Index

A Ape , 184 Achilles tendon, 286, 287 Arch spring, 295 Adult acquired flatfoot (AAF) ball and socket , 239 Bluman and Raikin classifica- B tions, 249–251 Baxter’s nerve, 276, 280 cartilaginous tissue, 242 Bipedalism, 3 definition, 227 deltoid complex, 240, 241 degenerative arthritis and ankylosis, 264 C epidemiology, 229 Chronic instability gait disturbance, 264–267 (CAI), 75 history and terminology, 227, 228 Classic Morton’s neuroma, 210 Johnson and Strom classification, 248 Claw toe, 191, 202, 208 ligament failure and shift of skeletal Claw toe deformity, 196 segments, 257, 259–264 Collateral , 185 muscle function, 243–246 Concentric contraction, 46 pathoanatomy, 246–248 Crossover 2nd digit deformity, 207 pathology, 248 Crossover toe deformity, 175 risk factors, 229–231 rupture of posterior tibial tendon acquired supination deformity, 256, 257 D dorsiflexion, 256 complex, 240, 241 interosseous talocalcaneal ligament, Distal interphalangeal joint 253, 255 (DIPJ), 191 Johnson and Strom classification, 252 Distal metatarsal articular angle medial column instability, 256, 258 (DMMA), 116 naviculocuneiform joint, 257, 259 Dorsal interossei, 188 primary structures, 253 Dorsal subluxation, 203 rearfoot and forefoot pronation, 252 Dorsiflexion, 152 spring ligament causes, 252, 253 Drawer test, 203 tear and spring ligament injury, 253, 255 tibionavicular ligament, 254, 256 E spring ligament complex, 240, 241 Eccentric contraction, 46 talonavicular joint, 234–238 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 115 TCN ligament, 241 Extensor digitorum brevis (EDB), 187 tenosynovitis, 249, 251 Extensor digitorum longus (EDL), 187 tibialis posterior, 231–236 Extensor expansion, 187

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 313 D. H. Richie Jr, Pathomechanics of Common Foot Disorders, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54201-6 314 Index

F plantar , 143 FDB muscle, 211 plantarflexing and abducting, 143 , 282 plantarflexion, 144 Finite element method (FEM), 286, 287 range of extension of 1ST MTPJ, 149 First metatarsophalangeal joint (1st terminal stance and pre-swing, 144 MTPJ), 146 “tie bar” system, 143 First ray hypermobility Flexor digitorum brevis (FDB), 187, 189, 214 active extension, 150 Flexor digitorum longus (FDL), 81, 187, 245 definition, 140 Flexor hallucis longus (FHL), 88, 144, 206 1st MTPJ Floating toe, 204 angle of declination of first ray, 158 Foot posture index, 215 extension off weight bearing, 150 Frontal plane, 89–91 functional hallux limitus, 151–154 Functional hallux limitus, 151–154 range of motion, 146–150 restricted range of motion, 150, 151 shift, 148 G fixed hallux and fixed sesamoids, 147 Gait cycle fixed sesamoids and plantarflexes, 147 gastrocnemius, 59 flexor hallucis brevis tendons, 143–144 GRF, 45, 48 hallux rigidus strategy, 59 classification of, 156 initial contact, 48, 49 classification systems for, 155 initial swing, 56–58 equinus and pes planus, 156 kinetics, 46–48 first ray hypermobility loading response, 49, 50 hallux rigidus midstance, 50, 51 flexor stabilization, 161 pathomechanics, 59 MPE, 158 patient walking, 59, 60 plantarflexion contracture, 161 pre-swing, 53–56 flexor hallucis longus, 162 terminal stance, 52, 53 hallux valgus and hallux rigidus, 156 terminal swing, 58 HAV deformity, 163 Gastrocnemius contracture, 303 hypermobility or dysfunction, 155 Glenoid structure, 236 intrinsic risk factors for, 157 Ground reaction force (GRF), 45, 48, 49, 121 MPE, 158 plantar aponeurosis, 163 , 162 H plantarflexed hallux, 160 Hallux abductovalgus (HAV) deformity, 106 reduced dorsal mobility, 160 extrinsic risk factors, 113–115 Seiberg index, 159 first ray, 109 staging/grading, 155 intrinsic risk factors, 113 hallux valgus and first ray hypermo- abnormal foot mechanics, 128–130 bility, 142 chronic inflammation, 127 HAV deformity, 145, 146 first metatarsal, articulation metatarsocuneiform and naviculocunei- angle of, 128 form , 143 metatarsal length, 127 metatarsocuneiform joint, 142 metatarsocuneiform joint, 132 midfoot and hindfoot, 141 metatarsus adductus, 127–128 mimic stiffness, 146 muscle imbalance, 126–127 non-weight bearing, 151 pes planus, 130, 131 condition, 141 joint movement, 112 test, 140 medial naviculocuneiform joint, 106, 110 normal vs. hypermobile first ray metatarsalgia and flatfoot deformity, 106 motion, 142 metatarsus primus varus, 109 optical motion capture technology, 141 midtarsal and subtalar joints, 113 Index 315

