852 INDEX INDEX
Acidosis (Continued) Adenine Adrenal corte:t, androgen fonnation, Adrenocortical hormones {Continue. carbonic acid excess, compernatory catabolism, 518 684, 701 eHect on potassium metQbolism, : mechanisms, 324 in nucleic aCids, 106 estrogen fonnation, 889, 691, 701 628, "flO, 825 causes, 321-324 incorporation into nncleic aeids, 518 function in pantothenic add on protein metabolism, 584, 56!: eHect on bones, 639 pIC of amino group, 100 defiCiency, 192 712 on potassium distribution, J19 synthesis, 517, 518 progesterone formation, 696, 701 on sodium excretion, 308, 624, I on sodium distribution, 319 Adellohypophyseal hormoncs. See Adrellal glands, carotenoids in, 146 7lO, 826, 848 on urine caleium, 639 Piluitary hoTmOIWJ. Adrenal hormones, cortical, 701-713. on ~dillm metabolism, 308, : in diabetes mellitus. 322. 443 Adenosine in purine catabolism, 518 See also Adrerwcortical homwnes. 626, 710, 825 in diarrhea, 322 structnre, 109 mednllarv, 698-701. See also on uric acid, 519,844 in pancreatic fistula, 322 Adenosine deamina.:le, 248 Epin~hrine and Norepinephrine. on unc acid exeretion, 519 in refUll insufficiency, 322 in purine catabolism, 518 Adrenal lipids, eHect of on urine chlOride, 624, 709, 826 in respiratory disorclers, 323 Adenosine diphosrhate (ADP), adrenocorticotropin, 704, 740 on urine sodium, 624, 709, 826, metabolic, 321-323 energy leve of linkages, 378, 379 Adrenal medulla honnones, 698-701. 847 pH of plasma, 321-324 in regulation of phosphorylations, See also Epinephrine and on water balance, 308, 626, 710, respiration in, 321, 32.3 385 Norepinephrine. 825 respiratory, 321, 323 Adenosine kinase classification, 2J6 biosynthesis, 700 estrone, 689, 701, 705 sodium-hydrogen exehange in, 318, Adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate as chemistry, 698 elcretion, 707-709 3l'.l Qllosteric actLvator, 770. See metabolie aetions, 701 in aSCQrbic acid ~ficiency, 158 urinary acidity in, 318, 323. 324 also 3',5'·Aden'flate. secretion, 700 functions of, 709-713 urinary ammonia in, 319, 324, 325, Adenosine nudeotides, occurrence, Adrenocortical function. insulin gluconeogenesis and, 423, 437, 842 5l'.l tolcrance and, 436 711-712 urinary potassium in, 318, 319, 848 Adenosinetriphosphatase(s) Adrenocortical hormones, 701- 713 ground substance and, 23, 178 Aconitase. 411 classification, 249 adreuosterone, 705 in bocly Huid regulation, 309 classification, 252 eHect of thyro~ne, 720 alarm reaction and, 434, 706, 741 in fat mobilization, 498, 506, 71.2 inhibitiou by fiuoroaectate, 411, 666 in muscle, 427, 428 aldosterone, 702, 703, 705,706-711 in urine, 707-709 cis-Aeonitate in triearboxylic acid in rigor mortis, 430 androgens, 684, 701, 705 in ascorbic acid ~.liciency, 158 cycle. 411 m~'osin and, 427 androstcnedioue, 705 insulin antagonism, 435, 437, 725 inhibition of metabolism by trans oceurrence, 249 anti-inRammatory acl[on, 704, 712 inmlin resistanee, 445 aeonitate, 666 Adeuosinetriphosphate (ATP) bioassay, 703 inrerconversion, 705, 708, 700 h'am-Aeonitate as metabolic energy level of linkages, 377, 378 biolo~ical aetious, 709-713 17·ketosteroids from, 686, 709 antagonist., 666 in glucose utilization, 395, 402, 404, biosynthesis, 704-700 metabolic effects, 7U9-712 Aeonitate hydratase classification, 252. 405 acrenocorticotropin and, 706, 739 metabolism, 704-709 See also Acon.itase. in he:mkinasc reaction, 395 ascorbic acid in, 704, 740 l1-oxygenated eorticosteroids, 702, Aconitic acid, See AC(Jnilate. in rigor mortis, 430 cholesterol in, 704, 705 705, 706-713 Acridine5, inhibition of DNA muscle contraction and, 426, 428 pantothenic acid in, 192 progesterone, 696, 701, 705, 706 synthesis, 528 synthesis, 380, 382, 525 chemistry, 701-703 secretion regulation, 706 inhibition of RNA synthesis, 531 S-Adenosylhomoeysteine, 590 cortisol, 702, 705, 706--713 tests for, 703 Acrodrnia, 190 S-Adenosylmethionine cortisone, 702, 705, 706-713 Adrenocorticoids, from progesteron Acrolein test, 47 formation, 590 deficiency, 710-712 697, 705, 706 Acromegaly, 745 stmcture, 590 11-deoxycortieosteroids, 702, 703, tetrabfdro derivatives, 705, 708 ACTH, 739. See also Adrenocortico transmethylases, clas,<;mcation, 231 70S, 700-711 Adrenocorticotropic honnone Iropic hormoIW. transmethylations, 590 diabetes mellitus after, 44S actions, 739 Actin, 427, 789 Adenylate tAMP) eHect on adrenocorticotropin, 700, and adrenal hormone synthesis. F-acUn, 427, 789 eatabolism, 518 740 706,739 G-actin, 427 energy level of bonds, 378 on bloocl glueose, 437 assay, 739 stmeture, 81, 427 illcorporation into nucleic aeids, 518 on bOlles. 635, 639, 712, 735, 778 chemistry, 739 Actinomyein D, inhibition of structme, Ill, ll6 on carbohydrate metabolism, effect of aclrenOc Awenocorlical hormones (Continued) Adsorption chromatography, 9B Alka(osi~ (ContCnutJ) effect on potassium metabolism, 308, Agglntinins, 799 excess, 321, 324 628, 710, 825 AgglntinogeIl.'l. 799 biochemical chll1'Bcter:lst!cs, 321, on protein metabolism, 564, 565. Aglycons, 13 324,325 712 Air, erpiled, Iodine in, A29 blood pH in, 321, 324, 325 on sodillm excretion, JOB, 624, 626, Alanine carbonic ado deflclt, 321, 325 710, S26, 848 from tryptophan, 596 exce~s, 321, 324 on sodium rl\efabolism, 308, 300, metaboliolrn, 575 compensatory mecha.n15ms, 324. 325 628, 710, 825 structure, 57 effect on potassium distribution, ,1HI on uric acid, 519, 844 p-Alanine on sodium distribntion, 319 on uric acid excretion, 519 fontiation, 583 in potassium loss, 320, 627, 710 on urine chloride, 624, 709, S26 from asparta tf~, 192 metabolic, 324 on urine sodium, 624, 700, 826, in pantothenic acid, 190 respirv.tion in, 321, 324. 32:i 847 in pyrimidine catabolism, 522 respiratory, 321, 325 on water balance, 308, 626, 710, in sYJl\hf$i:; of camodne and anserine, sodium-hydrogen excbange in, 318, 82' 324, 32.5 estrone, 689, 701, 705 Alanine""" transaminase c!usification, tetany in, 639 excretion, 707_700 238 urinary acidity, 318, 324, 325 in ascorbic acid deficiency, 158 Alann reaction, 434, 700, 741 antmon:!a, 319,324.325,842 functions of, 709-713 ACTH and, 680, 700, 741 potassium, 31B, 319, 848 gluconeogenesi~ and, 423, 437, epinephrine and, ti8O, 100, 741 Alkyl tra.nsferases, classification, 234 711-712 hypothalam11$ in. 680. 700, 741 Alkylhal1da5e, 250 ,ground substance lI-JId, 23, 778 tryptophan pyrrolase in, 596 Allantoin. from purine catabolism, 518 in bod)' fluid regulation, 300 Albinism, 8OJ, 780 in urine, 844 in fat m.obili.,;ation, 496, 506, 112 Albumin(s) Allergic ,tate, 540 in urine, 707-709 dllS$i£cation, :s2, 53 Allocholane, 684 ill a.scorbic acid deficiency, 158 egg. composition, 59 Allopregnane, 684 insulin antagonism, 43,'),437. 725 (1'1 blood, 558, 806 Allopurinol, 519 insulin resi.slBnce, 445 amount. 5.'59, SOB AIlClSteric eff~ts., 769 interconvenion, 705, 705, 709 decreased, 807 Alloxan, dillbet..s mellitus after, 444 17-ketosteroid! from, 6Be, 709 edema and, 807 diabetogenic action, prevention by metabolic effects, 709-712 factors influencing. BOfl !lUlfbydryl compounds, 444 metabolism, 704-700 in u.rine, 84'i:l Allylisopropylacetamide. in experi II-oxygenated corticosteroids, 702, plasma, COmpo5(tion, 59 menta} porphyria. 820 705, 700-713 physical properties, 560 Alpha ollidation, 471 progesterone, 696, 701, 705, 700 transport of bilirubin, 616 Altrose .itructure, 7 s",cretion regulation, 700 Albwninoim. See Scleroprotetna, Aluminllm, effect on plll)lipbate tests for, 703 Alcaptonuria, 600, 846 absorption, 164, 632 AdrenocorticOids, from progesterone, Alcohol(s). See abo Ethanel, rachitogenic action, 164, 632 697, 705, 700 dehydrogenase, 148,358, 4(),') Alyeolar sit tetra~ydr[) derivatives, 70S, 708 fatty liver and. 503, 505 carbon dionde in, 283 Adrenocorticotropic honnove oxidation of, 278 oxYgen in, 28J actions, 739 porphyria and, 614 water vaper in, 283 and adremtl hormone synthesis, Alcoholism, porphyria and, 620 "Amethopterin" IS anti-folic acid, 706,739 Aldebyde(s), reduction of, 277 006,673 way, 739 Aldebyde dehydrogenase d~i- g -!uuldase classificatiOn, 248 chemistry, 739 6cation, 358 Amidases, c1a!l1'imcatioo, 24R effect of adrenocortical hormones, Aldehyde oJddase clagsillcation, 35.'5 Amide formation from fatty acids, 472 706,740 Aldola5es. cl~fication, 253 Amidinase~, c1anilication, 248 of epinepbrine on, 700 in giycolyliis, 403 Amidine lyases, classi6cation, 253 011 adrenal, 700, 739 Aldonic acids, 18 Amine tfansacetytues, classificatlon, on adrenal lUcorbic acid, 158 Aldoses 2.:1. on adrenal hormones, 700, 739 daSllilication, 6 Amino acid(s) on :.ucorbic ecid, 700, 740 definition, 6 abbreviated name..i, 00 on blood glucose, 740 ~dudng properti~, 10, 21 acidic, 57 on carbohydrate metaboli.5m, 437 structure, 7 Activation, in proteLII synthesiS, 739, 740 Aldo.sterone, 702, 703, 705, 706-711. 524, 553, 775 on eOl;inochHs, 740 See also Adrenocortical homwnu. alipbatic, 51 en fat mobilization, 498 aotagoni.51s of, 675 amldases, 248 en lipids, 740 i\l body fluid regulation, 309 antmonia fonnation in kidney. 570 on Iympbocytt:s, 740 secretion, angiotensin in, 707, 837 analog~, Activation, 554. OIl melanocytes, 740, 149 renin in, 707, 837 aromatic, 51 on nitrogen balance, 740 Alkali as buJJcn, 71 00 phosphorylase, 227, 400 admtnistraUon, alkalosis after, 324 as charged partid~, 68 in a1ann reaction, 680, 700, 741 effect on carbohydratc, 30 oasic, 56, 57 in phospborylase uctivatioll, 400 on iron a.bsorption, 640 blood glucose from, 433 secretion. 740 rescrve, 313 bromine-water reaction, 93 elect of adrenocortical honnonc5, Alkaline hematin, 133 carhohydrat Amino acid{s) (Continued) L-Amino acid oxidase, 500 AmphetlUlline, 671 Animal protein factor, 198, OS eHect of adrenocortical bormones, Amino groupIl, detection and deter Amylase(s) Anion(s) 564,712 mination, 91-93 action on starch, 18, 259, 263 as acids, 312, 313 decarboxylaseJ, inhibition of. 224 metabolic pool of, 542 hepatic, function, 401 distribution, Gibbs-DOIUWl. e determination, 90-99 Amino sugar(s), 6, 21 in blood, 813 304-306 dipolar ions, 69 in polysaccharide5., 22 in feces, 274 in blood plasma, 300-302, 8S dissociation constants, 70 metabolism, 420 intracellular, 243, 401 in extracellular .fluids, 3OO-3l electrodialysi:o, 95 polymeTS, 22 pancreatic, 263 in intracellular fluids, 300-3l: electrophoresis, 68 Amino sugar acids, 21 s.lL\ivary,259 Anion-cation balance, 312-325 enzymatic determination, 99 Aminoaciduria, 843 a-, P-Amylases, classificatiou, 243 also Actd-ba"e balance. essential, 546 Aminoacyl adenylates, in protein occurrence, 243 Anionic site, 212 biosynthesis, 548 synthesis, 554 AmyLo-I,6-g1ucoliddase, 399 Annealing, 115 in diet, $46, 655 Aminoacyl-sRNA s}'I1thetases, Amylo (1,4--+1,6) transglucosidase,397 Anomer, 9 Buorodinitrobenzene reaction, 63, 93 classification, 255 Amylopeclins, 18, 19 p-alanine in, 583 formol titration, 91 Aminoacylases, 248 Amylose(s), 18, 19 histidine ln, 583 from glucose, 394, 548, 550 Aminoo.dipate, fornlation from lysine, iodine reaction, 30 structW"e, 61 general metabolic reactions, 566 576 Amytal, as inhihitor of oxidative "Antabuse," 472 gillcogenic, 392, 423, 573 in lysine biosynthesis, 548 chain, 364 Antagonism, biologic&l or JneU uconeOgeneSis' 392, 423, 573 p-Aminohenzoate, 196, 197 Anabolism, 326 659-676 utamine pathway, 569 antagonism by p-lUIlinosalicyla.te, 672 Analogs, inhibitory, of folic acid, 203 Anterior pituitary growth horm ~eterocyclic, 57 by sulfonamides, 659, 665 of substrates, 659 Soe""-__ Hopkins-Cole reaction, 93 as B vitamin, 196 Anaphylaxis, 540 Anterior pituitary harmoaes. ! in antibiQtics, 56 competition with sulfonamides, 197 Androgellll under name, of ind1vtch in diet, 654-657 folic acid and, 196, 197 antagon.i.olm by estrOgeILS, 675 mones. imbalance, 547 from p-nitrobenzaldehyde, 277 biologic.lL\ actions, 688 diabetes mellitus after, 44.5 684~686 in protein digestion, 261, 262, 265 Q-Aminobutyrate biosyntheSis, diabetogen.ic action, 437, 745 in proteins, and biological value, as neurohonnone, 751, 786 gonadotropin and, 743 effect on blood glucose, 445 654-057 formation from glutamate, 582 chemistry, 684 on carbohydrate metabollm availability of, 655 functions in brain, 582 conjugation, 685, 68tl on glucose utilization, 434, incorporation into protein, 551-558 in methionine metabolism, 585 effect on blood amino acids, 8ll 74.5 individual metabolic patbways, in threonine metabolism, 576 on blood urea, 811 on berokinase, 397, 437, 74f 575-602 metabolism, 582 on bones, 635, 688, 735 fat mobilization, 498, 507 interconversions, 515 -y-Aminobutyrlltc transaminase on c.lL\cium metabolism, 635, 888, Anthranilate, formation, 596 isoelectric point, 71 classification, 235 735 in byptophan biosyntheli&, ~ isotope dilution method, 95 Aminoethanc sulfmate, 585 on chloride metabolism, 688 Anthrone test, 28 ketogenic, 448, 574 p-Aminoblppurate clearance, 832~834 on creatine metabolism, 688 Antibiotics Kjeldahl method, 94 Aminoimidazolecaroowmide accumu on enzymcs, 688 D-lUIlino acids in, 56 metabolic interrelations, 575 lation by sulfonamide-inhibited on estrogen secretion, 688 as antimetabolltes, 863 microbiological deternlination, 99 bacteria, 665 on gonadotropin secretion, 688, biotin deficiency after. 195 Millon's rellCtion, 93 Aminoimidazolecarbo:tamide ribotidc in 742 glYCO.'lide, 14 "natur.lL\," 56 purine synthesis, 517 on growth, 688 inhibition of pan.tbyroId ...... neutral, 57 p-Amirioisobutyratc, iu pyrimidine on pigmentation, 781 163, 733 catabolism, 522 ninhydrin reaction, 92 on protein metabolism, 563, 565, of vitamiD D, 163 nitroprusside reaction, 94 a-Amino, p-ketoadipatc 688 vitamin K de6c1eocy after, 113 in glycine metabolism, 577, 608 on sodium metabolism, 688 nitrow- acid reaetion (Van Slyke), 91 Anticoa~.), 798., 802 oxi~es, classification, 355 in porphyrin synthesis, 008 on urine citrate, 688, 845 bepariD ... 802 oxidation. energy yield, 574 t5-Aminolevulinatc on water balance, 688 Antidiuretic actioo of apoferrttIn oxidative dcamination, 566 detection, 140 estrogens from, 685, 686 of vasopressin, 749, W excretion in porphyria, 614, 619 cxcretion, 684-687 Pauly reaetion, 94 Antidiuretic bOrIDOlWl, action, 741 phenol reagent (Folin), 93 in glycine metabolism, 577, 008 from adreual cortex, 684, 701, 705 82.5 in porpbyrin s}'I1thesis, 608 precUlSOTS of nicotinic acid, 183, 596 from progesterone, 685, 697, 707, 709 diabetes inripidwJ and, 740, in vitamin B synthcsis, 200 u: qualitative tests for, 90-99 12 in tissues, 684 effect on renal tubuJer, 749, 82 rotation. optical, 58 6-Aminolevulinate synthetase, in urine, 684-687 hypodl.lL\amic regulation, 747 induetiou and inhibition, 611, Sakaguchi reaction, 94 17-ketosteroids from, 685, 686 in body fluid regulation, 300 613, 614, 621 separation and detcrmination, 00--99 metabolic effeels, 687 seeretion, 747 AminoOXYllCetate, 582 sequence in proteiILS, "code" metabolism, 684-686 Antifolates, inhibitOR in purlDe Aminopeptidase, in protein eud hypothesis, 554-557 oceurrenee, 684 synthesi&, 516, 673 group analysis, 64 significance, 58 secretion, effect of luteinizing in thymidylate synthesis, 521, e solubility product method, 95 leucinc, 245 hormone, 743 Antihemophilia globulin, fl)() specific dynamic action, 333 "Aminopterin" as anti-folic acid, 203 Androstane, 690 Antihemophilic factor, BOO stereocbemistry, 56 673 Audrostanedione, 685, 686 Antihistaminics, 672 structures, 56, 57 Aminopterin, inhibitor in pW"ine Androstencdioue, 6&5, 705, 706 AntiHpotropism, 500J sulfur-containing, 57 synthesis, 516, 673 Androsterone, 684-887 Antimalarial naphtboq~as sulfur (alkali-labile) test, 94 structure, 674 Anemia inhibitors of oxidative chaJ[ titrntable groups, 68 p-Aminosalicylate as antagonist, 672 abnonnal hemoglobins, 126-128 Antimetabolites, 659 titratiou curves, 71 Aminotripeptidase, 245 macrocytic, in folic acid defieiency enzymie synthesiS of, 663 transacylase class.ification, 232 Ammonia, in blood, 811, 812 20J narur.lL\ly occuning, 663 transamination, 568 in hepatic disease, 570 in vitamin B12 deficiency, 20J Antimycin A, as inhibitor of transdeamination, 569 utilization in synthesis, 569 meg.lL\oblastic, iu ascorbic acid o~dative chain, 364 "un-natural," 58 Ammonia fornlation, in kidney, 319, deficieney, 158 Antioxidants, 44, 167, 168 uptake by tissues, 541 570 in folic acid deficicncy, 202-204 tocopherols, 44, 167, 188 urea fornlation, 570 from amino acids, 570 in scurvy, 198 vitamin E, 44, 167, 168 urine ammonia from, 319. 570, 826, from glutamine, 570 in vitamin ~2 deficiency, 202-2CK Antiparullel-cbain pleated sheet, • 841 Ammonia lya.se5., elassification, 253 microcytic, in copper defieiency, EK4 Antipemicions anemia factor, 19!1 Ammonium cbloride acidosis, 322, 842 xanthoproteic reaetion, 93 Angiotensin, 837 See abo VitamIn Bu. zwitterions, 69 Ammonium nitrate acidosis, 322, 842 and aldosterone secretion, 707,837 AntiplasmiILS, 8m D-Amino acid ori~e, 566 Amniotic fluid, composition, 817 Anhydride hydrolases, 249 INDEX 855 Animal protein factor, 198,657 Antispasmodics, mechanism of action, Ascorbic acid {Continued) ,I " Anion\s) 009 defiCiency, hlood ueorbic add, 1157 as acidol, J12, 313 Antitluonilin, 802 bone defects, 157 'i distribution, Gibbs-Donnan cffect, Antithromboplastin, 802 connective tis$ue in, 157 304-300 AutitL.yroid agents, 720-722 defective tyrosine metabolism in, 156 Iii' in blooo plluma, 300-30'2, 625.812 Antitrypsin dental defects, 157 ;1 in extracellular Buids. 300-302 cottorueed oil, e.5J, 657 detection, 157 ',I~ in intracellular fluids, 300-303 egg-white, 262 folinic acid in urine, 198 Anion-cation balance, 312-325. See sOYDeat\, 262., 657 b.emorrhages, 157 ! also Acid-base balance. Apatite in bone, 636 megaloblastic anemia, 198 ! Anionic site, 212 Apoenzyme. deJlnition, 2.14 occWTence, 152, 156 II Annealing, 115 Apoferritin symptoms, 156 Anomer, 9 antidiuretic action. 640 tests for, 1157 "I, p~ll.lat\inc in, 583 in iron metabolism, 640-642 urine ascorbic acid, 157 Iii 640 histidine in, 583 vasudepres.'llJr acl::km, destruction, 153, 154 1,1 structure, 61 Apolar bond in proteins, 80 distribution, 155 "Antahuse," 472 Aqueous bumor glucose in, 432 effect on capillaries, 156, 157, 158 Antagonism, biological or metabolic, Arllbillose, occWTence, 12 on collagen, 156 I' 659-676 structure. 7 on connective ti!M.IC, 156. 157 'II Anterior pituitary growth hormone. AllLchidonate on ground substance. 156, 157, 778 II Sec Sumatotropic horJno.ne. essential nature, 36, 462 on liyaluronid-.we. 158 Anterior pituilAry honnODe~. See al.~o metabolism. 463 on tyrosinase, 781 'I' under uam~ of individual hor structure, 3S excess, 158 II mones. Arginase excretion, 156 ~ dillbeles mellitulJ after, 445 classification, 248 from glucose, 155, 421 diabetogenic action, 437, 745 in ornithi.ne cycle, 5il functions, 156 effect on blood glucose. 445 manganese and, 645 in adrenal, 704, 740 on carbohydrate metabolism, 437 occurrence, 248 effect of ACTH. 158 on glucose utilization, 434, 437, regula.tion, 770 in blood, 155, 157 745 Arginine cells, 154, 157 on he:lO~inBse, 397, 431, 746 bacterial action on, 273 platelets, 155, 157 fat mobilization, 498. 507 conversion to glutamate, 582 in cerebrospiDal fluid., 81i Anthranilate, fonnation. 500 detection uf, 94 10 collagen synthMis, 582 ill tryptophlUl biosynthesis, 548 ezeretWn in cystinuria, 587 in fetus, 155 Anthrone test, 28 in creatine syuthes:b, 578 in folic acid metaboliam, 156. 158, 197 Antibiotics in omithine cycle. 571 in folinic a.dd synthesis, 197 v-amino acids in, 56 metabolism. SBl in foods, 154 w; Illltim",tabolites. 6fD putrescine from, 273 i.ll iron mobi.Uz.ll.tion, 156 biotin deficieocy after. 195 _.57 ill milk. 154. 795 glYCOllide, 14 synthesis from citru1Une, sa in ozi.datiOPll, 3ff1 inhibitillD of paralhyroid bonnone. ~.cldification. 253 in pluma., 155, 1~7 un, 733 Argininosuccioate, in ornithine cycle. in proline metabonsm, 582 of vitamin D. 163 571 in tyrosine metabolism, 156. (IO() yjfamip J( deBcieDcy after. 173 Argtninosuccioate lyase class:ification, in urine, 156. 157 AnliroogWaa~.). 71l8. 802 253. See also ArginlnostJednase. in vitamin A dellciency, 158 heparin ... IlO2 Argioinosuccinate synthetase classilica intrac:lennal test, 158 Antiaiuretic action of apoferritin, 8ro _255 metabolism, 155 of vuopressin. 7-49. 825 ArgininosuCCinwill, 571 occurrence, 154 Antidiuretic honnooe, action, 749. Aromatic am,[oo adds, metaoolism, 597 osteoid formation and, 156. 157. 6.15 B25 Arsenate, in uncoupling phull}lhuryla oxalic acid from, 156, B44 Jillbetes inSi.piduJ and. 749, 825 tions, 384, 3B5 purported antagonism by glucoas effect on renal tubules, 7-49, 825 Anen:ic. in skin. 780 corbic acid, 667 hyfOt!WawJc regulation, 747 in urine. 849 reducing activity. 153 in body 8uid regulation, 309 Arsenicals, action rm sulfhydryl groups, roql)ircment, 159 secretion, 747 223 ~ effect of thyroxine, i19 Antifolate5, inhibitors in purine A.nenochollne, lipotropic action. 504 !la.turation t9St, 157 synthesis, S16, 673 i\ryl hydroryla&e (microsomal) cla.ssi.ll.ca structure, 20, 153 in thymidylate synthesis, 521, 673 lion. 356 teeth and, 156, 157, 'nO Antihemophilia globulin. BOO Arylsulflll8se classification, 240 tests for, 154 Antihemophilic factor. 800 {)Ccurrence, 240 Asparaginase, 248 Antihistaminics, 672 Ascorhic acid, 152-159. Aspartase, 253 Antilipotropism, 504 absorption, 155 Aspartate .o\ntimalarial naphthoquinones, 8S actiVity, 153, 158 convenion to p-alanine, 191. 583 inhibltOrs of oxidative cham, 364 adrenal hormone ~yuthesis and, 704, in ornithine cycle, 571 .utimetabolites, 659 740 in pwine loterCl:)fiversions, 517, 518 em:yrnic synthesis of, 663 as artificial electrou-dol1Or, 362 in purine synthesis, 515 naturally occurring, 663 assay, 154 metabolism. 581 Antimycin ..... lU inhibl.tor of biosynthesis, 154. 155 structure, 57 oxidative chain, 364 capillary resistance, 158 Allpartllte hlUUaIni_ clll.SS1£icaUOll, Antioxidants, 44, 167. 168 ch6IIlistry, 153 235 tocopherols,44, 167, 168 D- and L-forms, 153 Aspartic acid. Sec AspOrlate. vitBmin E, 44, 167, 168 deficiency. 156 Asymmetric caroon atoms., 6 Antiparallel-cbain pleated .sheet, 76 adrenal cholesterol in, 158 in amino acids. 56 Antipemicious anemia factor, 1911.-204 adrenal function In, 158 in carbohydrates. 6 See also V'tamln Bu. lUlemia, 158 (n phospholipids, 37 Antiplasmins, 800 aromatic acids in wine, 1&:1. 000, 846 A.T. 10, 161 856 INDEX INDEX AtheroscJero'iis, lipoproteins and, 46, 490 Basal metabolism (Continued) Bile (Continued) Biliverdin relation to c1ellring factors, 492 in disease, 332, 333 stimulation by secretin, 752 formation, 615 ATP. See Ad2noainetriphoaphate(,s) in prcgnancy, 332 thyroxine in, 629, 716 in bile, 268 ATP-citrate lyase classification, 253 physiological variations, 332, 333 Bile acids physical properties, 138 Atractylate, inhibition of phospbol)' standards, 332 absorption, 267 Structure, 137 lating oxidation, 384 thyroid and, 332, 717 bile flow stimulation, 268 Biocytin, 194 Atropine. 