to the United States naval delayed by bad weather. Mechanical support force as Winfly was made in problems with aircraft and the weather winter — on August 31. The others were in the McMurdo Sound area held back completed in the first days of the the second flights until September 4. southern spring, which begins officially Then on September 7 two aircrafts had to on September 1. By the time the last return to Christchurch after they had flight was made on September 8, the almost reached the point safe return. winter population of McMurdo Station had grown to 200. On the flight south the aircraft encountered upper air head winds of up In their six flights south, the Hercules to 125 m.p.h. One aircraft turned back aircraft carried nearly 3000 lbs of mail, near 65 deg. S. and the other near 63 deg. more than 13 tons of cargo, including S. Bad weather prevented the aircraft fresh food, and 145 passengers. They flying south again on the night of their brought back 7811bs of mail, just over return, and they were delayed another 24 nine tons of cargo and 11 passengers. hours. The last flights were completed on September 8, one aircraft making a Among the 70 passengers in the first refuelling stop at Invercargill on the way two aircraft were scientists who make an south. early start on summer research projects, and technicians, mechanics, construct Several projects in the summer ion workers, and air traffic controllers research programme will be resumed who will prepare the annual ice runway this month. These include studies of the in McMurdo Sound for the major airlift pregnancy and birth cycles of Weddell by Hercules and Starlifter aircraft which seals on the McMurdo Sound ice at begins next month. Captain CH. Hutton Cliffs a few miles north of Nordhill, the new commander of the McMurdo Station. Another continuing United States Navy's support force, flew project is the study of the resistance to south to meet the men of his command infection of isolated groups working who have wintered at McMurdo Station, during the Antarctic winter — first the and prepare for the summer season. Also men at McMurdo Station, and then in ANTARCTIC September, 1976

Two New Zealanders and an American at Scott Base with spring flowers flown from New Zealand on August 31 — the first they have seen for nearly a year. Lieutenant Tim Flynn, medical officer at McMurdo Station, is on the left, and with him are Mike Wing (dog handler) and Ted Ramsbotham (base engineer). U.S. Navy photo November the men at the Amunsden There were 300 lbs of fresh fruit and Scott South Pole Station. vegetables aboard the first aircraft for After six months of isolation, except the New Zealanders at Scott Base, and for telephone calls, mail from home has more vitamin tablets for the huskies. But most welcome of all were spring flowers first place with the winter parties on — violets, jonquils, wallflowers and Ross Island. Next comes fresh food, grape hyacinths — and sprigs of particularly fruit. This year, however, the Winfly order from the men at rosemary from a Christchurch garden. They were given a place of honour on the McMurdo Station included a request for messroom table and were admired by the ice-cream in six different flavours — New Zealanders and their American chocolate, vanilla, banana chip, neighbours. boysenberry, orange and hokey pokey. Mr Ian Joice, one of the men in the WELCOME FLOWERS Antarctic Division responsible for the resupply of Scott Base, picked the Fresh milk, 1500 dozen eggs and 200 precious flowers. He was at Scott Base lbs of carrots were in the cargo on the last summer and knew how pleasant it first flights. For salads, the aircraft took was to see, touch and smell flowers where 1500 lbs of lettuce, 500 lbs of tomatoes, no flowers grow, except indoors. and 120 lbs of cucumbers. New Zealand kiwi fruit (Chinese gooseberries) are After the hundreds of letters had been popular in the United States and the opened and read, the winter residents at Americans in the Antarctic have McMurdo Station and the new arrivals developed a taste for them. Last season settled down to prepare buildings, roads 30 lbs were ordered; this season, 100 lbs. and runways for the summer influx. September, 1976 ANTARCTIC

SIGNS OF SPRING Winter Parties' Isolation Ends with Early Flights Darkness, snow storms, cold, and high winds are all part of the winter experience in Antarctica. Ninety-four Americans and New Zealanders who wintered at McMurdo Station, Scott Base, and the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station this year had the same experience as those who have manned the bases in winterfor the last 20 years. For more than six months they were isolated from the outside world, waiting for the return of the sun. Towards the end of last month the men snow and accumulated ice meant on Ross Island — 11 New Zealanders, 65 sessions of hard digging to keep Americans and one Russian exchange buildings clear. scientist, welcomed the first appearance of the sun. Sunlight was followed by the By early June the men at the Pole were first sign of spring and the end of watching the calendar for Mid-winter's isolation — the arrival of United States Day, the half-way point, and the end of the winter doldrums. In honour of the Navy Hercules aircraft which brought two New Zealanders, the birthday of long-awaited mail, fresh food, and some New Zealand spring flowers. But winter Queen Elizabeth was celebrated did not relax its grip immediately. There officially for the first time. The cook was a snow storm at McMurdo Station produced a special New Zealand meal, soon after spring began officially on and probably with New Zealand advice, baked a pavlova for dessert. There was a September 1. trace of snow, and the lowest Spring was still on the way at the Pole temperature was minus 69.8 degrees Station 825 miles to the south, where 16 Celsius. Easterly winds and a slight rise Americans and two New Zealanders in temperature to minus 64.9 degrees have wintered. In the second week of marked the middle of the month. September, they reported that sunlight was tingeing the horizon in pastel pink July began with north-east winds and gold, and the sun appeared not long which produced "warmer" weather ant' after. But the men at the Pole will have to temperatures as high as minus 46.8 wait until early November for their degrees and 47.9 degrees. Weight-lifting paddle ball and pool occupied the spring — mail, fresh food, and new faces. recreation hours, and the station doctor Temperatures at the Pole have to rise before aircraft can return after an completed the South Pole Medical absence of nearly nine months. School's lectures and examinations.

TESTING TIME ICE REMOVAL Once again the winter was a testing A fireworks display, and a Las Vegas time for the new Pole Station, now evening of craps, black jack, roulette, occupied for the second year. The civilian baccarat and bingo, marked the 200th scientists and support staff who manned anniversary of American independence it had to cope with the usual heating, on July 4. There was a trace of snow with lighting and plumbing problems the north-east winds, and the maximum produced by low temperatures. Drifting temperature was minus 50.6 degrees. ANTARCTIC September, 1976

In the middle of July ice removal was membership of the South Pole's unique a major task. Four men spent six days Club 300. To qualify, each man had to sit digging out ice ranging from one inch to in the station sauna at a temperature of 3 feet in thickness. The main topic of plus 200 Fahrenheit for about 15 conversation was how many days of minutes, and then dash out bare to be darkness remained. Temperatures photographed in minus 100 degrees F or showed a slight improvement at both lower temperatures. ends of the scale. MORE TWILIGHT July 25 was an important day for the two New Zealanders in the winter team. As the sun moved steadily southward Messrs B.V. Maguire and B.J. Potter the amount of twilight increased, and spent the early hours of Sunday listening the men were able to start digging out to a radio commentary on the first rugby rubbish covered by drifting snow for the test match between New Zealand and "trash run". But in the last week of South Africa. With the assistance of August, after six hours of digging, the bottles of champagne and roast beef run had to be delayed because of the sandwiches they managed to follow the return of extremely low temperatures. game except for the last five minutes By the end of the month all the station when signals became too weak to copy. staff were waiting for the appearance of AURORA DISPLAY the sun they had not seen for almost six months. The main interest was watching During the last few days of the month the changing glow on the horizon. the auroras turned on an impressive Watchers reported a small reddish tint display, and most of the station staff with a large area of blue sky over it. The were outside at all hours to take remainder of the sky was still black. pictures. This was their last chance to get good aurora pictures because the. A promise of spring weather was given moon rose on July 30, remained up for early this month by a maximum two weeks, and then departed for temperature of minus 38.3 degrees, another two weeks. Its departure was although the minimum was still minus followed by a patch of pale light on the 61.7 degrees. High winds prevented horizon, signalling the return of the sun. major outside work so the men turned to shovelling snow which had drifted into In the first week of August the the station during the winter. The last of maximum temperature was minus 45.7 the 60 new films provided for the winter, degrees. But then on August8, fuel lines "The Brothers O'Toole" was screened on from the fuel arch to the power house September 8, and then the re-runs were frozen when temperatures started. dropped sharply, and it took six hours to thaw them out. Inside the station With the return of the sun everyone was much more cheerful. Outside work buildings the staff were kept busy on household projects in the kitchen and the was possible again, and towards the end of the month, preparations began to library to leave their winter home tidy for the incoming summer tenants in make the ice runway ready for the first November. aircraft in November. Everyone was looking forward to the sight of green Consistently low temperatures were grass, flowers, and the warmth of real recorded in the second and third weeks New Zealand sunshine. of August. They dropped below minus 70 degrees (-94 degrees Fahrenheit) and STORMY MONTH reached a minimum of minus 76 degrees (minus 105 degrees F). This temperature Storms, snow and low temperatures was a record low temperature for the marked the winter months for the men at year. McMurdo Station. Temperatures were not as low as those at the South Pole, but These low temperatures enabled all still low enough to produce minor the station staff to qualify for heating and plumbing problems. ANTARCTIC September. 1976

