The Vascular Flora of Salt Fork State Park

The Vascular Flora of Salt Fork State Park,

Guernsey County, Ohio

A thesis presented to

the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University

In partial fulfillment

of the requirements for the degree

Master of Science

Jason S. Larson

March 2011

This thesis entitled

The Vascular Flora of Salt Fork State Park,

Guernsey County, Ohio

Jason S. Larson

has been approved for the Department of Environmental and Plant Biology

and the College of Arts and Sciences by

______

Philip D. Cantino

Professor of Environmental and Plant Biology

______

Benjamin M. Ogles

Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3

ABSTRACT

Larson, Jason S., M.S., March 2011, Environmental and Plant Biology

The Vascular Flora Of Salt Fork State Park, Guernsey County, Ohio (67 pp.)

Director of Thesis: Philip D. Cantino

Salt Fork State Park is the largest Ohio state park, encompassing 8167 hectares and accounting for nearly 10% of all state park land. While the majority of state park land is utilized for public recreation, many parts of these parks are isolated and seldom used by the public. These remote areas potentially provide habitat and protection for endangered and threatened species. However, there is limited information available about the flora and fauna of most Ohio state parks. The purpose of this study was to document thoroughly the vascular plant diversity in Salt Fork State Park. To reduce the likelihood of overlooking species that are rare, inconspicuous or difficult to identify, a list of species that are likely to occur in the park and their preferred habitats was compiled based on the previously documented flora of Guernsey County and surrounding counties.

Comprehensive surveys of all habitats in the park were conducted throughout the 2008 and 2009 growing seasons, building on preliminary work (1997 – 2007) carried out before this M.S. research was initiated. From 1997 to 2009, 117 families, 390 genera, and 719 species of vascular plants were identified within park boundaries. Of the 719 species, 142 comprise new records for Guernsey County. Among them were populations of the state endangered Carex bushii and Viola tripartita var. glaberrima. In addition, a 4

non-native species, Kyllinga gracillima, was found for the first time in Ohio. Voucher specimens for all species found in 2008 and 2009 have been deposited in the Ohio

University Floyd Bartley Herbarium. This study is intended to provide a model for those who seek to document the floristic diversity of other state parks and evaluate habitats for conservation management and habitat restoration.

Approved: ______

Philip D. Cantino

Professor of Environmental and Plant Biology 5

DEDICATION

To my parents, Chester and Elaine Larson

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank my advisors, Dr. Philip Cantino and Dr. Harvey Ballard, for all of their encouragement and advice, assistance with botanical verifications and editorial comments throughout this study. This effort would not have been possible without their continued dedication and support. I would also like to thank Dr. Danny

Ingold for allowing me to start collecting specimens for my vascular plant systematics class at Muskingum University long before the class even started, as this is what got me started down this particular botanical path. Finally, I would like to thank Rick Gardner for his assistance with plant verifications, and his colleagues at Ohio Department of

Natural Resources who were gracious enough to provide me with the permits and support to collect plants in Salt Fork State Park. 7

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ...... 3

DEDICATION ...... 5

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... 6

LIST OF TABLES ...... 8

LIST OF FIGURES ...... 9

CHAPTER I – Introduction ...... 10

CHAPTER II – The Floristic Survey ...... 12

Study Area ...... 12

Geography ...... 12

Geology ...... 13

Climate...... 14

Previous Work ...... 15

Methods ...... 16

Results ...... 18

Overall Summary ...... 18

Plant Community Types ...... 19

Unusual Plant Communities ...... 31

Rare Species ...... 33

LITERATURE CITED ...... 35

APPENDIX I: Vascular Plants Species Documented at Salt Fork State Park ...... 40

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Average maximum temperature in Guernsey County, Ohio (1961-1990); data collected at Cambridge, Ohio weather station...... 14

Table 2. Average minimum temperature in Guernsey County, Ohio (1961-1990); data collected at Cambridge, Ohio weather station...... 14

Table 3. Average monthly precipitation (cm) in Guernsey County, Ohio (1961-1990); data collected at Cambridge weather station...... 15

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Map of Ohio showing Guernsey County...... 12

Figure 2. Map of Guernsey County showing the location of Salt Fork State Park...... 13

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

Salt Fork State Park (SFSP) is located within one of the two areas of Ohio that historically have been poorly collected botanically. In a paper documenting Ohio floristics at the county level, Cooperrider (1961) reported a species list of only 92 for

Guernsey County, while the approximate number of species known in the state at the time was 2,700. Similarly, until preliminary work for this study began in 1997, only one species designated as endangered, threatened or potentially threatened was known from

Guernsey County: Triadenum tubulosum var. walteri (ODNR Natural Heritage

Database). This species was last confirmed in 1955 and has not been seen in the county since.

It is unclear why so little was known regarding the flora of Guernsey County and

Salt Fork State Park prior to this study. Although a great deal of surface mining has taken place in the areas surrounding (SFSP), the entire area the park occupies was previously covered with small family farms and homesteads and has never been surface- mined. The area has been continuously occupied since the early 1800‟s and is located very near historic U.S. 40, which was built upon sections of the National or Cumberland

Road and Zane‟s Trace. Today, SFSP sits near the junction of two major Interstate highways (I-77 and I-70), is located only ten miles northeast of the Guernsey County seat, Cambridge, and is less than an hour from several small universities and colleges. 11

Although the reasons why the area has been poorly botanized may remain a mystery, the urgency of documenting the floristic diversity of SFSP is clear. Due to recent interest in extracting oil and gas from Ohio's state parks generally, and SFSP in particular, there is reason to be concerned that the park's flora could suffer detrimental impact from such activities. Many state parks have never undergone natural history inventories of any kind, and poor decisions regarding the use of the parks' natural resources could be made without such information. In an article in the Columbus

Dispatch, Hunt (2008) reported that Ohio state park officials could possibly be shut out of decisions regarding the drilling of oil and gas in the parks they manage. Proponents of drilling in state parks have specifically cited SFSP as a suitable place for this kind of activity. If drilling is ultimately permitted in Ohio state parks, it is important that the site selection process take into consideration the locations of rare species and plant communities. The information provided by this study will help land managers make such decisions for SFSP. 12

CHAPTER II THE FLORISTIC SURVEY Study Area

Geography

Salt Fork State Park lies within the physiographic region known as the Allegheny

Plateau. It is located in southeastern Ohio in Guernsey County [Figure 1]. The park encompasses nearly all of Jefferson Township and parts of Center, Liberty, Madison,

Monroe and Wills Townships. The county seat, Cambridge, is located approximately 10 miles southwest of the park [Figure 2]. The area encompassing the park is characterized by topographic relief of approximately 105 m, with elevations ranging from 230 m above sea level in the area below the SFSP dam to 335 m in the eastern hills of the park.

Figure 1. Map of Ohio showing Guernsey County. 13

Figure 2. Map of Guernsey County showing the location of Salt Fork State Park.

Geology

Geologically, the park sits within the Allegheny and Conemaugh formations, of

Upper Pennsylvanian age. These strata consist of shale, siltstone, mudstone, limestone, and coal (Slucher, et al., 2006), as well as sandstones that can be locally conglomeratic.

Much of the sandstone and conglomerate in the area overlays weaker clays, coals, shales and siltstones, which erode more quickly, resulting in the many rock shelters, overhangs, ravines and waterfalls found in the park (Wolfe, 2009). The coal beds present in the area are usually thin and rarely of economic importance (Slucher, et al., 2006). Locally the bedrock contains many plant fossils. The top of the Allegheny and Conemaugh formations is typically mapped at the base of the Pittsburgh coal bed or, where absent, its projected position. Mudstones in these formations are often subject to severe surface weathering, and landslides and slips can be common where these formations are exposed.

(Slucher, et al., 2006.) 14

Climate

The mean monthly temperatures and mean precipitation data for Guernsey County

were compiled from the Cambridge, Ohio, weather station located in Guernsey County.

The station is at about 40.01°N, 81.58°W, approximately 243 meters above sea level.

Information was compiled from continuous data ranging from 1961 to 1990.

(www.worldclimate.com/cgi-bin/grid.pl?gr=N40W081). The average monthly maximum

temperature was 17.3 °C, and the average monthly minimum temperature was 4.7 °C.

Table 1. Average maximum temperature in Guernsey County, Ohio (1961-1990); data collected at Cambridge, Ohio weather station.

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year °C 2.7 5.0 11.8 18.0 23.6 27.7 29.4 28.7 25.3 19.1 11.9 5.3 17.3 °F 36.9 41.0 53.2 64.4 74.5 81.9 84.9 83.7 77.5 66.4 53.4 41.5 63.1

Table 2. Average minimum temperature in Guernsey County, Ohio (1961-1990); data collected at Cambridge, Ohio weather station.

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year °C -7.4 -6.1 -1.0 3.6 8.8 13.6 16.1 15.3 11.7 5.1 0.8 -4.2 4.7 °F 18.7 21.0 30.2 38.5 47.8 56.5 61.0 59.5 53.1 41.2 33.4 24.4 40.5

An average of approximately 100.1 cm of precipitation falls on Guernsey County

annually. Figure 1 illustrates the average monthly precipitation for the county for the

period 1961 to 1990. Based on this 30-year record, the average precipitation is 8.4 cm

per month, with January (6.1 cm) typically being the driest month, and July (10.9 cm) the 15

wettest. However, there can be extreme variations in some years and in certain months

within a year. (OSU Extension Sheet – Water Resources of Guernsey County - AEX-

480.30-98)

Table 3. Average monthly precipitation (centimeters) in Guernsey County, Ohio (1961-1990); data collected at Cambridge weather station.

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year cm 6.1 6.6 8.9 8.9 10.2 9.9 10.9 9.1 7.1 6.9 8.4 7.4 8.4

Previous Work

I have been familiar with Salt Fork State Park since 1990, when I first participated

in field trips exploring its flora and fauna. I visited it on many occasions over the next

seven years, gaining an intimate knowledge of the habitats within the park. In 1997, I

began surveying its flora as a project in my vascular plant systematics class at

Muskingum University, where I was an undergraduate, and subsequently as a senior

research project. During this period, I found 258 species in 163 genera and 82 families,

including a state-listed species, Asclepias viridiflora, which was designated as potentially

threatened at the time. Due in part to my discovery of the population at Salt Fork, it was

removed from the Ohio rare plants list in 2002-2003, but it remains on the Ohio

Department of Natural Resources “watch list” of species of special concern. I continued

to explore the park and make periodic collections there from 2003 to 2007. With my

acceptance into a Master‟s Degree program at Ohio University in September 2007, I

undertook the more thorough floristic inventory that is reported here. 16

Methods

When inventorying the flora of an area as large as Salt Fork State Park (8167 hectares), it is not possible to examine every square meter. In order to make the most effective use of field time and reduce the likelihood of overlooking species, data on habitat types in the park and expected species were compiled to guide my search for species that are rare throughout or restricted to a small part of the park. Prior to the beginning of the 2008 field season, I examined aerial photographs, topographic maps and soil charts for the Salt Fork area, to determine the locations of habitat types and plant communities in the park.