009 biosynthesis, 267, 478 Bioenergetic 5ystems, 372 Autonomic nerves and neurohonnones, """bufFcr, .11.1, 320 chemistry, 43, 47 Bioenergetics, 369--389. See also 680, 751, 785-787 cations as, 313 cholesterol solubility, 268 P'=POOre, high- Biliverdin Blood (Contin~ Blood lContinued) formation, 615 a.'lcorbic acid, 155, 157 fructO!ie. Boa in bile, 268 bile acidl, 610 functions of, 797 physical properti.eli, 138 and blood cholesterol, 810 general characteristic.... 798 structure, 137 calcium, 633-635, 637 globulins, 558, 807 Biocytin, 194 after parathyroidectomy, 730 abnonnal, 807. 808 Bioenergetic systenu, 372 and parathyroid honnone secretion, s.mount, 559, 806 Bioencrgetics, 369-389. See aha 838. 733 factors inftuencing. 806-808 PMsphate, hlgh-erwrgy. diffusible, 633 fractionation, 558, 806 of amino acid oxidation, 574 eRect of estrogens. 695, 735 glucosamine, 808, 809 of carbollydrate oxidation, 414 of parathyroid hormone, 633, glucole, 4Jl of fatty acid oxidation, 468 634,637, 730 after pancreatectomy, 443, 725 of glycolysis, 375, 408 of phosphatc, 635 effect of adrenocortical hormones, Biological antagonism. 659--676 of thyrocalcitonin, 638, 714, 736 434, 4.'37, 711 Biological oxidations, 345-368 of vitamin D. 163, 165, 634 of adrenocorticotropin. 740 electron transfer, 349 on bone formation, 636 of epinephririe. 434, 43-7. 701 hydrogen transfer, 351 on magnesium, 631 of glncagon, 438, 728 nature of reaetions, 346 in alkalosiS. 639 of insulin, 433-437, 72."i of carbohydrates, 393 non-dilfusiblc, 633 of norepinephrine, 4J7. 701 of lipids, 465 plasma proteins and, 633 of somatotropin, 4J5, 4.17, 145 signincanee, 346 carhohydrlltes in, 431, BOO of thyroxine, 438, 718 Biological value of proteins, 654-657 earbon dioride, 284, 287-291 on brain ~lyeogeo, 783, 784 Biotin, 193-196 and respiration, 284 on epinephrine ~ecretion, 434, 700 autillpotropic action, 001 content, 2.84., 'l87-291 glutathione, 811 8.558y, 194 a.~ hiearbonate, 288-291 gonadotropio,692-694,741-744 a.ttachment 10 lysine, 595 in solntion, 289 in pregnancy. 692-694, 742-744 biosynthesis, 194 partiAl preS51ue, 2~, 288, 302 groups, poly'iaecharides, 799 ,B-biotin. 193 celh, composition of, 803-805 ~pecific snbstances, 2.2, 7W chemistry, 193 changes, in folic acid dcflcicney, 203 hematocrit values, 79B, 799 defiCiency, 195 in pantothenic acid deficiency, 193 hemoglobin content, 285 .after antibiotics, 195 in pemidous anemia., 2<12-204. hydrogen coneentration and respira after avidin, 193, 195 in pyridoxine deficieney, 189, 190 Hon, 284. See also Hydrogen ion after egg-while, 193, H15 in riboflavin deficiency, 182 concentrntion, elcretion, 19."i in vitamin Bu deficiency, 200 P-hydroxybu!(,rate, 810 functions, 195 chloride, effeet of adrenocortical lodine,6Z9, ,16 in blood, 81."i hormones, 624, 700, 826 effect of thyrotropin, 737, 738 in CO2 assimilation, 195, 413 eholesterol. 493, 809 iron. 641 ill decarboxylatJon, 195 after panereatectomy. 443, 494. ketone bodie!, 467, 810 in P-decarboxylatJon, 177, 195, 413 506, 725, 727 laetate. 429-430, 808 in fatty ;sdd l>-yntheSis, 45\} amount, 493, 809 effeet of epinephrine, 437, 701 in feces. 195 bile acids and. 8"10 lactose, ~ in foods, 194 effeet of thyroxine, 494, 507, 718 lead, 812 in milk, 194, 195 in diabete$ mellitus. 443, 494, 506, lipase, 813 in propionate rlletalJuliml, 472 727 lipids, 469, 800 in urine, 195 in liver disease, 494. 810 after meal, 400, tHO inactivil.tion by avidin, 195 cholesterol e.ter., amount, 493, 809 after nicotinic add, 186 metabolism, 194 polyunsatw"ated fatt)' ac-id contenl, after pancreatectomy, 443, 494, 495, occurrence, 194 483 500, 725, 127 requirement, 196 citrate, 808, 809 amuunt, 493, 8Ol:J storage, 195 coagulation, 799-802 factors influencing, 493-496. 810 Bitot's spots, 149 ealcium .and, 631. 800-802 in carbohydrate restriction, 469, Biuret reuction, 94 cephalin and, 37. 487, 8O(l 496, 810 Blood in hypoprothromhinemia, 173 ill diabetes mellitus, 44J, 494, 495, acetoacetate, 810 in vitamin i:. deficiency, 173 506, 727 acetone, 810 inhibitors, 802 ill pregnanc)', 494, 495. 8Hl ac~d phosphllta:;C, 814 phospholJpids in, 487 in starvation. 469, 496, 810 albumin in. 558 plasma factoes, 799-802 lllaglle~ium, 631 amount, 559, 806 platelet factors, 799-801 diffusibility, 631 decreased, 807 collection of. 79R mangane:;e, 645 edema I/.nd, 807 eolloid rumotic pressure, 306, 198, 807 nicotinamide in, 185 .£actors influencing, 806 composition of, 797-EW'i nonprotein nitrllgen, amount, bl0-812 alkaline phosphatase, 813 copper, 64J components, 544, 810 effect of parathyroid honnone, 732 creatine, 811, 812 elIt:ct of somatotropiC hormone. amino acids, amoufJl, 811 creatinine, 811, 812 563, 745 • eJfect of androgens, 811 in kidney disea.'le. RH! Blood (Continued) Blood (Continued) Brain (Continued) Calcium (Continued) phosphate, effect sodium, effect of adrenocortical glycolysis in mitochondria, 408 in bone, in vitamin D el:Ce55, of parathyroid hormone, 634, honnones, 308, 626, 710, 825 metabolism in, 783-788 labile deposit, 636, 637 730, 731 specific gravity, 798 oxygen uptake in thiamine stablc deposit, 636, 637 of vitamin D. 165, 634 sulfate, 628 deficiency, 178 in cerebrospinal fiuid, 817 38 on blood calcium, 635 ethereal, Wl7 pbosphoinositides in. in e.rtracellular Buids 3OO-3( on bone formation. 636 inorgll.Dic, 627 requirement for pyrimidiDes, 522 in feces, 638, 848 ' urea synthesis in, 571-572 phospholifid5 amount, 493, BOO sulfur, Wl8 . in vitamin D deficieocy, 16 effect 0 thyrorine, 495, 507, 718 neutral, 628 Branching enzymes, c1usification, 233 III foods, 639 plasma thyroJine, 629, 716 in glycogen synthesis., 397 in milk, 639. 795 anions, 300-302 trantammases, 814 Bretylium, 671 in mwcle contraction, 428 bicarbonate. content, 289, 320-325, urea, amount, 811 British anti-Lewisite (BAL), as inhibitor in phosphorylase activation ~ 812 effect of androgens, 811 of oxidative chain, 364 in plasma, 300-302, 633 ' deficit, 321-323, 325 of somatotropin, 563, 745, 811 protection of sulfhydryl groups, 223 in teeth, 779 excess, 3.21, 324 factors influencing. 570, 811 Bromobenzene detoxicatiou, 280 in urine, 638, 848. See also U in acidosis., 321-324 in kidney disease, 570, 811 Bromouracil, mechanism of action, 675 calcium in alkaloiids, 321, 324, 325 in liver disease, 811 5-Bromouracil, incorporation into after parathyroidectomy, 731 buffer base. 313,320 in pregnancy, 811 DNA,528 eHect of parathyroid hol'IIlOl buffer systems, 314-317 uric acid., amount, 811, 812 5-Bromouracil derivatives, antagonists 730 bicarbonate, 314-311 factors influencing, 519, 812 of thymine, 522 of thyrOxine, 638, 719 735 for carbonic acid, 288-291, 315 in gout, 812 Brposted fonnulation, 69, 312 in vitamin D deficiency: 165 for fixed acids., 315 in kidney disease, 812 BuHer-base, 313, 320 . in vitamin D el:Cess, 166 organic acid, 314 in leukemia, 812 of plasma, 313, 320 Intake and vitamin D deBciem: phosphate, 314 in liver disease, 812 BuHer systems metabolism, 631-640 protein, 314 in pregnancy, 812 bicarbonate, 314-316 acidosis and, 639 carbonic acid content, 289, venous carbon dioxide in, 283, for carbonic acid, 288-291, 315 for fixed aCids. 315 . and citrate metabolism, 637 320-325 286-291 androgcns and, 635, 68S, 73lii hemoglobin, 288-291, 315 in acidosis, 321-324 oxygen in, 284-287 effcct of vitamin D, 163-HI5 in alkalosis, 3.21, 324, 325 vitamins, 815. See also under names efFcct of oxygenation, 288--291, 315 634,638 • carbonic acid deficit, 3.21, 323. 325 of individual vitamins. oxygeuatcd, buHer capacity, 288 estrogens and, 635, 695, 735 carbonic add exces Clllciwn (Continued) Carbamino-C02 (Continued) Carbohydrate(s) (Continued) in bone, in vitamin D excess, 166 in plasma, 2S9, 291 metabolism, anaerobic, labile deposit, 636,6.']7 Carbamino compounds reversibility, 405 stable deposit, 636,637 fonnatiOfl, eo triose fonnatlon, 402 in cerebrospinal Buid, 817 in blood. 289, 291 anterior pituitary hormone! and, in extracellnlar Bni.ds, J,(X}-302, 6J3 reaction, 60 437 in feces, 638, 848 Carbamoyl-aspartate in pyrimidine Carl cycle in, -\;25 in vitamin 0 deJki"ncy, 165 syntheSis, 520 effect of adrenocortical honnones, in foods, 639 Carbamoyl-phosphate in ornithine 437, 711 in milk, 6'39, 795 cycle, 571 of insulin, 436, 126 in 1DlL'iCle contraction, 428 in pyrimidine syntheSis, 520 of somatotropin, 437, 745 in phosphorylase activation, 400 Carbamoyl trand"erases, cllUsification, endocrine influellce!l;, 436 in plilmla, 300-302, 633 231 energy production, 408, 414 in teeth, 779 Carbazole reaction, 28 fat metabolism and, 447, 5()7, 002 in urine, B38, 848. See also Urine Carbobydra.ses glycolysls, 395 calcium definition, 242 hexose phosphates in, 395-408 after p8Iathyroidectomy, 730 in digestion, 258 honnonal inlluences. 436 cffect of parathyrOid honnone, 638, intestinal, 264 in adipose tissue, 423 730 pancreatic, 263 in blain. 7&1, 784 of ,thyroxinc, 638, 719, 735 salivary, 2.59 in diabetes mellitus, 443, 726 in vitamin 0 deficiency, 165 Carbohydrate(s} in erythrocyte, 424 in vitamin D excess, 166 absorption. 270, 390 in kidney, 423 intak-<: and vitll.ffiin D deficiency, 164 acetals, e, 13 iDSllIin and, 436 metabolism, 631--640 amino acids from, 394, 548, 550 lactate in, 405 acidosis and, 639 asymmctric carbon atoms, e muscle in, 424, 790 and citrate metabolism, 637 biological significance, 4 oxidative step, 403 androgens and, 635, 688, 735 caloric valuc, 326 pentQse in, 416 effect of vitamin D, 163-165, 633, chemistry, 4-3) phosphorylation ln, 395, 402, 404, 634,638 clas Carbohydrate(s) (Continued) Carboxyl eden, energy level of Catatorulin effect, 178 Chitin, 22 water from, 293 linkAge..177, 318 Catechol, inhibitor of clLtecholamme Cbloramphenicol, as anlagonill I-Carbon unit. See abo Fmmau group8. Carboxyl groups, detennination of, 90 methylation, 6il phenylalanine, 663 and folinic acid, 201 pK,70 Catechol O-methyl transfersse, 699, 700 inhi.bition of protein synlh_ and vitamin Bu. 201 Carboxyl phosphates, energy level of Catecholamines, antagonism of, 669 Chloride metabolism, 588-594 linkage, 377, 378 metabolism, 600--601, 700 absorption, 624 Carbon dioxide Carboxylll.5e in fennentatioo, 405 Cathep~m -bicarbonate shift, 290. 315 assimilation, 413 Carboxylesterase c1lUSificalion, 240 classification, 2.45 distribution, 626 in fatty acid synthesis. 458 Carboxylic ester hydrolases, in protein catabolism, 558 Gibbs-Dotullln effect and, 3 in leucine metabolism, 580 classiJication, 240 occurrence, 245 e~cretion, 624, 847 buffering by hemoglobin, 288-291, Carboxypeptidase, 262 role in metabolism. 247 extracellular fluid, JOI, 626 315 action, 262 specificity, 2.45 in blood, 301, 625, 812 capacity of pla'mlll, 289, 320-325 classification, 245 Catiorul effect of adrenocortical bon in acidosis, 321-324 in protein end-group analy~is, 64 as bases, 313 624, 700, 826 in alkalosis. 321, 324, 325 nature, 2.l32 distribution, Gibbs·Donnan effect, plasma, 301, 62.5, 812 eombioing power, 289, 320-325 occurrence, 245 304-300 in cerebrospinal fluid, 817 in IIddosi5, 321-324 speCificity, 244 in blood plasma, 300-302 in digestive fluids, 624 in alkalosis. 321, 324, 325 Carcinogenesis, relation to nuclcic in extracellular fluids, 300-302 in ertracellular fluidl, 301, 621 content of plasma, 289, 320-325 acids, 533 in intracellular fluids, 300--303 effect of porlliSi\1m less, 627, in Ildrlosis. 321-324 Carcinoid, malignant. excretion of Cell, prototypc, 2 in intracellular fluids, 301, 30C in alkalos.b, 321, 324, 325 hydroxyindoleacetate, 594, 596 Cell membrane~, permcability to in muscle, 303, 628 exchange in lungs, 283 Cardiolipin, 39 electrolytes, 300 in perspiration, 294, JZ2, 624 exchange in tissues, 283, 289 Carnitine as acyl-carrier, 459, 465 Cellulose, 5 iu urinc, 624, 847. See alllO Ur fixation, hiotin in, 195 CamOlliull.'lc, c\llll;Sification, 245 dtetary and intestinal motility, 652 chloride. ill alveolal air, 2B3 Carnosine fermentation in ruminants, 390 effect of thyrOxine, 719 in atmosphere, 283 ,8-alanine in, 583 functions, 5, 17 intake, 624 in blood, 283, 287-291 histidine in, 583 structure. 17. 19 intennediary metaboliml, 628 a:; bicarbOllate, 288-291 structure, 61 Cementum, i79 intracellular Huhl, 301, 303, 62 as carbamino-C02, 289, 291 Carotene in blood, 815 Centrifugation, dcusity gradient, 115, metabolism, 62.'J.--827 carbamino compounds, 289, 291 a-Cilfotene, 144 117 effect of adrenocortical hann in solution, 289 ,B-Cuotene, 144 CepbaHn(s) 624, 709, 826 increment in tissues, 289 structure, 44, 144 blood coagulation and, 37, 487, 800 of androgcns, 688 loss in lun~, 291, 316 1-Carotene, 144 catabolism, 486 of estrogens, f:I95 in erythrocytes, 290 Carotenemia, 152 chemistry, 37 shift, 290, 315 in expired lIir, 283 Cllrctenoids, 144 da5.'lification, 33 Chloride space, 298 in pla5ma, 288-291 absorption, 146 ethanolamine, 37 Cblorocobalamin, 200. See also milliequivalent value, 301 bilc acidl in, 268 fatty acids in, 37 Vitamin Bu. illOhydric transport of, 290, 315 as provitamins A. 44, 144 in brain, 37, 782 Chlorophyll and carotenoids, 146 partial pressurc in glveolar gir, 283 biological activity, 143-14.5 in erythrocytes, 803 Chlorophylloproteins, cl&s.sificatiol in atmosphere, 283 chemistry, oW, 144 in platelets, 805 52,53 in blood, 283, 286, 288 chlorophyll and, 146 serine, 37 Chlol'promllzine, 671 and oxygen capacity, 287 classification ll.'l lipids, 33 solubility, 37 Cholane, 684 in e.q>ired air, 283 destruction, 14.5 structure, 38 Cholatc in inspired air, 283 functions, 44, 147 synthesi~ 484 bios)'nthe:sis, 287, 478 production, 283, 287, 302 identification, 145 Cephalin-cholestcrol flocculation, 808 conjugated, ~tructure, 61 reabsorption in kidney, 318 in hlood, 146, 147, 151, 152,815 Ccramide(s), in sphingomyelin in bile, 266 transfer, biotin in, 195 excess, 152 synthesb, 485 structurc. 43, 480 lran5port, 287-291 in fcces, 147 structure, 40 Cholecystokinin, 7."12 Carbon monoxide in foods, 145 CerllSine,40 Choleic acids and lipid absorption s.:; cnz}'me inhibitor, 224, J64 in lipoproteins, 46 Ccrehron, 4() Cho!cstanc, 684 combining capacity, 140 in mm, 146, 147 Ccrebronic acid, 40 Cholesterol inhibition of cytochrome oxidase, 364 in tissues, 145-147 Cerebrmides absorption, effect of p1llnt $lerob Carbonate, in hone, f).16 in urine, 14i chemistry, 40 of unsaturated fatty acids, 41 Carbonate dchydratase classification, metabolism, 147 c1asdfication. 33 facilitation by fat, 453 252. See'also Catbortic anhydTa-1·e. occurrence, 44, 145 galactose in. 13, 40 interference by dihydrocbolest Carbonic acid solubility, 145 in Gaucher's disease, 40, 41 453 in nervous ti~roe, 40, 782. buffer ~ystems for, 288-291, 315 structure, 144 by sito~terol. 453 in erythrocytes, 288-291, 315 tem lor, 145 mctabolism, 488 andrcnocortical honnones from, in plasma, 288-291, 315 Cartilage occurrence, 40, 455 704, 70."1 stnleture, 40 buffering b) hemoglobin. 288-291, eompo~ition. 635, 77B antilipotropic action, 504 315 enzymes in, 635, 638 Ccrebrospinal fluid as prccursor of vitamin D, 159, 1 content of plasma in acidosis, 321 glycogen in, 635, 636, 778 composition, 817 bacterial ilction on, 275 324 Casein fonnation, 8]6 cataooli~1Il to neutral sterol~ 47~ deficit, 321, 323, 325, 340, 344 compos.1tion, 59 glucose, 432 chemistry, 43, 47 excess. 321, 323, 324 digestion, 2el magnesium, 631, 817 choJic acid from, 2.87 in blood pla~ma. 289, 314, 320-325 in milk, 793 thiamine in, 176 conversion to bile acids, 478 in cxtracellular fluids, 301 Catabolism, 326 Cerium, lattv livcr, 50S, .'lOfl to other steroids, 477 in inlracellular ftuid5. 301 Cal9.lases Ceruloplasmin, 643 coprosterol from, 275 production in body, 313 action, 365 phYSical properties, 560 distribution in tissues, 456 CarboniC anhydrase catabolism, 614 Cetyl alcohol, me~lhm, 483 cquilihration bct.....een blood and classification, 252 chemistry, 135 Chastck paralyliis, 178 tissue~, 477 in erythrocytes, 290, 804 clllll;Smcation as proteins, 54 Chaulmoogric lIcid, structure, 35 esterase das!J.fication, 240 in nervous tissue, 783 inhibitors, 365 Chelation, in enzyme action, 216 occurrence, 240 inhibitors of, 675 rate of turnover of iron in, 612 Chemotherapy of infection, metaholic esterification, ~ites, 477 urine acidity ilTld, 317, 318 CatalYSiS, mechanism, 209 antagonism in, 672 esters, digc~tion and abJ Chitin, 22 Cholesterol (Continued) Chondroitin sulfate(5) Chlora.mphenicol, a~ anlllgQllist of esters. digestion and absorption, in mucoprotein, 23, 777 phenylalanine, 663 in blood, amount, polyunsatwated metabolism, 421 inhibition of protein SYT1the~is, 556 fatty .dd content, 483 occurrence, 23 Chloride occurrence, 36, 43 structure, 24 absorption, 624 estrogens from, 690 Chondromucoid, 17B -bIcarbonate shift, 290, 315 "half-life," -177 Chorionic gonadotropi.n, 744 distribution, 626 in adrenal, eHect of aclrenocortic~ in blood, 692-694, 144 Gibbs-Donnan effect and, 304-300 tTOpin, 704, 740 in pregnancy, 692-694, 7-14 elcretion, 624, 841 in IL5COrbic acid deficiency, 158 secretion, 744 extracellular fluid, 301, 626 in bile, 269 Chromatography in blood, JOt 625, 812 in blood, 493, 809 amino acids and general. !¥; effect of adrenocortical hormones, after pIlucrealectomy, 443, 494, carboh)'dr8te~, 26 624, 709, 826 500, 725, 727 fatty adds. 48 plasmil., 301, 625, 812 amount, 493. 809 lipids, 45 in cerebrospinal .fI.uid, 817 bile acids and, 810 nucleic acids, 1I7 in digestive fluids, 624 effect of thyrOxine, 494, 507, 718 purines, 118 in ext1'llceUular fiuids, 301, 625, 626 In diabetes mellitus, 443, 494, 50fl pyrimidines, 118 effect of potQ.S5iurn loss, 627, 710 725, 721 Chromoproteins, classification, 52 in intracellular fluids., 301, 303, 1326 in erythrocyte:., 8M Chromosomes, nucleic acids in, 513. in muscle, 300, 628 in milk, 794 532,775 in perspiration, 294, 322, 624 in mmclC', 790, 791 relaUon to nucleic adds, 513, 532, in urint:, 624, B47. see also Urine in nervous tissue, 781, 782 775 chlDride. in plasma, -193, 809 Chylomicrons, 492, 810 effect of thyroxine, 719 effect of plant ~terols, 495 Chymotrypsin intake, 624 effect of llnsaturated fatty acids, action. 262 intcnnediary metabolism, fl2fl 494 classification. 245 intracellular ftuid, 301, 3m. 626 lipoproteins, 45, 490 nature. 262 metabolism, 6Z]---{l27 in ~kin, 180 properties. 247 effect of adrenocortical honnanes, Liebennann-Bnrchard lest, 47 specificity, 245 624, 109, 826 metabolism, 474 Chymotrypsinogen, 262 of androgem. 086 effect of insulin, 443,477. 494, &>6 activation, 262 of estrogeru, 695 inOSItol and, 205 conversion to chymotrypsin, 2,l7 shift. 290, 315 occurrence, .']~, 42 CiMamate, conjugation with glycine, Chloride space, 298 pTogesteroue from, ~96, 697 279 Chlorocobalamin, 200. See also !Olubility, 43 Cistron, 700 Vitamin 8 11, and bile acids, 268 Citrate Chlorophyll and carotenoids, 146 structure, 43 and bone dissolution, (j37 ChloIopbylll>proteins, clamflcation, synthesis, 474 as acetyl-carrier, 45g 52,53 effect of plant steTols, 495 cleavage enzyme, 411 r:h lorpromazine, 671 end-proouct inhlbition, 770 cycle, 410. See also Tricarbo:rylic Cholane, 684 factors influencing, 477 acid cycle. Cholate sites, 477 in blood, 808, 809 bios)nthesis, 267, 478 Cholesterol; phospholipid ratio in eHect of vitamin D, J63 conjngated, structure, 61 plasma, 490, 495 In bone, 631 in bile, 266 Cholic acid. See CllOlate. effect 01 parathyrOid honnone, 637, structwe, 43, 480 Choline "'31 r:holecystokinin, 152 as iudirect source of methyl groups, in semen, 818 Choleic acids and lipid absorption, 44 589 in tricarbollyliC' acid cycle, .uO Cholestane, 684 defiden.;y, 200 in urine, effect of androgens. 688,845 Cholesterol fatty liver, 206, 502, 504 of estrogeus, 688, 845 absorption, effect of plant slerols, -195 liver damage, 206 of vitamin D, 163 of nnsaturated fatty acids, 494 dehydrogenase, classification, 358 metabolism and calcium metabolism, facilitation by fat, 453 eHect on fatty acid oridation, ,t8R 637 interference by dihydrocho1esterol, formation, 590 and vitamin D, 163 453 in lecithins, 31 Citrate lyase, classification, 253 by sito.~terol, 453 in 1>phlngomyelins, 39 function, 4J 1 llndrenocortical hormones from, inhibition of metabolism by triethyl Citrate synthase, classification, 253 704, 705 analog, 666 in tricarboxYlic llcid cycle, 410 antilipotropic action, 504 lipotropiC action, 5M Citric acid. See Cilrate. as precursor of vitamin 0, 159. 160 olddation to betaine, .')89 cyde, 410. See also 1'ricarborylic bacterial acliun on, 275 te~ts, 47 acid cycle. cataoolism \0 neutral sterols, 478 vitamin Mture, 200 in unne, 11:13, 731, 845. See abo ehemhtry, 43, 41 Choline transacetvlase classification, Urine citric acid. cholic acid from, 267 232 - Citrovorum factor (CF), 196--202. See couversion to bite acids, 478 Cholinephosphatase claMiBcation, 240. aho Folinic acid. to other sterOids, 477 Cholinesterase CItrulline, eonversion to arginine, 571 coprosterol from, 275 and acetylcholine inactivation, 185, in ornithine cycle, 511 clistributioll [n tIssues, 456 787 . Clearance tests, 831-837 equilibration between blood and cla~ification, 240 p_aminohippurate, 832-834 ti-.sues, 417 deficiency, 764 creatmine, 837 esterase c1llS'iification, 240 in nervoUs tissue, 783, 785. 787 Diodrast, 8,']2---834 occurrence, 240 occurrence, 240 inulin, 830--834 esterification, sites, 477 Cholyl·CoA synthetase classification, manuitol, 831-834 esters, digestion and abs0r;P.tion. 453 2~; prinCiple, 8JI distributlon In h~sues, 456 Chondroalbwninoid, 778 urea. B36 in blood, amount, 49.'), 800 Chondroitin oceurrence. 23 uric acid. &37 862 INDEX INDEX "Clearing factors," 492 Collagen (Con"nued) Copr05terol, from cholesterol, 275 Cyclic Structures in proteins, 76 in teeth, 779 Cyclitols, 6, 25, 28 CO2, See Carbon diorick. in feces, 275 Cobalamins, 1.98-204. See abo VItamin in Cyclic structures in proteins, 76 Cytidyl transfera5es, cJa.'t'iification, 236 Dehydrogenases Cyclitols, 6, 25. 28 Cytidylate claJiSifico.tion, 350. 3.58 metabolism, 419 incorporation into nucleic acids, 522 coenzYmes, 351 occwrenc~. 2~, 26 structure, III tlavin~linked, 357 structure. 21'1 synthesis, 521 flavoprotein, 181 Cyclopenunophenanthrene, steroId Cytidylic acid. See GrJtid'Jlate. lipoate-linkea. 360 nucleus 42, 881 Cytochemical localization of enzYIfl~ tllcotinamide nncleotiae.linked, 359 structure of vitamin D, 1M 225 pyridinuprotein, 1&5 Cycloserine, as metabolic antagonist. Cytochemistry,773-775 II-Dehydro-J7-hydroxycortk"Qilerone, Cytochrome(s) 702, 705, 706. See aIm CystatbionllSC,"'" classification, 252 chemistry, 134 AdrentJwrtil:a1 hormonu. in ~teine metabolism, 585, 586 classification 35 proteins, 54 Dehydroisoandrosterune, &l5-687, Cystathionine, 584 ",ffect of thyroriue, 720 no,71l Cystathionine synthet35e classification, in oxidations, 359, 360 Dehydrophytosphingosme,39 252 oxidation potential, 181 Dehydroguinate, 546 Cystathioninuria.,585 Cytochrome c, tllmoyer rate, 613 Denaturation, nllC'leic Ilcids, 114 Cystellte, ~85 Cytochrome oIidne proteins, 87 CYiteate decarboxylase c~tion, actiyatian by phosphatidyl serine,487 c1a.s.siflcatlon, 52, 55 252 dassification, 355 formation, 87 C~telne chernimy, 134 Dentin, 179 bacterial action on, 273 inhibition of, .224, 364 in iI,';(.'Orbic acid deficiency, 157 conjugatioo,. 