June was a stormy month. Winds up to maximum temperature rose to zero on 52 knots were recorded in the first August 8, and a peak gust of 49 knots was fortnight, and caused heavy drifting of almost a relief after the storms of the snow on the new ice wharf under previous month. construction in Winter Quarters Bay. Strong winds caused minor power, BRIGHTER DAYS heating, and water supply failures in the With the days growing brighter, short third week, and brought down power lines at the end of the month. journeys beyond the station became possible. Turtle Rock was reached Temperatures ranged from a maximum several times by wheeled vehicle, and the of minus 6 degrees Fahrenheit to a first seven miles of the route north of Hut minimum of minus 39 degree. Point were flagged for safety. Light winds, clear skies, higher There was evidence of the July storms temperatures, and two light falls of snow at Williams Field. Buildings were drifted were a deceptive introduction to the stormiest month of the winter. Early in over, and there were snow drifts on the runways and skiways. Hand digging July increasing twilight made it easier was needed to enter the.tower complex to for staff to travel to Williams Field over the annual sea ice. Snow had drifted over prepare it before the Winfly flights. the runway to a depth of 8 to 12 inches. By the third week in August the weather was comparatively mild. The WIND DAMAGE sun rose for the first time on August 20, and the days were marked by light winds Between July 18 and July 24 the and clear skies. The return of the station had two fierce storms which twilight-daylight enabled the working damaged buildings, interrupted power day to be lengthened. supplies, and destroyed weather recording equipment. The peak gust ir As a prelude to spring there was a fall the first storm reached 65 knots, and of 1.6 inches of snow in the last week, and may have been as high as 70 knots. a period of cloudy skies, moderate winds Twenty inches of snow fell during the (42 to 53 knots) with blowing snow. The period, and the high winds piled up huge temperature rose to minus 1 degree on drifts — in some cases to the tops of the August 28. On August 31 the doors into some buildings. temperature dropped to minus 30 degrees, but the men at McMurdo Station High winds on July 19 damaged a did not mind. Their winter was over. wind speed recorder on one building. After four hours of 58-knot winds with Cold, darkness, snow drifts and storms gusts up to 65 knots, the unit began to did not check the major construction disintegrate. It was replaced with a spare project at the station this winter — unit on July 20, but this was lost in the building a wider and longer ice wharf. second storm when strong southerly Week after week, despite the bad winds blew for 23 hours between July 23 weather, the work continued. When the and July 24. winter ended, the man-made ice cube was more than 22 feet thick. It will be ready During these storms, a large antenna for use when the first icebreakers arrive. was damaged beyond further use, a small building was destroyed, and the high winds on July 19 and July 20 caused COLDEST JUNE heat loss in some buildings. Several feet Life at Scott Base this winter was of snow covered most of the ice wharf in much the same for the 11 New depths of 2 to 8 feet. Zealanders there. Like their American After the two storms, the men at neighbours, they experienced low McMurdo Station were able to make temperatures and stormy weather. In his headway with the task of snow removal. monthly newsletters, the leader, Hamish In the first weeks of August the Raynham, reported that the base had the

AW ANTARCTIC September, 1976

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WINTER AND SPRING ON ROSS ISLAND, McMURDO SOUND A BAY BUILT DURING THE DARK WINTER MONTHS THE PHO ANTARCTICA. BELOW IS THE MAIN AREA OF McMU' 1, AFTER THE LAST DUSTING OF WINTER SNOW September. 1976 ANTARCTIC

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iOVE IS A VIEW OF THE ICE WHARF IN WINTERS QUARTERS lOGRAPH WAS TAKEN AS DAYLIGHT WAS RETURNING TO ON ON THE FIRST DAY OF SPRING, OFFICIALLY SEPTEMBER

U.S. NAVY PHOTO I •v..'. -.ifji',r J " - v i ANTARCTIC September. 1976

coldest June since records began in 1957, Thomson — from making an old- and July was the windiest month of the fashioned man-hauling journey to winter. circumnavigate Hut Point Peninsula. Before the base huskies settled down in Such a traverse had not been attempted their new kennels for the worst part of before with laden sledges in early July. the winter, they were taken on a trip to Led by Mike Wing, the party left Scott White Island, 17 miles away, at the Base in clear weather under the light of a beginning of May. The party — Mike full moon. In spite of the cold weather Wing, Grant Eames, John Thomson, and and crevasse hazards, the round trip of Roger Jones — encountered tempera 20 miles was completed in 23 hours tures around minus 40 degrees. They instead of the estimated three days. were confined to their sleeping bags in their tent by a blizzard for one day. After Another man-hauling journey — the the trip, the huskies were moved to the last of the winter— was made before the winter lines and the new kennels. sun rose officially on August 20. Four men — Grant James (leader), Roger Temperatures were very low in the last Jones, Ian McLeod, and Barry Scannell two weeks of the month, and on many hauled their sledges 12 miles across the days the mercury dropped below minus sea ice from Scott Base to the site of a 40 degrees. The lowest reading was wrecked Super Constellation which minus 49 degrees, and the highest was crashed when landing in a whiteout minus 14.9 degrees. (This was the lowest several years ago. maximum reading since recording began in 1957). In temperatures well below minus 50 degrees, the party took three hours and a June was a cold month at the base — half to reach the site. The men spent a the coldest since records began in 1957. cold and sleepless night in their tents, The mean temperature of minus 33.8 and returned the next day, exhausted, degrees broke the previous record mean and with frozen beards, noses and low (set in 1963) by nearly three degrees. hands. But they did see some beautiful The average mean temperature for June mother of pearl cloud effects on the since 1957 has been a warm minus 25.8 journey. degrees. A new extreme minimum temperature SUNRISE PREVIEW for June of minus 52.2 degrees was With more hours of light each day, recorded on June 2. The previous record there were many meal-time discussions of minus 49.2 degrees was exceeded on about the actual time and date the sun four separate days during a week when would be visible. Crater Hill immediately temperatures averaged minus 42 to the north stops the sun from being degrees. visible from the base when it is just Continuous wind for more than a week above the horizon. Official sunrise day with a maximum gust of 86 knots made was Friday, August 20, and Hamish July the windiest month of the winter. Raynham raised the base flag again. But the windy weather did not stop Chris But three members of the team, two of Mills from struggling against 30-knot whom had wintered before, gained a winds up the hill to McMurdo Station to preview of the sunrise the day before. keep an appointment with the barber. He Clint Davis, Allan Dawrant, and Mike had been known as Mr Mop by his Wing travelled 18 miles west by tracked colleagues until the American barber vehicle, and were the first to see the sun removed his 18-months growth. shining down McMurdo Sound. WINTER JOURNEY Another event in August was the arrival of three more husky pups. Three Temperatures down to minus 45 pups born early last season have grown degrees did not stop four men — Mike into strong dogs, and have taken their Wing, Clint Davis, Chris Mills and John places on the trace. ANTARCTIC September. 1976