When conducting a floristic inventory, it is easy to overlook uncommon species that differ only slightly from more abundant relatives. To reduce the risk of this occurring, I compiled a list of species that could reasonably be expected to occur in the park. As this region of the state has been poorly collected, I was unable to utilize any particular flora of a nearby natural area or adjacent county as a guide since none existed.

I instead compiled a list of expected species based on published floras, family treatments and genus treatments for the state of Ohio that include county-by-county species distributions (Braun, 1961, 1967; Cooperrider 1961, 1976, 1985, 1986, 1989, 1995;

Cruden, 1962; Hauser 1963, 1964, 1965; Valley and Cooperrider, 1966; Blackwell, 1970;

Noelle and Blackwell 1972; Kerrigan and Blackwell, 1973; O‟Connor and Blackwell,

1974; Cusick and Silberhorn, 1977; McCready and Cooperrider 1978, 1984; Andreas and

Cooperrider, 1979, 1980, 1981; Brockett and Cooperrider; Fisher, 1988; Cusick, 1992;

Hobbs, 1992). In addition, I searched for other occurrences in or near Guernsey County 17

as reported in published literature and unpublished manuscripts pertaining to the Ohio flora. In this way, I assembled a list of species that are known to occur in Guernsey

County or any of the six adjacent counties (viz., Belmont, Coshocton, Harrison,

Muskingum, Noble, and Tuscarawas). All of these counties fall within the Unglaciated

Appalachian Plateau (Silberhorn, 1970).

Based on my knowledge of the plant communities in the park, I concluded that most of the regionally common habitats exist within the park, but if a particular species on the list I compiled is restricted to a locally rare habitat that does not occur in the park

(e.g., prairie, bog, fen), then it would most likely not be found in the park. Each species on the “expected” list was given a number from 1 to 7 based on the number of counties

(i.e., Guernsey County and its six neighbors) in which it had been previously documented. This provided a rough indication of which species I would be more likely to find in the park.

I conducted fieldwork during every month of the year, utilizing the winter months to search for habitats and areas of interest for collecting. Collections were made year- round, but mostly from March to November. The greatest emphasis was placed on areas that, based on previous knowledge, have high floristic diversity or an unusual habitat.

All such areas were examined multiple times and at various seasons of the year to minimize the risk that species were being overlooked. For each species that was located, the community type where it was observed and its abundance in the park were noted.

The abundance of each species was estimated using the same scale applied by Payne

(1957). Specimens were pressed and dried utilizing standard methods and procedures. 18

All collections were made and identified by the author. Verifications were provided by

Dr. Harvey E. Ballard, Jr. (Ohio University), Dr. Philip Cantino (Ohio University) and

Rick Gardner (ODNR). Plants were identified using Braun (1961 and 1967), Brown

(1979), Cooperrider (1995), Crum (2004), Cusick (1977), Fisher (1988), Flora of North

America Editorial Committee (FNA; 1993+), Gleason and Cronquist (1991), Harrington

(1957 and 1977), Harris and Harris (1994), Holmgren (1998), Mohlenbrock (1976 and

1999), Rothrock (2009), and Weishaupt (1971). Voucher specimens are located in the

Floyd Bartley Herbarium of Ohio University (BHO). Duplicate specimens are located in the William Adams Herbarium of Muskingum University (MUS).

Results

Overall Summary

This study of the vascular flora of Salt Fork State Park from 1997 through 2009 documented 716 species in 389 genera and 117 families. The families with the most species were Asteraceae (96), Poaceae (65), Cyperaceae (55), Fabaceae (42), Rosaceae

(29), Lamiaceae (28), Ranunculaceae (21) and Brassicaceae (19). The genera with the most species were Carex (40), Symphyotrichum (10), Viola (9), Quercus (8), Lespedeza

(7), Persecaria (7) and Solidago (7).

Of the species documented during the study, 21.2 % were not native to Ohio;

18.3% were naturalized and 2.9% were adventive. The naturalized species include three that are native to Ohio but not to SFSP: Ilex opaca, Liquidambar styraciflua, and Pinus 19

strobus. The families with the most non-native species present were Poaceae (25),

Asteraceae (19), Fabaceae (18), Polygonaceae (9) and Brassicaceae (8).

Three species documented for this study are designated by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources as either “endangered” (E) or “potentially threatened” (PT): Carex bushii (E), Castanea dentata (PT), and Viola tripartita var. glaberrima (E).

Plant Community Types

The following plant communities are present at Salt Fork State Park.

Descriptions are based on Faber-Langendoen (2001), with specific reference to the Ohio subset of the Plant Communities of the Midwest contributed by Greg Schneider of the

Ohio Department of Natural Resources, which was based on Anderson (1982) with continuous revisions by Anderson and Schneider. I follow Edinger et al. (2002) where

Faber-Langendoen (2001) does not apply or provide a description, especially in the case of anthropogenic habitats. In the case of Little Bluestem Glades, a vegetation type that is not sufficiently detailed by either work, I have proposed a new community name.

Oak Forests

SFSP supports a variety of oak communities. These are broadly defined by

Edinger et al. (2002) as Midwestern Dry and Dry-mesic Oak Forests and Midwestern

Mesic Oak and Oak-maple Forests. Ohio classifications provided by Anderson and

Schneider (ODNR) within the Edinger et al. (2002) publication broadly define the oak 20

communities that are represented in SFSP as Oak-hickory and Oak-maple Forests. This assemblage of oak communities is the most common community type at SFSP.

Oak-hickory forests are found throughout the park and occupy the dry ridges and upper slopes oriented to the south and west. The canopy is dominated by a mixture of

Carya glabra, C. ovata, C. tomentosa, Quercus alba, Q. montana, Q. rubra, and Q. velutina. Other canopy species associated with this community type include Acer rubrum, Fagus grandifolia, and Nyssa sylvatica. The most common understory trees are

Ostrya virginiana and Sassafras albidum. Smilax spp., Vaccinium pallidum, and

Viburnum acerifolium are often found in the shrub zone. The herb layer in these forests was sparse but diverse and included species such as Antennaria plantaginifolia, Carex spp. (including C. communis, C. pennsylvanica and C. umbellata), Chimaphila maculata,

Conopholis americana, Cunila origanoides, Dichanthelium dichotomum subsp. dichotomum, Epifagus virginiana, Epigaea repens, Goodyera pubescens, Hieracium venosum, Krigia biflora, Luzula spp., Mitchella repens, Monotropa hypopitys and Poa cuspidata. The substrate includes a wide variety of mosses and lichens, especially on sandstone boulders, outcrops or exposures, but also located on tree trunks and exposed soil. Common species include Anomodon attenuatus Dicranum fulvum, Dicranum scoparium and Leucobryum glaucum.

Oak-maple communities occurred most often on dry or mesic slopes throughout

SFSP. The canopies were dominated by Acer saccharum, A. rubrum, Liriodendron tulipifera, Quercus alba, and Q. rubra. Many other tree species occur in this community including Carya cordiformis, Carya ovata, Celtis occidentalis, Fagus grandifolia, 21

Fraxinus americana, Juglans nigra, Magnolia acuminata, Prunus serotina and Tilia americana. Many of these species are also found in mixed mesophytic forests typical of ravines and stream terraces. The two community types intergrade and could be viewed as variants of a single variable community type. A multivariate analysis would help resolve this question but is beyond the scope of this floristic study. The understory/shrub layer was often dominated by saplings of the canopy trees that characterize this community, but it also included Carpinus caroliniana subsp. virginiana, Cornus florida, Lindera benzoin, Ostrya virginiana and Sassafras albidum. The herb zone displayed a high degree of diversity with the most abundant species being Carex spp., Dennstaedtia punctilobula, Galium spp., Medeola virginiana, Maianthemum racemosum subsp. racemosum, Podophyllum peltatum, Polygonatum spp., Polystichum acrostichoides,

Sedum ternatum and Thelypteris noveboracensis.

Northern Mixed Mesophytic Forest

Braun (1950) used the term "mixed mesophytic" to describe an entire region of forest in the state of Ohio. Braun (1950) places all of southeastern Ohio in this category and incorporates any type of oak community, in the region, into the broader community.

Braun (1961) states that these rich mesophytic landscapes contain Fagus grandifolia,

Liriodendron tulipifera, Acer saccharum, etc. but made no mention of Quercus sp. For the purposes of this study, any wooded area at SFSP that is located in mesic ravines, stream terraces or stream valleys and their associated slopes and that is not dominated specifically by any Quercus sp. is designated here as northern mixed mesophytic forest. 22

In Ohio, this community is simply designated as mixed mesophytic forest. (Edinger et al.,

2002)

Trees that typically dominate this community type at Salt Fork include Acer rubrum, A. saccharum, Carya cordiformis, Fagus grandifolia, Fraxinus americana,

Juglans nigra, Liriodendron tulipifera, Platanus occidentalis, Prunus serotina, Quercus alba, Q. rubra, and Tilia americana. Trees and shrubs typical of the understory include

Asimina triloba, Carpinus caroliniana, Cornus florida, Corylus americana, Hamamelis virginiana, Lindera benzoin, Staphylea trifolia, and Viburnum prunifolium. The herb layer of this community is extremely rich and diverse. Spring ephemerals and ferns are especially abundant, and some of these areas within SFSP display an amazing assemblage of wildflowers throughout the growing season. Some of the more common species include Allium tricoccum var. burdickii, Arisaema triphyllum, Asarum canadense,

Caulophyllum giganteum, Claytonia virginica, Collinsia verna, Dicentra canadensis,

Dicentra cucullaria, Elymus hystrix, Erythronium albidum, Erythronium americanum subsp. americanum, Galearis spectabilis, Geranium maculatum, Hydrastis canadensis,