280 inhibUon, 364 Deoxyadenylo.te ~tructure, 109 with acetic acid,. 280 Cytochro_ n:ductases. 360 synthesls. 518 with benunc. 280 CytoUpin H. 40 De Deoxyribose (Continued) Diabetic puncture, 446 Digestive fluid:; (CQntinued) in nucleic acids, Ifr2, 100 Dialysis, 86 sodium in, 322. 624 Dipeptidases (Continued) occurrence, 11 Diamine oxidase classification, 355 Digitalis glycosides, 14 glycylleucine c1assi.6.catian, 245 phosphates, occurrence, 26, 109, 523 Diaminopimelate, 23, 548 Diglyceride(s). 35. 481. See also Fat(s). Diphosphoglycerate, energy level structure, 12 Diaphorases, 3tH in fat digcstion. 263 linkages, 377, 378, 319 tests for, 118 functions of, 410 II,P-Diglycerides, in phospbolipid 1,3-Diphosphoglycerate, in glycol Dcoxyuridylate synthesis, 521 Diarrbea, acidosh in, 322 syntbesis., 484 404 De-repressors, 530, 762 Diazo-oxo-norleucine in triglyceride synthesis, 481 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate, coeIlzym Dennatan sulfate, 24 antagonism of glutamine, 516. 517, Diglyceride kinase classification. 236 glycolYSiS, 404 Desamido-NAD pyrophosphorylase 664 Diglyceride trarnacylase classification, Diphosphoglycerate-creatine kina classification, 236 as metabolic antagonist, 664 232 classification, 236 Desmoglycogen, 790 inhibitor in purine synthesis, 516, Dihydrobilirubin. in bile pigment Diphosphopyridine nucleotide. Se Desmosterol, cholesterol synthesis in, \ 517, 664 metabolism, 61B Nicotinamide adenIne din&14 475 "Dibenamine." 671 structure. 137 lid<. Desthiobiotin, 194 Dibenzoylomithine, 61 Dihydrocholesterol Disaceharides. See also Carbohydtl biotin activity, 194 2,6-Dichlorophenol indophenol test absorption, 453 chemistry, 14 Desulfhydrases, classification, 252 for lI.SCorbic acid, 154, 158 in feces, 275 classification, 5, 14 Detoxication mechanisms, 276-281 Dicoumarin and prothrombin interference with cholesterol definition, 5 conjugation, 277-281 deficiency, 173, 665 absorption. 453 digestion, 264, 391 hydrolysis, 277 Dicumarol metabolism, 478 nomenclature, 14 methylation, 280 antagonist of vitamin K, 173, 665 Dihydromesobilirubin, in bile pigment structure, 15 oxidation, 276 as metabolic antagonist, 664, 666 metabolism, 618 tests for, 28 reduction, 277 in uncoupling phosphorylations. 384 structnre, 137 Dische reaction, 118 thiocyanate fannation, 281 Dielectric dispersion, 78 Dibydroorotate in pyrimidine synthesis, Dis!lOciation, electrolytic, 65 Deuterium exchange between protein Dienestrol, 689 520 Dissociation cornt.ants, 65 and water, 82 Diet Dihydropyrimidinase classification, 248 Disnlfide group, in proteins, 7fl, 8C Dextrans, 17 adequate, 649 Dihydrosphingosine, 39, 484 Diuretic analogs, 675 Dextrin(s), 18, 259 amino acids in, 654-657 in sphingosine synthesis, 484 Dounan equilibrium, 304-306. See in amylase action, 243, 259 availability of, 655 Dihydrotachysterol, 161 also Gibbs-Donnan. in starch digestion, 259, 263 biochemical aspects., 649-658 Dihydrothymine in pyrimidine Dopa, fonnatiou, 600, 601 iodine reaction, 30 caloric content, 650, 651 catabolism, 522 Dopa decarboxylase Dertrin-l,6-g1ucosidase classification, food distribution of, 651 Dihydrouracil in nucleic acids, 106 classification. 252 243 carbohydrate io, 650, 652 in pyrimidine catabolism, 522 in epinephrine synthesis, 600 Dextrorotation, B deficiencies, in study of intermediary Dihydroxyacetone, occurrence, 11 inhibition, 601 Diabetes insipidw, 749, 825 metabolism, 338 structure, 7 Dopachrome, 601 Diabetes mellirus, 442 deleterious factors, 657 Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Dopamine, 606--601 acid-base balance,.443 effect on glucose tolerance, 440 conversion to glycerolphosphate, 403, Dopamine hydroxylase cllWificatiOI acidosis in. 322, 443 on ketonuria. 469, 846 41. 35. after adrenocortical hormones, 445 on urine acidity. 840 in glycolysis, 403 function, 601 after alloxan, 444 ammonia, 841 strncture, 27 Double refraction of How, 78 alter anterior pituitary honnones, calcium, 638. 848 Dihydroxycoprostane in bile acid DPN_ See Nicotinamide adenlne 445 chlOride. 847 synthesis, 479 dinuclootide (NAD). after dehydroascorbic acid, 158, 444 citric acid, 845 Dihydroxymandelate, 700 Drosophila, eye pigment in, 597 alter pancreatectomy, 443 nitrogen partition. 841 Diiodotyrosine Drug(s), action on enzymes, 22.4 eHect of hypophysectomy, 445 nonprotein nitrogen, 841-844 absorption, 629 in milk, 796 after somatotropic honnone, 445, oxalic acid, 844 formation, 002, 715 Drug sensitivity, and glucose-a. 745 phosphate. 639. 847 in thyroid, 630, 715 phosphate dehydrogenase defi, after thyroxine. 445 potassium, 848 strncture, 57 ciency, 417, 804 blood eholesterol in, 443. 721, 810 sodium. 624, 848 Diisopropyl Huorophospbate (DFF), 668 Duocriniu, 153 blood glucose in, 443, 725 urea. 841 Diketogulonate chemistry, 153 Dynamic state of body constituents, hI DOd lipids in, 443, 499, 725, 727 uric aCid. 841, 843 from aseorbate, 156 541 cataraet in, 652 fat m. 652 DimercaptopropanoL See also British dehydration in, 444 lipid in. 652 Anti-Lewisite. experimental, 442 protein in, 653-657 protection against alloxan, 444 fat mobilization in. 443, 499, 725, Diethylstilbestrol, 689 Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate, in E AND Eo, DEFINITIONS, 348 727 DlHerential centrifugation, in localiza cholesterol synthesis, 415 Edema and blood albumin, 807 fatty acid oxidation in, 443, 727 tion of enzymes, 225 Dimethylethanolamine as precwsor of Egg(s) fructose utilization, 726 in study nf intermediary metabolism, choline. 590 biological value, 654 gluconeogene:ois in. 44.1, 725 33. methylation of, 591 carotenoids in, 14fl glucose oxidation in, 443, 726 DlJferentialion, cellular, 536 Dimethylglucose, 16 vitamin Din, 161 gluco:oe tolerance in, 443, 725 Digestion, 257-270 Dimethylglydne, from demethylatiOD yolk, lipoprotein in, 45 glucose utilization in, 443 bile in, 268 of betaine, 590 Egg-white glycosuria in, 44.1, 725 enzymes in, 25B Dimethylglycine dehydrogenll.SC anti-biotin action, 193, 195 ketogenesis in, 443, 725 gastric, 260, 261 classification, 358 antitrypsin, 262 ketoiiJs in, 443, 506, 727 intestinal, 264 Dimethylpropiothetin, 589 avidin in, 195 lipid metabolism. 44.1, 725 pancreatic, 262-264 Dimethvlthetin, 589 glycoprotein in, 23 liver fat in, 500, 725, 727 salivary, 259 Dinitrophenol in uncoupling ovomucin in, 23 liver glycogen in, 725 summary, 269 phosphorylatioIlS, 384 ovomucoid in, 23 metabolic features, 443, 506. 725 Digestive enzymes, 258. See also N-Dinitrop'henyl amino acids, 63, 93 Ehrlich's aldehyde reaction, 139 metathyroid, 445 individual enzymes and organs. Diodrast clearance, 832-834 Elastase, 245 nitrogen balance in, 44.1, 125, 728 Digestive Hnids_ See also individual Dioses Elastin nitrogen loss in, 443 Huids. classification, 5, 6 classification, 53 plasma chol~terol in, 494 bicarbonate in, 3.22, 624 definition, 5 digestion. 241 potassium loss in, 444 chloride in. 322, 624 occurrence, 11 in connective tissue, 776 protein metabolism, 443, 125, 128 electrolyte composition, 322, 624 Dipeptidases, 265 in muscle, 188 respiratory quotient, 330, 443, 725 glucose in, 43.2 alanine, 245 in skin, 780 sodium loss in, 444 potassium in, 624 glycylglydne~lassification, 245 nature of. TI6 Electrode potentials, stand&rd, 348 INDEX 865 Dipeptidases (Continued! Electrodialysis, 87, 95 Energetics (Ccmtinl.led) glycylleucine dassiOCation. 245 F:lectrolytes. 64, of fatty acid oxidation, 468 Diphosphoglycerate, eoergy level of capillary permeability to, 300 of glycolysis. 375, 408 linkages, 377, 378. 379 cell permeahiHty to, 300 Ello:rgy 1,3'Diphosphoglycerate, in glycolysis, d1stributioll, Gibhs-Dotman equilib free, definition, 370 404 rium and, 304-300 relation to equilibrium constant, 2~1_l)]ph.0!ipboglyccrll.te, coenqme ill in blood plasma, 300-302, 30i. 308, 370 glycolysiS. 404 625, 812 levels of food~, 373 Diphosphoglycerate-creatine kinase in cerebrospinal flUid. 8J7 of hydroly:zahle linkages, 376 c1~mclltion, 236 in digestive lluids. 322, ~24 of metabolites, 373 DiphosphopYridine nucleotide. See in erythrocytes, 800 metabolism. 326--335 Nicotinamide adenine dinudev in extracellular fluids, 300-302 of activation. 20Q tide. in gastric juice..122, 624 origill, 372 Di~acchnrides. See also Carbohydrate1,!J). in intracellular fluids, 300-302 potential, in carbohydrate, 372 chemistry. U in jejunal juice, 322, 624 production, in mitochondria, 364, 774 classification. 5, 14 in liver bile, 322, 624 in reversal of photosyntheSis, 372 definition,S in lymph, Bltl self-regulation, 385 digestion, 264. 391 ill milk, 795 storage, 327, 373, 379 nomenclature, 14 in muscle, 791 utilization, 327 structwe, 15 ill nenra] traMmission, 787 Lnol phosphates, energy level of te~ts for, 21'1 ill [lQncreatic juice, 322, 624 linkage, 377, 378 Dische reaction, lIB in perspiration, 294, 322, 624 Euolll5e DisiIOcio.tion, electrolytic, 65 in saliva, 322 classification, 252 Dis~ociation constants, 65 in urille, 624 in carbohydrate mettlholism, 404 Disulfide group, in proteins, 7e, SO metabolism, after pancreatectomy, inhibition, 224, 404. 646 Diuretic analogs, 675 444 Enolpyruvate in glycolysil, 41)5 Dollnan equilibrium. 304-306. Sp.e effect of thyloAiue, 719 Enoyl-CoA hydratase c1wiliClltion, a1$o Gibbs-Donnan. in diabetes mel1itus, 444 252 Dopa, formation. 6()(l, 001 millieqniv.alent value. 208 function, 465 Dopa decuboxylase osmolar value, 299 Enoyl-CoA reductase in fatty acid classification, 252 Electron affinity, 347 synthesis, 465 in cpinephrim: syntheSiS. 600 carriers in oxidation-reduction, 353 Enterocrioin, 264, 753 inhibition, 601 Electron micIO$Copy, 79 Enterogastrone, 753 Dopacbrome, flOl Electron transfer Enterobepatic cireWation Of bile acids, Dopamiue, 606--001 ooen:zymes, 353 267 Dopamine hydroxylase classification, in oxidatioIl-reducliOJI. 349 Enterokinase, 262, 2tl5 as6 oric4tioll potential and, 349 c1assi£catioD, 245 function, 601 Electron.ttan.-,.ferring Bavoprotein in trypsin formation, 247 DouLle n:haction of floW, 78 (ETF'), function, 357. 358, 465 Enteropeptidase cl~i6calion, 245. See DPN. See .\'kotinamide admine in fatty acid oxidation. 465 also Enterokinase. dinucleotide (HAD). Electrophoresi3,68, 74 Enzyme5, 209, 350. See also under Drosopbila, eye pigment in, 597 bemoglobin, 126 nll.me5 of illdivi{]ua] en:zymes or Drug(s), action on enzymes, 221 Electrostatic bond in proteins, 80 of types in milk, 796 Elcidin, 779 active site, 211-214 Drug sCMitivity, and l/:lucose-6 Embdcn-Mcyerhof pathway, 395 adaptive, 227, 228, 762 phosphate dehydrogenase defi Emotioo(s) allosteric effects, 700 ciency, 417, 804 eHecl oh blood glucose, 431 apo-, 214 Duoclinin, 753 on epinepbrine secretion, 700 as eatalysts, 210 Dynamic state of body constituents, on glycogenolysis, 434 branching, 397 541 Emotional glycosuria, 446 calcium activation, 632 Emulsification clll.SliDclltion. 228 bile acids and, 263, 268 eoenzymes, 214. See also Coenzyme;g. by monogl"ceridu, :}5 comhiDll.tion with Nbst:rl.lte. 210 E ~pm Eo. DEFINITIONS, .148 fat digestion alJJ. 263. 268 compartmentali:zation as eontrol Edema and blood albumin, fi)7 Enamel,779 mecbanism, 768 Egg(s) mottled.. 646. 779 competition as control mechanism. biologieal value, 654 Encephalomalacia in vitamin D 700 carotenoids in, 146 deficiency, 168 cOllcenlllltion. effect of. 219 vitamin D in, un Encephalopathy in thiamine deficieDcy, of cofactor!.. effect of, 2.22 yolk, liPOproteiIl in, 45 177 of tubstrate, eJJcct of, 218 Egg-White Ern:lergollic reactions, 326. 379 constitutive. 7tl2 anti·biotin action, 193, 1M ATP utili:zation in, 379, 388 dige~tive, 25R, See also under names antitrypsin, 262 definition. 370 of individual eru:ymes and orgaru. avidin in. 195 End-group analysis of polysaccbarides, drug action Il!ld, 224 glycoprotein in, 23 effect of androgem, tl88 ovomucin in, 23 of proteins," 63, 64 of thyroxine, 720 ovomucoid in, .23 Endoamylase(~), cla.~sific9.tioIl, 2.43 end-produet inhibition, 700 Ehrlich'3 aldehyde reaction, 139 occurrence, 243 extl'll.cellular, 210 Elastase, 245 Endopeptidase(s) feedback regulation, 762, 769 Elastin chymotrypsin. 262 fluoride inhibition, 646 classification, 53 classification, 245 genetic inBuencp., 227, 750--768 digestion, 247 pep.o;in, 261 glycolytic, in cytoplasm, 775 in connective tissue, 776 trypsin, 2tl2 holo-, 214 in muscle, 7B8 End-product inhibition. 769 hOlD1Onal inBuence, 22tl, 7tl2 In skin, 7MU Energetics bydrolytic, 233-250 nature of, 776 of ammo acid oridation, 574 in blood, 813, 1514 Electrode pOlclllials, standard, 348 of carbobydnte oxidation. 414 in bone, 635, 63e, 778 INDEX 866 INDEX Etioeholanolone, 685-687 Enzymes (Continued) Epinephrine (Continued! Estera5eS (CQntinued) in urine, 685-687 in cerebrospioal fluid, 817 effect on glycolYSis, 437, 701 in digedioll, 258 Euglobulins, classification, 53 in erythrocytes. 804 on lipid metabolism 507, 701 Esteratic site, 212 lipid-poor, physical propertie in feces, 274 on o."gen cOnSUmption, 333, 701 Estradiol, 689, 690 Eu'keratin, 780 in glycogen synthesis, 397-399 on phosphorylase, 227, 400, 437,701 ill tissues, &9 "Even-distribution" pattern, 34 in glycogenolysis, 399-400 excretion, {lOO, 700 in urine, 691-{l94 Exerci~t: in glycoly.is, 395-408 fOfluatillll, aoo, 700 metabolism, 690 blood lactate in, 429-430 localization, 408 from tyrosine, 600, 700 occurrence, 6-89 effect ou blood glucose, 431 in lcukoc)"Ws. 804 in blood, 701 Estrane, 6B4 on glueose tolerance, 440 in milk, 796 in ebromaffin tissue, 699 Estriol, 689, e:K:I ora glycog<:lDolYsil, 429, t34 in mitochondria, 364. 774 in sympllthetic nerves, 699, 700, 786 in ti!i.'!ues, 089 lactate iu muscle in, 429-430 in muscle, 789 in urine, 700 in urine, 691-694 Exergonic reaetions, 326, 379 metabolic actiom, 701 mctabolism, BOO in nervous tissue, 783 ATP foonation in, 379, 381, ~ in ribosomes, 555, 774 metabolism, 700 occurrenee, 684 definition, 370 EstrogcIL~, 68~-RQ5. in semen, !l17 5ecretion, 700 See also individual Exoamylases, classification, Z43 in synOVial fluid, 816 effect of blood sugar. 437 estrogens, oc<:urreuce, 243 inhibition, 222, 364 stimulation of hypothalamus, {lBO, activation, 691 Exopeptidases in study of intermediary metabolism, 741 as antagonist. of androgens, 675 aminopeptidase, 265 337 tests for, 699 bioassay, 695 carboxypeptidase, 262 intracellular, 210 Equilenin, 689 biological effects, 695 classification, 245 localization, 225 Equilibrium constant, relation to free biosynthesis, 690 Expired air gonadotropins and, 689, 693, 742 ion activators, 216, 643 energy, 370 earbon dio-..ide in, 283 kinetics, 217-222 Equilin, 689 chemistry, 689 oxygen in, 283 Lineweaver-Burk pint. 222 Equivalent weight5, 208 conjuga.tioll, 691 water vapor in, 283 effect on blood calcium, 695, 735 localiutioD as control mechanism, 768 Ergosterol Ertractives, muscle, 791 aetivatiou, 159-161 on blood lipids, 695 magnesium activation, 216, 630 EnriMic factor, vitamin B ItS, D~, ou bones, 635, 695, 735 u mass action 8..5 control mechanism, 769 as prOVitamin 159-161 Exudative diathesis in vitamin E mechanism of action, 210, 212 structure, 43, 160 on calcium metabolism, 635, e05, deficiency, 168 Ergothioneine, relation to histidinc, 735 Michaelis-Menten equation Ilild Eye, melanin in, 780 constant, 221 583 on electrolytes, {l95 molybdenum in, 646 Erythrocuprein, 643 on enzyme~ 695 multiple forms, 216 Erythrocyte(s) on hyaluronic acid, 778 nomenclo.tnrc, 228 buffer SY5tems, 2/;8-291, 314 on liver fat, 695 FARNESYL pyrophosphate, in I\On-o~dative. on oviduct avidin, 195 209-256 bicarbonate, 288-291, 314 cholesterol synthesis, 475 on pigmentation, 781 oll:idative, ela:;.'lification, 229, 350 for cillhonic acid, 280-291, 315 Famoquinone, 170 copper in, 353, 643 hemoglobin, 288~291, 314 on transhydrogeuase, 227, 361 Fasting, effed Ull blood glucose, dehydrogenases, .1.57~161 phosphate, 314 on urine eltrate, 688, &i5 Fat(s) in mitochondria, 364, 774 carbohydrate metabolism, 424 on water balance, 695 ab.-iorption, 451 enterohepatic cireulation, 691 iron in, 353 carbohydrates in, 803, 804 bile acids in, 268 localization, 226, 415 carbonic anbydrasc in, 290 excretion, 691-694 "acyl" nomenclllture, 34 oxidases, 354 cell surface caTbohydrall'(, 2.3 in bile, 691 autoxidation, 34 from androgens, 685, 686 types, 350 compOsition of, 803 protection by tocopherob, 16 from cbolestelOl, 690 pH, effect of, 219 electrolytes in, 803 biological value, 652 from progesterone, eoo, 696 plethora of, 305 control meehanism, 769 enzymes in, 804 caloric "alue, 326 in blood, 691--694 pre-, 216 functions of, 803 chemistry, 33--36 in pregnancy, 692-694 pro-, 216 glncose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase classification, 33 group~, in urine, {l91-694 prosthetic 214 role in, 578 composition, dietary inftuen«s, ~elf-regulation, inactivation, 691 reactiom, 228, 769 glutathione ill, 804 depot, compontion, 36 re~lation of action, 226, 758-772 RmctiOIlS, 578 interconversions, 690 dietary, 652 liJX'tropic etf'ec[, 695 1pecifkity, 211 glycolyli:. tn, 804 caloric content, {l51, 652 metaboli5m, liver in, 691 sulfhydryl groups, 223, 403 hemoglobin in, 285, 803 effect of eX<:ess on blood and temperature, effect of, 218 life of, 803, 804 occurrence, 684 lipids, 500 lime, effect on rale, 217 • lipids in, 803 secretion function~, 652 transferring. 230-238 m~turation, relillion to bemoglobin effect of llndrogen, B88 digestion, 451 of follicle-stimulating honnone, zine in, 645 synthesis, 611 bile acids in, 263, 268 zyrnagens, 216 permeability of, 803 689, 693, 742 gastric juice, 261 Eosinophils thioneine in, 804 of lactogenic honnone, 689, 693, summa", of, 2B9 effect of adrenocortical hormones on, Erythrocytc-stimulating factor, 751 742 distribution in timle" 454 of luteinizing hormone, 689, 693, 713, 605 Erythrocyte stroma, glycolipids in, distribution pattern Qf fatty acic of adrenocorticotropin, 740 40-42 742 34 Epiandrosterone, 684-686 Erythrodenrins, 30 solubility, 684 fatty acids in, 34-36 iu urine, 686 Erythropoietic porphyrias, 613 Estrone, 689, 690 fecal, 4.34 from adrenal cortex, 689, 701, 705 Epinephrine Eryihropoietin, 751. See also from carbohydrate, 393, 458 ACTH secretiou and, 700 Hemopoietin. in tissues, 684 gastric lipase, 261 in uriue, 691-694 llrJtagonists of, 669 in hemoglobin synthesis, 611 hydrolysis, 34 biosynthesis, 700 Erythrose, structure, 7 metabolism, 690 in blood, amount, 493, 809 catabolism, 601, 700 Erythrose-4-phO!iphate, in pi!ntose oceurrence, 884 in feces, 275, 454 chemistry, 698 metabolism, 417 Ethanol. See also Alrohol. in liver, in diabetes mellitus, 50. decreased formation in phenyl'keton Erythrulose, structure, 7 in fermentation, 405 725, 727 uria, 599 Essential amino acids, 546, See also metabolism, 472 in protein dencieucy, 505, 651 effect on ACTH secretion, 680, 700, Amino acid(s). Ethanolamine in milk, 36, 794 741 for optimal growth, 546 as precursor of choline, 500 origin, 482, 795 on blood glueose, 434, 437, 701 requirements for flitrogen equilibrium, in eephalins, 37 synthesis, 795 ou blood lactic acid, 437, 701 546 Ethioniue in muscle, 790 on fat mobilization, 498 sparing of, 547 activation, 590 in plasma, 495 on glucose utilization, 438, 701 Estera:;es, 238-242. Set: also under as inhibitor, ti66 melting points, 34 on glycogeuolysis, 400, 437, 701 names of individual euzymes. Etiocholanedione, 685 INDEX 867 Etiocholanolone. 685-6B7 Fat(,) (Continued) Fatty acid(s) (Contlnued) in urine. 685-6B7 metabolism, 481 oxidation, influence of choline, 488 F.uglobulins, clasliincation, 53 effect of irnu!in, 443, 506, 725, 727 o:uloacetate and, 470 lipid~poor. physieal properties, 560 in caloric restriction, 651 pol)'\lnsaturated, in blood cholesterol Eukeratin, 7SO iu carbohydrate restriction, esters, 483 "Even-distribution" pattern. 34 448,469, 652 rndabolism, 462 Exercise respiratory quotient, 328 saturated, classification. 35 blood lactate in, 429-430 mobilization, adrenocortical in fau, 35 eHect on blood glucose, 431 hormones, 49B. 506, 712 shortening of chain, 462 on glucose tolerance, 440 after hypophysectomy, 736 solubility, 35 on gtyengenolysi!l, 429, 434 after pancreatectomy, 495, 499, syntheSis, 458 lactate in mwcle in, 429-430, 790 725, 727 effect of inSlllin, 4tH. 506. 727 Exergonic reactions, 32B, 379 eHect of adrenocortical honnones, energetics, 481 ATP formation ill, 379,381.382 498, 506, 712 in carbobydrate deprivation, 461 definition, 370 effect of somatotropic hormone, in diabetes, 481 Exoamylas«. elassineation, 243 498, S07, 748 regulatory inBuenccs, 461 occurrence, 243 in diabetes mellitu~. 49,'). 499, 72.'5, unesterified, in plasma. 495 f':xopeptida.le!l 727 occurrence, 455 aminopeptidase, 265 pituitary honnones. 498. 507 unsaturated, classifieation, 35 carboxypeptidasc, 262 nomenelatme, 34 eHcct on cholestcrol absorption, ela.",~jfication, 245 oe<;urmncc, 32. 33 .94 Expired air oxidation. after hypophysectomy, on plasma chole:;terol, 494 carbon dioxide in, 283 736 in cephalins, 37 oxygen in. 2B3 pancreatic lipase, 263 in fats, 35 water vapor in, 283 pigmentation in vitamin E deficiency, in lecithins, 37 Extractives. muscle, 791 \68 in phospholipids, 37-39 f~ctor, protein.sparing action, 652 Extrinsic vitamin B12 as, 198 Fatty acid thiokinascs. See under Acyl· Exudative diathe!lis in vitamin E respiratory lJuotient, 328 evA 9ymhetMe&. deficiency. 168 saponification, 34 Fatty acyl·CoA'~, energy levcl of Eye, melanin in, 7BO solubility, 34 linkage, 377, 378 specific dynamic action, 333 Fatty alcobols, metaboHsm, 4Ra water hom, Z93 Fatty liver. 500 Fat-mobilizing hormones, 498, 506, 507, after nicotinamide, 185 FARHESYL p)'rophosphate, in 712,746 from ethionine, 505 cholesterol syntheSis, 475 Fat-mobilizing substances, fatty Iiycr in choline dcHciency, 206, 502, 504 Famoquinone, 170 from, 503 in e~ntial fatty acid deficiency, Fasting, effect on blood glucose, 431 Fatigue, muscl.c. 430 Fat{s) Fatty acid(s) in Inositol"" deficiency, 205, 502. 504 absorption, 451 a("tivation, 465 in pyrtdoline deficiency. 193, 502, bile acicb in, 268 branched-chain. metabolism of, 471 504 "acyl" nomenclature, 34 chromatography, 48 Favism, 658 autoxidation, 34 classification, 35 Feces, 274 protection by tocopherohi, 167, 168 degradation to acetate, 465 bacteria, 274 biological value, 652 desaturation, 462 bile pigmenu. 274, 617, 618 caloric value, 326 cnergetics of oridation. 468 calcium, 638, 84.8 cbemistry, 33<16 energy level, .']75 carOtcnoids. 147 classification, 33 essential. 36, color, 274, 617, B18 composition, dietary influences, 482 deficiency, fatty liver in, 504 composition, 274 aepot, composition. 