For the last month of winter the arrival of their mail, fresh fruit and weather was reasonably kind to the New vegetables, the men put the winter Zealanders, with a minimum behind them, began to enjoy the temperature of minus 48 degrees and a daylight, and looked forward to their maximum wind of 66 knots. After the return to New Zealand in October. Company of Antarctic Adventurers

Pacific and Antarctic expeditions are established by ANARE in 1947. The base planned in future by an organisation was closed in 1954, the year Dr Budd was known as the Company of Antarctica. It leader. has been established to buy a 70ft topsail schooner, formerly in the Baltic trade, Two attempts to scale Big Ben were and now at Los Angeles, which will be made by members of ANARE used by the organisation. expeditions, and a third attempt was made in 1963 by Warwick Deacock, Budd Dr David Lewis, who attracted world and Jon Stephenson, the Australian attention when he attempted to geologist with the" Commonwealth circumnavigate the Antarctic Continent Trans-Antarctic Expedition, who, with single-handed in his 32ft steel sloop Ice Ken Blaiklock, drove the only dog teams Bird, says in a letter to the New Zealand to reach the South Pole since Amundsen Antarctic Society, which he has joined, in 1911. that membership of the Company of Antarctic includes "assorted Antarctic Warwick Deacock led the South Indian nuts — with room for more". But those he Ocean Expedition to Heard Island in mentions in his letter, Dr Graeme Budd, 1964-65. The engineer of the expedition Colin Putt, and Peter Arriens, are not was Colin Putt, a New Zealander, who exactly "nuts" in the Antarctic sense. climbed Big Ben with Deacock, Budd, and another New Zealander,; Phili] Dr Budd was one of the four men who Temple. Peter Arriens, who has joinec made the first ascent of Big Ben, the the Company of Antarctica,' is the 9000ft volcanic peak on Heard Island ANARE leader at Davis this year. as members of the South Indian Ocean Expedition of 1964-65. He was scientific Dr Davis, who describes himself as a officer of the expedition, which sailed nomadic Kiwi, has long been interested south in the 63ft schooner Patanela. in the Polynesian voyages in the Pacific. In 1954 Dr Budd was leader at Heard He is continuing his research at the East- Island, the first Antarctic base West Centre of the University of Hawaii. ANTA RCTIC September, 1976 ANARE REPORTS Winter Party's Trip From Casey Towards Vostok

A 330-kilometre glaciological traverse inland from Casey towards the boviet station, Vostok, was made by six members of the Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions' winter team at the station in April and May. The party spent six weeks in the Held, and experienced temperatures down to minus 40deg Celsius. Summer operations by ANARE included the first Australian visit to the main Soviet station, Molodezhnaya, 720 kilometres west of

AJNAREaxtT?2S* partypart of visited the field Proclamation survey operations Island in where Enderby Sir Land Douglas an Mawson, leader of the British, Australian, and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition (B.A.N.Z.A.R.E.) proclaimed British sovereignty over Enderby, Kemp, and MacRobertson Lands on January 13, 1930. Late in May six tired and weary men - broke— broke down, down, and and could could not not be be repaired repaired. eturned to Casey after making BecauseBecause of of deteriorating deteriorating weather weather, the rlaciological measurements on the polardifficult difficult terrain, terrain, and and the the advance advance of XfSF rE estf*llS,h'ng a depot of about winterwinter darkness, darkness, the the tractor tractor had had to to bebe left 20,000 litres of fuel for use by another behindbehind in in the the field. field. It It will will bebe reovered in expedition planned for this spring. The thethe spring spring when when the the weatherweather improves,improves. party was led by plant inspector Tony O'Mara. Other members were Peter FIRSTFIRST VISIT VISIT Keage (glaciologist); Trevor Brooks (electronics engineer); Tony Jacques SevenSeven Australians Australians made made the the firstfirst visit (meteorology observer); Gerry Bryant to to Molodezhnaya Molodezhnaya by by helicopter helicopter on (radio officer); and Robin Regester JanuaryJanuary 8. They8. They were were warmly warmly welcomedwelcomed (senior diesel mechanic). by theby Russians the Russians who who afforded afforded them them every facility, generously refuelled their During the six weeks in the field, the helicopters, and showed marked interest men, who are members of the winter in the Australian activities and field party of 23 at Casey, experienced equipment. visibility down to 50 metres, and the tractor train — three tractors towing They were part of the summer party led living and workshop caravans, and by Doug Twigg, which had been flown several sleds loaded with fuel, supplies into Enderby Land by way of Mawson and scientific equipment were navigated from the Nella Dan at Christmas to by marine radar. undertake ground surveys, aerial photo graphy, and geological studies. The visit On the return journey, one of the to Molodezhnaya was made to enable the tractors — affectionately named Linda Australians to complete a continuous September 1976 ANTARCTIC

line of survey observations which, after visited since 1930. Mawson and a party several seasons of summer operations, from the B.A.N.Z.A.R.E. vessel now stretches 2000 kilometres from Discovery came ashore on January 13, Davis to Molodezhnaya, where it joins 1930. They built a rock cairn which the Russian survey grid. supported a pole on which the Union Jack was raised to mark the occasion, The party comprised Doug Twigg, and the signed proclamation of senior technical officer (radio) of the sovereignty for British over Enderby, Antarctic Division; Col Alf Argent, Kemp, and MacRobertson Lands was aviation officer; John Manning, left at the site together with a wooden surveyor with the Division of National tablet. (An Imperial Order-in-Council Mapping, Department of National which came into force in 1936 later Resources; John Sheraton, geologist passed this and other Antarctic territory with the Bureau of Mineral Resources, to Australia). Department of National Resources; and helicopter pilots, Vic Barkell, Ross John Manning, surveyor with the Hutchinson, and John Sonneveld. Division of National Mapping, Department of National Resources, and SOVIET WINE a member of the Enderby Land survey team photographed the historic One woman and 84 men of the ANARE monument, and the proclamation. He winter teams celebrated Mid-Winter's reported that the flagpole had been Day on June 21 at Mawson, Casey, and broken in the wind but was still in good Davis in Antarctica, and on Macquarie condition, and that pieces of the ties usee' Island in the sub-Antarctic. Mean to secure the flag were still attached. temperature at the continental stations were down to minus 16deg Celsius. Carved into the wooden tablet were the words (which had not been recorded Mawson began the celebrations on previously): The British flag was hoistei" June 20 with the Mid-Winter Derby, a and British sovereignty asserted on the handicap race over sea ice around a 13 Jan. 1930. nearby island. The entrants used a variety of transport, including dogs and HISTORIC RELIC sledges, skates, motor-cycles, and The proclamation had been rolled and motorised toboggans. placed in a glass vial, and was still Mid-Winter dinners of many courses, perfectly legible. However, the metal and with appropriate wines were enjoyed canister into which the vial had been at all stations. On Macquarie Island the placed was almost completely corroded winter team toasted families and friends away. The best method of preserving this and members of all other Antarctic valuable historic relic is now being expeditions in Crimean champagne, a considered. gift from members of the Soviet There are some minor differences in Antarctic Research Expedition which the text of the proclamation found by the visited the island earlier this year. A ANARE party, and that given in the feature of the dinner was a cake baked in Mawson papers. The text in "The the shape of the island by the cook, Winning of Australian Antarctica", by Frank Reid, and decorated by Dr Zoe A flrpnfpll Price, which is based on the Gardner, the nrst woman to winter witn an Australian expedition. Mawson papers, runs as follows: ROCK CAIRN In the name of His Majesty King George the Fifth, King of Great Britain, When ANARE members visited Ireland and the British Dominions Proclamation Island (in about 65deg beyond the Seas, Emperor of India. 50min S/53deg 41min E) in January this Whereas I have it in command from His year they found the rock cairn built by Majesty King George the Fifth to assert Mawson's party, which had not been the sovereign rights of His Majesty over WVn ANTARCTIC September, 1976

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John Manning, a surveyor with the Division of National Mapping, Department of National Resources, at the historic site on Proclamation Island, Enderby Land, where Sir Douglas Mawson, leader of the B.A.N.Z.A.R.E. expedition, proclaimed British sovereignty over Enderby, Kemp, and MacRobertson Lands, on January 13, 1930.