Hydrophyllum spp., Mertensia virginica, Podophyllum peltatum, Polygonatum spp.,

Sanguinaria canadensis, Trillium grandiflorum, Trillium sessile and Viola spp. These communities also support a diversity of ferns, including Adiantum pedatum, Botrychium matricariifolium, Botrychium virginianum, Deparia acrostichoides, Diplazium pycnocarpon, Dryopteris goldiana, Dryopteris intermedia, Dryopteris marginalis,

Ophioglossum vulgatum, Osmunda claytoniana, Phegopteris hexagonoptera, and

Polystichum acrostichoides. 23

Midwest Dry Sandstone Cliff

In Ohio, this type of habitat is referred to by Schneider and Anderson (Faber-

Langendoen, 2001) as a non-calcareous cliff community. This habitat, and its associated plant community, is found throughout the park, most often on the upper ridges of deep, mesic ravines, including those associated with rocky outcrops and shelters, old ridges above wide stream valleys, and massive, free-standing slump blocks on dry or mesic slopes. In all cases, these rocks consist of Pennsylvanian sandstone from either the

Allegheny or Conemaugh groups. In ravines, these outcroppings are often continually moist and covered with a wide variety of liverworts. They support species such as

Asplenium rhizophyllum and Huperzia lucidula that thrive in the debris that accumulates on them. The drier sections of these outcrops and old ridges support the only populations of Kalmia latifolia in the park. The massive sandstone slump blocks offer a harsh and challenging environment for plants. These rock perches provide not much more than a well-drained foothold covered with a bit of detritus, moss and lichen, yet they are host to a few species (e.g., Aquilegia canadensis, Polypodium appalachianum and Polypodium virginianum) that thrive in this hostile habitat and are found nowhere else in the park.

Due to differential erosion, these slump blocks can slide some distance down slope, coming to rest in a more mesic habitat, where species that are more typical of higher, drier habitats may persist on their surface. In these more mesic sites, if enough detritus accumulates on these boulders, additional species will colonize the rock surface.

Old, Open or Brushy Fields

Old fields are abundant in Salt Fork State Park. This type of community is not adequately defined by either Faber-Langendoen (2001) or Edinger et al. (2002), although

Edinger et al. (2002) briefly describes a habitat designated as "brushy cleared land."

Historical photographs, aerial land-use surveys and written/oral accounts show that much of what is now the park was once cleared for various agricultural purposes (Bowman,

Kerrigan and Seng, 2007). When the land was purchased by the state of Ohio, much of it was also designated as state wildlife area, and many areas were (and still are today) maintained as open areas to support various species of wildlife for hunting. Depending on the wildlife species desired, these open areas are maintained as either brushy thickets or grassy areas. Brushy thickets are typically dominated by a mixture of woody species including Celastrus scandens, Cercis canadensis, Cornus florida, Crataegus spp.,

Elaeagnus umbellata, Rhus copallina var. latifolia, R. glabra, Robinia pseudoacacia,

Rosa multiflora, Rubus spp. and Toxicodendron radicans. These woody plants are often accompanied by some of the herbaceous species that are typical of open grassy areas (see list below).

Other hunting areas are maintained as grassy fields, and similar habitats are also maintained in no-hunting areas to attract wildlife for park visitors to enjoy. The grassy areas are generally mowed on an annual or semi-annual basis to prevent colonization by woody plants. These areas are typically dominated by a mixture of grasses and forbs, both native and alien, including Achillea millefolium, Apocynum cannabinum,

Andropogon gyrans, A. virginicus, Asclepias syriaca, A. tuberosa, Bromus commutatus, 25

B. racemosus, Cirsium spp., Conyza canadensis, Dactylis glomerata, Danthonia spicata,

Daucus carota, Desmodium spp., Dianthus armeria subsp. armeria, Dipsacus fullonum,

Erigeron spp., Eupatorium perfoliatum, Euthamia graminifolia, Eutrochium fistulosum,

Festuca subverticillata, Lespedeza spp., Leucanthemum vulgare, Medicago spp.,

Melilotus spp., Oenothera biennis var. biennis, Phleum pretense, Prunella vulgaris,

Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium, Pycnanthemum tenuifolium, Rudbeckia hirta,

Schizachyrium scoparium var. scoparium, Sericocarpus asteroides, Setaria pumila,

Solidago spp., Symphyotrichum spp., Trifolium pratense and Vernonia gigantea.

Conifer Plantations

This anthropogenic community type originated in the 1960s and 1970s as the result of efforts to expedite the reforestation of certain areas of the new park and provide habitat for wildlife. Small and large stands of conifers, mostly pines, occur sporadically throughout the park. As these stands open with age, more light is able to penetrate to the ground, resulting in greater plant diversity. However, the high acid content of the soil, due to massive accumulation of conifer needles over time, limits the overall diversity in these sites. The majority of conifer plantations at SFSP are dominated by Pinus resinosa,

P. strobus and P. sylvestris. Occasionally, stands with mixtures of Picea, and Pinus spp. were encountered as well. The understory of most older plantations, which are dominated by pines, had a sparse to dense growth of vegetation that included saplings such as Acer rubrum, A. saccharinum, Carpinus caroliniana subsp. virginiana, Fraxinus spp., and Ostrya virginiana, shrubs such as Lindera benzoin and Vaccinium pallidum and 26

various Rubus and Smilax species. Herbaceous plants varied from sparse to abundant, and the species composition seemed to be similar to that of mixed mesophytic or oak communities, depending on where the plantation was located in relation to existing native habitat. Species frequently encountered in conifer plantations included Galium spp.,

Goodyera pubescens, Osmorhiza spp., Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Sanicula spp., and

Toxicodendron radicans. Pteridophytes were abundant in the older conifer plantations, with Asplenium platyneuron, Diphasiastrum digitatum, Dryopteris spp., and Polystichum acrostichoides being the most common species. The substrate in most stands included a wide variety of mosses, especially those plantations consisting of younger pines and/or mixtures of Picea spp. The lone specimen of Castanea dentata known from SFSP was located in the understory of a mature plantation dominated by Pinus resinosa.

Road Edges

There are over 74 km of roads (including some abandoned ones) within Salt Fork

State Park. These were surveyed on a regular basis throughout the growing seasons and yielded a surprising diversity of species. These edges provide a variety of habitats, including the extreme edge adjacent to the pavement, a highly manicured strip of lawn, a seasonally wet/dry ditch and the adjacent road bank. These areas are often highly disturbed due to mowing and trimming, which eliminates competition and encourages growth, and they often have a consistent source of moisture provided by drainage ditches.

The road banks are also routinely trimmed of high weeds and woody growth, which helps eliminate competition and increase light penetration even in heavily wooded areas. Some 27

of the most abundant species on roadsides in the park are Ambrosia artemisiifolia,

Bromus spp., Cichorium intybus , Coronilla varia, Erigeron spp., Euphorbia spp.,

Festuca spp., Holcus lanatus, Hordeum jubatum, Melilotus spp., Panicum capillare, Poa spp., Trifolium spp., Tussilago farfara.

Native species found only on roadsides (including ditches) in the park included

Apocynum androsaemifolium, Arisaema dracontium, Asclepias quadrifolia, Cardamine bulbosa, Carex bushii, Conoclinium coelestinum, Corydalis flavula, Delphinium tricorne,

Eleocharis erythropoda, Gaura biennis, Gentiana andrewsii, Hydrophyllum appendiculatum, Hypericum drummondii, Lilium canadense, Monarda fistulosa var. fistulosa, Osmundastrum cinnamomeum, Oxalis grandis, Pedicularis lanceolata,

Phacelia purshii, Porteranthus stipulatus, Ruellia strepens, Sabatia angularis,

Scutellaria incana, Stachys nuttalli, Stellaria longifolia, Valeriana pauciflora, and

Veronicastrum virginicum.

Reservoir/Artificial Impoundment

Salt Fork Lake is classified as a reservoir or artificial impoundment, based on

Edinger et al. (2002). The lake covers an area of 1,195 hectares, has 119 km of shoreline and is utilized mainly for recreational purposes. The lake environment at SFSP contains a variety of seasonal or temporary habitats that may not constitute distinct community types according to Faber-Langendoen (2001) or Edinger et al. (2002) but seem worthy of mention due to their collective species diversity and distinct assemblages of species 28

restricted to particular areas. Because all of these habitats are intimately linked to the reservoir/artificial impoundment environment, I list them here as sub-types of a single community.

Backwaters

Shallow backwaters occur in locations where the original valleys, which now form the lakebed, meet the higher elevation streams that feed the lake. The lakebed in these areas most often consists of a thick layer of organic muck. Backwaters are usually covered by 0.5 to 1.5 meters of water but are sometimes exposed during very dry years or when the lake level drops due to intentional lowering of the lake. In these instances, the shoreline is exposed and mudflats appear, creating additional aquatic habitats. When inundated, these backwaters provide habitat for many aquatic species including Azolla caroliniana, Lemna minor, Elodea canadensis, Nuphar advena, Myriophyllum spicatum,

Potamogeton spp., Rumex verticillatus, and Spirodela polyrhiza.

Marshy Areas

Marshy areas are often found adjacent to the backwaters of the lake. They seldom lack water, even in the driest of years. This community type can resemble an emergent marsh or button-bush swamp and supports many of the same species of plants. Marshy areas are often associated with abandoned streambeds or low areas impounded by roads or other barriers. Since these areas receive little natural disturbance, such as wave action or heavy water flow, organic matter accumulates, allowing many species of herbs and shrubs to thrive. Species typical of these locations include Acorus calamus, Alisma subcordatum, Carex comosa, Carex lupulina, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Hibiscus 29

moscheutos, Juncus effusus, Rosa palustris, Sagittaria latifolia, Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani, Thelypteris palustris var. pubescens,and Typha latifolia.

Lake Edge

During droughts or when the lake level is intentionally lowered for management purposes, typically during the summer or winter months, the shallow shoreline of Salt

Fork Lake becomes exposed. This can seem like a dry, harsh environment, but water is never far from the surface. Depending on the amount of water available and how exposed the shoreline is, a wide variety of plants can be found, including Bidens spp.,

Carex spp., Cuscuta spp., Eclipta prostrata, Helenium autumnale, Lobelia cardinalis,

Lobelia siphilitica, Lycopus spp., Mentha spp., Mimulus spp., Persicaria spp.,

Polygonum spp., Salix spp., and Xanthium strumarium

Mud Flats

Mud flats form when water in shallow areas recedes just enough to expose the lake bottom. These conditions may persist for months unless heavy rains result in inundation. These flats are usually composed of high amounts of silt and organic matter and are highly exposed to the elements. In contrast, the "Lake Edge" habitat described in the previous paragraph is often rocky or sandy and sometimes sheltered by overhanging banks or trees. Nearly all of the plants that grow on mudflats in SFSP are annuals, which, if eliminated by inundation, subsequently re-colonize the area from the seed bank during dry years. In some cases, it may be months or years until the water drops sufficiently to expose the soil, induce germination, and allow these mudflat species to return. Species 30

typically encountered include Cyperus squarrosus, Eleocharis obtusa, Eragrostis hypnoides, and Lindernia dubia var. dubia.