36 ~ymptoms of, 462 copper,64J dietary, 652 facton inflllt'ncing rt:yuirement. cnzymes. '274 caloric content, 651, 652 fats, 275, 454 effect of excess on blood and tissue fartv'6' liver and. 504 fatty acids, 275, 454 Iipids,5oo in diet, 462, 653 formation, 274 functions, 652 metabolism, 462 inorganic components, 274 digestion, 451 fractionation, 4B iodine, 629 bile acids in, 263, 268 identification, 4B lipids, 275 j1;astric juice. 261 in hlood, 495. 80Q magne~ium, 631 ~ummary of, 269 in fat digestion, 263, 270 manganese, 645 distribution in tissues, 454 in fats. 34-36 nitrogen, 274 distribution pattern of fatty acids in, in feces, 275, 454 odor, 274 3. in glycerides., 35, 482 organic constituents, 274 fatty acids in, 34-36 in milk, 794 phosphate, 638 fecal, 454 in nervous tissue, 782 pigment, 274. 617, 61B from. carbohydrate, :113, 458 in uncoupling pbosphorylations, .']M potassillJT1, 624 gastric lipase, 261 in urine. 845 protein. 274 hydrolysis, 34 interconversion, 462 riboflavin, 181 in blood. amount, 493. 809 ketogenesis, 467 soaps. 275, 454 in feces. 27.'1. 454 "'etolysis. 468 sodJum,624 in liver, in diabetes mellitus, 503, lengthening of chain, 462 sterols, 275 725, 727 meltiug points, 35 thiamine, 176 in protein defiCiency, 505. 657 metabolism, 458 thyroxine, 717 in mil.... 36, 794 carbohydrate mctabolism and, 447, vitamin A, 147 origin, 482, 795 507,602 vitamin B12• in pernidow anemia, svuthesis, 795 summarv, 451 202 in inuscle, 790 odd carbon, metaho\ian Df. 471 vitamin E, 168 in plasma, 495 omega oxidation, 411 vitamin K, 172 melting poinu. 34 oxidation, effect of tbyroxine, 718 water, 274, 293 868 INDEX INDEX "Feedback" Flnid (Continued) Flnoride (Continued) Folinic acid (Continued) in bile acid syntbesis, 480 extracellular iQ teeth, 64fl, 779 occurrence, 198 in cholesterol synthesis, 477 chloride in, 300-302 in urine, 646 requirements, 198 in hormone secretion, 679 composition, 300-302 inhibition of enolase, 224, 404, 646 structure, 197 in purine synthesis, 517 regulation of, 309 F1uorine, in urine, 849 Follicle-stimulating honnone. 7· in pyrimidine metabolism, 520, 521 electrolytes, 300-302 F1uoroacetate actions, 743 regulation of enzyme reactions, 228, exchanges, with intracellular as inbibitor-rrecunor, 666 lI.SSlI.y, 743 759, 762, 769 fluid, 307-311, 3]9 inhibition 0 aconitase, 411, 666 cheII1istry, 743 Fehling test, 27 factors influencing. 309 occurrence in nature, 665 Food. Fermentation, 395. See aho Glycolysis. magnesium in, 301, 631 F1uorocitrate as inhibitor, 600 ascorbic acid in, 154 by intestinal bacteria, 271 milliequivalent value, 300-302 F1uorodinitrobenzene reacUon, 63, 93 biochemical aspects of, 649-6 energy proouction, 375, 408 millioomolar value, 299 F1uorosis, 64fl caloric value, 326 ethanol formation, 405 organic acilh, 301 F1uorouracil, as pyrimidine antagonirt, common catabolic pathways, of fructose, as test, 30 osmolarity, 300, 309 675 deleterious facton, 657 of glucose, as test, 30 pbospbate. 301, 302 5-F1uorouracil, inhibitor in thymidylate energy levels., 373 of maltose, as test, 30 potassium in, 300--302, 307, 625, syntbesis, 521 beat production, 326, 327 of mannose, as test, 30 626 Folic acid specific dynamic action, 333 of sucrose, as test, 30 effect of adrenocortical honnone~, antagonism of suUonamide~, 662 vitamin A in, 145 of sugars, as test, 30 30B, 626, 710 a~y, 198 vitamin Din, 16] test, 30 protein, 300-302, 306 biosynthesis, 196 water in, 293 Ferricyanide, as artificial electron ~odium in. 300-302, 307-310, 626 chemistry, 196 Formaldehyde, as source of acceptor, 363 effect of adrenocortical honnones, classification as pseudopeptide, 60, 61 bydroxymethyl fragment, ~ Ferriprotoporphyrin structure, 124 308, 626. 7 JO conjugates, ]96-198 metabolism, 592 Ferritin, in iron metabolism, 640-642 sulfate in, 301 action of conjugases, 198 "Fonnaldehyde" groups, iDcorpo in tissues, 640-642 urea in, BJ 1 deficiency, 203 into serine, S76, 592 Ferroprotoporphyrin structure, 123 volume, 294, 297 by analogs, 203 in thymine ~yntbesis, 521 Fetus, resorption in vitamin E deficiency, regulalion of, 309 by sulfonamide~, 203 Formamidase, clurificatiou, 248 169 interstitial, 297-302. See aha Fluid, in liver disease, 203 "Formate" hagment, from IJ·amiJ Feulgen reaction, 118 extT'acellular. in pregnancy, 203 levulinate, 609-610 Fibrin, 81, 801 bicarbonate in, 301 in sprue, 203 "Fonnate gronps" Fibrin monomers, SOl chloride in, 301, 626 excretion, 198 and folinic acid, ]97,201 Fibrin stabilizing factor, 802 electrolytes in, 300-302, 307. 3OB. folinic aeid derivative, in "formate" , and vitamin B12 202 Fibrinase, 802 624 metabolism, 592 coenzyme carner, 592 Fibrinogen in blood, 558, 801 glncose in, 432 from p-ammoben2oic acid, 197 formation, 592 abnormaJ, 808 potassium in, 300-302, 307, 30B, functions, 20], 202 from methanol, 276 amount, 808 624 hemopoiesi! and, 20'2-204 in purine synthesis, 51S facton inDuencing, 808 sodium in, 300-302, 307, 308, 624 in blood, 815 incorporation into histidine, 5Q fece~, in blood coagulation, 801 intracellular, anions, 301, 303 in 198 into purines. 515, 593 phy~ical properties, 560 bicarbonate, 301, 303 in foods, 198 interconvenion with methyl gn structure, 81 buffer systems, 314 in glycine-serine interconverll!on, 593 Fibrinoly~in, BOl, 802 cations, 301, 302 576, 592 utili2ation, 593 Fibrinolysis, B02 chloride in, J01, 303, 626 in bemoglobin synthesis, 611, 642 vitamins involved, 201, 591-594 compositiou, 302 Fibrinopeptides, BOI in tyrosine metabolism, 600 "Formll.te"-transferring enzymes, l Fibroin struchlre, 81 regulation of, 309 in urine, 198 fication, 231 Filtration fraction, 834, 835 clectrolytes, 301, 30'2 inhibition of metabolism by analogs, Fonnic acid as source of "format "Fingerprinting" technique, 97, 11.6 exchanges with extracellular fluid, 600,673 593 Firsl-order reaction kinetics, 218 307-311,319 occurrence, 198 Formimino group, melaboUsm, 59 Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), glucose in, 432 requirement, 198 Formiminoglutamate lUeretion in 180. See also RiboflaVin udenirw bydrogen-ion com:entration. 319 structure, ]97 acid deficiency, 666 dinllcleotide. maj!;nesium in, 300-303, 631 transfonnation to folinic acid, ]97 in histidine metabolism, 583 as coenzyme, 353 millieqUivalent value, 301, 302 ascorbic acid in, 197 Fonnol titration, 91 metabolism, 525 milliosmolar value, 300. 307 Folin phenol reagent, 93 Fonnylglycineamide ribotide, in structure, 352 osmolarity, 300, 309 Folin-Malmro~ method, 28 purine syntheiis, 517 F1avin adenine dinueleotide pyrophos pbosphat~, 301, 303 Folin-Wu method, 28 Fonnylkynurenine formation, 596 phorylase classification, 236 effect of glueo'le, JOB Folinic acid, 196--202 Formyltetrahydrofolate synthetue Flavin-linked dehydrogenases, 357 of insulin, 308 action of eonjugases, 19B classification. 255 Flavin mononucleotide, 1BO. See also potassium in, 301-303, 307--309, as fonnyl carner, 201 Formyltetrahydrofolic aeids., ]97 I Riboflavin. 625 assay, 19B in one-carbon unit metabolillD: . as coenzyme, 353 effect of adrenocortical bonnone~, hiosynthesis, 196 201 metabolism, 525 308,626,7]0 ascorbic acid in, 156, 158, 197 Fouchet test, 138 structure, 352 of glucose, 308, 626 ehemistry, 1!:16 Free energy, of formation, 375 Flavoproteins, 353. See also Riboflavin. of in~ulin, 308, 626 conjugates, 196-198 relation to oxidation potenlial, 3 ehemistry, 179 protein in, 301, 303 deficiency, 203 Free radicals in biological olidat elassification, 52, 54 sodium in, 30]-303, 307-309, 626 in ascorbic acid deficiency, 158 353 electron-trausferring, 357, 358, 465 effeet of adrenocortical hormones, excretion. 198 Fructans, 17 F1uid 308, 626, 710 from folie aeid. 197 Fructokinasc aqueous bumor, gluco!ioe in, 432 sulfate in, 30], 628 ascorbic acid action, 197 classification, 236 compartments, excbanges., 303-308. urea in, Bll functioll.'l. 20], 202 in liver, 406 3]9 volume, 294, 295 in feces, ]98 in muscle, 406 across capillaries, 306 regulation of, J09 in foods. ]98 Fructose digestive. glucose in. 432 ~ynovial, gluco~e in, 432 in hemopoie~is, 202-204 absorption, 391 extracellular. anions. 300-302 transcellular, 295, 300 in nucleic acid syntbe!i!, 201 fennentation test, JO bicarbonate. 300~302 F1uoride in pantothenate !ynlbe!is. ]92 furanose form, 12 buffer svstem~, 314-317 absorption, 646 in purine syntheSiS, 201, 515 in blood, 432, 808 calcium, 300-302 as euzyme inhibitor, 224, 404, 646 in pyrimidine syntbesis., 201 in seminal Ruid, 433, 818 earbonie acid. 30] eIcretiou, 646, 849 in serine formation, 20] in sucrose digestion, 264 cations., 300-302 in bone, 636, 646 in urine, 19B in urine, 433, 442, 648 INDEX 869 Folinic acid (Continued) Fructose (Continued) Galactose (ContinuW) OCCUITence, 198 intermediary metabolism, 406.-407 oxidase test, 30 requirements, 198 intolerance, 407 phosphorylation, 407 Jl:n.icture. 197 oocu~nce, 13 strucrure, 7, 12 Follicle-stimulating honnone, 741-743 phospborylation, 406 tests for. 26--30 actions, 743 pyranose form, t2 Galactose-l-phO§phate in earbohy ~r, 743 structure, 7, 12 drate metaoolism, 407 chemistry, 743 tests for, 26-30 Galactose-l-phosphllte-uridyl tran.J. Foo," utilization in diabetes mellitus, 726 fcrase, in galadusePlJa, 407 ueurbk acid In, 154 Fructose-l,6-diphosphatase. effect of Galactosemia, congenital, absence of biochemical aspects of. 649-858 glucocorticoids, 437 gaiactose-l-phosphate--uridyl caloric value, 326 regulation of, 400-403 uansferase, 401 common catabolic pathways, 374 Fructose diphosphate aldolase galactosuria in, 442 deleteriow fa.et:on. 6.'57 clas.silication, 253 fi-Galactosidase, clMlifiClition, 24.1 energy levels, 373 Fructuse-I.6-dlphoiphate, in glycolysis, occurrence, 243 beal production, 326, 327 402 Galactosuria, 433, 442, 848 spedRc dynamic action, 333 structure, 27 Galacturonate, 21 vitamin A In, 14.5 Fructose-I-phospbate structure, 27 in pectin, 22 vitamin 0 in, 161 Fructose-I-phosphate aldolase, 403 structure, 20 water in, 293 clll5.lillcation. 253 GalbtOIlC:;' 266 Formaldehyde, as source of Fructose-6-pbosphate, in glycolysis. 40'2. GangliOSide! hydroxymethyl fragment, 592 strocture, 27 classification, 33 metaoolkm, ~92. Fructo:mrla, 4J.3, 442, 848 oceunence, ol55 "Formaldehyde" groups, incorporation FSH, 741-743. See also Follicle structure, 41 into senne. 576, 592 9tbnuloting hormone. Ganglirmne, 41 in thymine syntheSiS, 521 Fucosc GargoYll5m, 421 Fonnamidase, classification, 248 in blood group polysaccharides, 22 G~s chromatography, 98 "Fonnate" fragment. from 8-amino OC'CUlTence. 13 Gas law~, 282 lcvulinate. 609-810 structure. 12 Gases, exchange in lungs., 283, 285, 288 "Formate groups" synthesis, 407 in thsues. 283, 285, 289 and foliuic acid, 197,201 Fucuse derivatives, synthesiS, 421 Gastric juice, 200 acidity. inhibition by enterogastrone, and vitamin 8 12> 202 Fumarue. classifiClltiOl\. 25 coen;l:yme carrier, 592 in tricarboxylic acid cycle, 412 753 (oundioo, .592 Fumarate, formation from tyrosine. 6(X) sUmwation by gastrin. 753 from methanol, 276 in tricarboxylic acid cycle, 412 blood group speci.6c factors in, 700 in purine synthcsi!., 515 Fumarate hydn.we cla.s&ification, 252. chloride in., W, 624 incorporation into histidine, 593 See also Fumarme. compos:ition, 260 into purines, 515, 593 Fumarylacetoacetate. fonnation, 800 digestive action, 200, 261 intcrconversioo with methyl groups, FUClUlO$f: fonns of glucose. carbohy electrolyte composition. 322. fl24 593 drates, 10 enzymes, 260 utilization, 593 of fructose, 12 biil:8.It1ine stimulation., 260 vitamiu,s involved, 201, 591-594 Furfural-fanning lesu, for carbohy hydrochloric acid, 200 "Fonnate"-transferring enzymes, classi drates, 2B intrimic factOr in, 202 fication, 231 IipllSe. 281 Fonnic acid. as source of "formate," potwium in, 624 593 sodium in, 322, flU FonniITlino group, metabolism, 593 G-ACTLl<, 42.7, 78'9 vagus Stimulation, iBO Formiminoglntaffiatc excretion in folic Galactans, 17 Gastricsin classification. 245 add defici.ency, 666 Gaillctitol, occu~nce, 419 Gastrin, 753 in histidine metaOOIi.:;m, 583 GalactoHavin as inhibitor, 666 Gastrointestinal changes, in niacin Formu\ titration, 91 Galactobnasc, clauUication, 236 de.llcicncy, 1843 Fonnylglycineamide ribotide, in in liver, 407 in pantothcnic acid de6dellcy, 193 pUrine synthesis., 517 Galactolipids, 40-42 GasUointestinal hormones, 752 Fonnylkynurenine formation, 500 in nervous tissue. 40, 782 cbolecystokinin, 752 FonnyltetrahydrofohJte synthetase Galactosamim; enterogastrone, 753 classification, 255 in chrondroitin suHates, 23 gastrin. 753 Formyltetrahydrofolic acids, 197, 201 in mucopolysaccharides, 23 pllDcreozymin, 262. 752 in one-carbon unit mehl.bolbm, 197. metabolism. 420 ~ecretin, 200, 262. 752 201 -ltructure, 20 Gauc:her's disease Fouchet test, 138 synthe,j<;, .oi2(l cerebroside lllelaOOlbm.l in, 48'9 Frec encrgy, of formation, 375 Galactose cerebrosides in, 40, 41 relation to oxidAtion potential, 382 absorplion, 391 lipid depo!>its in, 456 Free radicals in biological oxidations, cataract after, 652 Gciger-Milllcr countcr, 343 353 formation, 407 Gel ffitration, 98 Fructans, 17 from glucose, 407, 795 Gelatin, 776 FT'IIctonnll$e glucose ITorn, 407 biological value, 654 c1as.~ification, 236 in blood, 433 composition, 59 in livcr, 406 in cerebrosides, 1.1, 40 from collagen, 776 ill muscle, .oiOO in gangliosides, 41 Gene(s) Fructose in glycolipids, 13, 40-42 control, 761 absorption. 391 in lactase, 15 dOSll.ge compensation. 763 fcrmentation test, 30 in lactose digestion, 264 mutations, 762 furallose fonn, 12 in nervous tissue, 783 operator, 161 in hlood, 432, 808 in urine, 433, 442, 848 regulator, 761 in seminal f1nid. 4J3, 818 intermediary metaoolism, 407 relation to nucleic acids, 531 in sucrose digestion, 264 lactose from, 408, 79.'> structural, 760 in urine, 43J, 442. 846 occurrence, IJ Genetic code, 556 810 Genetics Gluconolactone-6-phosphate in pentose Glucose (Continued) biochemical, 760--768 metabolism, 417 in blood, from amino acid:;, relation to enzymes, 227. 760-768 Glucopyranoses, in glycogen, 18 '')3 relation to hemoglobin structure, 127 in starch, 18 from lactate, 433 relation to nucleic acids, 113, 758, Glucosamine from liver glycogen, 422, 435 760-768 in blood, 808, B09 in diabetes mellitus, 44:1, 725 C~notype, 700 in chitin, 22 normal values, 431 Gerany} pyrophosphate. in choles in glycolipids, 41 posta~rptive, 431 terol synthesis, 475 in heparin, 24 cate of entrance, 433 Gibbs-Donnan effect, 304-306 in hyaluronic acid, 23 regulatiou of, 435 electrolyte distribution and, 304-300 in r~ucopolysaccharides, 22 regulatory mechanism, 435 osmotic pressure and. 304-306 metabolism, 420 removal, factors iuRuencing, 434 von Gierke's diselllie, 401 occurrence, 21 sources of, -tl3 Giganti~m, 745 structure, 20 in body fluids, 432 Gliadin classification, 53 GluCQ5amine transacetylase classifica in cerebrosides, 40 Globin in hemoglobin synthesis, 611 tiou, 232 in cerebrospinal fluid, 432, 817 Clobosides, classifleation, 33 Glucose in digestive fluids, 432 structure, 41 absorption, 270, .'391 in erythrocytes, 431 Globulin(s) effect of thvroxine, 391, 434 in gangliosides, 41 accelerator, 800 factors infl~encing, 434 in interstitial fluid, 432 antihemophilia. 800 aerobic metabolism, 408-416 in intracellular fluids, 432 dassmcati GlucClSe (Continued) Glutamllle (Connnued) Glycerol utilization, effect of adrenocortical role iu transdeamination, 569 ill fat digestion, 263 hOrTllon~, 434, 437, 711 structure, 57 iu fats, 34 of anterior pituitary honnones, Glutamate dcelUbo.l)'lase clas~.i.6.ca metabolism, 419, 481 434, 437, 74.5 tion, 252 Illlture, 2~ I of blood glucose, 433--435 Glutamate dehydrogenase dwGeR ~olubiHty, 35 I of insulin, 434, 438, 725, 7W tion, .158 structure, 25 of somalollopic honnotJe, 434, functions, 567, 500 GlycC"folldnll.'le c~ificlltioD, 2;)6 437,745 GlutAlllate-oxaloacetate transaminase Glycerol-phosphate formation, 403, 419 [aetoro inUuencing, 433-435 c1asst6eation, 235 in triglyceride ~ynthesis, 481 in diabetes mellitus, 44.1 Gluwnate-pyrovate trarulaminase Glycerophosphatase classification, 240 Clucose dehydrogeruue. 358 dlUSwcation, 235 Glycerophosphate dehydroRenases. Glucose-i,B-diphosphate, 2.35, 397 Glutamate semialdehyde, 582 c1l1.SSification, 358 Gluco:;e-8-ph05phatll-~e Glutamic add, See Glutamate, Glycerophosphate shuttle, 386 classt6cation, 240 Glut.aminlLllEl c1ll.SSifkaUOIl, 248 Glyeerophosphate transacyle.se classi eilee!: of glucoeonicoids, 437 occurrence, 248 fication, 232 of hormones, 397 GlutlUlline Glycerophosphoryl-cboline diesterase elevation in liver in carbohydrate mtagonist!l, in purine synthesb, 516, classification, 240 deprivation, ~ 517,664 O('CIJ.JTence, 2.4Q i.n glycogenolysis, 422 conjugatiou, 280 Glyceryl ether diesters, classification, 33 in Uver, 422 detoxication of phellylacetate, .280 Glyceryl ether phosphatides., cle.ssifiea irreversibility. 380 hydrolysis in kidney, 570 tion, 33 occurrence, 240 in deto.ication, 280 Glycinamide ribotide in purine syn Glucose-I-phosphale, structure, in NAD synthens, 525 thesis, ~I6 27 ln purine inteK1IDveni:oM, 51B Glyeine Glucose-6-phosphate in purine synthe~is. 516 as source of "formate," 593 in glucose utiliz;ation, 397 requirement in tlssue cultures, 582 hile acid ptecllr>Or, 267 in glycolysis, 397 synthesls, ,5{J9 catabolism \13 succinate-glycine structure, 27 synthetase. classificAtion, 255 cyde, EHO Glucose-6-phosphatc dehydrogenase, urine ammonia from, 319, 570, 826, conjugation, 279 358, 417 .<1 with benzoic acid, 279, 562 cOllgeoltal deficieDcy ()f, 51B Glutamine-keto acid tnnsaminue with bf1e acids, 266, 577 defieiency and hemolysis, 804, 814 c1a..ui.fication, 235 with einnamie acid, 279 hereditary deficiency, 411, 163, 765 'Y.Cllltlltnyleysteinc In glutathione with nicotinic acid, 279 in dillbete~ 437 synthesis., 577 conversion to gl)'oxylate, 577 Clucosephosphate isomerase d~ifiea Glutathione from metaboli~ of betaine, ,590 tion, 254 as coenzyme. 251, 251, 387 in creatine S)'nthcsis, 578 GluC'osirbses in intestine, 264. Sec also as prosthetic group. 251. 254, 361 in detoxication, 279 GlywWlase.s, eHeet on lyroslnase, 7!:1O in glutathione synthesiS, '577 in ~arcll digeiltion, 259, 263 funetiow in erythrocyte, 578 in porphyrin iynthesis, 577, 608 p-Gl\ICosidase~, classification and oc hydroly~s, 578 in punne ~thesi$, 515, 577 currence, 243 in blood, 811 interconversion with serine, 576 Gluco.o;uria, 441. See also Glyco"-lna, in erythrocytes, 804 metabolism, 576 Glucuronate. 14, 21 ill mercapturic acid synthesis, relation to "formate," 576,577,592 conjugation, 278 586 structure, 57 with ben:zoate, 278 in (lxidlltions, 367 Glycine oxidase, identity, 356 with phenols., 278 in tyrosine metabolism, 600 Glycine transacyllL'Je classification, 232 from glucose, 4.21 protection against allo:mn, 444 Gtycinemia. 579 in androgen conjugllUon, 685, tl86 strncture, 61 Clycimuia, 579 in chondroitin sulfates, 23 synthesis, 577 Glycocholate, 4.1, 267. See also SHe in detoxication, 278 Glutathione peroxidase, 366 add>. in estrogl'tJ conjugation, 691 Glutathione synthetase classification, biosvnthesi5, 2f17 in hepa.rin, 24 in bile, 267 in hy~luronatc, 23 Cllitellns,'''' classification, 52, 53 structure, 61 in mucoiJolysaceharidt's, 22 Gluteuin, ~3 Glycocyamine, 579 in polysaccharides, 21.23-25 Glvcamines. 21 Glycogen in synthesis of ascorbate, 155, 421 Glvcaric acids, classification. 6, 21 action (If salivary amylase on, 259 in urine, B44 Glyceraldehyde, OCl,:urrence. Il bone formation and, 635. 636 metabolism, 421 structure, 7 energy from. 400 struC'ture, 20 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, in gly functions,S, 18 L-xyllllose from, 155, 434 . mlysis,403 In hrain, effect of blood glucose, ,a-Glucuronidase classification, 243 o.tidaHon, 403 78.1, 784 occunence, 24.1 Glyeeril.ldehyde-3-phosphate dehy factors influencing. 783, 784 Glucuronides. in urine, 14, 21, 544 drogenase in ellrtilllge, 635, 636. 778 Glucuronyl tril.mferase. absence in classification, 358 in endomelriwn, 695 fetal liver. 421 energy production, 381 in nervoU'i tissue, 782 in bilirubin conjugation, 1316 function, 403 in heart, 424 Glutamate Glycerate, .21 in muscle, 424, 700 decarboxylation in brain, 582 stmctute,20 in skin, 780 in glutamine synthesis, 569 Glyeerate-l,3-d:iphospbate, strocture, in vagtnal epithelium. 695 in glutalhione ~ynlhesi$, 577 27 iodine reaction, 30 intercorwersion with arginine, 582 (;!ycerate-2,phospbate, structure, 27 liver with pruline~, 582 Glycerate-3-phosphate, structure, 27 aher adn:noc:ortical belmones metabolism, 581 Glycerides, Sec Fal(')' 437, 711 in brain, 784, 7BB Glyceroglycolipid!:, chemistry, 42 after pancreatectomy, 725 role in trl1Il'lllmination, "68 classification, :l3 blood glucose from, 422, 435 872 INDEX INDEX Glycogen (Continued) Glycolysis (Continued) Gramicidin, in uncoupling phosphoryla. Hematins, formation, 133 liver, content, 423 reversibility, 405 tlons, 384 HematOCrit, 799 eHect of adrenocortical honnones. triose formation, 402 Ground substance, 635, 778 Hematoporphyrin, in porpbyriIJ 437, 701 Glyconic acids. classification, 8 adrenocortical hormones and, 23, 778 thesis, 610 of epinephrine, 434, 437, 701 Glyeopeptides. 54 effect of ascorhic acid, 156, 157, 778 structure, 122 of glucagon, 438, 728 GlycoprOlein(s) of thyroxine, 635, 838, 719, 735 Hematosides, classification, 33 of insulin, 433, 437. 725 c1assifieation, 52, 54 hyaluronic acid, 23, 777 structure, 41 in diabetes mellitus, 725 in connective ti,"me, 778 in scurvy, 156, 157, 778 Heme sources of, 422 in egg-while, 23 mucopolysaccharides, 2.'), 777 compounds, chemistry, 123 mwele in plasma. physieal properties, 560 mucoproteins, 635, 776 significance, 120 amount, 424, 790 nature of, 22, 23, 54, 776, 777 Growth coordination of iron, 123 effect of adrenocortical hormones, polysaccharides in, 22, 23, 54, 778, after hypophysectomy, 736 ferro- and ferri_, 123 71l 777 dietary rrotein and, 653 formation, 810 structure, 12.') of iIlliulin, 725, 700 synthesis, 421 effect 0 androgens, 688 of somatotropin, 745 Glycosamines, 21 of somatotropic hormone, 745 Hemiacetals, carbohydrate, 9 occurrenee, 18 Glycosidases, classification, 243 of thyrOxine, 719 Hemi-<:ellulooes, 22 phosphorolysis, 18, 399 in digestion, 258 Growth hormone, 744-746. See also in baeteria, 22 storage, 397, 421, 424 Glycosides, 6, 13 Sorrwlotropic hormone. Hemin, formation, 132 storage diseases, 401 antibiotic, 14 Guanase, 248, 518 Hemochromatosis, iron metaboli stTucture, 18, 19 cardiac, 14 in purine catabolimJ, 518 in, 642 synthesis. 