Photograph by J. Manning

British land discoveries met with in Latitude 65deg 50min S, Longitude Antarctica. 53deg 30min E. The Thirteenth Day of Now, therefore, I Sir Douglas Mawson January, 1930. do hereby proclaim and declare to all men that, from and after the date of these Witness (Signed)Douglas presents, the full sovereignty of the (Signed J.K. Davis Mawson territory of Enderby Land, Kemp Land, Master Commanding Ant- Mac. Robertson Land, together with off- S.Y. Discovery arctic Expedition lying islands as located in our charts 13.1.1930 13.1.1930 constituting a sector of the Antarctic In the proclamation found by the Regions lying between Longitudes 73deg A.N.A.R.E. party the last sentence reads: East of Greenwich and 47deg East if Given under my hand at this spot. Davis Greenwich and South of Latitude 65deg signs himself John King Davis, master of vests in His Majesty King George the the exploring vessel Discovery, and Fifth His Heirs and successors for ever. Mawson describes himself as Given under my hand on board the commanding expedition. Exploring vessel "Discovery" now lying off the coast of this annexed land, in September, 1976 ANTARCTIC

Proclamation Island is a small rocky Dr Gardner was one of four doctors island about 850ft high, some three miles recruited at the last moment after west of Cape Batterbee, and about one difficulties in obtaining doctors willing mile off the coast of Enderby Island. In to serve at the Antarctic stations in 1976 his log Davis stated that the rock was threatened to interfere seriously with called Possession Island, and the Australian Antarctic research subsequently Proclamation Rock. programme. She was travelling in Australia when she applied for the post. In his diary of the first of the B.A.N.Z.A.R.E. voyages Mawson Four other women visited Macquarie describes the landing on Proclamation Island during a relief voyage to this sub- Island, which he called the black island, Antarctic station earlier last summer. and the proclamation ceremony. "Whilst They were Anne Dalby, quarantine main party hastened to summit of officer, and Ann Pitt, personnel officer, island to fly the flag, Simmers and both of the Antarctic Division; Jenny Howard ran a magnetic survey. We Hobson, producer's assistant with the ascended through the (Adelie penguin) Australian Broadcasting Commission's rookery. Very steep climb to top but natural history unit; and Elizabeth rewarded by magnificent view over Kerry, a botanist at Melbourne grounded bergs ....Height above sea level University. of top 850ft. LONG SERVICE "We erect flagpole, stacking rocks about the foot to make it secure. The Few men have contributed as much to tablet on pole faces south. Proclamation the carrying out of Australian research read at noon — 3 cheers given for King programmes in Antarctica as Mr Don and God Save King sung." Styles, deputy director of the Antarctic Division, who retired in June after Two New Zealanders were present on almost 19 years' service. His association the historic occasion. They were Sir with southern latitudes began in 1957 Robert Falla, then the expedition's with an expedition to Macquarie Island. young ornithologist, and Dr R.G. Since then he has made 19 annual Simmers, who was the meteorologist. A. voyages to the Antarctic. Howard, who took part in the magnetic survey of Proclamation Island, was an Don Styles has visited all Australian Australian hydrologist. stations, the French stations at Dumont. d'Urville and Kerguelen Island, and the WOMEN'S VISIT Soviet station, Mirny. Many of his ANARE operations last summer were voyages involved coastal exploration of marked by the participation of women. Australian Antarctic territory never Three staff members of the Antarctic before visited. Styles Bluff in Kemp Division, Elizabeth Chipman (public Land, and Styles Strait in Enderby Land ations officer), Jutta Hosel (senior are named after him as a result of his photographer), and Shelagh Robinson (welfare officer) were the first group of Australian women to visit the Antarctic 1974 the Polar Medal. Continent when they made a five-week round trip on the Thala Dan. Together with Dr N.C. Gardner, of Britain, who travelled with them, they were the first women to visit Casey. Dr mu Gardner, who stopped off at Macquarie Island on the return voyage to serve a year as the island's doctor, is the first woman to spend a winter with an ;.,.,<.*- • ;--:^ ■££+>." ANARE expedition. '*;JW«v? ANTARCTIC September, 1976

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B.A.S. NEWS Antarctic Peninsula Bases Record Low Temperatures Mild weather at Halley Bay on the Caird Coast of Coats Land, and low temperatures and strong winds on the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula have marked winter at the British Antarctic Survey bases this year. Scientists have maintained geological, glaciological, and biological programmes during the winter, and preparations are now being made for the summer season. There was a minor crisis at Halley Bay experienced unusually low temperatures in July, when an unmanned VHF in June, accompanied by whiteout winds goniometer hut, established three miles to 80 knots. This was followed by milder from base for a University of Sheffield northerly gales which caused melt project, was destroyed by fire. It was problems. quickly replaced by a caboose (mobile At the Argentine Islands base the low hut) fitted with an old goniometer, and temperatures consolidated the sea ice the programme was resumed within a which later survived the northerly gales, few days. and trips to the mainland have been Short journeys have been made from possible throughout the winter. An the base, many of them to inspect island 8 miles west of the base was also possible sites for unloading the R.R.S. visited. Bransfield this summer. Last year's relief was exceptionally difficult and the Parties from the Adelaide Island base made frequent visits to the new hut at ship had to be unloaded 50 miles away. Rothera Point, 40 miles to the north-east where four men are wintering. The main Next season, an attempt will be made journey took place in mid-July when five to take the ship in earlier before the fast men with an International tractor, a ice breaks out from the cracks near the caboose, two dog teams and six sledges base and access to the ship by vehicles transported a cement mixer and other becomes impossible. If this fails equipment and stores to Rothera Point unloading could take place straight on to ready for the coming summer. high ice cliffs using a high-wire system, but three extra vehicles and drivers will ^.^Sf, be taken south in case unloading again TRACTOR ACCIDENT has to be done at a distance. They were met on the way by the four MELT PROBLEMS Rothera men, who travelled in two sno- A journey was made in May to the cats and skidoos. The dog teams covered the distance very quickly, but the tractor original Halley Bay hut built in 1956 as party were delayed when the 6-ton the Royal Society's contribution to the International tractor broke thro"~ International Geophysical Year. The hut a crevasse, fortunately withoutL*,^., .... is now buried under 80ft. of snow and the men or loss of stores. Three days were very badly distorted. spent retrieving it. Weather in the area this winter has On South Georgia, a small hut has been comparatively mild, and the been transported to a col above the base remaining dogs have been able to spend for the winter glaciological programme. most of the time out of doors. In contrast, In June, hunting parties were out the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula replenishing the base supply of reindeer ANTARCTIC September, 1976