Old Homesteads

Salt Fork State Park was established on land that once supported a large number of farms and crossroad communities. Some of these homesteads existed for over 150 years before the state of Ohio purchased the land to create the park. During that time, many ornamental plantings existed around these homes, including woody plants and perennials herbs that have the potential to persist after abandonment of the home. As time passed after the creation of the park, the majority of the homesteads that were not inundated by the lake were enveloped by the surrounding forest. Although most of the non-native ornamental and agricultural plants were eliminated by more competitive native (and a few exotic) species, some have persisted around former homesteads. For the purposes of this study, species that were more recently planted as ornamentals by park staff were not included in the species list. However, since some ornamentals have persisted for nearly 50 years around former homesteads with little or no human intervention, and there are over 260 such sites in the park, I believe that they should be considered as part of the flora. Some of the species that can be found around old homesteads include Chaenomeles speciosa, Dioscorea polystachya, Forsythia

×intermedia, Hemerocallis fulva, Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus, Hibiscus syriacus,

Hydrangea spp., Narcissus poeticus, Narcissus pseudonarcissus “Telemonius Plenus,” 31

Physostegia virginiana, Syringa vulgaris, and Vinca minor. With the exception of the

Physostegia, none of these species are native to Ohio.

Unusual Plant Communities

Little Bluestem Glade

This is an unusual community type that is found scattered through the park.

These glades superficially resemble the cedar barrens or prairie glades of southwestern

Ohio (though without Juniperus virginiana) and are often surrounded by early successional forest. Although these glades vary in composition and diversity, most likely due to varying levels of disturbance, they tend to lack the abundance of exotic species that are found in most old fields and fallow pastureland. Instead, they tend to be populated by native grasses and forbs, including many typically thought of as prairie species. The glades that exhibit the least amount of disturbance are dominated by

Schizachyrium scoparium var. scoparium and Hypericum prolificum. To date, eight of these areas have been located in the park, each with at least one of these two species present. The area of this kind that I studied most extensively is located just east of the campground office. The site contains the only known population of Asclepias viridiflora in the park, displays the highest species diversity of all the glades located to date, and has the fewest non-native species.

Herbaceous species typically found in these glades include Agalinis tenuifolia var. tenuifolia, Diphasiastrum digitatum, Diphasiastrum tristachyum, Euphorbia corollata,

Linum virginianum, Lycopodium hickeyi, and Polygala sanguinea. Other native grasses 32

that tend to be present include Andropogon gyrans and Andropogon virginicus. In high quality glades, Schizachyrium scoparium var. scoparium is more abundant than these two

Andropogon species. In cases where A. gyrans and A. virginicus are the dominant grasses, the glades tend to be experiencing a high rate of colonization by non-native species. A wide variety of mosses and lichens also occur, especially in areas lacking high densities of shrubs or grasses. Two of the most common are the lichen Cladonia subtenuis and the moss Leucobryum glaucum. In addition to Hypericum prolificum, two other low shrubs can be found in these glades: Gaylussacia baccata and Vaccinium pallidum. In some glades, G. baccata forms extremely dense stands and is the dominant species. This type of habitat may constitute a different community and warrants further study. Tree species that are typically found around the edges of these glades, and are also usually the first to encroach on them, are Cornus florida and Sassafras albidum. These glades are the only known locations in the park for Diphasiastrum tristachyum.

It is possible that these glades are remnants of a habitat type that was formerly more frequent and could conceivably have been maintained by periodic fires, clearing or grazing. The glades are subject to encroachment by woody species and, without management, will most likely succumb to gradual succession by the surrounding forests.

The glades at Salt Fork could also be threatened by proposed legislation that would permit drilling for oil and natural gas in the state parks (Hunt 2008). Because these areas are free of trees and superficially resemble old fields or waste areas, they could be perceived as potential sites for drilling.

Rare Species

Three species reported from Salt Fork State Park are listed by the state of Ohio

(ODNR Division of Natural Areas and Preserves, 2008) as potentially threatened, threatened or endangered: Carex bushii, Castanea dentata and Viola tripartita var. glaberrima. Carex bushii is listed as state endangered and is known from only one site in the park. The small population exists along an open ditch, which is filled with wetland plants. The area is overgrown with overhanging Rosa multiflora and Elaeagnus umbellata but is maintained by frequent mowing and trimming, providing the proper habitat for C. bushii to survive. Carex bushii was previously known from only four Ohio counties (viz., Jackson, Medina, Ross and Summit), and this disjunct population is the first record for Guernsey County. The Guernsey County population is at least 100 miles from any other known extant population. Castanea dentata is listed as potentially threatened. It is known from only a single tree in the park, which is located in a small pine plantation with an open understory. This young tree has a DBH of 10 cm but does not produce flowers or fruit. Viola tripartita var. glaberrima is listed as state endangered and constitutes another new record for Guernsey County. The only known population in the park is located in a secluded area dominated by spring ephemerals. The population is small but robust, consisting of approximately 40 flowering and fruiting plants. Viola tripartita var. glaberrima was previously known from only two Ohio counties (viz.,

Scioto and Washington), and this disjunct population is the first record for Guernsey

County. 34

One non-native species found in the park is the first record for the state of Ohio.

Kyllinga gracillima is introduced from temperate eastern Asia. It was first collected in

October 2003 and is restricted to a small area of wet ditch along the road to the public beach, where it has become naturalized.

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APPENDIX I: Vascular Plant Species Documented at Salt Fork State Park, Guernsey County, Ohio.

The organization of the species list follows Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III

(2009) for angiosperms and Smith (2006) for ferns and Equisetum. Genera are listed alphabetically within families. Family and species classification in Lycophyta and

Sphenophyta follows FNA Vol. 2 (1993). For Pterophyta, family classification follows

Smith et. al (2006), but genus and species boundaries follow FNA Vol. 2 (1993) and (for

Osmundastrum) Metzgar et. al (2008). Family and species classification of gymnosperms follows FNA Vol. 2 (1993). Family classification of angiosperms follows the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III (2009). Species classification follows the Flora of

North America when possible (FNA, 1993+). In cases where the FNA family treatment has not yet been published, species classification follows Cooperrider et. al (2001).

Varieties, subspecies and forms follow FNA when possible, and in cases where the FNA treatment has yet to be published, Cooperrider et. al (2001) is followed. Species native/non-native status follows Cooperrider et. al (2001). Author abbreviations follow

Brummitt and Powell (1992). Species preceded by an asterisk (*) are naturalized aliens; species preceded by a dagger (†) are adventive (including cultivated species that have persisted near old homesteads). Species preceded by a letter are designated as follows:

(P) potentially threatened, (T) threatened or (E) endangered in the state of Ohio (ODNR

2008-09). Species preceded by an exclamation point (!) are new to the Ohio flora.

Species proceeded by GU are new records for Guernsey County. Recent ornamental 41

plantings at areas such as the lodge, golf course, campgrounds, marinas, public beach, offices, etc. are not included in the checklist. An abundance rating, based on Payne

(1957), of rare (1), infrequent (2), frequent (3), or common (4) is given to each species listed. Community types where each species was observed are indicated by the following designations: Oak Forest (OF); Northern Mixed Mesophytic Forest (MF); Midwest Dry

Sandstone Cliff (SC); Old, Open or Brushy Fields (F); Conifer Plantations (CP); Road

Edges (RE); Reservoir/Artificial Impoundment; Backwaters (LB); Marshy Areas (LMA);

Lake Edge (LE) and Mudflats (LM); Old Homesteads (OH); and Little Bluestem Glade

(LBG). All collection numbers are of J. S. Larson. Voucher specimens were deposited in the Floyd Bartley Herbarium (BHO) at Ohio University and the William Adams

Herbarium (MUS) at Muskingum University.

LYCOPHYTA

Lycopodiaceae

Diphasiastrum digitatum (Dill. ex A.Braun) Holub – 3; CP, MF, OF Diphasiastrum tristachyum (Pursh) Holub – 1; LBG Huperzia lucidula (Michx.) Trevis. – 1; MF, SC; GU Lycopodium hickeyi W.H.Wagner, Beitel & R.C.Moran – 3; LBG, MF, OF; GU

SPHENOPHYTA

Equisetaceae

Equisetum arvense L. – 2; LE, MF Equisetum hyemale L. subsp. affine (Engelm.) Calder & Roy L. Taylor – 1; MF

PTEROPHYTA

Ophioglossaceae

Botrychium dissectum Spreng. – 3; MF, OF Botrychium matricariifolium (Döll) A.Braun – 1; MF, OF; GU Botrychium oneidense (Gilbert) House – 1; MF, OF Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. – 3; MF, OF Ophioglossum vulgatum L. – 1; MF, OF

Osmundaceae

Osmunda claytoniana L. – 1; MF Osmundastrum cinnamomeum (L.) C.Presl – 1; RE; GU

Salviniaceae

Azolla caroliniana Willd. – 2; LB; GU

Dennstaedtiaceae

Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Michx.) T.Moore – 1; OF

Pteridaceae

Adiantum pedatum L. – 3; MF

Aspleniaceae

Asplenium platyneuron (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. – 3; CP, MF, OF Asplenium rhizophyllum L. – 1; SC

Thelypteridaceae

Phegopteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) Fée – 2; MF, OF Thelypteris noveboracensis (L.) Nieuwl. – 2; MF, OF Thelypteris palustris Schott var. pubescens (G.Lawson) Fernald – 1; LMA

Woodsiaceae

Cystopteris protrusa (Weath.) Blasdell – 2; MF Deparia acrostichoides (Sw.) M.Kato – 3; CP, MF, OF Diplazium pycnocarpon (Spreng.) M.Broun – 1; MF