397 classification, 6, 13 Guanidine phosphate, energy level of Hemochromogens, definitiOll, l2,. Glycogen synthetase, elassification, 233 in urine, 14, 21, 844 linkage, 377, 378 Hemocyaniru, 644 54 function, 397, 398 linkages, energy level, 377, 378 Guanidinium group, pK, 70 classification, Hemoglobin Glycogenesis in chitiu, 22 Guanidoacetate, 579 effects of insulin, 437, 726 in disaecharides, 14 inhibitor of catecholamine methyla abrlOnnal types, 126-128 in nervous tissue, 784 in pectin, 22 tion, 671 aeid-base properties, 128 inHuence of blood glucose, 423, 435 polysaceharides, 18 methylation of, 591 bile pigment fomlation, 814 liver, 421 occurrenee, 14 Guaniue buffer aetion, 288--291 effect of blood glucose, 433 Glycosuria, 441. See also Glucose in catabolism, 518 buffering capacity, 286-291, 3] of insulin, 433 urine. in nucleic acids. 106 carbamino compounds, 289, 29 factors influencing. 433 after barbiturates, 448 pK of amino group, 106 formation, 130, 291 l~ muscle, 424 after opiates, 446 pK of hydro~'l group. 106 carbon monoxide-, formation, regulation, 398 after somatotropin, 745 synthesis, 518 catabolism, 814 Glycogenolysis, 399 alimentary, 441, 848 Guanine deaminase. 248, 518 chemistry, 124 effect of blood glucose, 423, 435 emotional, 448 Guanosine. in purine catabolism, 518 classification as protein, 54 of epinephrine, 400, 437, 701 hyperglycemic, 442, 446 structure. 100 eomposition, 39 of exercise, 434 in anesthesia, 446 Guanosine deamiuase. 248 content of blood, 285 de.rivatives, a~orption spectra, of glucagon, 400, 438, 729 in asphyxia, 446 Guauosine diphosphate. in COz as of in5UIin, 433, 437, 726 mechanism, 441 similation, 413 luterconversions, 13.2 of thyroxine, 434, 438, 718 non-diabetic, 446 in substrate phosphorylation, 412 determination, 140 liver, 422 phlori?:in, 446 Guanosine nucleotide5., occurrence. 52.'J electrophoresi!., 126 regulation, 400 renal, 442, 446, 765, 766 Guanosine triphosphate. in protein evolution, 128 Glycogenolytie faetor, 438, 728. See Glycosyl radical, oligosaccharide no synthe!lis, 555 fetal t}'pe, 124, 125, 127 genetic~ and, 127 also Glucagon. menclature, 14 Guanylate Glycogenoses, 401 Glycosylamines, 21 catabolism. 518 heme-heme interactions, 128 Glycolaldehyde Glycylglycine dipeptidase, 245 incorporation iuto nucleic acids, 518 heme-linked groups, 129,288 "active", in pentose metabolism, 417 Glyoxalases, classification, 252 structure, III heterogeneity, 124-128 "high fetal," as operator mut8ti( occurrence, 11,417 Glyoxylate, as source of "formate," synthe.~is, 518 764 structure, 5, 7 577,592 Guanylate deaminase, 248 Glycolipids from glyeine, 577 histidine in, 128, 28B cerehrosides, 40 Gmelin reaction, 138 iu erythrocytes, 285, 803 chemistry, 40 GIN. ratio, 573 irou, 123, 124, 642 elassification, 33 after pancreatectomy, 443 HAGEDORN-JENSEN method. 28 absorption and, 640 M distribution in tissues, 455 in diabetes mellitus, 443 Hair diseases, 132 1~ galactose in, 13, 40-42 Goiter, iodine defieiency, 629, 720 changes in biotin del1ciency, 195 met-, cyanide derivative, 131, gangliosides, 41 Gonadotropic bormones, 741-744 in inDsitDl deficiency, 205 fonnation, 130 general structure, 40 carbohydrate in, 2.') in pantothenic acid deficiency, 193 in hereditary metbemoglobinel in muscle, 790, 791 chorionic, 744 in riboflaviu deficiency, 182 132 metabolism, 488 follicle-stimulating, 741-743 melanin in, 780 metabolism, 814 oecurrence, 40-42 in blood, 692-694, 741-744 "Half-life" of labeled molecule, 542 structure, 131 Glycolipopeptides, 42 in pregnancy, 692-694, 742-744 of radioactive isotopes, 341 m~lec~ar structure, 124, 125 GlYCQlysis, 395 in urine, 892-694, 741-744 Hammarsten test, 47 OXIdatIOn-reduction properties, 1: definition, 394 interstitial cell-stimulating, 741, 743 Hand-SchUller-Christian disea,se, lipid oxy-, aCidity, 288-291 effect of epinephrine, 701 lactogenic, 743 deposits in, 456 bnffering capaCity, 288-291 3] di~ociation, energetics of, 375, 408 luteini?:ing, 741, 743 Haptoglobin, phYSical pcoperties, 560 285-287 ' energy prod.nction, 375, 408 luteotropic, 743 Hartnup disease, 597 influence of Pco.' 287 high-energy phosphate from, 40.3--405 prolactin, 743 Haworth fonnulas, 10 of pH, 287 in bone formation, 635, 636 secretion, effect of androgen, 688, Heart of po., 288 in erythrocytes, 804 742 glycogen in, 424 of temperature, 287 in muscle, 424, 790 Gonadotropins, 741-744. See also in thiamine deficiency, 177 structure, 129 in muscle contraction, 429 Gonadoh'opic hormoneli. lactate utilization, 424, 425 oxygen capacity, 285 in nervous tissue, 783, 784 Gonads in vitamin E deficiency, 169 phospholipids in, 38, 39 oxy&en saturation, 285-287 in vaginal secretion, 695 Gossypol, 853, 657 Heat production from foodstuffs, 326 mfluence of Pco" 287 intracellular locati?:atlon, 408 Gout, blood uric acid in, 812 Helix, in nucleie acids, 113 of pH, 287 lactate formation, 404 uric acid pool si?:e in, 519 in proteiu structure, 76 of po., 286 o:tidative step, 403 Grains, hiological value, 656 Heller's ring test (proteius), 99 of temperature, 287 INDEX 873 Hematins, formation, 133 Hemoglobin (Continued) Hesoh~(Con"nued) Hematocrit 799 ()~gen transport, 128, 285 in brain, 400 Hematoporphyrin, in porphyrin syn· oxygeull.led, buffer capacity, 21i8-291, in liver, 395, 400 thesis, 610 315 in muscle. 300, 406 structure, 122 o~genation, 265-287 irrevenibili.ty, 380 Hematosides, c1assifl.catjun, 33 peptide chains, 124 reacti()n, influence of CQrticoids, 397, structure, 41 pbysical properties, 124 431 Heme pK's, 129, )30 ill~ulin. 437, 72.6 compounds., chemistry, 123 rate of turnover, 612 somatotropiC honnone, 397, 437, significance, 120 reduced, acidit)", 288-291, 315 7<6 Ue~usatl), ~, coordination of iron, 123 buffer capacity, 288-291, 31~ 6, 17 ferro- and ferri-, 123 sickle-<:ell type, 127 Hexo.se(s) formation, 610 survival value, 767 anaerobic metabolism, 395 structure. 123 spectrum, absorption, 133 chusi£cation, 5, 6 Hemiacetals, carbohydrate, 9 sulf-, fonnation, 132 definition, 5 Hemi-celluloses, 22 synthesis, 811 energy production, 408, 414 in bacteria, 22 folic add in, 202, 642 glycolysis, 395 Hemiu, fonnation, 132 genetic control, 812 in polysaccharides, 17 Hemochromatosis, iron metaboli5m vitamin 8 12 in. 202, 642 interooo.ver:sions, 40&-408 in,642 • HemolysiS, sU5Ceptibility, enzyme de metabolism, 390-416 Hemochromogens, definition, 124 fe<;'t, 804, 814 occurrence, 13 Hemocyanins: 644 Hemopoiesis phu.sphorylation, 395. 402 dawfication. 54 action of erythropoietin, 751 reducing properties, 10, 27 Hemoglobin of folic acid, 202-204 Hexose diphosphate aldolase, in gly. abnormal tyPes. l:2.A---l2.R of folinic acid, 202-204 colysis, 403 acid-base properties, 128 of vitllmin B12, 202-204 Hexose phosphates hile pigment fonnation, 614 cobalt and, 645 conversion to trioses, 403 buffer action, 288~291 in copper deficiency, 644 in carbohydrate metaoolism, 395-446 buffering capacity, 288-291, 315 in folic acid defieiency, 202.-204 structure, 27 carbamino compounds, 269, 291 in vitamiu BI2 defieiency, 202_204 Hexosediphosphatase formalion, 130, 291 Hemop()ietin, in erythrocyte maturatmn, cls.ssi£cation, 240 carbon monoxide-, formation, 130, 132 611. See also Erythropoietin. occurrence, 240 catabolism, 614 Hemoproteins. clMSi£.cati~, 52, 54 ne~u.'ltllliunophospbatase classification, chemistrY, 124 Hemosiderin, 642 240._. See also GlUCDSe.6-phmpha classification as protein, 54 Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, 67, COlnjXlsition, .'19 320 "High feta!" hemoglobin as operator content of blood, 285 Heparin, 24 mutation, 764 derivatives, absorption spectra, 133 actions of, 492, 802 Hippulin, 689 inlerconversions, 132 antICoagulant aetion, S02 Hippurate, 279 determination. 140 chemistry, 24, 777 in urine, S45 electrophoresis, 126 destruction, 802 strocture,61 evolutioll, 126 effect 011. lipoprotein lipase, 492, 777 synthesis, 388, 577 fetal type, 124, 125, 127 {oonation, 802 Histamine genetics and, 127 function, 492, 777 acetylation, 474,583 heme-heme interactions, 128 glucosamine in, 24 antagonists of, 672 heme-linked gronps, 129, 288 glucuronic acid in, 24 formation, 583 heterogeneity, 124-]28 in llIa.5l ceUs, 802 from hiStidine, 212 "high fetal," a.s operator m\ltation. in plQliffia "clearing," 492 gastric seeretion and, 260 76l structure, 24 'Oxidation, 583 nistidiue in, 128, 288 sulfate in, 24 Histidase in erythrocytes, 285, 803 ,a-Heparin, 24 classification, 253 iron, 12.3, 124.642 Heparinase, 802 occurrenee, 2S3 ab~url'tion and, 640 classification, 243 Histidine M diseases, 132. oecurrence in liver, 243 as souree of formimino group, 583, met-, cyauide derivative, 131, 132 Hepatie porphyrill.S, 613 592 formation, no Hepatol:oxic agents. fatty liver from, bacterial action 00., 272 in hereditary metnemoglobincmia, 5(15 huBer action, 288 132 Heptose, in pento~t'. metabolism, 417 conversion to g!utllma.te, 583 metabolism, 614 occurrence, 13 to histamine, 583 structure, 131 Herbicides, 676 dJ!,teetion of, 94 molecular struehue, 124, 12~ Heteropolysaecharidases, c1assifiea fonnation of anserine, 583 oxidation-redudion properties, 130 tion,243 of carnosine, 58:1 oxy-, acidity, 288-291 Heterosaccharides, 6 of fonniminu group, 583, 592 buffeTing capaeity, 28/j--291, 315 Heterozygotes, detechon, 76& histamine from, 212 dissociation, 285-287 Hexachlorobenzene and porpbyrinuria, in bemoglobin, 128, 288 influence of Pco.' 287 .21 metabolism, 583 of pH, 267 Hexokinase strueture, 57 of Po" 286 classification, 236 Hi5tidine-ammoo.iB. lvase clilJ5illca of tempelablre, 287 effect of aUrellucortical honnones, tion, 253. See abo Hi.rtida.se. structure, 129 397, 437 Histidine deearboxylase, classification, oxygen capaCity, 285 of anterior pituitary hormones, 252 oxygen saturation, 285-287 397, 437, ;46 Histidinemia, 583-584 infiuence of Pco ' 287 of insulin, 396, 437, 727 Histones of pH, 287 ' of pituitary hormones, 397. 4..'17.746 llcetylatioll of, ~28 of Pl:!,' 286 of somatotropic bormone, 397, 437, as "repressors," 531 of temperahue, 287 74 Histones (Continued) Honnones (ConHnu.ed) Hydrophobic bond (Continued) composition, 59 thyrocalcitonin, 638, 714, 736 in protein'l, 80 HYdroxyproline in nucleoproteins, 104 thyrOid, 713-722 Hydrotropic action of bile aCids, 268 metabolism, 581 inhibition of DNA synthesis, 528 thyrotropic, 737 HydroJtocobalamin, 199. See also origin, 582 R~·A structure, 57 inhibition of synthesis. 531 transp HydroryproUne lmida:wliwn woup (Continued) Inositol (Continual) metabolism, 581 pK,70 in tissues, 204, 205 origin, 582 Imidazolonepropioruase claSlliliClltion, lipotropic aelion, £05, ~, 5tJ4. structure, 57 248 metabolism, 205, 420 Hydroxyprolinemia, 582 Immune reactioos, effect of occurrencc, 26, 204 Hydroxytestosterone, 690 adrenocortical hOrntones, 713 structure, 25 Hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase ImmWloelectrophoresis, 75 synthoob, .26, 205 c1llSSification, 2.52 "'Inborn errors of metabolism" \'itamin nature, 204 5-Hydroxytryptophan in serotonin albinism, 601, 780 Inositol hexapbOllphate, 163,633. See synthE'J!li!l, 595 alcaptonuria, 6(X) also Ph!ltk actd. Hydroxytyramine,6OO argirnnosuccinuria, 571 In.~ctiddes, metabolic IUltagonlsm in, Hyperbilinlbinemia, 617 characteristic~, 700 678 Hyperchromic effect, US consequences, 767 Inspired air Hyperglycemic factnr, 438, 728. See cy~tlnosis, 58j earbon dioxide in, 2S3 aha Glucagon. CYstinuria, 586 Ol')'gen in, 283 Hyperketonemia. 400 e~:tYme deficiency in, 227, 766 Insulin Hyperlipemia, 456, 496, 499 See also gluCose-6-phosphate dehydrogena.o;e al'tion of. 4.3.1-437, 725 Blood lipflU. defLck:llCY, 578 antagon.ism to adrenocortical HyperoxalurU, 579 incidence, 768 bonnone5, 435, 437, 725 Hypertensin, 837 maple syrup uriue dIsease, 580 to somatotropic honnone, 435, 437, Hypertcnsin(ogen), action of renin, 2.47, pentosuriil, 419 725 837 phenylketonuria, .'599 antagonists, 725 Hypcrtensinases, 837 porphyrias, 613 aIltibodies, 725 Hypertensinogen, 837 therapy, 768 llllSAy,723 Hypertension, renal factol"5 in, 837 bdican, 279 brain metabolism and, 784 Hypochromic eHect, 113 cxcretion, 628, 846 chemistry, 72.3 Hypoglycemia, elled on epinephrine fonnation, 279, 627 competition with somatotropic secretion, 434. See also Glurosp in urine, 628, 846 bonnone. 435, 725 in blood, Indole de6ciency, 44:2, See also DWbeW HypoglycemiC:S, oral, 672 conjugation with sulfate, 279 mellttw. Hypophysectomy detoncation, 279 effect on adipose tissue. 727 consequenccl of, 736 from tryptophan~ 272, 597 en amino acid t1'B.llSpOrt, 541 development after, 736 in feces, 274 en blood amino acid!!. 611 effect on diabetes mellitus, 0145 Indolcacetatf'! from tryptophan, 596 on blood cboles\eJol, 494, 727, 728 on fat mobilization, 736 Indophenol dyes, 115 artificial electron- on blood glucose, 436, 725 on fat oxidation. 736 acceptors, 363 on blood lipids, 443, 494. 495, 506, on glucwe oxidation, 736 Indoxyl, 279 727 on glycogen, 736 Indoxyl sulfate, 279 on blood pbosphate, 441, 633, 728 on growth, 736 Induced fit, 211 on blood potassium, 441, &5, 728 on insulin seositivity, 736 "Inducer." 227, 228, 762, 770 on carbohydrate metabolism, 433 on U:togclles.!li, 736, 740, 741:1 Infections, globulins m blood in, 807, 437,726 Hypotaurine, 585 80B DIl entrance of glucose into cell, Hypothalamic hunlJones, 737 InflammatiOn, pigmentation in, 781 395, 431:1, 726 Hypotha.lamus Inhibition index, 000 on fatty acid synthesis, 461 , 506, 727 and adrenocorticotropin ~eererton, Inhibition of enzyme action on gluconeogenesis, 434, 437, 726 740 competitive, 000 on gluco)e oxidation, 434, 43f:l, 725, and llntidiurctic honnOlle setret1on, irre'llersible,662 726 747 Lineweaver-Burl: plot. 661 on glucOlle utilizatiun, 433-437, and gonadotropin secretion, 741 non-eompetltive,662 725, 726 and pituitary honnones, 680, 737,747 uncompetitive, 682 on gIYC1)genc~s, 437, 726 and thyrotropin secretion, 736 Inhibitor.i of en:lyme aclion on heIol:inase, 396, 437, 727 endocrinc function, 737 carbonyl reagcnts, 224 on intracellular pho~phate, JOl:I epinephrine stimulation of, 737 in oxidative chain, 364 on intracellular potassium. 308, 626 ill alarm reaction, 680, 700, 741 metaoolic antagonists, 224, 659 on ketogenesis, 443, 725, 727 Hypoxanthine IIletal-complexing agents, 224 on lipid metabolism, 44:3, 506, 727 catabolism, SUi sulfhydryl reagenls, 223 on lipogenesis, 437, 727 in nucleic llcid~, 106 IlloIganic meta.bo!ism, 6'2.3--647 on m\.ISCle glycogen, 725, 726 synthcsis, 515 Inosinate, conversion to other nucleo on pota!i<$iwn distribution, 308, 626 tide), 517, 518 on protein metabolism, 443, 5f:l4, synthesiS, 515 ~.7lS Inosine, itl purine cataboliSill, 518 on respiratory quotient, 330, 725 lCOSISPIfINGOSINE, 41 Inosine diphosphate, in CO2 in blood 724 lCSH, 741, 743 IJssllJlilation, 413 inactivation, 72.4 Idose, rtructure, 7 Inositol, 204 metabolic action$, 4JEl, 725 Iduronafe, 24 absorption, 20.'5 metabolism, 724 Iduronate derivatives, synthesis, 421 biosynthesis. 205 re!listaDce, after adrenocortical 1mbecillitll5 phcrlylpymvics.. 599 ehemistry, 204 OOrmollei, 445 lmida:lolellcetate. cxcretion in cholesterol metabolism and, 205 secretion, 436, 724 histidinemia, 584 deficicncy, 205 blood glucose and, 433-435, 436, in histidine metaboli<>m, 583 functions, 205 724 Imidazolelactate, excretion in histidin glncose from, 20.5, 420 sengtivity, after hypophysectomy, 736 emia,584 in brain, 782 structure, 53, 723 Imidazolepyruvate, excretion in in foom, 204 tolerance test, 436 histidinerrull. 584 in phosphoinositides, 37 units, 723 lmidazolillm, in hemoglobin, 128, 288 in pho~pholipim, 37 zinc in, 645, 723 lmiUa:lolium group. as physiological in phytin, 26 Insulinase, 724 buffcr, 74, 2B8 in plants. 26 InterieroWi. 536 876 INDEX INDEX lDtennedillry metabolism Iodine (Continued) Isomerism Ketogenesis (Continued) methods of study, 336-344 number, 46 in steroids, 682 from amino acids, 448. sr. in vitro, 338 occurrence, 629 optical, in carbohydrates, 6 from latty ""'do, 4BI in vivo, 336 in bile, 629 in steroids, 682 in carbohydrate restridIaD" .. isotopes, 340 in blood, 629, 716 Isoniazid, pyridoxine antagonWn, 189 in diabetes me1.lJtuI, oH3. 'lIS Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone, in thyroid, 630, 715 Isooctane extraction, in inhibition of ODIoacetate and, 410 741, 743 protein-bound, 629, 716 oxidative chain, 364 Ketogenic amino adell. .... 174 Intestinal juice, 264 reaction for dextri.ns, 30 Isopentenyl pyrophosphate, in a-Ketoglutarate carbohydrases, 264 for glycogen, 30 cholesterol synthesiS, 475 decari:MDylation. 177, 410. -til composition, 264 for polysaccharides, 30 Isoprene units, in cholesterol in transamination, 235, 588 enterokinase. 265 for starch, 30 synthesis, 475 in triauboxyLic acid cycle, 4.l: enzymes, 264 requirement, 629 Isoteb, 143 oxidation, 411-412 lactase. 264 thyroxine synthcsis and, 630, 714-716 Isotope dilution method, 95 a-Ketoglutarate deh,dwg...._ I maltase, 264 lodoacetate, action on sulfhydryl Isotopes cl85llification. 358 nucleoside phosphorylases. 265 groups, 223 characteristics of, 340-342 function, 411-412 peptida.ses, 265 Iododcoxyuridine, 672 in study of intermediary metabolism, a-Ketoisovalerate, 191, 19:5!: phosphatases, 265 Iodopsin, 148 340 Ketolysis, 468 secretion, 264 Iodothyroglobulin, 630, 713 methods of assay, 343 mechanism, 468 sucrase, 264 5-Iodouracil derivatives, antagonists Isozymes, 216, 405 Ketone bodies Intestinal motility, effect of cellulose, of thymine, 522 energy level, 375 65. Ion activators of enzymes, 216 formation from fatty adell. .fB'l Intestinal putrefaction, urine indican Ion antagonism, 663 from hydroxy-methylgtut.ryl and, 628, 846 lon-ex-change cluomatography, 98 JACOS and Monod model, 761 467 Intestine Ion transport, mitochondria, 386 Jaundice in blood, 467, 810 bacterial action in, 270-273 role of phospholipids, 488 congenital,617 in urine, 469, M6 enterokinase formation, 262, 265 Ionic bond in proteins, 80 familial, non-hemolytic, 765-766 Ketonemia. 457, 469 H-ion concentration Ionization COIllltants, 6.'5 hepatocellular, hypoprothrombin Ketonuria, 457,469,846 effect of vitamin D, 163, 633 p-Ionone, in provitamins A, 144 emia, 173 a-KetopantOic acid, 192 on calcium absorption, 632 Iproniazid, as monoamine oxidase obstructive Ketose-I-phosphate aldolase dati on iron absorption, 640 inhibitor 594, 671 blood bile acids in, 810 tion, 253 pancreozymin fonnation, 2tl2 ITon blood cholesterol in, 494, 810 Ketoses secretin formation, 260, 262, 264 absorption, 640 hypoproUuorubinenna, 173 c1a.miB.cation. 6 secretions, 264 gastric HCl and, 260 vitamin K deficiency, 173 deBnitioo, 6 IntriIlllic factor, 202 distribution, 641 of newborn, absence of glucuronyl reducing properties, 10, 27 in gastric juice, 202 eHect on phosphate absorption, transferase, 421, 617 tests for, 28 in hemoglobin synthesis, 611 164, 632, 640 plasma cholesterol in, 494 Ketosis, 457, 469 in pemiciollS anemia, 202-204 excretion, 640 urine sulfur in, 628 after pancreatectomy, oH3. 115 mechanism of action, 202 ferritin, 640-642 Jcjunal juice in diabetes mellitus, M1, ..? vitamin B12 absorption and, 202 functioIlll, 640 bicarbonate in, 322, 624 oXBloacetate and, 410 Inulin clearance, 830-834 in blood, 641 chloride in, 322, 624 17-Ketosteroids, 8M, 688, 1m space, 298 in feces, 640 electrolyte composition, 3.22, 624 acidic, 686 Inversion of mcrose, 15 in hemoglobin, 123, 124, 642 potassium in, 624 from adrenal cortez. 686, 1m Invert sugar, 15 in hemoglobin synthesiS, 611 sodium in, 322, 624 from adrenocortical ~ 8 Invertase, 264. See also Sucrase, in milk, 795 709 Iodine in myoglobin, 642 from androgens, 685, 886 absorption, 629 in oxidative enzymes. 353, 640 from testis, 8M, 686 deficiency, 629 in tissues, 641 KEPHALINS, 37. See also Cephalfna. in urine, 686, 709 goiter in, 720 in urine, 640 Kerasin, 40 in ascorbic acid defid.ency, JlR distribution, 630 intermediary metabolism, 641 in tissues in Gaucher's disease, 456 neutral, 686, 709 eHect on thyrOid 720 metabolism, 640--643 Keratin Kidney(s) excretion, 629, 717, 849 mobilization, 64.2 classification, 53 acid-base balance regulat:ton, 3U in bile, 629 ascorbic acid in, 156 in skin, 779 319,321-325 in blood, 629, 716 non-heme, 353, 358, 360 structure, 81 acid e;tcretion by, 317, 82.6, 839 eHect of thyrotropin, 737, 738 'rachitogenic action, 164,632 Keratohyaline, 779 in acidosis, 318, 32.3, 324 factors influencing, 629, 716, 720 requirement, 643, 650 Keratomalacia. 149 in alkalosis, 318, 324, 325 722 storage, 641 Keratosulfate occurrence, 23 adrenocortical hormone aetloo 01 inorganic, 629, 716 transport, 641 a-Keto acids, decarboxylation, 177,409, 710, 827, 848 organic, 629, 716 utilization, 641 411 ammonia formation. 319, 570, 82l protein-bound, 629, 716 Iron porphyrins energy level, 375 641 in bones, 630 in oxidative enzymes, 353 ,B-Ketoacid CoA-transferase classifica in acidosis, 319, 324, 325, &d in expired air, 629 structure, 123 tion, 238 in alkalosis, 319, 324, 325, &do in feces, 629 Islands of Langerhans, 722 Ketoacid lyases, classification, 253 blood flow, 832 in liver, 630 Isoa.lloXllzine, 179 , ,B-Ketoacyl thiolases, action, 467 carbohydrate metaboIum, 423 in perspiration, 629 Isocitrate, in bicarboxylic acid cycle, ,B-Ketoacyl-CoA transacetylase carbon dioxide reabsorption. 318 in saliva, 629 4ll classification, 232 chloride excretion, 624, 826, 847 in thyroid, 630, 713-715 Isocitrate debydrogenase(s), 358, 411 a-Ketobutyrate, in methioninc concentrating ability.825 839 eHect of thiocyanate, 721 Isoelecbic point, 71, 73 metabolism, 584 disease ' in thyroxine, 630, 714-716 Isoenzymes, 216 in threonine metabolism, 576 blood creatinine in, 812 in tissues, 630 Isohydric transport of CO2, 290 Ketoestrogens, 690, 691 blood urea in, 570, 811 in urine, 629, 717, 849 Isoionic point, 73 Ketogenesis blood uric acid in, 812 intennediary metabolhm, 630, 714 Isoleucine after pancreatectomy, 443, 725 globulins in hlood in, 807 716 deficiency and fatty acid synthesh, after bypophysectomy, 736, 740, 746 glomerular filtration 10, 831 83l mctabolism, 628--630, 714-716 503 eHect of adrenocortical honnones, function, 819-849. See also R~ effect of antithyroid agents, 720-722 mctabolism, 580 506,712 function. of thiocyanate, 715, 721 structure, 57 of insulin, 506, 727 iodine excretion, 629, 717, 849 thyroid in, 628--630, 714-716 Isomerases, classification, 229, 230, 254 of somatotropic honnone, 507, 746 magnesium excretion, 631, 848 .NDIX 877 KetogenesiS (Continued) KidPey(s) (CORHnued) Lactation (Continued) from amiPo acids, 448. 574 pbospbare reabtorption. affect of vitamin D requirement, 1M from fatty acids, .un pualhyrojd hormone, 8:W. 6$, Lactic acid. See lAdat~. in carbollydrate restriction, 489. B T.U.lW7 Lactobacillus bifidus, gro\rth facton. 25 in diabetes mellitus. 443. 7!5 potusium ftI:'nltion. 318, 624. Si7, Lactobllcillll:'! cud llCetll.te factor, 206. oaaI~late and. 470 __847 637 See also a-Llpme odd. ketogenic amiDo acidt. 448,. 574 Lactogenic homone. 74J. See 11110 Il.Ketogiutante sochm ascretioo, 6U, 6ZlS, 847 ProlLJctin. decaIbosylation. 117.410. 411 ~ 3lth'l19. 321. lW8 Lactoglobulin in milk, 793 in transamination. 235. 