meat, and a number of short journeys Gerry Cutland's cheerful presence will were also made to coastal work sites. be greatly missed aboard the R.R.S. Climbing parties made the most of Biscoe. He will be remembered by the unusually fine weather in July to visit men who ate his meals in 1956-57, and peaks inland. the cooks who followed his recipes, as the At Signy Island, all the long-term man whose Antarctic menus included winter programmes have been resumed, jugged shag, savoury shag hot pot, and including diving through sea ice by the even a Spanish paella with shag (plus marine biologists. tomatoes, sausages, rice, tinned PENGUIN AND SEAL crayfish, tinned meat, tinned peas, and reconstituted French beans and onions. Since 1956 many men who have served with the Falkland Island Dependencies NEW HEADQUARTERS Survey and the B.A.S. have enjoyed meals served or cooked by Gerald T. B.A.S. has settled happily into its new Cutland. Gerry, as he is widely known, headquarters on the outskirts of retired recently after 18 years as chief Cambridge and the building is now full. steward of the Royal Research Ship The number of occupants has reached its Biscoe. summer maximum of more than 150, now that scientists returning from the Gerry first went south in 1955 as cook at the Argentine Islands where he stayed Antarctic have started work on their for 1956 and 1957. There is expertise with results and new recruits have arrived for what were rather unpromising training. In addition, several rooms are now occupied by the Seals Research Division of the Institute of Environ- earned him the admiration and gratitude of his companions. They enjoyed such dishes as tournedos of seal Portugaise, being done by the Survey. braised penguin breast, and savoury Most of the facilities are now shag hot pot. functional. The cold room was moved In later years Gerry's benign influence successfully to a site in the courtyard of spread throughout the Survey when his the new building without the loss of any recipes were circulated to all bases, and of the live specimens (the fish later generations learned what could be Notothenia neglecta and N. rossii, an done with reconstituted eggs and isopod, large nemertines and limpets), vegetables, herbs, Bovril and Bisto, to some of which were collected in the make palatable meals from seal meat Antarctic three years ago. Problems and penguin breasts. encountered in maintaining a steady low temperature while Cambridge has CULINARY SKILL sweltered in an unusually hot summer, have been solved by covering the hut "Recipes for an Antarctic Cook"»by with reflective foil. Gerald T. Cutland, were published in the "Polar Record" in September, 1959, and MEDICAL WORK made the author even better known. An editorial note said that the recipes based For about 18 years B.A.S. medicine on "local raw materials" were published and medical research were supervised by because his skill and initiative deserved Dr O.G. Edholm, head of the Division of acclaim amongst a wider circle. Human Physiology of the Medical Research Council, but when he retired in Some of those recipes were for dishes 1974 the division was disbanded and its made with the meat of young shags, but Antarctic work discontinued. The latter that was before the Antarctic Treaty has now been transferred to a new prohibited the taking of birds for the pot. Institute of Environmental Medicine Now Antarctic cooks cannot follow which has been set up as part of the Gerry's instructions; use of his local raw University of Aberdeen's Department of materials is not possible. Surgery. September, 1976 ANTARCTIC

The proximity of mountains, the Aberdeen, given additional specialised existence of a local fishing industry and training and guidance in the preparation the development of North Sea oil make of research projects, and then go south Aberdeen a particularly suitable centre when qualified. On their return they for environmental studies. There is great could be attached to the institute of s c o p e t h e r e f o r c o m p l e x a n d teaching hospital. Other medical officers sophisticated medical work in this field, might be recruited from elsewhere and and the Antarctic could be regarded as a these would have their own projects and laboratory for long-term related studies, supervisors. (for example, on the problems encountered in diving in cold water) which could be mutually beneficial. The present medical examiner for new B.A.S recruits, who is on the staff of Two members of the staff at Aberdeen Addenbrooke's (teaching) Hospital, already have Antarctic experience. They Cambridge, is particularly interested in are Mr Nelson Norman, reader in promoting research projects in surgery, who was medical officer at biochemistry. Contact will also be Halley Bay in 1959, and Colonel James maintained with various departments of Adam, newly appointed senior lecturer the Medical Research Council. in environmental medicine, formerly of the Royal Army Medical Corps. Colonel Adam spent some time working at the B.A.S. owes much to Dr. Edholm for his guidance for so many years, and for South Pole in the 1957-58 summer with a continuing to foster international co physiologist Dr. Griffith Pugh, of the Medical Research Council's High- operation as the United Kingdom altitude Committee who accompanied representative on the S.C.A.R. working group on human biology and medicine. the successful Everest expedition of 1953. " P o l a r H u m a n B i o l o g y " ( t h e This arrangement is important for proceedings of the S.C.A.R.—I.U.B.S. B.A.S. as it will solve the basic problem symposium held at Cambridge in 1972) of recruitment. In future, interested which he edited, was a valuable medical students will be recruited at summary of the work done to date.

New Icebreaker Will Not Go South

Ice breaker support for the American by the Glacier, which has operated in scientific and logistic programmes will southern waters since 1955. She, with the be provided as usual by the United States Burton Island, will clear the annual sea Coast Guard. But its newest and most ice in McMurdo Sound, and escort the powerful icebreaker, the 13,000-ton Polar cargo ships up the channel. Later she Star, will not be seen in Antarctic waters will support scientific projects at sea. this summer. The Polar Star, which was commissioned in January, had had Another Antarctic veteran, the Private serious problems with her propellers John R. Towle, which carried cargo to during shakedown trials in the Pacific the Antarctic for nearly 20 years, has off Alaska, and will not be ready in time. been replaced by a larger ship, the U.S.S. Bland, which will have her hull One of the veteran Antarctic strengthened for ice operations. Supply icebreakers, the Burton Island, which is of fuel for United States stations and air due to be decommissioned after 30 years operations will again be the mission of polar service, will probably sail south the 25,000 ton tanker Maumee. She will again in place of the Polar Star. The discharge 4.6 million gallons of fuel at main icebreaker support will be provided McMurdo Station early next year. h>;>» ■ -^'i^^;'^' ANTARCTIC September, 1976 British Climbers and Crew of Argentine Plane Killed Fourteen men died in the Antarctic this month, 11 of them when an Argentine Navy aircraft hit a peak on Livingston Island in the South Shetlands. Three men from the British Antarctic Survey's Argentine Island's base died in an attempt to climb Mount Peary on the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula.

Wreckage of the Argentine Neptune observe the site of the crash. It reported aircraft was reported by a searching that the wreckage of the Neptune was at Argentine Navy Hercules to be near the a point 80 metres above sea level, and summit of the peak on Livingston lodged on a 60-degree slope. Island. The Neptune was reported missing on September 16. It was on its High winds, heavy snowfalls, and low way back to its base in the Argentine temperatures hampered the search for after a survey of navigation conditions the three men from the Argentine over the Antarctic Peninsula. Regular Islands base. They set out on September radio reports every 15 minutes from the 3 to climb Mount Peary, 15 miles away, aircraft stopped suddenly for no on the mainland. Mount Peary, which is apparent reason when it was passing 1900 metres high, forms part of a range over the northern tip of the peninsula. of mountains in what is known as the There was no May Day signal. Tierra de San Martin. On September 18 a search began with Three days later the three men, seven different aircraft from the Graham Whitfield, a physicist aged 24, Argentine. Chilean and Argentinian Geoffrey Hargreaves, a 21-year-old Antarctic bases reported having heard meteorologist, and Michael Walker, a 21- an emergency signal on an emergency year-old cook, who were all experienced frequency. But the message was garbled, mountaineers, radioed back that they and no bearing could be obtained. had climbed the peak, but nothing more was heard from them. When the Hercules sighted the Neptune it reported that the aircraft A full-scale search by British, appeared to have hit the side of the American, and Argentinian parties mountain. From the position of the began on September 6. An Argentine wreckage the Neptune appeared to have Twin Otter aircraft searched the area of been flying south, not north, at the time. Mount Peary and spotted an emergency tent, two pairs of skis, and a red marker An Argentine Twin Otter aircraft flag on a ridge just west (300 metres) of attempted to fly in to determine the exact the edge of the mountain plateau. location of the crashed aircraft on September 19. Bad weather and poor Snowstorms and piercing winds communications prevented this, and hampered the ground and air search. also delayed the plan for the Argentine The Twin Otter flew to the United States Navy's icebreaker General San Martin Palmer Station on Anvers Island from to send in a helicopter to recover the where the search and rescue operations bodies of the Neptune's crew. were directed. Arrangements were made for the Argentine aircraft to fly to A ground party from the Chilean base, Adelaide Island, and pick up three Capitan Arturo Prat, on Greenwich experienced British climbers from Island, about five miles north of Living Rothera Point. It was to fly to the Peary ston Island, crossed the north-east Plateau, land there, and leave the search corner of the island from where it could party. After a search for more than a week, to the unhappy conclusion that the field the three climbers were assumed to have party had perished. died. Dr Richard Laws, director of the Originally both air and ground British Antarctic Survey, issued a state searches were to have been continued in ment in which he said that although the an attempt to establish the facts relating field party had been properly equipped to the incident. But the search for the for the expected duration of its journey, it bodies of the three men was called off had suffered continuous rigorous towards the end of the month. It will be conditions beyond those of human resumed later in the season, probably in . The survey had been forced November.