Onocleaceae

Onoclea sensibilis L. – 3; LE, LMA, MF

Dryopteridaceae

Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) H.P.Fuchs – 2; CP, MF Dryopteris goldiana (Hook. ex Goldie) A.Gray – 1; MF Dryopteris intermedia (Muhl. ex Willd.) A.Gray – 3; CP, MF, OF Dryopteris marginalis (L.) A.Gray – 3; MF, OF Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott – 4; CP, MF, OF

Polypodiaceae

Polypodium appalachianum Haufler & Windham – 1; SC Polypodium virginianum L. – 1; SC

CONIFEROPHYTA

Pinaceae

†Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. – 1; CP, YW †Picea abies (L.) H.Karst. – 1; CP, YW †Pinus nigra Arn. – 2; CP, YW †Pinus resinosa Aiton – 2; CP, YW 44

†Pinus strobus L. – 3; CP, YW †Pinus sylvestris L. – 3; CP, YW

Cupressaceae

Juniperus virginiana L. var. virginiana – 1; OH *Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. var. distichum – 1; LMA; GU

ANTHOPHYTA

Nymphaeaceae

Nuphar advena (Aiton) W.T.Aiton – 2; LB, LMA; GU

Aristolochiaceae

Aristolochia serpentaria L. – 2; OF, MF Asarum canadense L. – 3; MF

Magnoliaceae

Liriodendron tulipifera L. – 4; MF, OF, YW Magnolia acuminata (L.) L. – 1; MF

Annonaceae

Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal – 1; MF, OF

Lauraceae

Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume – 4; MF, YW Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees – 4; LBG, MF, OF, YW

Acoraceae

*Acorus calamus L. – 1; LMA

Araceae

Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott – 1; RE; GU Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott – 3; MF, OF Lemna minor L. – 3; LB, LMA 45

Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. – 3; LB, LMA; GU Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Salisb. ex W.P.C.Barton – 2; LB, LMA, MF

Alismataceae

Alisma subcordatum Raf. – 3; LB, LMA, RE Sagittaria latifolia Willd. – 3; LB, LMA, RE

Hydrocharitaceae

Elodea canadensis Michx. – 2; LB; GU *Najas minor All. – 2; LB

Potamogetonaceae

*Potamogeton crispus L. – 2; LB Potamogeton foliosus Raf. – 2; LB Potamogeton nodosus Poir. – 3; LB

Dioscoreaceae

*Dioscorea polystachya Turcz. – 1; OH, RE; GU Dioscorea villosa L. – 3; MF, YW

Melanthiaceae

Trillium erectum × flexipes – 1; MF; GU Trillium flexipes Raf. – 1; MF Trillium grandiflorum (Michx.) Salisb. – 3; MF Trillium sessile L. – 2; MF

Colchicaceae

Uvularia perfoliata L. – 1; MF, OF

Smilacaceae

Smilax glauca Walter – 2; OF; GU Smilax rotundifolia L. – 3; CP, MF, OF, YW Smilax tamnoides L. – 2; MF, YW

Liliaceae

Erythronium albidum Nutt. – 3; MF Erythronium americanum Ker Gawl. subsp. Americanum – 3; MF Lilium canadense L. – 1; RE

Orchidaceae

Galearis spectabilis (L.) Raf. – 1; MF, OF; GU Goodyera pubescens (Willd.) R.Br. – 3; CP, MF, OF Platanthera lacera (Michx.) G.Don – 2; LE, RE Spiranthes cernua (L.) Rich. – 1; RE; GU Spiranthes lacera (Raf.) Raf. – 1; F; GU Spiranthes tuberosa Raf. – 1; RE; GU Tipularia discolor (Pursh) Nutt. – 1; MF, OF; GU

Hypoxidaceae

Hypoxis hirsuta (L.) Coville – 1; OF; GU

Iridaceae

*Iris pseudacorus L. – 1; LMA; GU Sisyrinchium angustifolium Mill. – 2; F, OF, RE

Xanthorrhoeaceae

*Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. – 2; OH, RE †Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus L. – 1; OH; GU

Amaryllidaceae

Allium canadense L. var. canadense – 1; MF Allium tricoccum Sol. var. burdickii Hanes – 2; MF; GU Allium tricoccum Sol. var. tricoccum – 2; MF; GU *Allium vineale L. – 3; F, MF, RE, YW †Narcissus poeticus L. – 1; OH; GU †Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. „Telemonius Plenus‟ – 2; OH, RE; GU

Asparagaceae

*Asparagus officinalis L. – 1; RE; GU Camassia scilloides (Raf.) Cory – 1; MF Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link subsp. racemosum – 3; MF, OF Medeola virginiana L. – 2; MF, OF 47

*Ornithogalum umbellatum L. – 1; OH, RE; GU Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliott – 3; MF, OF Polygonatum pubescens (Willd.) Pursh – 3; MF, OF * Yucca flaccida Haw. – 1; OH, RE

Commelinaceae

Tradescantia virginiana L. – 1; OF

Typhaceae

Sparganium americanum Nutt. – 1; LMA *Typha angustifolia L. – 1; RE Typha latifolia L. – 4; LE, LMA

Juncaceae

Juncus acuminatus Michx. – 2; LMA, LE, RE Juncus effusus L. – 3; LMA, LE, RE Juncus marginatus Rostk. – 2; LMA, LE, RE Juncus tenuis Willd. – 3; MF, OF, RE Luzula acuminata Raf. – 3; MF, OF Luzula echinata (Small) F.J.Herm. – 2; MF, OF Luzula multiflora (Ehrh.) Lej. – 3; MF, OF; GU

Cyperaceae

Carex albicans Willd. ex Spreng. var. albicans – 2; OF; GU Carex albursina E.Sheld. – 2; MF, OF Carex amphibola Steud. – 2; MF Carex blanda Dewey – 2; MF; GU Carex bromoides Schkuhr ex Willd. subsp. bromoides – 2; LE, LMA; GU E Carex bushii Mack. – 1; RE; GU Carex caroliniana Schwein. – 2; MF; GU Carex cephalophora Muhl. ex Willd. – 2; MF Carex communis L.H.Bailey var. communis – 3; MF, OF Carex comosa Boott – 1; LMA; GU Carex crinita Lam. var. crinita – 2; LMA Carex digitalis Willd. – 1; OF; GU Carex festucacea Schkuhr ex Willd. – 1; MF; GU Carex frankii Kunth – 2; RE Carex glaucodea Tuck. ex Olney – 1; RE; GU Carex gracillima Schwein. – 2; MF 48

Carex granularis Muhl. ex Willd. – 2; MF, RE Carex grayi J.Carey – 2; MF Carex hirsutella Mack. – 3; F, MF Carex hirtifolia Mack. – 1; MF Carex jamesii Schwein. – 3; MF; GU Carex laxiculmis Schwein. var. copulata (L.H.Bailey) Fernald – 2; MF Carex lupulina Willd. – 1; LMA Carex lurida Wahlenb. – 3; F, LE, LMA, RE Carex molesta Mack. ex Bright – 2; LE, LMA, RE Carex normalis Mack. – 2; LE, LMA, RE Carex pensylvanica Lam. – 3; MF, OF; GU Carex platyphylla J.Carey – 2; MF; GU Carex prasina Wahlenb. – 1; MF; GU Carex rosea Schkuhr ex Willd. – 3; MF, OF Carex scoparia Schkuhr ex Willd. var. scoparia – 2; LE, LMA, RE Carex shortiana Dewey – 3; F, MF, RE Carex sparganioides Muhl. ex Willd. – 1; MF Carex squarrosa L. – 3; LE, LMA Carex stipata Muhl. ex Willd. var. stipata – 2; LE, LMA, RE Carex torta Boott – 1; LE, MF; GU Carex tribuloides Wahlenb. var. tribuloides – 2; LE, LMA Carex umbellata Schkuhr ex Willd. – 2; OF; GU Carex vulpinoidea Michx. – 3; LE, LMA, RE Carex willdenowii Schkuhr ex Willd. – 2; LBG, OF; GU Cyperus bipartitus Torr. – 2; LE, RE Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhl. – 3; F, LE, LMA Cyperus esculentus L. – 3; F, LE, LMA Cyperus flavescens L. – 3; LE, RE Cyperus odoratus L. – 2; LE Cyperus squarrosus L. – 3; LE, LM; GU Cyperus strigosus L. – 3; F, LE, LMA, RE Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britton var. arundinaceum – 1; LMA; GU Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roem. & Schult. – 2; F, LE; GU Eleocharis erythropoda Steud. – 2; RE; GU Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) Schult. – 3; LE, LM Fimbristylis autumnalis (L.) Roem. & Schult. – 1; LE, RE; GU !*Kyllinga gracillima Miq. – 2; RE; GU Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (C.C.Gmel.) Palla – 2; LE, LMA, RE Scirpus atrovirens Willd. – 3; LE, LMA, RE Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth – 3; LE, LMA, RE Scirpus pendulus Muhl. – 2; LE, RE; GU Scirpus polyphyllus Vahl – 3; LE, LMA, RE Trichophorum planifolium (Spreng.) Palla – 1; OF 49

Poaceae

Agrostis perennans (Walter) Tuck. – 3; F, RE, YW *Agrostis stolonifera L. – 3; F, MF, RE, YW Andropogon gyrans Ashe – 2; F, RE Andropogon virginicus L. – 3; F, RE *Anthoxanthum odoratum L. – 1; RE Aristida oligantha Michx. – 2; F *Bromus commutatus Schrad. – 3; F, RE *Bromus inermis Leyss. – 2; F, RE *Bromus japonicus Thunb. – 3; F, RE Bromus pubescens Muhl. ex Willd. – 3; MF, YW *Bromus tectorum L. – 3; F, RE *Dactylis glomerata L. – 3; F, RE Danthonia spicata (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. – 3; F, RE Dichanthelium boscii (Poir.) Gould – 1; MF, OF Dichanthelium clandestinum (L.) Gould – 3; CP, F, MF, OF Dichanthelium dichotomum (L.) Gould – 3; OF Dichanthelium linearifolium (Scribn.) Gould – 3; F, RE, YW *Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Muhl. – 3; F, RE Elymus hystrix L. – 3; MF, YW *Elymus repens (L.) Gould – 3; F, RE Elymus riparius Wiegand – 2; F, MF, YW Elymus villosus Muhl. ex Willd. – 3; F, MF, YW Elymus virginicus L. – 3; F, MF, YW Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. – 3; LM Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees – 3; F, RE Eragrostis spectabilis (Pursh) Steud. – 2; F, RE Festuca subverticillata (Pers.) E.B.Alexeev – 3; F, RE Glyceria septentrionalis Hitchc. – 2; F, RE Glyceria striata (Lam.) Hitchc. – 3; LE, LMA, RE *Holcus lanatus L. – 2; F, RE *Hordeum jubatum L. – 2; F, RE Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. – 2; LMA Leersia virginica Willd. – 2; MF Muhlenbergia frondosa (Poir.) Fernald – 3; F, RE, YW Muhlenbergia schreberi J.F.Gmel. – 3; F, RE, YW Panicum capillare L. – 2; F, RE; GU Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. – 2; F, RE, YW Phalaris arundinacea L. – 3; LMA *Phleum pratense L. – 2; F, RE Poa alsodes A.Gray – 2; MF 50