568 soditllD-hydrogeD tmelwtge, 316-319. Lactose itt. trieubozybc acid eyele, oUl :W.1l28 digestion, 264. 391 oxidation, 4U-412 tubular muetory m&Sli. 833, 834 from g.u.lactose, 408, 195 u-Ketoglutarate dehydrogtmase srstem...... from glucose, 408, 795 cla.ssi6cation, 358 ahoormaI fmction, 829 {n blood. 432, 808 hmction, 411-412 IIIDIDtmiI fonnatian in, 319. 570. in rnilk, 432, 795 a_Ketofjovalerate, 191, 192 .... 841 fcnnentation of, 795 Ketolysis, 488 __ by. 316, 319. 624. 827. synthesis of, 408, 795 mechaniml. 46B 8M in UJine, 432, 442, 848 Ketone bodies plapbate reabsorptlDD, 63t, 839. occurrence, 15 energy level, 375 731,817 structure, 15 formation from fatty ad. 4f17 ...-=retioD, 31...... 827. synthesis. 408. 795 from hydroxy-metbylglulaJyl-CoA. 847 tests for. 26-30 4.7 nllIlmrptloa, 624. 827, 847 Lactosuria, 432, 442, 648 iu blood, 1167, 810 rooI>oo Linoleate (Continued) Lipid(s) (Continued) Lipotropism (Continued) Lysine metabolism, 463 metabolism, endocrine influences, 506 relation to transmethylation, 504 attachment of biotin, 595 structure, 35 general survey. 456. See also under Lipovitellins, 45 bacterial action on, m Linolenate names of individual lipids. Lipuria. al.imentary, 849 cadaverine from, 273 essential nature, 36, 462 hormonal influence, !'i06 Litbocholate synthesis, 479 excretion in cystinuria, .587 metabolism, 463 in diabetes mellitus, 443, 494, 495. Liver metabolism, 595 structure, 35 506, 725, 727 bile acid synthesis. 267 methylation, 595 Lipase(s) interrelations with other foodstuHs, cholesterol synthesis. 269. 474 structure, 57 classification. 240 447, 507, 602 conjugation in, with sulfate, 279, 627 Lysoeephal.ins, 37. 486 gastric, 261 role of adipose tissue, 497 damage, hypoprothrombinemia, 173 hemolytic action, 37 in blood, 813 of liver. 499 disease in phospholipid catabolism, . in digestion, 258 mobilization, 495, 499. See abo UpUl blood amino acids in, 812 Lysolecitliins. 37, 486 in feces. 275 transporC and LtpUl depontllm. blood cholesterol in. 494, 810 hemolytic action, 37 occurrenee, 240 non-saponifiable, 47 blood phosphatase in, 814 in phospholipid eatabo1Jsm, . pancreatic, 263 occurrence, 32 blood urea in, 811 L ysosomes, 775 Lipid(s) of diet, fate Ul body (summary), 456 blood uric acid in, 812 enzymes in, 225, 775 ahnonnal deposits, 456 protein combination, 45 globulins in blood in, 807. 808 Lysozymc. clwification, 243 absorption, 451 Reiehert-Meissl number, 46 urine amino acids in, 843 in feces, 275 bile aeids in, 268 saponifiable, 47 r., role of phospholipids, 487 saponification number, 46 after nicotinamide, 185 acetyl number, 46 simple, 33 in inositol deficiency, 205, 502, 504 acrolein test, 47 solubility, 32 in pyridoxine deficiency, 193, 502. MACROGLORULIN, physical prop alcohols state in nature, 45 504 500 acyclic, 33, 34 tests, 46 fatty, 500 Magnesium classification, 33 tissue distribution, 454 in diabetes mellitus, 503, 725, 727 ab.'lOrption. 631 inositols., 33 '''''''Port. 489 in protein defieiency, 505, 657 effect on calcium absorption, sterols, 33, 36 llDd deposition (summary), 457 glycogen on phosphate absorption, 11 biological signifieance, 32 Lipidoses., 456 after pancreatectomy, 725 excretion, 631. 848 'chemistry, 32-42 Lipoate. See Wo a.-l..Jpok 4dd. effect of adrenocortical honnones, functions, 630 choline tests, 47 Lipoate-Iinked dehydrogena.ses, 360 437, 711 in bile, 631 chromatography. 48 Upoate transacetylase classification, of epinephrine, 437, 701 in blood, 631 clwification, 33 .3. of glucagon, 438, 728 effect of calcium, 631 definition. 32 Lipocaic, lipotropic action, 505 of insulin, 433, 726 in blood plasIlla, JOl, 812 deposition and storage, 497 Lipoeuglobulin, physical properties, glycogenesis, 421 in hone, 636 derived, classification. 33 500 glycogenolysis, 400, 422 in rickeb, 631 dietary, 652. See abo FuJt.,). Lipogenesoit in androgen metabolism, 686 in cerebrospinal fiu.id, 631, 81 digestion, 451 effect of adrenocortical honnonet, in estrogen metabolism. 691 in extracellular fiuids, 301, 63 bile acids in, 268 506,712 in iodine metabolism, 630, 716 in feces, 631 summary of, 269 of insulin, 437, 727 in progesterone metabolism, 696 iu inteutitial fluid, 301, 631 fractionation, 47 from carbohydrate, 393, 458 insulinase, 724 in int~lIu1ac fluids, ~ functions, 32 a-Lipoic acid, 205 iodine excretion, 629, 716 in urine, 631, 848 in adrenal, eHect of adrenocor as coenzyme, 353 iodine in, 630 metabolism, 630 ticotropin, 706. 740 functions, 206 magnesium excretion, 631 effect of parathyroid honnOl in blood in decarboxylation. 177, 206 necrosis., after yeast, 168 733 after pancreatectomy, 443, 494, 495, in oxidative decarboxylation, 409, effect of cystine, 168 neuromwcuIar irritability and. .506, 72.5, 727 41' of selenium, 168, 646 rachitogenic action, 164 amount, 493, 809 in substrate level phosphorylation, of vitamin E, 168 Malate, in tricarboI}'lic acid t:'fC eHect of ~trogens. 695 381, 409, 412 potassium in, 626 Malate dehydrogenase, 358, 4tl of somatotropic honnone, 507, 746 $JnIcture,206.352 role in carbohydrate metabolism, Malate dehydrogena.se (decarbo:I facton in6uencing. 493-496, 810 thiamine and, 177, 206 421 ing), classification, 3."18 in diabetet mellitus, 443, 725, 727 Upomicrons, 492 in lipid metabolism, 499 in CO2 assimilation, 413 in erythrocytes, 803 Lipoproteins vitamin A in, 146, 147 Maleylacetoacetate in tyrosine d chemistry, 45, 489 in liver, efFcct of .'lOmatotropic hor vitamin B12 in, 200 tabolism, 600 mone,746 clwification, 33, 45, 52, 489 vitamin D in, 161 "Malic enzyme," in assimilation in lymph, 816 composition, 491 vitamin E in, 167 CO:' 413 in microsomes, 774 density, 45, 489 Lohmann reaction, 429 Malonate, iuhibition of mcdnate in milk., 794 flotation classes, 45, 490 Long's coefficient, 839 hydrogenase. 224, 364, 412 in mitochondria, 774 in atherosclerosis, 46. 490 LTII, 743. See also Prolocttn. Malonate semialdehyde, in pyrio: in muscle, 790 in bacteria, 45 LumiHavin, 180 catabolism, 522 in nervow titsUe, 37--42, 782 in egg yolk, 45 Lumisterol, 161 Malonyl-coenzyme A, in fatty at: in plasma, concentrations, 493 in oxidative chain, 365 Lungs, gas exchange in. 283, 285, 288 synthesis, 458 in platelets. 805 in plasma, 45, 489 Luteinizing honnone. 741, 743 Maltase, 264. See also Ctubohydt in skin, 780 in viruses, 45 Luteotropic honnone, 743. See also clwi.6.cation, 243 in urine, 849 occurrence. 45 Prolactin. in fcces, 275 intracellular Lysine MangaDt:se (CollHntled) Mesobiliruhinogen. (Continued) iltlachmcnt of biotin, 595 in blood, 645 excretion, BIB, B19 bacteril.1 action on, 273 in feces, 645 In bile pigment metabolism, 618 cadaverine from, 273 in urine, 645 structure, 137 excretion in cystinuria, 587 Manganese dimrJde, lS artificial dec Mesoporphyrin, in plrpbyrin synthems, metabolislll, 595 tron-aCCE'.ptGr. 363 610 methylatioll. 595 Mannans, 17 struclure, 122 structure, 57 Mllnuosamine derivatives, synthesi.. 421 Messenger RNA, in proteIn syntbe5is, Lysocephalins, 31, 486 Ma.nnose 554 hemolytic llCtion. 37 absorption, 391 Metabolic acidosis, 321-323 in phospholipid ("abboli~lJl. 4Bt1 fermentation test. 30 Mctabolic alkalosis, 321. 322 Lysoledthins, 31, 48B from glucooe, 401 Metabolic antagonisI1l, 659....{i76 hemolytic action, 37 ~I\lcose from. 4fJT in study of intermediary metahoHsI1I. in pho~holipid catabolhm, 466 in polysaccharides, 13. 22 338 Lysosome5, 715 occunence, 13 Metabolk pool, 542 cnzymes in. 225. 715 pbt\Sphorylation, 406 Metabolism T.yso-zyme, d_ifIcation, 243 strocture, 7, 12 acid carbahydrates, 420 in feces. 275 Mannosephosphate isomcrase llIl1ino ~gars, 4.20 classification, 254 basal, 331-335. See also llo.:Ial mt' Maplc syrnp urine dillease. 580 t.o.oolism. Milrian's syndrome, excretion oE calcium, 631-64.0 M...CROCLOllMLl.... phyDca\ properties. hydroxyproline peptides, 582 earbohy Methionine adenosyl transferase classi Milk (CcmttflUed) Mom.lllaccharides (Ccmttflued) fication, 2J3 inorganic constituents. 795 substituted, 6, 21 Methotrexate, 674 iodine in, 629 tl!'tts for. 26--30 Methoxyestrogens. IDO, 691 lactose in, 432, 433, 795 Muca.se5, clusiBcalion. 24J Methoxyb.ydroxymandelllte. 699, 700 lipids in, 794 Mucic aCid. strocture. 20 Methyl JtI'Oups muco-oligOllacchlLrldes in. 25 test, for galactose. 29 interconversioD with "formate," 592 nicotinamide in, 183, 185 for lactose, 29 labile. 588 pantothenic acid in, 191, 795 Mueiu(s} metllooliBm, .588 pigments, 700 carbobydrate in, 23 ondation, 277.591 proteim in, 700 gi\Stric, 281 !loOnrces in diet, 590 biological value, 654 in urine, 849 synthesis, 592 pyridoxine in, 188, 795 Mucoid, 776, See abo Mucoprolein(,). Methyl phosphate, 589 riboflavin in, 178, 181, 795 Mucoitin sulfate, 25 Methylation ~cretion of, 793 Mucopolysaccbaridases, classification, in detoriciltion. 280 sClllTing. 795 243 of nicotill.llmide, 260 thi8.ll1ine in, 177 Mucopolysaccbarides, 22 polysaccbRJide structure determina vitamin A in. 146, 147 as ground substance, 635. 777 tiop, lEI vitamin 8 12 in, m ascorbic acid and, 156, 157, 778 0-Methylation. in catabolism of catech vitamin Din, 161, 795 blood group ~pecific facton. 22. 7QQ olamines, 001, 671. 100 vitamin E in, IIl7 chemistry, "2:2, 7713, 777 MerhylcytOliine vitamin Kin, 172 classification, 6, 22 in nucleic acids, lOS vitamins in, 793, 795 effect of adrenocortical bormones, O(,'(;:UITence. 105 Millieqwvalents, 298 635,639,712, 735, 778 pK of amino group. 107 Milliosmols, 299 of ascorbic acid, 156, l57, 778 a-Methyldopa, inhibitor Qf dQpa de MlUon', reaction, 93 galactosamine in, 22 carboxylase, 601, en Mitochondria in mucoprotein, 22, 23, 54. 776. 777 Methylene blue, IlJI artificial electron_ chemistry, 774 in myxedema, 717, 778 acceptor, 363 enzymes in, 225, 226, 774 in thyrOid deficiency, 717, 778 Methylepillephrine, egg, 700 ion transport. 386 ()t;;CUlTence, 22-25. 54. 77B, 771 MethylethanolllIDine as preeunor of orglUlization of oridative cbain in, permeability and. 23, 777 choline, 590 365 structure, 24 Methylhistidines in histidine metaoo preparatton, 225 sulfate-containing, 23 !ism, 583 swelling and contraction, 366 synthesis, 421 Methylmalonate semialdehyde in water transport, !J8B Mucoprotein(s), 54, See also GIYlo pyrimidine catlloolbm, 523 Mitomycin, inhibition of DNA synthe proteifl(S). Methylmalonyl-<:oenzyme A, conver sis,528 as ground .1ub~t..m.:e, 635, 776 sion to succlnyl-CoA, 413 Molecular .sieves, 87, 98 chondroitin sulfates in. 2:3, 777 formation from propionate, 472 Molecular Weights, proteilL'i, 85 in blood, 808 S-Methylmethionitle, SS9 MoUsch reaction, 28 in bone, 635, 7713 Ni-Metbylnicotillllrnide, 185, 187 Molybdenum in cartilage, 778 Methylnorepinephrine, 699, 700 absorption, 64B in conne<:tive tissue. 54, 635, 776,777 Methylpurine5, ill nucleic acids, 100 ex:cess, 646 in myxedema, 717, 778 ~ynovial Nl-Methyl-6-pyridone~carborylalflide, ncretion. 646 in fluid, 23,816 185 in enzymes, 646 mucopolys.a.ccharide5 in, 22, 23, 54, in urine. 185 in metalIoeuzymes, 355 776. 777 O-Methylribose. in nucleic acids, Joo Monoamine oxidase (Ii-Mucoprotein. See Ororo-1\1.1JooWf, MevaJonale, in cholesterol s)nthesis, classification, 355 Multiple myeloma, globulins in blood <75 function in brain, 594 in, 807 Mevalonate kinase classification. 2313 incata'oolism of catecbolamines. 601, Muramic acid, 22 Michaelis comple%, 2J 1 en. 700 Muramidase, c1assHi.;:lltioIl, 243 Michacli.5 cOrutllllt, definition, 221 inhibitor~ Bn QttlllTtmce, 24:> Michaelis-Menten equation, 221 Monoglycertdes, 35. See also Fat(,). Muscle MicrobiologiellolllSSaY, amino acids, 99 ill fat digestion, 2t!J, 270 actin, 427 Microorganisms in study of intermedi Monoiodotyrosine, 713-715 actomyosin. 428 ary metabolism, 340. See al~o formation. 602, 715 carbohydrate in, 424, 790 Bacteria. Monosaccharides, 11-13. See alse under carbobydTate membolism, 4.24, 700 Microsomes names of individual forms. chloride in, 300, B26 chemistry, 774. absorption, 270, 391 composition, 788-791 enzymes in, 2213 efffJct of thyrox:ine, 391. n8 contractile element, 426. 7,l19 preparation, 225 acetals, 13 contraction, 425 Milk, 793-700 acids, 6, 18 actomyUlin in, 426, 428 antibodies in, 793 alcohols, fl, 25 ATP and, 426, 428 iL!Icom{c acid in, 1M, 795 cla.ssificalion, S, 6 calcium and, 428, 63J biotin in, 194, 195 conjugated, 13, 2fl energy for, 4Sl8 carbohydrates in, 795 cyclic structure, 9 glycogen in, 429 carotenoids in, 1413, 147 o·forms., 6-8 gl)'colysh in, 42.9 clotting by chymotrypsin. 282 definition. 5 pbosphocreatine and, 429 by pepsin, un derived, 6. 18 creatine, 429 by rennin, 001 esters, e. 213 dY3trophy in vitamin E deficiency. t.:omposiDon of, 793-796 hemiacetals, 9 16. enzym~ COW. 794 interconvenioM,406-408 in, 789 dnIg exeretion in. 796 L-forms,6 extractives. 791 enzymes in, 796 occurrence, 11-13 fatigue, 430 fats, 3B, 48.2, 794 phosphorylation, 406 globulin X. 426 y-globulins in, 793 polymers, 15 glycogen, 424, 790 human. 794 structure. 7. 12 ll.mount, ol24, 790 INDEX 881 Muscle (Continued) Nervous tiuue iGontinu«f) Nicotinamide (Continued) glycogen, effect of /l.drenoC(lrtical y-amincflUtyrde in, 786 ox:ldatfon potential, IBl, 186 bormon~, 711 carbohydrate:!' in, 781, 782 ph/l.rmacofogical action, 186 of somatotropin, 745 cerebrosides ill, 40, 782 requirePlent. IB7 glycogenesis, 424 composition,7BI-788 urinal)' met/l.boIites, 185 glycogenolysis, /l.bsence in, 424 enzymes in, 783 /'Iiicotlnamide·/l.denine dinucleotide glycolysis, 424, 790 hormones, 680, 751, 765-787 as coenzyme, 353 iodine in. 630 lipids in, 37-42, 782 as hydrogen carrier, 181. 1&5 lactate in, 4.25, 429. 790 metabolktn, 783-788 functions, HIS lipiw in,. 790 norepinephrine in, 786 in epimerase reaction, 254 myogen, 427 nucleic acids in, 782., 785 metabolic [Ole, 361 myosin, 427 phosphoinositides in, 38 metabolism. 525 phosphate, 430 proteins in, 781, 7B2 Iteric specificity of redurtion, 35.'3, phO!iphocreatine, 429 secotOQin in, 786 354 potassium ill, 302, 626 Nessler's re/l.gent, 95 itructuTe, 183, 184, 352 proteins, 426, 788 Neural tr.Ql\"lmisl;:lon, ~~mistry, 1f!7 NicO\:(namide-adenine dinucleotide recovery, 429 Neuraminic /l.dd, chemUtry, 21 phosphate rigor, 4JO synthesis, 421 IL'l coenzyme, 35.'3 sodium in, .'](12, 826 Neuraminidase, classiflcatioQ and oc metabolic role, 361 Mutarotation, 9 ctUTeDl::e, W metabolism, 525 Mutations in microorganisma, 23 reduced (NADPH), in cholesterol in operator genes. 764 Seurohormones, 680, 751, 785-787 synthe&is, 475 in regulator gen~, 765 acetylcholine. 751, 785 ill hitty acid synthesis, 459 ill ~tructural genes, 762 y-/l.minobutyr/l.te, 751, 786 Nicotinamide nucleotide-linked de relation to nucleic /l.cids, 533 antagonism of, 667 hydrogenases. 359 ~uper-represscd, 765 epinephrine, 698-701, 786 Nicotinic acid, IB2-187. See abo Muton, 760 norepinephrine, 698-701, 786 Nirotinamide. Myelin she/l.th. phospholipid runl.over, serotonin, 751, 786 absorption, 185 485 Neurohypophysis, 746-749. See /l.lso as hydrogen carrier, 185 Myoalbumin, 789 Pituitary. postM'lor. a.'iSlly, 18.5 Myofibrtls, conlr/l.ction with ATP, 426 Neurokeutin, 7B2 biosynthesis, 1S3-1S5, 5iJ6 proteins in A and 1 hands, 427 Neuromuscular irritability catabolism, 185 Myogen. 4:17. 789 calcium and, 623, 639 chemistI)', 183 fibriu. 789 magne5ium and, 623 conjug/l.tion with glycine. 279 My~lobin potll.SSium 1IIId, 823 deficiency, 186 c/l.labolism, 614 sodiwn and, 623 demonstration of, 187 chemistI)', 134 Neuropharmacology, metabolic antag pellagra, IB2, IBtl c1iUl!iiBclltion as protein, 54 oaism in, 667 tests for, 187 confonnation, 82 Neutrality regulation, 312-325. See effect on plasma Iipid$, 186 evolution. 126 also Ac;;d-bo.te balance. fatty liver after, 185 functions, 426, 430, 789 Newbom, plasma cholesterol in, 494 from amino acids, 183,596 iron in, 642 prothrombin de6ciCllCy in, 173 from tryptophan, 183, 596 turnover rate. 613 Niacin, IB2.--IB7. See also Nicotinic pyridoxine action, 189, 100 Myokinase classification, 236 acid. functions, IB5, 525 reaction, 429 in blood, 815 in blood, IB5 Myosin, 427, 789 in milk, 79:5 in foods, IB3 ATP-asf! lUld, 427 Nickel in urine, 849 in oxidation-reduction re/l.ctions, 185 composition, 59 NitWtlnamide, 182-1B7. See abo in rynthe5is of NAD(P), 525 structure. Bl, 427 NIco~nic add inhibition of metabolism by p-/l.cetyl. Myxedema. 717 absorption, 185 pyridine, 666 mucopolysacchandes in. 717, 778 as hydrogen carrier. 185 metabolillln, 165 assay, 185 met/l.bolites, 1&5 biosynthesis, 183, 596 occunem:e. 183 cataboli5m, 185 phannacological action, 186 ~AD nucleosidase, 243 chemistry, 183 requirement, 187 ~/l.dJ reagent, 362 de6dency, 186 urinary metabolites, IB5 SAD(P). See Nicotlnamide-anerune demonstration of, 187 vasodil/l.tion effect, 186 dinudeotjde (phMpMte). pellaqa. 182., 186 'licotinv.ric acm, 279 a-Naphthol reaction, 28 satul1ltion tests, IB7 Niemann-Pick disease, lipid deposits Narcotics ll$ euzyme inhibitors, 224. tests for, 187 in, 456 384 dinucleoUdes., 163-165 sphingomyelin in, 39 Neostigmine. tl68 fatty liver after, 185 Ninhydrin reaction, 92 Nerve impulses, calcium and, 631 from amino aci Nitrogen (Continued) Nucleic acids (Cont1nued) Nucleotide(5) balance, in diabetes millitus, 443, 725 "free" nucleotide metabolism, 523 chemistry, 108-111, 115--117 protein intake and. 653-657 genes. 531 coenzymes, structures, 116 content in proteins, 100 hybridization. 114 dige5tion, 285 excretion. 545 hydrolysis products, 105, 106 free, 115 irnpor1:atlce. 544 in microsome:;; (ribosomes), 513, 774 metabolism of, 523 in body, 544 in mitochondria, 513, 774 occurrence and function (table), in feces, 274 interuucleotide linkages, 109-111 524 in proteins, 100 interrelatiom with other foodstuffs, from hydrolysis of nncleic acids, 109, in mine, alter pancreatectomy, 443, 536 III 725 intracellular localization, 513 in nncleic acid metabolbm, 515 effect of androgenS, 563, 688 jsoelectric points, 107 nomenclature, lOB, 109 protein metabolism and, 328, 329 levels of organizatioIl, lOB structure, lOB, 109 metabolism, 544 metabolism, 527 Nucleotide pyrophosphatase classifica of food, 544 mntation. 533 tion, 249 partition. in urine, 841 pentose metabolism, 515 Nyctalopia, 149 total, determination, 94 preparation, 117 translocatioll in body, 565 protein synthesis, 534 Nitrogen-ruIfut ratio, 628 purine metabolism, 515 Nitropnwide reaction, 94 pyrimidine metabolism. 520 OcHRONOSIS, 600 Nitrous aeid reaction (Van Slyke), 91 significance, 103 Ogur-Rosen method, 118 Non-berne iron, 353, 358, 360 structure, 108-114 Oleate, metabolbm, 463 Nonprotein nitrogen sUIYey of metabolism, 513 structure, 35 effect of somatotropic hormone. 563, syntheSis, 527, 52.8 Oleic acid. See Oroote, 745 folink acid in, 202 Oligo-l,4..... 1,4-glucan transferase, 399 Oligo-l,6-glucosidase, action, 244 in blood, 544, 810 vitamin 812 in, 202 in cerebrospinal 8uid, 817 "transforming substance," 532 classification, 243 in urine, 545, 840. See abo Urine turnover, 528, 531 Oligomycin, inhibition of phosphorylat nonprotein nitrogen. ultraviolet aNorption, 117 ing oxidation, 384 Norepinephrine viroses, 534 Oligonucleotide phosphodiesterase, as neW'obonnone, 680, 751, 786 Nucleodepo!ymerases classification, 241 biosynthesis, 600, 700 deoxyribonudease, 264 occurrence, 241 chemistry, 69B in pancreatic juice, 264 Oligosaccbaridases, classification, 243 effect on blood glucose, 437, 701 ribonuclease, 264 Oligosaccharides, definition, 5 exeretion, 600, 700 Nucleohistone, composition and oc nomenclature, 5, 14 from tyrosine, 600, 700 currence, 104 Omega oxidation, 471 in blood, 101 Nncleolus, nucleic acid in, 775 Ommochrome, 597 in chromaffin tissue, 699 Nucleophosphatases. See Phosphoto.se(s). One-carbon unit. See also FOfTn(Jte. in sympathetic nerves, 699, 700, 786 Nucleoprotamines, composition and folinic acid and, 201 in \lTine, 700 occurrence, 103 metabolism, 588-594 metabolk actions, 701 Nucleoprotein{s) vitamin 8 12 and, 201 metaboli5m, 600, 700 chemistry, 102-105 Operator gene, 761 methylation, 589, 601 classification, 53, 102, 103 Operon, 761 secretion, 700, 786 digestion, nucleases, 2d4, 269 Ophthalmic acid, 60, 578 Normetllnephrine, 699, 700 summary of, 269 Opsin, 148 Norophthalmic acid, 60, 578 higher, 104 Optical isomerism, 6 N-terminal groups, 63 in leukocytes, 804 in amino acids, 56 Nuclease(s) in nervous tissue, 782, 785 in carbohydrates, 6 definition, 241 nucleohistones, 104 Orcinol reaction, 29 in digestion, 258 nucleoprotamines, 103 Organ perfu.o;ioll, in study of inter in feces, 275 Nucleosidases. See Nudoosid£ phoa mediary metabolism, 338 in pancreatic juiee, 264 phorylaaes. Organizen, embryonic, 536 Nuclei, 775 Nucleoside phospborylases, in intestine, Ornithine chemistry, 513, 775 265 conversion to Citrulline, 571 enzymes in, 225, 775 in nucleic acid digestion, 265 cycle, 570 Nnclek acids Nncleosides excretion in cystinuria, 587 amphoterism, 107 cyclic phosphate esters, 11, 242 in urea synthesis, 571 base sequence, UO, Ill. 113, 533, deaminases, classification, 248 Oro.so-mucoid, carbohydrate in, 22-23 554-557 definition, 109 physical properties, 560 biological significance, 531 digestion, 26:5 Orotate, fatty liver and, 505 carcinogenesis, 533 in nucleic acid metabolism, 515 in pyrimidine synthesis, 520 catabolism, 531 Jlomenclature, 109 Orotic acid. See Orotate. chemical heterogeneity, 108 phosphorylases, classification, 233 Oroticaciduria, genetics, 766 chemical tests, 111 structure, 14, 109 occurrence, 521 chemistry, 105-U5 Nucleosidediphosphatase classifica Osazones, from carbohydrates, 29 cbromatograpby. U7 tion, 249 Osmolarity, 65, 299 chromosomes, 513. 532, 775 NucleQ.'llide diphospbates, in nucleic extracellular fluids, 300, 309 classification, 99, 102 acid synthesis, 530 intracellular fluids, 300, 307 composition (table), 107 Nucleoside monophosphate kinase of urine, 839 constituents, 10.5-108 classification, 236 O~motic equilibrium. Gibb:i-Donnan denaturatiou, 114 Nucleoside triphosphates, in nucleic effect and, 304--306 determination, 117 acid synthesi~, 527, 529 of body ll,uids, 299, 300---311 digestion and absorption. 258, 265, Nucleotidase, 241. See also Osmotic pressure, 65, 83 269,512 Phosphoto..se(s). CQUoid, 306, 798, 807 nucloodepolyrnerases, 264. 269. classification, 240 Gibbs-Donnan effect, 304---300 512 occurrence, 240 intracellular, 300, 309 INDIX 883 Ooein,778 Oxidative chain phosphorylation Pancreas (Continued) OsseoalbuminQid, 778 (Continued) juice. bicarbonate in, 322. 624 Osseomuooid, 77S elliciency,382 carborypeptidase. 262 Osteoblam and aUuiline pbospbatasa, revers&l. 385 chloride in, 322, 624 635,813 self-regulation. 385 chymotrypnn. 262 Osteoid, 635 site.i, 383 composition. 261 ascorbic acid aod. 156. 157 uncoupling, 384 eleetrolytes in, 322, 62.4 vitamin A ll.Dd, 150, 635 Oxidative deaminabOD. 566 enzymes, 262-264 Osteoid tissue in ascorbic acid de~ Oxidative shunt pathway, 416 lipase. 