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L ■ I I ■ —y Soviet Plans for More Research .•'•■r.r in Area

An increase in the scale of scientific research in the Weddell Sea area is planned by the 22nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition in the 1976- 77 season. Last season a new scientific station — Druzhnaya — was established on the Filchner Ice Shelf for summer work, and a party of Soviet scientists began the first of a series of studies, which will last for several years, of the mountain systems which fringe the Weddell Sea between Ellsworth land and Queen Maud Land. Last season's party of geologists, Argentine party, and also with the ^eophysicists, and topographers, which British Antarctic Survey base at Halley was led by a 42-year-old geologist, Garik Bay. When Druzhnaya was established late last year one of the Soviet Grikurov, surveyed some 20,000 square miles in the area, and set up ground expedition's ships called at Halley. control stations in the Pensacola and This season American and Soviet Theron Mountains, and the Shackleton scientists will work together in Antarctic Range. The configuration of the bed of the Weddell Sea was ascertained, and waters to examine the effect of the polar studies were made of the earth's ice-cap on the world's climate. Agreement on these joint studies was magnetic and gravitional fields. reached at a conference in Leningrad in Geologists collected rock and mineral July. samples from the Shackleton Range and The Soviet research ship Professor the Pensacola Mountains. A surprising Zubov will begin observations this year find was an accumulation of fossil in the Indian Ocean sector, and the trilobites, primitive crustaceans which United States research ship Thomas G. lived about 5000 million years ago. Thompson will explore Drake Passage Druzhnaya is to the west of General between South America and the Belgrano, the Argentine station on the Antarctic Peninsula. Each ship will Filchner Ice Shelf. During their stay the carry a scientific team from the other Soviet scientists made contact with the country. ANTARCTIC September, 1976 Italian Expedition Worked on King George Island

Geological studies of the shoreline and seabed of Admiralty Bay on King George Island in the South Shetlands were made by a private Italian expedition of scientists and mountaineers which spent several weeks in the Antarctica Peninsula area during January and February this year. The expedition also did underwater exploration, and climbed seven peaks, four on Wiencke Island, south-west of Anvers Island, and three on Livingston Island in the South Shetlands. expedition changed its plans and made A group of Italian sponsors financed for King George Island. the expedition of 15 men, which was led by Professor Renato Cepparo, a film During the expedition's stay in producer, mountaineer, and skier. The Admiralty Bay seven research workers expedition established a small camp of operated from the camp: biologists, prefabricated _ buildings at a spot in geologists, and paleoclimatologists. Admiralty Bay which was called Conca Another group took the Rig Mate and Italia. With accommodation for eight sailed to Wiencke Island for mountain men the camp covered an area of 80 climbing and underwater exploration. square metres. Stores, diesel oil, and Scientific date and specimens brought petrol were left behind, and fresh water back to Italy are now being assembled can he piped from a nearby stream. and examined at the Universities of Milan and Genoa. Originally the expedition intended to use a 500-ton vessel called the Repunte, Professor Cepparo says that biological formerly used for fisheries research by research involved the analysis of eight the Food and Agriculture Organisation. blood samples taken from each member Instead it chartered a Norwegian vessel of the expedition. Certain variations called Rig Mate with a crew of nine. The were noted which could not be related to Rig Mate sailed from Lisbon on such factors as food or physical activity, December 22 last year and reached but were probably due to environmental on January 9. Stores, conditions. Because of the expedition's equipment, and building materials were information was being sought from picked up there, and then the Rig Mate other countries with bases in the sailed for King George Island. Antarctic. PLANS CHANGED SEABED SURVEY In a report on the work of the Observations were taken along the expedition Professor Cepparo says that coast of Conca Italia as far as Point the original plan was to establish a base Thomas where a more or less continuous on James Ross Island, which is in the stretch of ancient shoreline was noted. In Weddell Sea, and on the south-east side this area samples were taken for of the Antarctic Peninsula. Because of sedimentological analysis. With the aid delays, and the possibility that by the of core lifters a whole series of samples end of the summer the Weddell Sea might was obtained from the sea bottom in freeze up and isolate the research team Admiralty Bay, the drills being lowered which was to be left on the island, the from the deck of the Rig Mate. ANTARCTIC September, 1976

Almost the entire seabed of the bay oceanographic characteristics of was surveyed and sounded right up to its Admiralty Bay. entrance. This was done to obtain a U n d e r w a t e r o p e r a t i o n s w e r e picture of the nature and composition of conducted by two expert skin divers the marine sludge. Records and samples working in the cold Antarctic waters. " morainic accumulations were also Deep-sea diving was carried out in ken along the island shores to either various latitudes on 10 seperate .de of the base camp. At the mouth of the occasions, and at depths of five to 33 „ay extensive layers of fossilised tree metres. Rock samples were collected as trunks were found beneath a moraine well as many specimens of flora and deposit two kilometres long and 200 fauna. The water temperature ranged metres wide. At first sight the tree trunks from ldeg to minus 1.8deg Celsius, and did not seem to be completely fossilised. the average time of each dive was 40 Samples are now being tested for age by minutes. The deepest dive was made in the Carbon 14 method. the latitude of the Antarctic Circle. WEATHER RECORDS PEAKS CLIMBED Seven peaks, hitherto unsealed, were Climatological observations were climbed by the group which went to made at the base camp, and ground Wiencke and Livingston Islands. To temperatures, wind readings, humidity, and atmospheric evaporation, were climb the peaks "Ragni di Lecco" and recorded every three hours. Because of "Cima Italia" in the Wall Range on the location of the camp this data was Wiencke Island the Himalayan correlated with physical characteristics technique was used. In the case of relating to the presence of the freshwater "Ragni di Lecco" 600 metres or rock face stream and sea nearby. For this purpose were equipped with fixedclimbing ropes. hourly temperature readings and other "Cima Italia" was scaled successfully daily recordings were taken for chemical in extremely severe weather, and against and physical calculations. Atmospheric strong gusts of wind which swept its condensation was collected and slopes. Before the attempt was made a recorded, and rainfall readings were small camp of two tents was set up made for subsequent analysis for beneath the precipitous rock wall. possible traces of acid pollution. During its visit to the Antarctic Professor Cepparo says that the Peninsula area the expedition met the expedition's programme for correlating research team and crew of the British sedimentological and paleoclimatolog- Antarctic Survey's R.R.S. John Biscoe, ical data was based on abundant and the mountaineering group in samples, and plenty of specimens of sub Wiencke Bay went aboard the United marine flora and fauna were collected at States National Science Foundation higher latitudes. It was hoped that when •research vessel Hero at the end of this extensive body of data and sample January during one of her cruises from material had been examined and inter Palmer Station. The Rig Mate called at preted by research scientists, it would Palmer Station, and then sailed for Rio provide a full picture of the geological, di Janeiro which was reached on geomorphological, hydrological, and February 25. H:»I bi'-: H I ...tv H ■

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^•::i'i" ■ H ■ ■ I tsi.: ANTARCTIC September, 1976 Antarctic Centre has many relics of Heroic Age

Relics of the first expedition to winter on the Antarctic Continent at Cape Adare in 1899, and of the "worst journey in the world" to Cape Crozier in the winter of 1911, have been added in recent months to the Canterbury Museum's Antarctic collection. The museum already has the basis of the most comprehensive collection of Antarctic literature in the Southern Hemisphere; when the new Antarctic centre is opened early next year it will contain an equally comprehensive collection of relics of the Heroic Age of Antartic exploration, and equipment used by British, American, and New Zealand expeditions in the last 20 years.