*Poa annua L. – 3; F, RE *Poa compressa L. – 2; F, RE Poa cuspidata Nutt. – 3; MF, OF *Poa pratensis L. – 3; F, RE, YW Poa sylvestris A.Gray – 2; MF, OF *Poa trivialis L. – 1; MF *Schedonorus pratensis (Huds.) P.Beauv. – 2; F, RE Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash var. scoparium – 2; LBG *Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. – 2; F, RE *Setaria viridis (L.) P.Beauv. – 2; F, RE Tridens flavus (L.) Hitchc. – 3; F, RE

Papaveraceae

Corydalis flavula (Raf.) DC. – 1; MF; GU Dicentra canadensis (Goldie) Walp. – 1; MF Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. – 3; MF Sanguinaria canadensis L. – 3; MF, RE, YW

Menispermaceae

Menispermum canadense L. – 2; MF, YW

Berberidaceae

*Berberis thunbergii DC. – 2; MF, OF, YW Caulophyllum giganteum (Farw.) Loconte & W.H.Blackw. – 2; MF; GU Podophyllum peltatum L. – 4; CP, MF, OF; GU

Ranunculaceae

Actaea pachyopoda Elliott – 2; MF Anemone acutiloba (DC.) G.Lawson – 2; OF Anemone americana (DC.) H.Hara – 3; MF, OF; GU Anemone virginiana L. – 3; F, MF, RE Aquilegia canadensis L. – 1; SC; GU Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt. – 2; MF Clematis virginiana L. – 2; F, RE Delphinium tricorne Michx. – 1; OF, RE Hydrastis canadensis L. – 2; OF; GU Ranunculus abortivus L. – 3; CP, MF, OF, YW Ranunculus allegheniensis Britton – 2; MF, YW Ranunculus hispidus Michx. var. hispidus – 2; MF, YW 51

Ranunculus hispidus Michx. var. nitidus (Chapm.) T.Duncan – 2; MF, YW Ranunculus micranthus Nutt. – 3; MF, OF, YW Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. – 3; CP, MF, YW Thalictrum dioicum L. – 1; MF; GU Thalictrum thalictroides (L.) A.J.Eames & B.Boivin – 3; MF,OF; GU

Platanaceae

Platanus occidentalis L. – 4; MF

Altingiaceae

*Liquidambar styraciflua L. – 1; YW; GU

Hamamelidaceae

Hamamelis virginiana L. – 2; MF, OF

Grossulariaceae

Ribes cynosbati L. – 2; MF, OF

Saxifragaceae

Chrysosplenium americanum Schwein. ex Hook. – 1; MF; GU Heuchera americana L. var. americana – 2; MF, OF Mitella diphylla L. – 2; MF; GU Micranthes virginiensis (Michx.) Small – 2; MF, OF, RE

Crassulaceae

*Hylotelephium telephium (L.) H.Ohba – 1; OH; GU Sedum ternatum Michx. – 4; MF, OF

Penthoraceae

Penthorum sedoides L. – 3; LE

Haloragaceae

*Myriophyllum spicatum L. – 1; LB; GU

Vitaceae 52

Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. – 4; CP, F, MF, OF, YW Vitis aestivalis Michx. – 2; MF, OF Vitis riparia Michx. – 3; MF, YW Vitis vulpina L. – 4; MF, YW

Fabaceae

Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fernald – 4; CP, MF, YW Cercis canadensis L. – 1; F, MF Chamaecrista nictitans (L.) Moench – 1; OF; GU *Coronilla varia L. – 3; F, RE; GU Desmodium canescens (L.) DC. – 2; F, YW Desmodium nudiflorum (L.) DC. – 2; F, YW Desmodium paniculatum (L.) DC. – 2; F, YW; GU Gleditsia triacanthos L. – 2; MF *Kummerowia stipulacea (Maxim.) Makino – 2; F, RE; GU *Kummerowia striata (Thunb.) Schindl. – 2; F, RE; GU *Lathyrus latifolius L. – 1; RE; GU *Lespedeza cuneata (Dumont) G.Don – 2; F, RE; GU Lespedeza hirta (L.) Hornem. – 3; F, RE Lespedeza intermedia (S.Watson) Britton – 3; F, RE Lespedeza procumbens Michx. – 3; F, RE Lespedeza repens (L.) Barton – 2; F, LBG, RE; GU Lespedeza violacea (L.) Pers. – 2; F, RE Lespedeza virginica (L.) Britton – 2; F, RE *Lotus corniculatus L. – 1; RE *Medicago lupulina L. – 3; F, RE * Medicago sativa L. subsp. sativa – 1; RE *Melilotus albus Medik. – 2; F, RE *Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall. – 3; F, RE; GU Robinia pseudoacacia L. – 4; F, RE, YW Strophostyles helvola (L.) Elliott – 1; RE; GU *Trifolium arvense L. – 2; F, RE *Trifolium aureum Pollich – 2; F, RE *Trifolium campestre Schreb. – 2; F, RE *Trifolium hybridum L. – 2; F, RE *Trifolium pratense L. – 3; F, RE *Trifolium repens L. – 3; F, RE *Vicia villosa Roth – 1; RE

Polygalaceae

Polygala sanguinea L. – 1; LBG Polygala verticillata L. var. verticillata – 2; F, LBG

Rosaceae

Agrimonia gryposepala Wallr. – 2; LE, MF Agrimonia parviflora Aiton – 3; F, LE, LMA Agrimonia rostellata Wallr. – 2; LE, MF Agrimonia pubescens Wallr. – 2; MF, OF Amelanchier arborea (F.Michx.) Fernald – 2; OF Aruncus dioicus (Walter) Fernald – 1; MF †Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai – 1; OH; GU Crataegus coccinea L. – 2; F *Duchesnea indica (Andrews) Focke – 1; LE, RE; GU Fragaria virginiana Duchesne – 2; F Geum canadense Jacq. – 3; F, MF Geum laciniatum Murray – 2; MF Geum vernum (Raf.) Torr. & A.Gray – 3; MF, YW Geum virginianum L. – 3; F, MF Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim. – 1; RE Porteranthus stipulatus (Muhl. ex Willd.) Britton – 1; OF, RE Potentilla canadensis L. – 2; F, OF; GU Potentilla norvegica L. – 2; F, RE *Potentilla recta L. – 2; F, RE Potentilla simplex Michx. – 2; F, OF, RE; GU Prunus americana Marshall – 1; MF, RE Prunus serotina Ehrh. – 4; MF, OF, YW Prunus virginiana L. – 2; OF, MF Rosa carolina L. – 2; F, LBG *Rosa multiflora Thunb. ex Murray – 4; CP, F, MF, OF, YW Rosa palustris Marshall – 1; LMA Rosa setigera Michx. – 2; F, RE Rubus allegheniensis Porter – 3; CP, MF, OF, YW; GU Rubus flagellaris Willd. – 4; CP, MF, OF, YW; GU Rubus occidentalis L. – 4; CP, MF, OF, YW Spiraea alba Du Roi var. alba – 1; RE; GU

Elaeagnaceae

*Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. – 2; F, RE; GU

Rhamnaceae

*Rhamnus frangula L. – 1; MF; GU

Ulmaceae

Ulmus americana L. – 3; MF, OF, YW Ulmus rubra Muhl. – 2; MF, YW

Cannabaceae

Celtis occidentalis L. – 2; MF, OF, YW

Moraceae

*Maclura pomifera (Raf.) C.K.Schneid. – 1; RE, YW *Morus alba L. – 2; MF, RE, YW

Urticaceae

Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. – 3; LE, LMA Laportea canadensis (L.) Wedd. – 3; MF, RE Pilea pumila (L.) A.Gray – 2; MF, RE; GU Urtica dioica L. – 3; LE, LMA, RE; GU

Fagaceae

PT Castanea dentata (Marshall) Borkh. – 1; CP Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. – 4; MF, OF Quercus alba L. – 4; MF, OF Quercus bicolor Willd. – 2; MF Quercus coccinea Münchh. – 2; OF Quercus imbricaria Michx. – 2; MF, RE Quercus montana Willd. – 4; OF Quercus palustris Münchh. – 2; MF Quercus rubra L. – 4; MF, OF Quercus velutina Lam. – 4; MF, OF

Myricaceae

†Myrica pensylvanica Mirb. – 1; RE; GU

Juglandaceae

Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K.Koch – 3; MF, OF, YW 55

Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet – 4; MF, OF Carya laciniosa (F.Michx.) Loudon – 2; MF Carya ovata (Mill.) K.Koch – 3; MF, OF Carya tomentosa (Poir.) Nutt. – 3; MF, OF Juglans nigra L. – 3; MF, YW

Betulaceae

Alnus serrulata (Aiton) Willd. – 2; LE Carpinus caroliniana Walter subsp. virginiana (Marshall) Furlow – 4; MF, OF, YW Corylus americana Walter – 3; MF, YW Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K.Koch – 3; CP, MF, OF, YW

Celastraceae

Celastrus scandens L. – 2; F, RE, YW *Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold – 1; MF, RE; GU Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq. – 2; MF, YW

Oxalidaceae

*Oxalis corniculata L. – 2; F, RE Oxalis dillenii Jacq. – 3; CP, MF, OF, RE, YW Oxalis grandis Small – 1; RE Oxalis stricta L. – 3; CP, F, RE, YW Oxalis violacea L. – 3; MF, OF; GU

Euphorbiaceae

Acalypha virginica L. – 2; CP, MF, RE, YW Euphorbia corollata L. – 1; LBG, RE Euphorbia maculata L. – 3; F, RE Euphorbia nutans Lag. – 3; F, RE

Salicaceae

Populus deltoides W.Bartram ex Marshall – 2; MF Populus grandidentata Michx. – 2; OF, YW Populus tremuloides Michx. – 2; F, YW *Salix alba L. – 2; LE Salix eriocephala Michx. – 3; LE, LMA Salix humilis Marshall – 2; LE Salix interior Rowlee – 3; LE, LMA 56