pathomechanics of optimal foot function, 23–32 “bunion” deformity, 121 plantar aponeurosis, 25 calcaneocuboid joint, 118 pre-hensile hallux, 11 DMMA, 116 recapitulate phylogeny, 8 extrinsic and intrinsic contributing spring-like function, 36–40 factors, 115 , 5, 17, 35 frontal plane deformity, 124–125 supination-varus angle, 12 intermetarsal angle, 116, 117 talonavicular and calcaneocuboid joints, 35 MCA, 116 trochlear/calcaneal angle, 12 medial shift, 120, 121 twisted plate mechanism, 19–23 medial soft tissue structures, 118–120 twisting plate, 8–10 muscle imbalance, 122, 123 varus alignment, 3 PASA, 116 Hypermobile, 142 sesamoid complex, 121–122 skeletal maturity, 117 plantar aponeurosis, 108 I plantarflexion and abduction, 106, 110 Inferior calcaneal nerve, 281 sagittal plane motion, 109 Interossei, 195 sesamoid complex, 108 Inverted pendulum, 50 soft tissue structures, 107, 108 Hallux equinus, 160, 161 Hallux rigidus, 106, 162 L Hammertoe, 192 Lapidus theory, 142 HAV deformity, 179 Lower extremity Hick’s model, 39 moment arm, 84–89 Human foot muscle strength, 81, 82, 84 adduction, 2 phasic activity, 81–83 ankle and subtalar joints, 7 ape foot, 29 close-packed position, 5 M cuboidio-navicular ligament, 7 Marfan syndrome, 115 deep transverse metatarsal ligament, 11 Metarsal cuneiform angle (MCA), 116 energy storage, 5 Metatarsalgia and digital deformities, favor plantarflexion and grasping, 7 170, 178–181 gluteal muscles and spinal extensor crossover toe, 174 muscles, 3 definition, 170 human ambulation, 2 elongated metatarsals, 174 human calcaneus, 5 Espinosa classification, 170 human foot FDB and FDL, 191 adducted (non-opposable) hallux, 3 first ray hypermobility and metatarsalgia, dorsiflexion, 7 177, 178 hallux abductovalgus, 2 flexor digiti quinti, 190 hallux abductovalgus deformity, 10 hallux abducto valgus and hallux human calcaneus, 5 rigidus, 174 subtalar joint, 35 interdigital neuroma, 209–216 talonavicular joint, 35 Maestro’s method, 171 lamina pedis, 17 metatarsal length and plantar pressure, 174, lateral column specialization, 32 176, 177 long digital flexor tendons, 11 metatarsal protrusion distance, 171 long plantar ligament, 7 metatarsal protrusion index, 171 metatarsocuneiform joint, 6 optimal load sharing, 181–183 midfoot joints, 2, 6 pathomechanics of myth of midfoot locking, 32–40 anterior shift, 206 ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny, 7 claw toe deformity, 207 316 Index