263 ficjency, 156, 157 OxidoreductllJle5. classification, 2,29,350 nucle~i, 264 Osteomalacia, 164. See also Vitarnln D Oxoandrostenedione, 690 panereozywin stimulation, 262 "'fidoncy. Omtestosterone, 690 potusiwn in, 624 Ovalbumin, carbohydrate in, 22,54 Oxybiotin, 194 'lecretin stimulation, 262 0."" biotin activity, 194 sodium in, 32.2, 624 ll.Ddrogen in, 684 Oxygen trypsin, 262 effect 01 follicle-stimulating hormone, affinity, of myoglobin. 789 \lagllS stimulation, 262 689, 693, 742 caloric value of, 327-330 lipase, 263 of luteinizing hormone, 689, 693, capacity of blood, 285 action. 263 742 of hemoglobin, 285 nature, 263 estrogen fonnation, 689 combining capaCity, 140 Pancreatectomy progenerone fonnation, 696 consumption. eHect of epinephrine, acid-hue balance, 443 "Overproduction" theory of ketosis, 469 333,701 blood cholesterol. 443, 725, 727 Oviducl. ayidin in. 195 of thyro.rine, 332, 717 blood glucose. 443, 725 Ovomucin, carbohydrate in, 23 normal,332 blood lipids, 443, 725, 727 Ovomucoid, 23 disliociation CUl"o'e of hemoglobin, diabetes after, 443 Oxalate 285.286 fat utilization, 443, 506, 725, 727 from ascorhate, 156, 844 of myoglohin, 789 gluconeogenesis, 443, 725 from glycine, 577 exchange in lungs, 283, 287 glucose oxidalion. 443, 726 in urine, 844. SEe also Urine, omlk in tissues, 283. 285 gluco.o;e tolenlDce, 443, 725 acid. in alveolar air, 283 glycosuria. 443. 725 Oxalic acid. See O%alate. in abnosphere, 283 ketogeneSiS, 443. 506, 725, 7.21 Oxaloocetate in blood, 283, 285-287 liver glycogen, 72.', condellSlltion reliction, 424 in elpired air, 283 metabolic effect&, 443, 725 decarboxylation, 413 in inspired !lir. 283 nitrogen balance, 443, 725, 727 in tricarboll)'lic acid cycle, 410 partial pressure, hemoglobin satura respil1l.tory quotient. 330. 443, 72..') role in ketosis, 470 tiOIl ami• .28.5-287 Pancteatopeptidase E. 245 Qddases. See also individual enzymes. in alveolar air, 2&3 Pancreozymin, 262, 752 classification, 350, 355 in atmosphere, 283 Pantoic add, 191, 192 function, 354 in blood, Z83, 285-287 Pantothenic acid prosthetic groups, 351 . in expired air, 2&3 antagonism hy phenyl pantothenone, Olddatlon(s) in inspired air, 283 672 and phosphorylation, 380, 382 saturation of hemoglohin, 285-287 lU$I.y, 191 biological, 345-368. See also Bio/.og tramport, 285-287 biosynthesis, 1112 icol otidationa. uptake. in vitamin E defiCiency, 168 carbohydrate absorption and, 391 cellular in mitochondria, 364, 774 utilization, 28.1. 285 chemiih)'. 100 t..'Qupled, 380, 382 Oxygenases, classification as pseudoptptide. 60. 61 definition, 345 classification, 350, 356 deficiency. 19.2 energy prodnCtiOD, 380, 382 Oll)'tocin. 74~ 749 adrenal function in, 192 enzymc systCIll.'l, 350-3l3S assay, 748 (atty liver, 193. 502, 504, 505 in detoxication, 276 chemiJtry, 746 function§, 192 of alcohols, 276 structure. 748, 747 in blood., 192, 815 of aromatic hydroclUbons, 277 in foods. 1111 of methyl groups, 277, 591 in milk, 191, 795 potential(~). PAIN. effect on blood glncose, 431 in porphyrin synthem, 611 and electron aHinity, 347 on glycogcoolyiis, 434 in syntheSis of CoA, 192, 526 and clectron transfer, 349 Palmitate, in sphingosine synthesis, 484 in tramacylations, 192 relation to free energy, 382 structure, 35 in urine, 192 standard 348 Palmitic acid. See Palmltate. metabolism. 192 uncoupling, 384 Palmitoleate, metabolism. 463 occurrence. 191 Oxidation-reductiOIl structure, 35 requirement, 193 definitioll, 345 Palmitoleic acid. See PalnUtol.ente. effect M lbyronne, 719 rellctions, lISCorbic acid tn, 156 Pancreas solnbility. 190 nicotinamide ill, 185 amylase. action, .263 structure, 100 riboflavin in, 181 uature.263 Paper chromatography, 97 tocophelOls in, 167, 168 diSt:Wie, hlood aruylase in. !:ll3 Paper electrophoresiS, 74, 75 systerus, artificial electron-donors blood lipase in, 813 Paracasein, 261 and -acceptors, 362 fistula, acidosis in, 322 ParaJlel~chain pleated shed, 76 ascorbic acid, 367 honnoPes, 722-728. see also Insulin; Paralysis coenzymes, 351 G!ucagon.. in hiotin deficiency, 195 dehydrogenlUes. 357-361 Meu, destruction by dehydroascorbic In pantothenJc acid deficiency. 193 glutathione, 367 acid, 158, 444 in riboflavin defltiency, 18.2 inhibiton, 364 effect of allomn on, 444 in thiamine deficiency, 177 oddases, 354 of dehydroascorbic acid, 444 in tocopherol deficiency. 169 Oxidative ch&in(s), 357, 361. 362 of hyperglycemia, 444 Pan-pepstns. claai6cation, 2A5 gtllll:ral scheme, 362 juice, Wl-.264 ParasympathomimeUcs, mechanism of Oxidative ch&in phosphorylation, 382 amylase. 263 action, 669 ~ 884 INDIX Parathyroid hormone, 634, 639, 729-736 Peptide(sJ Phenylalanine (Continued) .-y. 730 b1uret test, 1M inWbitioo of metabolism by thienyl. calcium mobilization aod, 63-4, 837, chemistry. 58-00 alanine, 666 1J(J classificatian, 52. 55 metabolic defect in phenylketonuria. chemistry, 129 fonnatiou. chemiCal, 58 599 efrect on alkaline phosphatase, 732 hydrolysis. 62 metabolism. 597 on blood calcium, 637. 730 nomenclature. 59 sparing action of tyrosine. 591 on. blood phl>$phate, 634. 731 occurrence. 00 structure, 57 on bones, 634, 637, 730 Peptide chdn oonronnatwll. 76 Phenylalanine hydrorylase, classifica on calcium mobilization, 635-638, Peptide lin1:.age tion, 35e 130,13.3 detection of, !)4 in tyrosine formation. 597 on magnc$ium metaboliSm, 631, energy level, 377. 378 Pbeny1cyclopropylamines. 611 133 in proteins, 60 p-Phenylelledillmlne. as arti6cia.l on urine caklum, 638, 730 synthesi~ 552 electron~donor, 362 on wine citric acid, 131. 845 Peptones,' cWsi6catian. 52. 55 Phenylhydrazine, in experimeutal por on urine phoophatc. 634, 639, 7JL fonnatlon, 63 phyria, 621 M7 Periodate oxidation, polysaccblUide Phenylisothiocyaoll.te. 64. functions, 633. 634, 637-839, 730-73.3 structure detemination, Hi Phenylk.etonuria, 599 byperfunction in vitamin D de Permeability, hyaluronidase and, 23. tryptophan metabolism in. 591 ficiency. 165 111 Phenyllactate, excretion in phenyl mechanism of action, 733 mucopolysaccharides U1d, 23, 717 ketmuna, 599 metabolic actions, 633, 634, 637-639, Pemicioll~ anemia fonnation, 591 730-133 effect of vitamin Bu , 202 Phcnylpyruvate, excIetion in phenyl. units, 730 intrill5ic factor in, 202 ketonuria, 599 vitlUJlin D Interrelation, 734 mUlifestations of, 203 formation, 597 Pare.thyroidectomy vitamill Bn absorption in. 202 Pheochromocytoma, 601 blood calcium, 730 deficiency, 202-204 PhlOrizin. effect on phosphorylation, blood pb~bate. 730 in feces, 202 '40 metabolic effects. 730 Perosis in biotin deficiency, 195 glycosuria, 446 tetany, 730 Peroxidases Pbloroglucinol n!action, 2G urine calcium, 730 action, 36.'5 Phosphatase(s) urine phosphate, 639. 731 chemhtry, 135 acid, in blood, 814 Partial pretoSUl'e of gases, 282 classification ail pl"otelUS, .54 in prostatic CllDCer, 241. 814 lu alveolar air, 283 til leukocytes, 805 in pro~atic Duid, 814, 817 in blood, 284-287 inhibitors of, 365 serum, endocrine JDfiuence, 615 aud n::'pJtation, ~ Peroxidase-like reaction of hemes, 140 alkaLine. effect of pl.fathYJ'Oid hOI' in expired air, 283 Perspiration [lIOne, 732 in inspired air, 283 chloride in, 294, 32.2, 624 in blood, 813 PartitioJl chromatography, 97 electrolytes in, 294, 322. B24 in bone, 635. 636, 176 PlUteu.r effect, 416 IDSell5ible, 294 Ionnation, 636 Pauly reaction, 94 iodine in, 629 in vitamin D defiCiency. 16.'5 PCQ," See under Carbon d40%ide. nicl,lUnamide in, HI5 in vitamin 0 deficiency, 165 Pectin, 22 nitrogen in, 545 o~eoblasts and, 635, 813 Pellagra., 182, 186 potiLSSium in. 62.4 classiBcation, 240. 241 Pentosans, 6, 11 pyridoxine in, 188 differentiation, 241. a14 PentoseN ribofiavin in, 181 in digestion, 258 absorplion, 3lH sodium in, 294, :122, 624 in intestinal juice, 265 CUibcation, 5, 6 water in, 294 in milk, 700 de£nitiun, :5 Peltenkofer reaction, 47 ill nucleic acid digestion, 265 from glucOlle, 416 pH. 66. See also Hydrogftl. WI'\ ron Pbusphil.te gl\lCose lnterconven;ion, 416 centrutitm. absorption, effect of aluminum, 164 in blood, 432, 808 PlI,O, 282 of berylliwn, 16'i in erythrocytes in thiamine defi Pharmacology, metabolic antagonism 01 iron, 164 ciency, 178 in, 667 of magnesium, 164 in polysa.ccharide~ 11 PheJ:lllZine melholUlfale, as artificial of strontium, 164 in urine, 12, 419, 432, 848 electron·acceptor, 363 01 vitamin O. 163 metabolism, 416 Phenol(s) Uld hon ab90rption. 640 in relation to nocleic acim, 515 conjugation with glucuronic acid, balance in vitamin 0 deficiency, 165 occurrence, 11 218 butfer system, 314, 317 ~UIlt pathway, 416 from tyrosine. 211 dllllor~, 360 stnlctun, 7. 12 j/;fOUp, pK, 70 effect on blood calcium. 6.35 tests for, 29 reagent (Folin), 93 on calciwn ab!orption, 6J2 Pentose phosphates, structure, 21 Phenolic acim, excretion, 599, 600, 846 hi,dl-cllergy, ~77, 376 Pentosuria, 12..419, 432, B48 Pbenolsulfatase classification, 240 rormation, 380, 382 alimentary, 442. 848 Phenotype. 160 in u\calboxylic acid cycle, 414 familial, «2., 848 Phenyl pantothenone as antagonist of from gIycolysi~ 403-405 metabolk block in, "21 pantothenic acid, 672 utilization, 388 L-xylulose in, 419 Pheuylil.cetate ill blood, effect of glucose. 440 PeJ»in conjugation with glutamine, 280, 597 of gIucu<;e utilization, 440, 833. action, 260 "'.cretion In phenylketonuria, 599 728 c1diJkation, 245 formation, 597 of parathyroid hormone. 634,731 nature, 200 Phenylacetylglutanline, structure, tH. in vitamin 0 deficiency, 165 properties, 2M! See also Phenylacrlnte. in vitamin 0 e>;cess, 166 specificity, 245 Phenylalanine ill bone, 63tl Pepinugell, con'o'ersion to pepsin, 246 antagonism by chloramphellicol, 663 in cerebrospinal Buid, 817 Peptidase!. clllSSmcation, 245 conversion to tyrNine, 597 in erythrocytes. 803 in digestion, 258 deaminaUon, 597 in milk, 195 INDEX 885 Phosphate (Continued) Phosphoglyceromutase, Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amido in nucleic acids. 105 cl8Sllmcation, 236 l:raDIhlrue c1auiflcatioD, 233 in teeth, 779 in glycoly5is, 404 Phospboribosylwnine, in purine syn in urine, after parathyroidectomy, mechani:itJl, 235 thesis, 516 639, 731 Phosphoglycolipids, 38 Phosphoric esters, energy lewl, 377,378 effect of parathroid honnone, 634, Phosphohexose isomerase in glycolysis, of sugars, structures. 27 639, 731 402 Phosphorus of vitamin D. 163, 165, B3ll Pbosphohydroxypnl\late, in serine e.bsorption, 632 inorganic, in blood, in glucose tol synthesis, 579 excretion, 639, 828. 846 erance test, 440 Phosphoinositides fatty liver, 505 in enracellulllr HUid, 300-302 chemistry, 37 functions, 632 in intracellular Huid, 301, JO,') classification, 33 in blood, 633 effa:t of iTlSUltn, J08 OCCUlTence, 38 in feces, 639 in muscle, 430 structure, 38 in urine, 639, 846 parathyroid honnone and, 634, synthesis, 485 metabolism, 631-640 639, 731 Phosphokinases, See Kinartw. effect of vitamin D, 163, 165 intake, vitamin D deficienc)' and, Pbospholipucs(s), cl.a.s.$:ilk...Uon, 240 renal threshold, 639 164 occurrence, 240 requirement, 639 linkages. energy levels., 377, 378 Phospholipase C, clUlification, 240 Phospborylase(s) low-energy, 317, 378 oCC11ITeDce, 2.40 c1assifieation, 233 pK's in nucleic acids, 107 Phospbolipid(s) effect of epinephrine, 400, 437. 701 potential. 385 absorption, 453 of glucagon, 400, 438, 728 reDal threshold for, 841 asymmetric carbon atom in, 37 inactivation and reactivation, 400 transfer, 379 cataboli&ln, 4&3 OCCl.llTence, 233 Phosphate trarnacetylase classifica chemistry, 37-39 Phosphorylase kinase, 400 liun,2.32 classification. 33 Phosphorylll.:5e phosphatase Phosphatidic acids digestion, 453 classification, 240 classification, 33 distribution in tissues, 455 in glycogen metabolism, 400 in phospholipid synthe!rll, 484 functions. 487 occurrence, 240 in mglyceride gynthesis. 481 in blood, 495, 809 Phosphorylation occurrence, 39 amount, 493, 80Q aDd oxidation, 380, 382 Phosphatide-peptides. 39 coagulation, 487, 800 conpled, 380, 382 Phosphatid)'l ethanolamine effect of thyrorine, 495. 507, 718 effect of phloriZin. 446 catabolism, 486 in erythrocytes, 803 of thyroll:1ne, 384, 720 in blood coagulation, 487 ill ion transport, 488 in renal reabsorption, 446 synthesis, 484 in lipid absorption, 487 ollidative, 382 Phosphatid)'1 inositol, catabollsm, 486 in lipid tran5plrt, 487,488 substrate level, 3BO synthesis. 485 in microsomes, 774 uncoupling, 384 Phosphatid)'1 ~rioe in muscle. 790 Phosphoryl-choline transferase classi activation of cytochrome oxidase, 487 in nervow tis.me, 37-39, 782 fication, 237 catabolism, 486 in oxidation of fatty acid.<;, 488 Photopsin, 148 in blood coagulation, 487 in plasma, 495 Photosynthesis. energetics of, 372 synthesi.!l, 484 in platelets, 805 Phrenosin, 40 Fhospb08cywes, clauifieation, i,49 in skin. 780 Phylloq,uinone, 170 Phosph08denosine phosphosulfate, in in transport mechanism, 308 Phytic acid mucopolysaccharide synthesis, 421 inositol in, 205 and vitamin D, 163, 633 in sulfatation, 587 metabolism, 4&'l eHeet on calcium absorption, 204, Phosphocreatine pla.sma, p~hle origin in intestinal 632 conversion to ereatinine, 578 muCOSll.. 495 rachitogenic action, 163, 204, 633 energy level of linkage, 377, 378 5tn.Lctural functions, 487 structure, 204 energy storage, 379, 429 5ynthesis, 483 Phytin, inositol in. 26 in mu..scle contnact1on, 429 turnover, 485 structure, 2()4 Pbospbodiester8.'leS Phospholipid-cholesterol ratio Phytosphingasine, 39 classification, 240 in muscles. 791 Phytosterol!, in feces. 275 digestion of nucleic acids, 258, 265, in plasma, 490, 495 pI, 71, 73 289,512 Photphomevalonatc Idna.sc cllI.:5sifiCll Pigment, in skin, 74Y, 7&1 occurrence, 240 tion.238 in urine, 838 Phosphoenolpyruvate Phosphomonocsterases, classification, 240 Pigmentation carbon dioxide assimillltion, 413 occurrence, 240 adreMI hormones and, 781 energy level of Iinka~, 377, 378 Phosphomutll5es llnohogem and, 781 in glycolysis, 404 classification, 236 effect of vitamins, 781 structure, ~7 coenzymes, 235 estrogens and, 781 Phosphofructokinase mechanism. 235 in inflammation, 781 classification, 236 Phosphoprotein(s), casein, 53 pituitary and, 749 in glycolyus, 402 cl8Sllification, 52, 53 Pimelic acid, biotin preeunor, 195 regulation of, 402 Phosphoprotein phosphatase. classifica structure, 19" Phosphoglucokinase, cla.wification, 236 tion, 240 Pincus reaction, 686 Phosphoglucomutase, 235, 397 occurrence, 240 Pineal gland, melatonin in, 749 cJa~ficlltion, 236 Pbo:rphopyrovate C1trUoxylase, 405, 413. Pipecolate, ill lysi:ne metaboliun. 576 coenzyme, 235 423 Pitocin, 746-749. See also (hytocin.. mechanism, 235 PiJosphopyrovate hydratase classifica Pitress:in, 746-749. See also Vaso reversibility, 379 tion, 252. See also Enolase. pruain. PhoSP~lycenate{S),in li:lycolysis, Phosphoriboisomel'll.fle in pentose me Pituitary tabolism, 417 anterior, elkct of androgen, 688, 742 Phosphoglycerate kinase, cl8Sllification, Phospboribomutase, 236, 417 of epinephrine, 680, 700, 741 238 Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate, in hormones, regulation of secretiOD, in glycolysis, 404 purine synthesis, 515 737 886 INDEX Pituitary {Conffllued} Plltte\etJ (Conlinued') Porpbyrin(') (Continued) function, and insulin tolerance, 436 lipids in, 805 iron, prosthetic groups of OJidatiou hormones, adePohypophyseal. 736 proteins in, 805 reduetion llysteIm, 353 7<6 Plethora of enzyme. 769 metabolistn, 606--622 adJ:enocorticotropiC, 739 PNA. definition, 102. See also Ribophysical properties, 123 anterior, 736-746 nucleic acid. porphyrias, 613 fat-mobilizing, 498, 507, 746 Po,. See O:t!fgen, partiol pressure. structures and nomenclature, 121, gonadotropic, 741-7« pOH,OO 122 growth, 744-746 Polarized light and optical isomerism, 6 survey of metabolism. 607 hypothalamic regulation. 680, 737, Polyamines in nucleoproteirui, 105 syntbesi5., 008 747 Polymers from glycine, STI. 608 neurohypophyseal. 746-749 of amino sugars, 22 Porphyrinogeos paN intermedia., 149 of monosaccharides., 15 excretion. 619 posterior, 746-749 of sugar acids, 22 of Zn complexes in porphyria. 614, chamiBtry, 746 Polynucleotidases, clllSSification, 241 619 cHeets of, 148 occurrence, 241 in porphyrin synthesis. 610 functiOIl'i, 148, 749 Polynucleotide1. structure, I08-U4 occurrence, 122, 610. 614, 619 natuxe of, 146 Polynucleotide ph~ph Pregn&ncy Prolactin (Condn~ Protein(s) (ContlrslJ&!) ascorbic acid requirement, 159 chemistry, 743 definition, 50 basal metabolism, 332 Prolamines denaturation, 87 blood, estrogens in, 692-694 cla.ssifkation, 52, 53 denatured. 55. 61 gonadotropin in, 692-694, 742-744 glilldin,53 deprivation, 550 UpiUs in, 494, 810 zein, 53 derived, 55 urea. in, 811 Prolidase, 245 detection of, 99 uric acid in, 812 Prolinase, 245 determination of, 99 calcium requirement in, 640 Proline, metaboli1im, 581 dialysis, 86 folic acid deficiency in, 203 stolCture, 57 dieleetric di5pemon, 18 glycO$urill. In, 848 ProUnemia, $82 dletary, amino acid composition, 655 in vitamin E deficiency, Iffl:! Propanediul phosphate, in acetone animal, 654--657 iron requirement in. 643, 650 metabolism. 468. 400 biological value of, 654-657 plilSma dlolencrol in, 494 Propionate caloric content, 651 progcsterone in, 696, 698 conver.;ioll to suocinate, 413 deficiency, 657 protein requlrt'ment, 650, 657 from isoleUCine, 574, 580 inadequ!l.tI~, B53--857 riboflavin requJrcment. 182 from methiull.1ne, 565 nitrogen balance and, 653--656 toxemias, uric acid clearance in, 812 from pyrimidine cataho(bm, 52.'1 quaUty, 654-5:57 urinary 17-'ketorteroids in, 687 from valine, 574, 5SO quu.ntity of, 650, 656 urine glucose in, 848 metaboli~m, 471 requiremena, 549, 656 pregnanediol in, 692-694, 696 Propionyl-CoA, cooversion to !upplemental)' relatioll$hip:>, 656 Vitamin A reqmrement. 152 melhylmalunyl-CoA, 413 vegetable, 654-657 vitamin D requirement. 166 Propionyl-CoA carboxylase cl~ifica digestion, 540 Pregnane, BOO tion, 255 aminopeptidases. 265 Pregnanediol Prostaglandins, metaholism, 464 carboxypoptidase, 282 confugatioll, 696 occurrence. 36 cbymotrypsin, 262 excretion,. 692--694, 696 Prortllte, effect of luteiniZing honnone, dJpepti.we" 265 formation, tI96 143 elect of cottonseed oil, 653, 657 glucuronide, BOO Pro~tatic fluid, acid phosphatase in, of gossypol, 653, 657 in urine. 21, 696. 849 814, !B1 of llOybean, 657 in pregna.ucy, 692-694, 696 composition. 817 gutric jnice, 280 structure, 696, 697 Prosthetic group, 214 in stomach, 260 Pregnanetriol, 697, 705, 708 Protamine5, c1asiification, 52, 55 pa.ncreatic juice, :z62 Pregnanolone. 696, 00':' 1n nucleoprotelns, 103 pepsin, 200 Pregneno!une, 696, 691, 705 Proteam, crlUSification•.'55 summary of, 269 Premero,Qpturie acids, 586 ProteaSeI, See also individual enzymes. tripeptidases, 265 PrenyltllUlSferase classification, 2J4 definition. 244. trypsin, 2B2 PRoenzyme, 400. See Phosphmywe in digestion, 258 diwlflde bond, 76, BO phosphatase. Pwtdn(s) double remetion of lluw, 76 Prephenate, 548 albumins. 52. ro electrudlalyslS, 87 Primary level of orgauizll.Uon 1n amino acid content, 59 electron microscopy, 79 proteins, 55, 56 -SeCJuence, 63 electraphoresi:>' 68, 74 Priming agtmt, i.n fatty acid oxidation, code" bypotheris, 554-557 electrostatic bond, BO 465 tullOOUsm, effect of adrenocortical energy level, 375 Proaccelerin, 800 hormones, 564. ~tl5. 712 £br1Jl1S types, 81 Probenecid, 672 effect of insulin, 564, 728 f1avoproteins, chwificarlOJl. 52, 54 Proconvertin, 800 of somatotropin, 563, 745 flocculation, 89 a.IId vltlunin K, 172, 173 of thyroxine, 564, 565, 717 fiuorodinltrobenzenc reactioll, 63, B3 Procllzymes, denuition. 216 a.IIillla1, 654-657 functions, 653 Profibrinolysin, 802 apolar bond, 80 Gibb~-Dollnall effect and, 304-300 ProHavine, inhibition of DNA syDthe!iS, IlS buffers, 74 globular types, 81 528 as charged. pJl.rtieles, 72, 73 globulins, 53 Proge:l'teront: axial ratio, 78, 81 gluconeogenesis, 392, 423, 573 adrenocorticoids from, 697, 705, 706 biologicd value, 549, 654 glutelim, 53 androgem from, 685, 696, 697 biuret reaction, 94 glycoprotcins, classification, 52, 54 biological ~ctions, 600 buffer action, 314, 315 heat coali:ulation te:lt. 00 biosynthesis, 696 caloric valut', 326 Heller's ring test, 99 gonadotropins and, 693, 696, 742 capillary penneabHity to, 200, 306 hemoproteins, 54, t24, 134 chemistry, 696 carbamino Cle.llctlon, 60, B3 histones, 55, 104 effect on hyaluronic acid, 778 carbohydrate from, 392, 423. 573 hydrogen bond, 76, 50 on oviduct avidin. 195 catabohsm, 558 hydrolysis, 62 /)[I sodium balance, 698 eHect of adrenocortical honnones, hydrophobic bond, 80 on wl-ter billarlce, 698 564., 565, 712 in blood. .'558, 800 estrogens from, 690, ooe of thyronne, 564, 5tl5, 717 in hone, 635, 718 from adrenal cortex, 696, 701, 705, urinc sulfur and. 628 in cartilage, 778 100 charged groups, 72 in cerebrospinal lluid, 617 hydroxylation, 697, 705, 700 chemistry, 50-101 tn emacellular fluid, 300--302, 306 metabolism, 600 chlorophylloproteins, 53 in fece~, 274 secretion, effect of lactogenic cIlUSi6l:illion, 51, 52 in interstitial fluid, 300--~ 306 hormones, 693, 696, 742 coagulation, 89, 99 in leukocytes, B04 of luteinizing hormone, 693, 696, colloidal propertie$, 83-87 in lymph, 8lB 142 composition, 59 in lymphocytes, 804 '1olubility, BOO conjugated, 5.1 in milk, 793 Prolactin, 743 connective thsue, 776-780 in mwcle. 426, 788 actions, 744 coulombic bond, 50 adm, 427 assay, 743 deficiency, 657 globulin X, 426 888 INDIX Protein(s) (Continued) Protein{,) (Continued) ProviwnillS A (Continued) in mwde, myos.1n, 427 !lOlvent fractionation, 86, 560 in blood, 146, 147, 151, 152, 815 in nervous ti'lSUe, 781. 782 Spari~ action of carbohydrate, 550, in feces, 147 in plasma. 200, 302, 558-563, 806 in milk, 146, 147 abnonnal, 807. 808 of fats, 652 in tiDues, 145--147 effect on blood calcium, B34 spe<::ial, synthesis of, 549 in urine, 147 estrogen transport and. 691 specific dynamic action, 333 metabolism, 147 Functions, 561 specific gl'"ll.vity method, 99 OCC).llTence, 145 in protein deficiency. 657. 806 "stotage," 549 solubility, 145 iron trailSport and. 641 streaming birefringence, 78 stol'"ll.ge, 147 nonno.l. 558, 806 structure, amino acid Sle Pyridoxal, 187-189. See alS£] Pyridoxine. Pyrophosphata.se classification, 249 Renal function (Continued) Pyridoxal ph~phate, 187, 189 occurrence, 249 tubular ellcretory mass, 833, 834. in amino acid absorption. 54.1 Pyroph~phate linkage, energy level, tubular function, 823-830, 833-836 in deamination of serine, 579 377, 318 Renal glyc~uria, 442, 446 in decarboxylation of glutamate, 582 Pyrophosphorylases, cll..5Si.6cation, 236 Renal insufficiency, acidosis in. 32.2 in dopa decarboxylase reaction, 600 Pyrrole compounds, in porphyrin struc Renal threshold for calcium, 848 in muscle phosphorylase, 400 ture, 121 Renal h.tbular excretory mass, 833, 834. in porphyrin synthesis, 608 Pyrrolinecarboxylate in proline metabo Renal tubular reabsorption, 823-828, in serine-glycine inlerconversion. liml,581 835,836 189, 576 Pyruvate, carbon dioxide assimilation, Renal tubules, reabsorption of glucose, in sphingO:Sine synthesis, 484 413 442.,824 in "thionase" S}'$tem, 189, 584 decarboxylation, 117,409,413 Renin, 831 in transamination, 189, 234, 568 a-lipoic acid in, 177, 206 and aldosterone secretion, 707, 837 in transsulfura.se reaction, 189 in blood, 608, 809 classification as enzyme, 24.5 in tryptophlUl metabolism, 189, 190, in glycolysis, 405 Rennin 596,597 oxidation, 409 action, 261 in tryptophanase system, 597 energetics. 