Salix nigra Marshall – 3; LE, LMA Salix sericea Marshall – 2; LE

Violaceae

Viola canadensis L. – 3; MF; GU Viola hirsutula Brainerd – 1; OF; GU Viola palmata L. – 1; MF; GU Viola pubescens Aiton var. scabriuscula Torr. & A.Gray – 4; MF, OF, YW Viola rostrata Pursh – 1; MF; GU Viola sagittata Aiton – 2; F, LBG, RE Viola sororia Willd. var. sororia – 4; F, MF, OF, RE, YW Viola striata Aiton – 3; MF Viola triloba L. – 1; OF E Viola tripartita Elliott var. glaberrima (DC.) R.M.Harper – 1; OF; GU

Linaceae

Linum virginianum L. – 3; F, LBG, OF

Hypericaceae

Hypericum drummondii (Grev. & Hook.) Torr. & A.Gray – 1; RE Hypericum hypericoides (L.) Crantz var. multicaule (Michx. ex Willd.) Fosberg – 1; LBG, OF; GU Hypericum mutilum L. – 2; F, LE *Hypericum perforatum L. – 3; F, LE, RE Hypericum prolificum L. – 1; LBG Hypericum punctatum Lam. – 3; F, LE, RE; GU

Geraniaceae

Geranium maculatum L. – 3; MF

Lythraceae

†Ammannia coccinea Rottb. – 1; LE; GU *Lythrum salicaria L. – 1; LMA

Onagraceae

Circaea lutetiana L. var. canadensis L. – 4; CP, MF, YW Epilobium coloratum Biehler – 3; LE, LMA, RE 57

Gaura biennis L. – 1; RE Ludwigia alternifolia L. – 3; F, LE, RE Ludwigia palustris (L.) Elliott – 3; LE, LM Oenothera biennis L. – 3; F, RE Oenothera perennis L. – 1; F, RE

Staphyleaceae

Staphylea trifolia L. – 2; MF

Anacardiaceae

Rhus copallina L. var. latifolia Engl. – 3; F, RE, YW Rhus glabra L. – 3; F, RE, YW Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze – 4; CP, F, MF, OF, RE, YW

Sapindaceae

Acer negundo L. – 3; MF, YW Acer rubrum L. var. rubrum – 4; CP, MF, OF, YW Acer saccharinum L. – 3; MF, YW Acer saccharum Marshall var. saccharum – 4; MF, OF, YW Acer saccharum Marshall var. viride (Schmidt) A.E.Murray – 2; MF, YW Aesculus glabra Willd. – 1; MF

Simaroubaceae

*Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle – 2; MF, RE, YW

Malvaceae

*Abutilon theophrasti Medik. – 1; RE; GU Hibiscus moscheutos L. – 1; LE *Malva neglecta Wallr. – 2; F, RE; GU Tilia americana L. – 3; MF, YW

Limnanthaceae

Floerkea proserpinacoides Willd. – 3; MF

Brassicaceae

*Alliaria petiolata (M.Bieb.) Cavara & Grande – 2; CP, YW; GU 58

*Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. – 1; F, RE Arabis canadensis L. – 2; MF, OF Arabis laevigata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Poir. – 2; MF, OF, RE, SC *Barbarea verna (Mill.) Asch. – 2; F, RE *Barbarea vulgaris R.Br. – 3; F, RE *Brassica nigra (L.) K.Koch – 2; F, RE *Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. – 2; F, RE Cardamine bulbosa (Schreb. ex Muhl.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. – 1; LMA, RE Cardamine concatenata (Michx.) Sw. – 4; MF, YW Cardamine diphylla (Michx.) Alph.Wood – 3; MF; GU Cardamine douglassii Britton – 4; MF, YW *Cardamine hirsuta L. – 2; F, RE; GU †Cardamine impatiens L. – 1; CP, MF; GU Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. – 2; MF; GU *Erophila verna (L.) Besser – 3; F, RE *Hesperis matronalis L. – 2; RE; GU *Lepidium campestre (L.) R.Br. – 3; F, RE; GU Lepidium virginicum L. – 2; F, RE *Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek – 1; RE Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser – 2; LE *Rorippa sylvestris (L.) Besser – 2; LE *Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. – 2; F, RE *Thlaspi arvense L. – 2; F, RE; GU

Polygonaceae

*Fallopia convolvulus (L.) Á.Löve – 3; F, RE *Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decr. – 1; LE, RE; GU Fallopia scandens (L.) Holub – 2; F, RE Persicaria amphibia (L.) A.Gray – 2; LB Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Spach – 3; LE Persicaria hydropiperoides (Michx.) Small – 3; LE *Persicaria maculosa Gray – 3; F, LE, MF, RE Persicaria pensylvanica (L.) M.Gómez – 3; LE Persicaria punctata (Elliott) Small – 2; LE Persicaria sagittata (L.) H.Gross – 3; LE Persicaria virginiana (L.) Gaertn. – 3; F, MF *Polygonum aviculare L. – 2; F, RE Polygonum erectum L. – 2; F, RE *Rumex acetosella L. – 2; F, LBG Rumex altissimus Alph.Wood – 2; LB *Rumex crispus L. – 3; F, RE *Rumex obtusifolius L. – 3; F, RE 59

Rumex verticillatus L. – 2; LB

Caryophyllaceae

*Arenaria serpyllifolia L. – 2; F, RE *Cerastium fontanum Baumg. subsp. vulgare (Hartm.) Greuter & Burdet – 3; F, RE Cerastium nutans Raf. – 2; F, RE *Dianthus armeria L. subsp. armeria – 2; F, RE; GU Paronychia canadensis (L.) Alph.Wood – 2; MF, OF; GU *Saponaria officinalis L. – 2; F, RE Silene stellata (L.) W.T.Aiton – 1; OF, RE; GU Silene virginica L. – 3; OF Stellaria longifolia Muhl. ex Willd. – 1; RE; GU *Stellaria media (L.) Vill. – 4; CP, F, MF, OF, YW

Amaranthaceae

*Amaranthus hybridus L. – 2; F, LE, RE *Amaranthus retroflexus L. – 2; F, RE *Atriplex prostrata Boucher ex DC. – 2; F, RE *Chenopodium album L. – 2; F, LE, RE *Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants – 2; F, RE

Phytolaccaceae

Phytolacca americana L. var. americana – 3; F, LE, YW

Montiaceae

Claytonia virginica L. – 4; MF, OF, YW

Portulacaceae

*Portulaca oleracea L. – 2; F, RE

Cornaceae

Cornus alternifolia L.f. – 2; MF, YW Cornus amomum Mill. – 3; F, LE, LMA, RE Cornus florida L. – 4; F, MF, OF, YW Cornus racemosa Lam. – 3; F, LE, RE Nyssa sylvatica Marshall – 3; MF, OF, YW

Hydrangeaceae

Hydrangea arborescens L. – 3; MF †Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser. cv. – 1; OH

Balsaminaceae

Impatiens capensis Meerb. – 3; LE, LMA, MF, RE Impatiens pallida Nutt. – 3; LE, LMA, MF, RE; GU

Polemoniaceae

Phlox divaricata L. – 3; MF, OF Phlox maculata L. – 2; RE Phlox subulata L. var. brittonii (Small) Wherry – 1; OF, RE Phlox subulata L. var. subulata – 1; OF, RE Polemonium reptans L. var. reptans – 3; MF

Primulaceae

*Anagallis arvensis L. – 2; RE; GU Lysimachia ciliata L. – 3; F, MF, RE, YW *Lysimachia nummularia L. – 3; F, LE, LMA, RE Lysimachia quadrifolia L. – 2; LBG, OF

Ericaceae

Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh – 3; CP, OF Epigaea repens L. – 1; OF Gaylussacia baccata (Wangenh.) K.Koch – 2; LBG, OF Kalmia latifolia L. – 1; SC Monotropa hypopitys L. – 1; OF; GU Monotropa uniflora L. – 2; MF, OF Vaccinium pallidum Aiton – 3; OF Vaccinium stamineum L. – 2; MF, OF

Rubiaceae

Cephalanthus occidentalis L. – 2; LMA Galium aparine L. – 4; CP, MF, OF, YW Galium circaezans Michx. – 3; CP, MF, OF, YW Galium concinnum Torr. & A.Gray – 3; MF, OF Galium lanceolatum Torr. – 1; OF 61

*Galium mollugo L. – 2; F, RE Galium pilosum Aiton – 2; OF Galium tinctorium (L.) Scop. – 2; LMA Galium triflorum Michx. – 4; CP, MF, OF, YW *Galium verum L. – 1; F, RE Houstonia caerulea L. – 3; F, OF, YW Houstonia longifolia Gaertn. – 2; LBG, OF Mitchella repens L. – 3; OF, SC

Gentianaceae

Gentiana andrewsii Griseb. – 1; RE Sabatia angularis (L.) Pursh – 1; RE

Apocynaceae

Apocynum androsaemifolium L. – 4; F, RE Apocynum cannabinum L. – 1; RE Asclepias incarnata L. – 2; LE, LMA, RE Asclepias quadrifolia Jacq. – 1; OF, RE; GU Asclepias syriaca L. – 4; F, RE Asclepias tuberosa L. – 2; F, RE Asclepias viridiflora Raf. – 1; LBG Cynanchum laeve (Michx.) Pers. – 1; F, LE; GU *Vinca minor L. – 1; OH

Boraginaceae

Cynoglossum virginianum L. var. virginianum – 2; MF, OF; GU Hackelia virginiana (L.) I.M.Johnst. – 3; CP, MF, YW Hydrophyllum appendiculatum Michx. – 1; MF, RE Hydrophyllum canadense L. – 1; MF Hydrophyllum virginianum L. – 2; MF, RE Mertensia virginica (L.) Pers. ex Link – 1; MF Myosotis laxa Lehm. – 1; LE *Myosotis stricta Link ex Roem. & Schult. – 2; F Phacelia purshii Buckley – 1; MF, RE; GU

Convolvulaceae

Calystegia sepium (L.) R.Br. – 2; F, RE Calystegia spithamaea (L.) Pursh – 2; F *Convolvulus arvensis L. – 2; F, RE 62

Cuscuta gronovii Willd. ex Schult. – 2; F, LE Ipomoea pandurata (L.) G.Mey. – 3; F