Many of the historic relics have come recorded 6% hours of sunshine at Cape from relatives of men who served with Adare. The record appears on a chart Borchgrevink, Scott, Amundsen, and from a Campbell-Stokes glass sphere Shackleton. Others have been given or sunshine recorder presented by the deposited on permanent loan by other D.S.I.R. institutions overseas or in New Zealand. Among these are the Scott Polar Other material from Cape Adare Research Institute, New Zealand's includes an iron harpoon head with a National Museum in Wellington, and the hinged barb, a paint brush of Adelie Department of Scientific and Industrial penguin feathers, bound to a wooden Research through its Antarctic Division. handle, and two fishing lures, possibly used by Nikolai Hanson, the zoologist Cape Adare is remembered in and taxidermist with Borchgrevink, who Antarctic history as the place where two died on October 14,1899, and was the parties wintered — Borchgrevink's first man to be buried on the continent. Southern Cross Expedition, 1899-1900, and Scott's Northern Party led by Borchgrevink's party did a lot of Commander Victor Campbell in 1911. fishing, not only for scientific purposes Both parties experienced violent gales but also to supplement their diet of there, and relics recovered by the canned food. In "First on the Antarctic Antarctic Division included weather Continent" Borchgrevink describes how recording equipment. the expedition had so many specimens of fish preseved by early May that he One is an anemometer or wind guage decided to use some as additions to the used by Commander Campbell. It was stock of provisions. made in 1909 by the London firm of R.W. Most of the fishing was done by Munro, and is still in working order after exposure to the elements from 1911 to Hanson and Anton Fougner, the 1973 when it was recovered. expedition's handy man. They fished from the ice floes in Robertson Bay or Lieutenant William Colbeck and Louis through holes cut in the ice. Most of the Bernacchi shared the meteorological fish were caught on a strong line with an recording duties in Borchgrevink's ordinary Norwegian "pilk" (lure) expedition. On October 5, 1899, they attached, and without any bait. September. 1976 ANTARCTIC

SHIP MODEL the museum some of his sledging equipment — goggles, pannikin, and Another relic of Borchgrevink's cutlery. A microfilm of his 1902 desk expedition is a model of his ship, the dairy has come from Mr H.G.R. King, Southern Cross. It was built from librarian of the Scott Polar Research memory by a Stewart Island resident, Institute. probably soon after the vessel arrived at Oban, Half-Moon Bay, at the end of One of the New Zealanders who served march, 1900. During his stay there in the relief ship Morning during the Borchgrevink arranged to land his Discovery expedition was Arthur sledge dogs on nearby Native Island: Beaumont, of Lyttelton. He sailed on the Some of these dogs returned to the second voyage south in 1903. His Antarctic with Shackleton's expedition relatives have presented to the museum a in 1908-1909. woollen balaclava he wore on the trip south, his Polar Medal in bronze, his In the autumn of 1957 a tractor and discharge certificate, and other items. sledging party led by Sir Edmund SMALL GIFTS Hillary repeated the historic journey to Cape Crozier of Wilson, Bowers, and Sir Clements Markham, whose name Cherry-Garrard to study the breeding is linked with the first great land habits of the Emporor penguin. The New explorations of Antarctica, led an Zealanders, however, travelled from Scott Base instead of Cape Evans. From expedition to Peru before he began his the remains of the stone igloo built by long service to the Royal Geographical Society. A member of the expedition was Scott's men 800ft above the cliffs at Cape Charles Christopher Bowen, of Crozier Hillary's party uncovered Christchurch, who was prominent in equipment abandoned 46 years earlier before the return trip. political life, and an enthusiastic supporter of Scott's expeditions. His A 9ft man-hauling sledge, and other sister, Miss C. Bowen, has given to the relics were brought back to New Zealand museum items associated with the with the approval of Cherry-Garrard, the Discovery expedition, and Sir Clements only survivor of the journey. The sledge Markham. has now been transferred on long-term A pipe with "Discovery" and a loan from the National Museum. The penguin engraved on the front of the Canterbury Museum already has a bowl, and a paper knife with "Discovery" thermos flask and scientific instruments engraved on the blade were given to Si from the igloo; the Gisborn Museum has Charles Bowen by Markham. Other gifts presented a hurricane lamp on indefinite are a small two-drawer wooden cabinet loan. with sheet brass inlay, which once LYTTELTON LINK belonged to Markham and an auto graphed proof engraving of his Because Lyttelton was the port of portrait as president of the Royal Geo departure for the Discovery and the graphical Society from 1893 to 1905. Terra Nova, some of the historic relics have come from people who knew CAPE EVANS members of Scott's two expeditions or Material associated with Scott's last had family links with them. Among are small items which were gifts in expedition from the National Museum's return for hospitality received in mmmmmm Christchurch and Lyttelton. oak kitchen type dining chair, a single- Hartley Travers Ferrar, the geologist burner Swedish primus stove used by with the Discovery expedition, later field parties, and a caribou skin sleeping joined the New Zealand Geological bag, patched in places, which was Survey. His sister, Mrs M. Forbes, of standard equipment for both field and Cambridge. England, has presented to shore-based parties. Two maximum ANTARCTIC September, 1976

thermometers in a mahogany case lined Another unusual item associated with with blue velvet and satin were probably Scott's last expedition is a mirror used by George Simpson, the mounted in plywood with a surround of expedition's meteorologist. skin from a Weddell seal. It was made by A sample of the aluminium telephone Demitri Gerof, the Russian dog driver, wire laid by the dog driver, Cecil M. who worked as an assistant to Sir Joseph Mears, between Cape Evans and Hut Kinsey's gardener, Harold Stemmer, Point during the Terra Nova expedition after his return from the Antarctic. It has has come from the D.S.I.R. collection, been loaned by Mr Stemmer's son. and also a British Post Office portable PENNELL'S DIARY test meter used for the telephone link. "It seems wonderful in this primitive land to Most of the diaries kept by members of be talking to one's fellow beings 15 miles the early expeditions are held by the away," wrote Scott in his diary after the Scott Polar Research Institute's library. Hut Point telephone bell suddenly rang But the Canterbury Museum now has the at 5 p.m. on October 6, 1911, and he had dairy of Lieutenant H. Pennell, master talked with Meares and Oates. and navigator of the Terra Nova, with EXPLORER'S VOICE entries from January 26, 1911 to April 3, 1912. It has been lent by his nephew, Mr Shackleton's dash to reach the South R.R.D. Pennell, who has also deposited Pole is described by the explorer himself on loan an album of 443 photographs, on an H.M.V. 78 r.p.m. record, which dated and titled, taken by Herbert G. presents on the other side the voice of Ponting, the expedition's photographer. Peary, who tells how he reached the North Pole. The Antarctic Division has Modern exploration is represented in presented a Union Jack recovered from recent additions by a collection of dog the hut at Cape Royds, and items from harness (collar, bells, whip), sledging the National Museum collection include metters, and a roll of lamp wick from the a set of man-hauling sledge harness, and Norwegian-British-Swedish 1949-1952 a sledge meter and wheel from the 1914- expedition to Queen Maud Land. It was 1917 Imperial Trans-Antarctic presented by the Scott Polar Research Expedition. A brandy flask given by Institute, whose director, Dr G. de Q. Shackleton to the donor's grandfather Robin, served with the expedition. probably came from the same expedition. Samples of sledge biscuits used by field parties, man pemmican, and field party Chine, glassware, and cutlery from rations used by D.S.I.R. staff in the late early and later expeditions bob up 1950s are among New Zealand items. periodically from unexpected places. They were presented by the Antarctic Apparently members of some Division. expeditions found plates, glasses, knives, forks, and spoons bearing crests Other items of the modern era include or inscriptions were convenient and American expeditions of the 1950s and appreciated gifts to their friends. 1960s, a canvas equipment bag from a LIQUEUR GLASS New Zealand dog sledge, and harness used by a Scott Base husky named A plate with the Discovery Apolotok in the 1974-1975 season. expedition's crest, made by Doulton, of Burslem, has been bought at auction by the museum. It has also received a dinner plate from Rear-Admiral Richard Byrd's 1928-1930 expedition. An unusual Amundsen relic deposited on loan is a small gilt-rimmed liqueur glass. The name "Fraum", Amundsen's ship still preserved in Oslo, is etched on the side. September, 1976 ANTARCTIC