Metatarsalgia and digital deformities (cont.) postural control, 76 dorsiflexion, 192 sensorimotor system, 76, 80 drawer test, 203 somatosensory system, 77 dynamic support, 187–190 trauma, 78 excessive MTPJ, 202 plantar intrinsic muscles, 92, 93 extensor substitution, 194, 196 abductor hallucis, 93 FHL, 206 balance and postural control, 93 flexor stabilization, 196 flexor digitorum brevis and quadratus flexor substitution, 194 plantae, 94 metatarsalgia and digital deformities plate stores and releases energy, pathomechanics of 96, 98, 99 DIPJ and PIPJ, 191 storage and return of energy, 94–97 plantar aponeurosis, 205 rigidity, 64 plantar plate rupture, 197–202 sagittal plane, 87–90 reverse buckling, 193 transverse plane, 91, 92 skin and fat pad, 206 Muscles of digits, 188 solitary structure, 192 static support, 184–187 pressure studies, 208, 209 N transfer metatarsalgia, 175 Neuromuscular control, 80 weight bearing A/P radiograph, 171 anterior cruciate ligament, 79 Metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ), 173 direction and range of motion, 80, 81 Metatarsus primus elevatus (MPE), 157, 161 electromechanical delay, 77 Motion of foot joint movement, 77, 79 bone pin studies joint stiffness, 77 calcaneocuboid joints, 70 motor control, 78 dynamic cadaver walking simulator, 67 muscle spindles and Golgi tendon frontal plane motion, 70 organ, 77, 78 lateral and medial columns, 70–73 postural control, 76 lateral metatarsals, 68, 70 sensorimotor system, 76, 80 medial column, 69 somatosensory system, 77 midfoot joints, 69 trauma, 78 navicular-cuneiform joints, 68 naviculocuneiform joint, 70 pure ankle joint motion, 69 O talonavicular joint, 70 Oblique axis left foot, 183 transverse and frontal planes, 69 frontal plane, 89–91 in gait, 73–76 P lower extremity Pediatric flatfoot, 224–227 moment arm, 84–89 Peritalar destabilization syndrome, 237 muscle strength, 81, 82, 84 Peritalar subluxation, 260, 261 phasic activity, 81–83 peroneus longus, 29 multi-segment foot models, 64–67 Pes planus, 227 muscle activity/demand and foot type, 92 Plantar aponeurosis, 214 neuromuscular control, 80 Achilles tension, 286, 287 anterior cruciate ligament, 79 anatomy, 276–279 direction and range of motion, 80, 81 arch-spring mechanism, 292–295 electromechanical delay, 77 cadaver specimens, 285 joint movement, 77, 79 elastic and collagen fibers, 287 joint stiffness, 77 FEM, 286, 287 motor control, 78 fiberoptic transducer, 287 muscle spindles and Golgi tendon Kogler studies, 287–292 organ, 77, 78 plantar fascia, 292–295 Index 317

plantar fasciotomy, 284, 286 storage and return of energy, 94–97 static/quasi-dynamic cadaver models, 285 Plantar plate, 185, 186, 197 tensile strain, 286 Plantar plate tears, 202, 205 Plantar fad pad displacement, 207 Plantarflexion, 9, 21, 110, 145, 263 Plantar fascia, 197 Plantarflexion-abduction, 207 Plantar fasciitis, 276 Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD), Plantar fasciopathy, 276 227, 228 Plantar fasciotomy, 284, 286 Proximal articular set angle (PASA), 116 Plantar heel pain Proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ), 191 histology, 282–284 incidence, 276 inferior calcaneal nerve, 280, 281 Q lateral plantar nerve, 279–281 Quadratus plantae, 194 medial calcaneal nerve, 281 pathomechanics ankle joint range of motion, 302, 303 R body mass index, 303 Retromalleolar region, 232, 247 calcaneal spur, 303, 304 Reverse bucklin, 193 excessive loading, 296, 297 Reverse windlass, 95 extrinsic and intrinsic factors, 296 extrinsic risk factor, 304, 305 1st MTPJ range of motion, 297, 298 S material properties, 296 Sagittal plane, 87–90 pronation and arch mechanics, 299–302 Seiberg index, 159 sequence of events, 305 Sensorimotor system, 80 strength deficits, 298 Sinus tarsi syndrome, 259, 260 plantar aponeurosis Somatosensory system, 77 Achilles tension, 286, 287 Spring ligament complex, 240, 241 anatomy, 276–279 Straight lesser digit, 190 arch-spring mechanism, 292–295 Syndesmosis, 8 cadaver specimens, 285 elastic and collagen fibers, 287 FEM, 286, 287 T fiberoptic transducer, 287 Talocalcaneal joint, 236 Kogler studies, 287–292 Talocalcanealnavicular joint, 236 plantar fascia, 292–295 Talonavicular joint, 234–238 plantar fasciotomy, 284, 286 Tarsal-metatarsal joint (TMT), 115 static/quasi-dynamic cadaver Tibialis anterior (TA), 89 models, 285 Tibialis posterior muscle (TP), 231 tensile strain, 286 Tibiocalcanealnavicular (TCN) ligament, 241 plantar fasciitis, 276 Transfer metatarsalgia, 175 Plantar interossei, 188 Transverse axis right foot, 183 Plantar intrinsic muscles, 92, 93 Transverse plane, 91, 92 abductor hallucis, 93 Twisted plate mechanism, 288, 290, 291 balance and postural control, 93 flexor digitorum brevis and quadratus plantae, 94 W plate stores and releases energy, 96, 98, 99 Windlass mechanism, 284–287, 294, 295