Solanaceae

Physalis longifolia Nutt. – 2; RE, YW Solanum carolinense L. – 3; F, RE, YW Solanum nigrum L. – 2; F, RE

Oleaceae

†Forsythia ×intermedia Zabel – 1; OH; GU Fraxinus americana L. var. americana – 2; MF Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall var. subintegerrima (Vahl) Fernald – 3; MF, YW *Ligustrum vulgare L. – 2; CP, MF, YW; GU †Syringa vulgaris L. – 1; OH; GU

Plantaginaceae

Callitriche heterophylla Pursh – 1; LB; GU Chelone glabra L. – 1; LMA, RE Collinsia verna Nutt. – 1; MF Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell – 3; LE, LM Penstemon digitalis Nutt. ex Sims – 2; F, RE *Plantago aristata Michx. – 1; F *Plantago lanceolata L. – 4; F, RE *Plantago major L. – 2; F, RE Plantago rugelii Decne. – 3; F, RE Plantago virginica L. – 1; F *Veronica arvensis L. – 2; F, RE *Veronica officinalis L. – 2; CP, F, MF, RE Veronica peregrina L. – 2; F, LE, RE *Veronica persica Poir. – 2; F, RE *Veronica polita Fr. – 2; F, RE *Veronica serpyllifolia L. – 2; F, RE Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw. – 1; RE; GU

Scrophulariaceae

Scrophularia marilandica L. – 2; MF, RE; GU *Verbascum blattaria L. f. erubescens Brügger – 2; F, RE *Verbascum thapsus L. – 2; F, RE

Lamiaceae

Blephilia hirsuta (Pursh) Benth. – 1; MF, RE; GU Clinopodium vulgare L. – 2; F, RE Collinsonia canadensis L. – 2; MF, RE Cunila origanoides (L.) Britton – 2; OF *Glechoma hederacea L. – 3; F, MF, RE, YW Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers. – 2; OF *Lamium purpureum L. – 4; F, RE, YW *Leonurus cardiaca L. – 1; F, RE Lycopus americanus Muhl. ex W.P.C.Barton – 2; LE, LMA Lycopus rubellus Moench – 1; LE; GU Lycopus virginicus L. – 3; LE, LMA *Mentha spicata L. – 2; LE, LMA *Mentha ×piperita L. var. piperita – 2; LE, LMA Monarda fistulosa L. var. fistulosa – 2; RE †Physostegia virginiana (L.) Benth. cv. – 1; OH, RE; GU *Prunella vulgaris L. – 4; F, RE, YW Pycnanthemum tenuifolium Schrad. – 2; F, RE Scutellaria incana Biehler – 1; MF, RE Scutellaria lateriflora L. – 2; MF, LMA Stachys nuttalli Shuttlew. ex Benth. – 1; MF, RE Teucrium canadense L. – 2; MF, RE

Phrymaceae

Phryma leptostachya L. – 3; MF, RE; GU Mimulus alatus Aiton – 1; MF, LMA Mimulus ringens L. – 3; LE, LMA, MF

Orobanchaceae

Agalinis tenuifolia (Vahl) Raf. var. tenuifolia – 1; F, LBG Aureolaria virginica (L.) Pennell – 3; OF Conopholis americana (L.) Wallr. – 3; MF, OF Epifagus virginiana (L.) Barton – 4; MF, OF Pedicularis lanceolata Michx. – 1; RE; GU

Acanthaceae

Ruellia strepens L. – 1; RE

Bignoniaceae 64

†Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. ex Bureau – 1; OH, RE *Catalpa speciosa (Warder) Warder ex Engelm. – 1; F, RE, YW

Verbenaceae

Phyla lanceolata (Michx.) Greene – 2; LE Verbena hastata L. – 2; F, RE Verbena urticifolia L. – 3; F, MF, RE

Aquifoliaceae

†Ilex opaca Aiton – 1; MF, OH; GU

Campanulaceae

Campanula americana L. – 3; MF, YW Lobelia cardinalis L. – 2; LE, LMA; GU Lobelia inflata L. – 4; MF, OF, YW Lobelia siphilitica L. – 3; LE, LMA, RE; GU

Asteraceae

*Achillea millefolium L. – 3; F, RE, YW Ageratina altissima (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. – 4; CP, F, MF, OF, YW Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. – 2; F, LE, RE Ambrosia trifida L. – 3; F, RE Antennaria howellii Greene – 2; OF Antennaria parlinii Fernald – 3; OF *Arctium minus Bernh. – 2; F, LE, RE, YW *Artemisia vulgaris L. – 1; RE; GU Bidens bipinnata L. – 2; LE, LMA, RE Bidens frondosa L. – 3; LE, LMA, RE Bidens polylepis S.F.Blake – 2; LE, LMA, RE Bidens tripartita L. – 3; LE, LMA Bidens vulgata Greene – 2; LE, LMA, RE *Centaurea jacea L. – 1; F, RE *Cichorium intybus L. – 4; F, RE *Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. – 4; F, MF, RE, YW Cirsium discolor (Muhl. ex Willd.) Spreng. – 2; F; GU *Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. – 2; F, RE Conoclinium coelestinum (L.) DC. – 1; RE; GU Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist – 3; F, RE 65

Coreopsis tripteris L. – 2; F, RE Doellingeria umbellata (Mill.) Nees – 2; F, RE Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. – 1; LE Erechtites hieraciifolius (L.) Raf. ex DC. – 2; F, RE, YW Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. – 3; F, RE Erigeron philadelphicus L. – 3; F, RE Erigeron pulchellus Michx. – 2; F, RE Erigeron strigosus Muhl. ex Willd. – 3; F, RE Eupatorium perfoliatum L. – 3; F, RE, MF Eurybia divaricata (L.) G.L.Nesom – 2; F, MF, YW Eurybia macrophylla (L.) Cass. – 2; MF, RE Eurybia schreberi (Nees) Nees – 2; MF, RE Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt. – 3; MF, RE Eutrochium fistulosum (Barratt) E.E.Lamont – 4; F, RE, YW Eutrochium purpureum (L.) E.E.Lamont – 2; MF, OF, RE, YW *Galinsoga parviflora Cav. – 2; F, RE Helenium autumnale L. – 2; LE Helianthus decapetalus L. – 2; MF, RE, YW Helianthus divaricatus L. – 3; MF, RE, YW Helianthus hirsutus Raf. – 3; MF, RE Helianthus tuberosus L. – 2; F, RE Hieracium gronovii L. – 1; LBG Hieracium paniculatum L. – 1; OF Hieracium scabrum Michx. – 2; F, RE, YW Hieracium venosum L. – 3; OF Krigia biflora (Walter) S.F.Blake – 3; OF Lactuca floridana (L.) Gaertn. – 2; MF, RE *Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. – 4; F, RE *Matricaria discoidea DC. – 2; RE Packera aurea (L.) Á.Löve & D.Löve – 3; MF, RE *Packera glabella (Poir.) C.Jeffrey – 1; RE Prenanthes altissima L. – 3; MF, OF Prenanthes serpentaria Pursh – 3; MF, OF Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (L.) Hilliard & B.L.Burtt – 2; F, RE Rudbeckia hirta L. – 2; F, RE Rudbeckia laciniata L. – 3; F, MF, RE Sericocarpus asteroides (L.) Nees – 1; F, RE Solidago bicolor L. – 2; OF Solidago caesia L. – 2; MF, OF Solidago canadensis L. – 4; F, RE Solidago flexicaulis L. – 2; MF; GU Solidago gigantea Aiton – 3; F, RE Solidago juncea Aiton – 4; F, RE 66

Solidago nemoralis Aiton – 3; F, RE Solidago ptarmicoides (Torr. & A.Gray) B.Boivin – 1; F, RE *Sonchus asper (L.) Hill – 2; F, RE *Sonchus oleraceus L. – 2; F, RE Symphyotrichum cordifolium (L.) G.L.Nesom – 4; F, RE Symphyotrichum ericoides (L.) G.L.Nesom – 3; F, RE Symphyotrichum laeve (L.) Á.Löve & D.Löve – 2; F, OF Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (L.) Á.Löve & D.Löve – 2; F, MF, RE Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (L.) G.L.Nesom – 4; F, RE Symphyotrichum phlogifolium (Muhl. ex Willd.) G.L.Nesom – 3; F, RE Symphyotrichum pilosum (Willd.) G.L.Nesom – 3; F, RE Symphyotrichum prenanthoides (Muhl. ex Willd.) G.L.Nesom – 4; F, MF, RE Symphyotrichum puniceum (L.) Á.Löve & D.Löve – 4; F, LE Symphyotrichum shortii (Lindl.) G.L.Nesom – 2; MF *Taraxacum officinale Weber ex F.H.Wigg. – 4; F, RE *Tragopogon pratensis L. – 1; RE *Tussilago farfara L. – 3; RE Verbesina alternifolia (L.) Britton ex Kearney – 3; F, MF, RE Vernonia gigantea (Walter) Trel. ex Branner & Coville – 4; F, RE Xanthium strumarium L. – 2; LE; GU

Adoxaceae

Sambucus canadensis L. – 3; F, LE, YW Viburnum acerifolium L. – 3; OF Viburnum dentatum L. – 1; MF Viburnum prunifolium L. – 3; F, MF, YW

Caprifoliaceae

*Dipsacus fullonum L. – 3; F, RE *Dipsacus laciniatus L. – 1; RE Valeriana pauciflora Michx. – 1; MF, RE; GU Valerianella chenopodiifolia (Pursh) DC. – 3; MF, RE Valerianella umbilicata (Sull.) Alph.Wood– 2; MF, RE *Lonicera japonica Thunb. – 1; RE *Lonicera morrowii A.Gray – 2; F ,LE, RE, YW

Apiaceae

Chaerophyllum procumbens (L.) Crantz var. procumbens – 2; MF; GU Cicuta maculata L. – 2; F, LE Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC. – 3; MF; GU 67

*Daucus carota L. – 4; F, RE Erigenia bulbosa (Michx.) Nutt. – 1; MF; GU Osmorhiza claytonii (Michx.) C.B.Clarke – 4; MF, YW; GU Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. – 4; CP, MF, YW *Pastinaca sativa L. – 2; F, RE Sanicula canadensis L. – 3; CP, MF Sanicula gregaria E.P.Bicknell – 2; MF Sanicula trifoliata E.P.Bicknell – 3; MF Sium suave Walter – 1; MF Thaspium trifoliatum (L.) A.Gray var. flavum S.F.Blake – 2; MF, RE *Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC. – 1; RE