WHALING COMMISSION REDUCES SOUTHERN SPERM QUOTA

Another call for a 10-year moratorium on all commercial whaling for all species or immediate protection for sperm whales was made to the International Whaling Commission at its 28th annual meeting in London. It did not accept the proposals, but it did reduce by more than half the quote of sperm whales that may be taken in the Southern Hemisphere in the 1976-77 season. The total catch of all species was set at 32,450 last season. This season it has been reduced to 28,450.

the meeting — Japan, Britain, Soviet 1976-77 quota for female sperm whales. Union, the United States, Canada, The commission accepted the Australia, Norway, Denmark, Iceland, committee's recommendation for the South Africa, New Zealand, Brazil, large reduction in the quota for all sperm Mexico, France, Argentina, and whales. 'Panama. Of these nine — Argentina, In the new season the quota will be Britain, Canada, Denmark, France, 4,791 (3894 males and 897 females). Last Mexico, New Zealand, Panama, and the year the quota was set at 10,740 (5,870 United States, are non-whaling nations. males and 4,870 females). These will be New Zealand rejoined the commission shared by five whaling nations — the this year after eight years' absence. Soviet Union (2942), Japan (705), South Since the United Nations conference Africa (597), Australia (526) and Brazil on the human environment in (21). Stockholm in 1972 called for a 10-year moratorium on all commercial whaling, To protect breeding pods the comm repeated efforts have been made to ission imposed an embargo on the killing persuade the commission to agree to the of sperm whales more than 45ft in length proposal. This year Sir Peter Scott, on north of 40deg S. This embargo will behalf of the World Wildlife Fund, called apply from October to January inclusive. for the moratorium to give all whale stocks a chance to recover. Pending a Last year the commission reduced the total moratorium, he asked for sei whale quota by more than half, and immediate protection of sperm whales the fin whale catch was cut from 1000 to because of grave uncertainties in the 220. Evidence from last year's catch, and population assessments. scientific expeditions indicates that fin In the 1975-76 Southern Hemisphere and minke whale stocks are being season the quotas set by the commission depleted more rapidly than allowed for in for sperm and sei whales were not met. the commission's calculations of the Whaling fleets failed to take more than maximum sustainable yield. As a result 65 per cent, of the permitted quota of the commission decided to make the fin 10,740 for sperm whales. whale fully protected in the Antarctic. Because of this indication that the New quotas were set by the sperm and sei whale populations were commission for fin, sei, minke and sperm well below the levels assumed when whales in the North Atlantic; Bryde's, quotas were set last year, the minke and sperm in the North Pacific, commission's scientific committee and sei and minke in the South Hemi- I * ■i;'' H ^mt m ~;" I' ■ ^^^1 sphere. In some cases quotas were dec whaling catch, have agreed on their reased, and in others they were increased national quotas of sperm whales as did slightly, according to recommendations South Africa, Australia, and Brazil. But of the commission's scientific committee. their experts failed to agree on how to Four whale species are fully protected divide the quotas for sei and minke throughout the world. They are blue, whales. humpback, gray, and right whales. Fin Under the commission's 90-day rule whales are protected in the Antarctic, the the member countries have until Southern Hemisphere, North Pacific, off September 25 to object to any of the new the west coast of Norway, and off Nova quotas, in which case they will be exempt Scotia. Sei whales are protected in the from observing them. Japan agreed North Pacific and off Nova Scotia, and reluctantly to the reduction of the total Bryde's whales in the Southern sperm whale quota, and has indicated Hemisphere. that it will protest against the comm ission's decision to reduce quotas for the Japan and the Soviet Union, which account for the bulk of the world's whales which form the bulk of her industry's catch. THE READER WRITES Sidelights of Antarctic Research Letters, preferably not longer than 500 to 600 words, are invited from readers who have observed some little-known facet of Antarctic life or have reached conclusions of interest on some Antarctic problem — Editor BYRD'S MEN A.B. "Lofty" Robinson, who gave the first talk to the newly-formed Dunedin Sir, — I was very interested in the letter Branch of the New Zealand Antarctic signed James Pigg which appeared in Society, was killed in World War II, and your June issue. an obituary of him appeared in the I agree that it would be desirable to "Polar Times". know the later history of all the New Of the others, I can only record the Zealanders who served with one or other lamentable intelligence that several of the Byrd expeditions, listed by L.B. have passed on. Those I know of are H.R. Quartermain as an appendix to his book Young, Dr Louis Potaka, R.E. Round, "New Zealand and the Antarctic". and O.C. ("Alf') Brustad. Unfortunately, the records of most of these people bave become scattered and I hope these few notes will help to it would be difficult at this late stage to update the record. trace all of them. I can, however, give information about Yours, etc. a few people. ANTARCTICAN. F.M. Paape, the son of the proprietor of the Grand Hotel in Dunedin, managed hotels there until 1966. Then he worked for the Ashburton Licensing Trust, and at one stage ran the Mount Somers Tavern. He died at Waikouaiti on September 18, aged 69. "ANTARCTIC is published quarterly in March, June, September, and December. It is the only periodical in the world which gives regular up-to-date news of the Antarctic activities ef all the nations at work in the far South. It has a world wide circulation. Yearly subscription NZ$4.50, Overseas NZ$5.50, includes postage (air mail postage extra), single copies $1.00. Details of back issues available, may be obtained from the Secretary, New Zealand Antarctic Society (Inc.), P.O. Box 1223, Christchurch, New Zealand. Back issues more than five years old are $1.50. Discount of 10 per cent for 20 or more copies. Overseas subscribers are asked to ensure that their remittances are converted to New Zealand currency.

■ - V ; - - ■ *>Ar ~i'.u m The New Zealand Antarctic Society (Inc.)

The New Zealand Antarctic Society was formed in 1933. It comprises New Zealanders and overseas friends, many of whom have seen Antarctica for themselves, and all of whom are vitally interested in some phase of Antarc tic exploration, development, or research. The society has taken an active part in restoring and maintaining the historic huts in the Ross Dependancy, and has been involved in the establishment of a national Antarctic centre at the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch. There are two branches of the society and functions are arranged through out the year. You are invited to become a member, South Island residents should write to the Canterbury Secretary, North Islanders should write to the Wellington Secretary, and overseas residents to the Secretary of the New Zealand Society. For address, see below. The yearly membership fee is NZ$3.00 (or equivalent local currency). Membership fee, overseas and local, including "Antarctic", NZ$6.50. New Zealand Secretary Miss J. Kerr, P.O. Box 1223, Christchurch. Branch Secretaries Canterbury: Mrs J. Kerr, P.O. Box 404, Christchurch. Wellington: Mr G.D. Sylvester, P.O. Box 2110, Wellington.

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