414 classi.6cation, 245 Pyridoxaminc, 187-189. See also Pyruvate carboxylase classification, 255 properties, 246 Pyridvrine. function. 405, 413, 423 Replication, 527 Pyridoxamine phosphate, 187, 189 Pyruvate decarboxylase classification, Repressor, 761 role in transamination, 234 25' Reproduction, action of vitamin E, 169 Pyridoxic acid, 188 in fermentation, 405 Reflerplne, 671, 672 in urine, 188 Pyruvate dehydrogenase system. c1assi relation to serotonin and norepineph Pyridoune, 187-190 ficatioo,358 rine, 594, 766 antagonists of, 189 function. 409 Resonance, in "high-energy" bonds, 378 assay, 188 Pyruvate kinase Resorcinol test, 28 biosynthe5is, 188 bypass around, 405, 414, 423 Respiration, 282-291 carbohydrate absorption and, 391 classification, 236 control, blood pH in, 284 chemistry, 187 in glycolylis, 405 chemical, 283 codecarboxylase, 189 Pyruvate oxidation factor, 206. See alS£] Pcc, in, 284 col:r811sammase, 189 IJ-Upoic add. po" in, 284 defiCiency, 189 gas exchanges in, 282, 283 convuhions and y-aminobutyrate, gas laws, 282 582 in acid-base regulation, 288-291, 316 effect of tryptophan, 190 QvA1T.RNARY level of organization in in acidosis, 321, 323 fatty liver in, 5~ protelIlS, 55, 78 in alkalo5is, 321, 324, 325 oxalic acid in urine, 190 Quenching, 115 regulation, by blood Pcc" 316 tryptophan metabolism in, 190 Quinaldate, 595 by blood pH, 316 unthurenic acid in urine, 190 Respiratory acidosiS, 321, 323 eJ:cretion, 188 Respiratory alkalosis., 321,325 functiom, 189 Respiratory center stimulation in blood, 815 RACEMIC mirtures, 8 by blood Pen" 284 in fatty acid metabolism, 189, 464 Radicals, free, in biological oxicktions, by blood pH, 284 in foods, 188 353 by blood Po<, 284 in interconversion of polyunsaturated Radioautography, 343-344 Respiratory disorden and acidosis, 325 fatty acids, 464 Rancidification, 34 and alkalosill, 325 in milk, 188, 795 Rare earths, fatty liver and, 505 Respiratory quotient (R.Q.), 327-330 in nicotinic acid synthesis, 189, 100 Rauwolfia alkalOids, relation to sero alter pancreatectomy, 443, 725 in penpiration, 188 tonin and norepinephrine, 594, basal, 331 in sulfur trWl.'ifer, 189 carbohydrate, 328 in transport mechanisms, 189, 308 Reactions,7"" reversibility and free energy, effect of glucose on, 441 in urine, 188 371 of insulin, 443, 725 inhibition by deoxypyridoline, 666 Recon,760 of somatotropin, 745 metabolites in urine, 188 Reduced hemoglobin in blood, 285-287 fat, 328 occunence, 188 acidity, 288-291, 315 in diabeta'l melUtus, 330, 443, 725 ph~phorylation, 187, 188 buffer capacity, 288-291, 315 in glucose tolerance test, 441 requirement, 190 Reducing substances in urine, 442, 848 protein. 328 effect of thyronne, 719 in detoxication, 277 significance, 329 test.!, 188 of aldehydes, 277 Respiratory regulation of acid-base bal· Pyridoxol, 187-189. See aho Pyrido:dne. of aromatic nitro compounds, 277 anee,316 Pyrimidine(s) Refractive indell method for proteins, Reticulin, in connective tissue, 716 antagonists of, 674 100 in skin, 760 catabollsm, 522 RegulatiOn. enzyme action, 226, 758-772 Retinene, 46, 148 chromatography, U8 metabolic, 758-712 Retinene isomeme class1fl.cation, ~ determination, lI8 Regulator gene, 161 Retinene reductase, 148 in oucleic acids, 106, 197 Reichert-Meissl oumber, 46 Reversibility of reaetiol'll, relation to incorporation into nucleic acids, 522 Relaxation facton in muscle contrac free energy, 371 interconversions, 521 tion, 430 Rr, definitiOD, 97 metabolism, 520 Relaxin, 750 Rhodanese clllJlldfication. 238 synthesi.!, 520 Renal blood How, 832 Rhodoplin, 148 folinic acid in, 202 facton inHuencing, 832 as lipoprotein, 46 vitamin BJ't in, 2£J2 Renal clearance, 831-837. See also Ribitol Pyrimidine nucleoside phosphoryla.'itl, ClearaTIU tests. in ribofiavin, 179 c1lWification, 233 Renal function, 819-849 occurrence, 25 Pyrogallol, inhibitor of a-methylation, Hltration fraction, 834, 835 structure, 25 SOl, 671 glomerular filtration, 822, 830, 835 Riboflavin, 178-182 Pyroglobulins in blood, 608 renal blood How, 832 antilipotropic action, 503 890 INDIX Riboflavin (ConthauM) Ribose phosphates, occurrence. 28. 111, Saturation tesbl llBSBy. 181 417,523 for ascorbic acid deficiency. 158 biosynthesis. 180 Ribose-I-phosphate in pentose metabo for nicotinamide deficiency, 187 chemistry. 179 lism, 417 for riboBaYin deficiency, 182 deficiency, 182 structure, 27 for thiamine deficiency, 178 demonstration, 182 Rib0se-5-phosphate in pentose metabo for Vitamin defiCiency, 143 terti. 182 lism, 417 SchiH reagent. 118 destruction, 179 structure, 27 Schlesinger reaction, 139 excretion, 181 Ribosephophate isomerase ell..5l&i6ca Schmidt-Thannhauser method, 117 functioIl.'l, 181 tion, 254 Schneider method, 118 in blood, lBO, 815 Ribosomes, 77" Scintillation counters, 343 In coenzymes, 353 enzymes in, 226 Scleroproteins Ul feces, 181 in protein synthesis, 555 classification, 52, 53 in foods, 181 RNA in, 105, 108 in connective tissue, 776 in milk, 178, 181. 79S Ribosylamine, 21, 516 in nervous tissue, 782 in oxidatiotl-reduction reactions. 181 5'-Ribosyluracil, 106 in skin, 779 in pen:pin.tion. 181 Ribulose, nomenclature, 6 in leeth, 779 in synthesis of coenzymes, 525 structure, 7 Secondary level of organization in pro in l:issues, 180 RihulO!ie-5-phosphate in pentose me teins, 55, 75 in tryptophan metabolism, 596 tabolism, 417 Secretin, 260, 262, 264, 752 in wine, 181, 182 Rickets, 1.59, 164. See also Vitamtn D SedoheptulO!ie in pentose metabolilm. inhibition by galactoftavtn, 866 defid=•. 417 inhibition of metabolism by galae. after aluminum. 164, 632 &tructure, 12 to811.vin, 666 after berylliwn, 164, 632 Sedoheptuiose-7-phO!iphate, in penlaie metabolism, 180 after cereab, 632 metabolism. 417 occurrence, 178, 181 after iron, 164, 632 Sedormid, in experimental porphyria, oxidation potential, 181 after phytic acid, 163, 204, 633 620 phosphorylation, 180 after 5trontium. 164, 632 Selenium, biological significance, 646 requirement, 182 bone magnesium in. 631 effect in liver necrosis, 168. 646 RiboDavin adenine dinucleotide eJlect of aluminum, 164 Selivanoff test, 28 lL'l'Jay.181 of beryllium, 164 Semen, composition, 817 chemiStry, 179 of iron, 164 fructose in, 433 functions, 181 of lead, 164 Semicarbazide as enzyme inhibitor, Z24 hydrogen transport, 181 of magnesium. 164 Seminal vesicles. effect of luteinizing in foods, 181 of phytate. 163. 204, 633 hormone, 743 metabolism, ISO of stronliwn, 164 Sensitization hy foreign proteiw, 540 occurrence, 181 Rigor mortis., 430 Serine RiboDavin phosphate, chemistry. 179 RNA, definition, 102 as source of "formaldehyde", 579. 592 hydrogen transport, 181 mRNA, definition, 105. See also Ribo conversion to cysteine, 584-585 RibokiD&te cla.mi.ficatiOll, 23B nucleic add(s). to ethanolamine, 579. 590 Ribonuclease{s) rRNA, definition, 105. See also R~bo deamination, 250, 579 actiOD, 512 nucleic add(s). forroation, folinic acid in, 201 classification, 241 sRNA. ddinition, 105. See also Ribo in cephalins, 37 in pancreatic juice, 264 nucleic acid(.,). in phospholipids, 37. 484, 579 OCCt1lTence, 241 tRNA, definition. 105. See also Rtbo in phosphoproteins, 579 Ribonucleic acid{s) nuclek acid{s). in synthesis of sphingosine, 484 composition, 107, 108 Royal jelly interconvenion with glycine, 576 conformation. 3-dimerulional, 113, 114 biotin in, 194 metabolism, 579 definition, 102 pantothenic acid in, 191 structure, 57 in diHerentiation, 536 pyridoxine in, 188 Serine dehydrawe classification, 252 in learning. 536 Ruminants, cellulose digestion, 390 Serotonin in protein synthesis, 534, 554, 555 antagonists. 672 messenger (mRNA), formation, 530 as neurohormone, 751, 786 in protein synthesis, 554 in nervous tissue. 786 metaboliun, 528, 531 SACCHARIC acids, 21 structure, 595 OCCl1IT'ence, 103-105, 108 Sahli method, 141 Sr, definition, 561 ribosomal (rRNA), forroation, 530 Sakaguchi reaction, 94 Shaffer-Hartmann method, 28 "sol"ble" (sRNA), formation, 530 Saliva, 258 Shikimate, 548 in protein synth6.lis, 554 amylase. 259 Shuttle, for elrtramitochondrlal metabo structure, 111, 113 blood gJ'oup specific factors in, lites, 386 template in adaptive enzyme fonna 799 Sialic acids tion,228 composition, 258 chemistry, 21 s types, lOS, 108 digestive action, 259 in glycolipids, 41, 42 s Ribonucleic acid nucleotidyltransferase electrolytes, 322 in mucopoJysaccharides. 23, 25 c1as.Wlcation, 237 iodine in, 629 occurrence, 21. Z2 s Ribonucleic acid pDOIiphorylase urea. 259 Sialidase classification. 243 classification, 237 Salt bridge. in proteins, SO Sickle-cell anemia, 127 Ribonucleic acid polymerase classifica Salting-out, 85. 558 Siderophilin. See Tranrfemn. tion, 237 Saponification, 34 Silicon in urine, 849 RibOJe nwnber, 46 Sitosterol glucose interconversion, 416 Saponins, occUJ"rence, 14 absorption, 453 in nucleic acids, 102, 106 SarcO!iine, from metabolism of betaine, and cholesterol absorption, 453 metabolism, 515 590 interference with cholesterol absorp metabolism, 416 Sarcosine dehydrogenase classification. tion, 453 ocCWTence, 11 358 Skatole, from tryptophan, 272 structure. 7, 12 Sarcotubular system, 428 in feces, 272 INDIX 891 Skin Somatotropic bormone (Continued) Starch arsenic in, 780 eHect on blood urea, 14.5, 811 amylase action on. 18, 259. 283 changes, in biotin deficiency, 195 on carbohydrate metabolism, 434, pancreatic, 283 in niacin deficiency, 186 437,745 .'Jalivary,~ in pantothenic acid deficiency, 193 on fat mobilization, 498, 507, 746 caloric value, 326 in pyridoxine deficiency, 169. 190 on glucose u1l1ization, 434, '-37, 745 digC!ition, 25Q. 263, 409 in riboflavin defiCiency, 182 on hexokinase reaction, 397, 437, pllIlCreatic. 263 composition of, 7'ro_781 745,746 sallvlU)'. 259 glycogen in. 780 on ketogenesis., 501. 746 functiOns, 5, 17 iodine excretion by, 629 on lipid metabolism. 507, 146 bydrol)"llis, 16, 259. 263 iodine in, 629 on liver lipids, 746 iodine reaction, 30 lipids in, 780 on muscle glycogen, 745 natural occurrence, 4 melanin in, 780 on protein metabolism, 563, 565. solubility, 4 pigment, 749, 780 145 structure, 18, 19 proteins in. 719 on respiratory quotient, 745 StarvAtion, blood lipids in, 469, 406. WldeS in, 36 on urine glucose, 74.5 810 Snake venoms, lecithinases in, 37 fat.mobilizing effect, 498, 007 Steatorrhea Soaps, 34 glycostatic action, 745 calcium amorption in, 639 Sodium insulin lmtagonism. 435, 437, 725 effect 011 bone3, 639 absorption, 624 metabolic effects, 745. 746 OCCuneDce, 454 acid-base balance and, 313, 623 Somatotropin, 744-746. See abo Soma- vitamin D deficiency in, 639 distribution, 626 Stercobilin, 2H, 611, 618 Gibhs-DonnlllD eR'ect and, 304-306 Somogyito"""'" method, """"""'. 28 detection, 139 in acidosis, 319 Sorbitol, occurrence, 419 excretion, 618, 6UI in alkalosis.. 319 Sorbose, structure, 7 in bile pigment metabol1srn, 618 excretion, 624, 825, 847 Soybean, lmtitrypsin in, 262, 657 in feces, 274, 617, 618 effect of adrenocortical hormone!, phosphoinositiaes in. 3B structure, 137 624, 709, 826, 847 "Sparking" agent in fatty acid oxida Stercobilinogen, 274, 617, 818 extracellular, 300--302, 307-310, 626 tion, 465 detection, 139 -hydrogen ion exchange. 316-319, 321, Spasmolytics, mechanism of action, 009 eEretion, 618, 619 .W Specific dynamic action, 333 in bile pigment metaboliBm, 618 in acidoBu, 318, 323 Specific grllvity structure. 137 in alkalosis.. 318, 324 of blood, 798 Stereochemi.'ltry in blood. effeet of AclrPnocllrtical hor of blood pla.sma, 798 amino adds, 56 mODC!i, 308, 626, 710. 825 0' urine, 839 carbohydrates, 6 in blood plasma, 300-302, 307, 308. Specific gravity method Eor proteins, hydrogen transfer. 353, 3S4 625.812 99 Stereoisomerism of steroids, 42, 661-682 in cerebr05pinal Huld. 817 Spectrophotometry, in stUdy of biolog S!eroid(s) in digestive fluiw, 322. 624 ical oxidations, 339--340 allo-, 682-684 in feces, 624 Spermatogenesis. effect of fullic1e chemistry, 42, 681 in intlllCellular fiuid, 301--303, 307 stimulali!lK hormone, 743 cis-, 682-6R4 309.626 Spermidine, 817 cl8..'l.'lificatioD, 33, 681 effect of potassium loss, 627, 710 Spermine, 817 hormones in muscle, 302, 626 Spherocytosis, hereditlU}', 765-766 adrenocortical,101-713 in perspiration. 294. 322., 624 Sphingoglycolipid., general strocture, androgeD.'l, 684-889 in urine, 624. 825, 847 40 estrogens, 689--895 effect of thyromne, 719 Sphingolipiw, genelll1 structure, 40 progellterone, 696-698 intake, 624 S~hingomyeHn(s) in plasma lipoproteins, 45. 490 loss, in diabetes mellitus. 444 cataboliam. 487 isomerism. 682 metabolism, 623-627 chemistry, 39 nomenclature, 682-e84 eHect of adrenocortical hormones, choline in, 39 occunence. 42 308, 626, 710, 825 classification, 33 parent hydrocarbons. 68Z-684 of udrogens. 688 in brain. 7B2 stereouomerism, 42, 681-632 of e~trogens, 695 in Niemann-Pick disease, 39 structure. 42, 681 of progesterone, 698 occurrence, 39 Steroid hydroxylases, cl9.!isificatioD, 356 intermediary, 626 solubility, 39 Steroid spirolactones, 67.'5 newomuscular irritability and, 623 structure. 38 Sterols -potassium uchange, 307, 320 Bynthesis.. 485 chemistI)', 42 pwnp, 307 Sphiogophospholipids. general struc metabolism, 474 space, 298 ture, 40 plant, ll.D.d cholesterol absorption, 453 water balance and, 623 Sphingosine effect on cholesterol amorptiQrl, 453 Solubility product method, 95 chemistry, 39 on cholesterol fl}'Dth~, 495 Solvent fractionation of proteins. 86, in cerebrosides, 40 on pl9.!iMa cholesterol, 495 560 in ganglioside,. 41 Stomacb, digestion in, 260, 261 Somatotropic hormone. 744-146 in g1ycolipids, 40 Stnmdin,42 a.cti0Il5, 745, 746 in sphingomyelins, 39 Streaming birefringence. 78 assay, 744 synthesis.. 484 Strepogenin, 548 brain metabolism and. 784 Spirollll;tones, steroid, 675 Streptomycin, inhibition of protein syn chemistry, 744 SponU.Deity of reat:tioD6, relation to thesis,sse competition with insulin, 4.35, 725 free energy. 370 Strontfum, effect on phosphate abaorp diabetogenic actiOll, 437, 745 Sprue, folic acid deficiency in, 203 tion. 164, 83.2 errect on amino acid transport, 541 Squalene, in cholesterol synthesu., 475 rachitogtnic act:ioo. 164. 632 on blood amino acids, 745, 811 Squalene cyclohydroxylase classifica Stuart-Prower factor, 800 on blood glucose, 434, 437, 745 tion, 356 Substrate. definitiQrl. 210 on blood Iipiw, 507, 746 Squalene oDdocycllUe. in cholesterol Substrate analogs, 659 on blood .rugar. 435, 437 synthesis, 475 Sumtrate level phosphorylation, 3BO 892 INDIX Succinate, in porphyrin synthesis, 608 SuHatidea, 41 Taurocholate, 43, 2B7. See also Bile n in tricarbo%ylic acid cycle, 412 SuHatocobalamin, 200. See also Vitamin acld.. Succinate dehydrogenase B12• bio.synthesi.li, 9137 classiflcatioD, 358 Sulfhydryl groups in bile, 2B7 inhibition by malonate, 224, 412. 666 detection of, 94 Tay-Saw disea.se, brain g1ycolipids in, prosthetic group. 358, 412 effect on tyrosinase, 780 4<>-42 Sued.nate-g1ycine cycle, 610 in enzyme inh.ibition, 223 lipid depos:its iII, 456 Suceinate thiokinase. See Succinyt-CoA pK,70 T~th ~ntMmH. protection agaJDst allCWlD, 444 cariBli, and fluoride, 646, 779 Succinic w.mialdehyde, in ketoglutarate Su!flde in feces, 274, 62.8 composition of, 778 oxidation, 411 P-Sul8nylpyruvate. in cf5Uine metabo in vitamin A deficiency, 150 Succinyl-CoA lism,5&5 in vitamin E defidency, 168 formation, 412 Su16te from cysteiDe, 5&5 minerals in, 179 in synthesis of porphyrins, 808 Sulfocholine, lipotropic action, 504 mottled, 846, 779 in bicarbozylic acid cycle, 412 SuHolipids, 41 proteins in, 779 synthesis of porphyriDl, 608 in nervoUll tissue, 41, 782 vitamins and, 150, 779 utilization in tn.Dllllcylatioo. 473 SuHonamides Teichoic acids, 25 Succinyl-CoA synthewe cla.:W6cation. antithyroid action, 721, 722 Temperature and oxyhemoglobin dis •h 255 competition with PABA, 197 sociation, 287 Succus entericus, 264. See also Inw. mechanism of action, 659, 665 regulation hy vaporization, 294 " SuHones, antibacterial, 672 tlnal fcdC6. Template, in protein synthesis, 534, 554 "~ Sucrase, 264 Sulfonylureas, B72 Tendomucoid, 77B ~ Suliotransfere.se{s), c18.SSification, 238 • ~ classification, 243 Tertiary level of organization in pro Sullm in feces, 275 teins, 55, 78 • ~ occurrence, 243 absorption, B27 Testane, 684 ~ Sucrose alkali-labile, detection of, 94 Testis I, digestion, 264, 391 ethereal, 279, 588, 627, 846 androgen formation, 684 fermentation test, 30 ~:rcretion, 628, 846 effect of follicle-stimulating hormone, m hydrolysis, 15, 264 in feces, 274, 628 743 ~ inversion, 15 in insulin, 723 of luteinizing hormone, 743 m occurrence, 15 in urine, 628, 846 estrogen formation, 68B, 689, 691 optical rotation, 15 inorganic, conjugation, 279, 627 progesterone formation, 696 structure, 15 detoxication, 279, 627 Testo.sterone. 684-688 "m excretion, 628, 846 tests ror. 26-30 metabolhm. B84-68B Ie Sugar(s) fonnation, 627 Tetany acids, 6, 18 metabolism, B27, 628 after parathyroidectomy, 730 Thi,'" aldonic. 18 general pathways, 588, 627 in alkalosis, 639 01 polymen of, 2.2 intermediary, 627 in hypocalcemia, 639, 730 occ~nce, .. saccharic, 21 627, B28 in vitamin D deflcierlcy, 165 .. uroruc, 21 organic, e:rcretion, 1328, 846 infantile, 165 hi, o~~nce, alcoho\.!;, 6, 25 627, 628 OIIteomalacic, 165 f. metabolism. 419 oxidation, B27 Tetracyclines, inhibition of protein syn classification, 5, 6 utilization, 627 thesis, SSB in cyclic struC'tunl, 9 Sulfuric add. See Sulfate. "Tetraethylammonium," 669 In'" definition,S Sulfurtransferase c1a.s.olification, 236 Tetrahydrocorticolds, 705, 706 in eJlect of alk.aJ.i. 30 Superprecipitation, 4.2B Tetrahydrofolate, 196-203. See also ~ fermeotation test, 30 "Super-repressed" mutations, 7B5 Tetrahydrofolic add. ~ invert, 15 Suprasterols, 1B1 Tetrahydrofolate formylase classifica in phO!phoric esten, structures. 27 Sympathetic nerves, epinephrine forma tion, 255 .-1 reducing properties., 10, 27 tion, 699, 700, 786 Tetrahydrofolic acid, 196-202. See also ,t. tests for, 26-30 norepinephrine formation, 699, 700, Folinic add. ... Sulfatases, classification, 240 788 as coenzyme, 230, 592 Thie Sulfatation, 587 Sympathin in nervow tissue, 783, 786 in one-carbon unit metabolism, 592 Thin of suglU'S, 4.21 Sympatholytics, mechanLtm of action, in plUltothenate synthesis., 192 Thi. SuHate 671 in thymidylic acid synthes:is, 521 "active," 587 Sympathomimetics,mechanismofactlon, Tetrahydromesobilanes, structures, 137 Thin conjugation, 279, 628 671 Tetramethylglucose, 16 Thin with bilirubin, 616 Synalbumin factor, 725 Tetrazollum salts, as artificial electron with indole, 279 Synovial fluid acceptors., 364 Thio, with phenol, 279 composition, 81B Tetroses ,110 ester formation, 587 gluco5e in, oi32 classification, 5, B , ethereal, escretioo, 628, 846 hyaluronic acid in, Tl7 definition, 5 , formation, 279, 588, 627 Syntba5es, c1llS:'1mcation, 2.53 in pentose metabolism, 417 f.n excretion, 628, 846 Synthetases, clas.si&Cation, 2.'55. See also occ~nce, 11 t formation, 627 Liga.t&. Thalassemia, 128, 765 from cysteine, 5&5, 586 formation of hemoglobio Fin, 612 in androgen conjugation, 685, 686 Thiamina.se, 178 in detoxication, 279 Thiamine, 174-178 n: In estrogen conjugation, 691 TA.CHYSTEROL, IBI antilipotropic action, 503 Thiol in extracellular fiuid, 301 Tagato5e, structure, 7 abiorption, 17B Thi~ in intracellular fiulll 301, 62.8 Talose, structure, 7 assay. 177 in mucopolysac<:harides. Z3 Tauber reaction, 29 biosynthesh, 175 Thiol in urine, 628, 846 Taurine carbobydrate absorption and, 391 production in body, 313 bile acid precursor, 267 catabolism, 176 Thiol Sulfate-adenyl transferMe classification, conjugation with bile acids, 267 chemistry, 175 23 Thiamine (Continued) Thiolesteraseo;, occurrence, 240 ThyrotJopk hormone (Contfnued) deficiency, beriberi, 177 Thioneine in erythrocytes, 804. See also assay, 737 cQtatornlin effect, 178 Ergothioneine. carbohydrate in, 22 demonstration, 178 Thiosulfate, detoxication of cvanide, chemi~try. 737 ecielllll, 177 585, 586 effect of antithyroid agents, 721, 722 encephalopathy, 177 Thiosulfate: cyanide sulfurtransferase, of thyroxine, 720 lactic acid in blood. 178 in cyanide detoJication, 280 on blood iodine, 737. 738 occurrence, 177 in erythrocytes, 804 on thyroid, 715, 737 oxygen uptake by brain. 178 Thiouracil, antithyroid action, 721, 722 on thyroJdne synthesiS, 715, 737 pualysis, 177 TIUourea, anlithyrold action, 721, 722 fat mobilization. 498 pentose in erythrocytes, 178 L-1'hreOnic acid. 151 secretion, 737 pyruvic acid in blcod, 178 Threonine Thyrotropin, 137. See also Thyrotropic saturation tests, 178 denciency and fatty acid synthesis, /umnone. symptoms, 177 503 Thyroxiue thiami.ne in blood, 17S formation of glyCine, 576 absorption, 629 destruction. 175 metabolism, 580 biosynthesis, 602, 714 excretion. 176 structure. 57 effect of iodine, 720 functions, 177 Threonine aldolase classification, 253 of rnlfoillimides, 721, 722 in blood, 176, 178, 815 Threonine debydratase c!assincation, 252 of thiocarbamides, 721, 722 in cerebrospinal lluid, 176 Threose, rtrocture, 7 of thiocyanate, 721 in feces, 176 Thrombin. classification u enzyme, 245 of thiouracil. 721, 722 in foods, 177 Thrombocyte!.. composition of, 605. See of thiourea, 721, 722 in milk, 176, 795 also Platelet.!. of thyrotropin, 716, 738 in tissues. 176, 177 Thromboplutin, 800 calorigenic effect, 332, 717 in urine, 176, 178 u lipoprotein, 45 carbohydrate absorption and, 391 inhibition of metabolimJ. by pyrithi Thymidine catabolism, 602, 716 amine, 600 incorporation into nucleic acid, 522 chemistry,713 metabolism, I7e structure, 109 diabetogenic action, 445 o\--currence, 177 synthesis, folinic acid io, 201 effect on absorption, 391, 718 requirement, 178 Thymidine-3',5'-diphosphate, 109 on ATP, 720 effect of thyroxine. 719 Thymidine nucleotides, occurrence, 52..1 on basal metabolism, 332, 717 solllbility, 17S Thyrnidyillte, ~tructure, 109 on blood glucose. 438, 718 storage, 176 synthesis, 521 on bones, 638, 719, 735 tests, 177 Thymine on calcium metabolism, 635, 638, units, 177 analog, 672 719, 735 Thiamine pyrophosphate catabolism, 522 on carbohydrate metabolism, 438, a\)!;orption, li6 in nucleic acids, 106, 107 718 a.'l cocarboxylase. 176, 177 methyl group synthesis, 593 on creatine metaboliSlTl, 71F! ~ as coeoll:yme, 176, 177,251.353, 3fH pK of bydrol}'1 group, 107 on cytochromc. 720 I biosynthesis, I7e synthesis, 521 011 development, 719 fonnation, 176 Tbymol turbidity test, 80S on electrolyte metabolism, 119 functions. 177 Thymonucleic acid, 102. See also on enzymes, 720 in blood, I7e, 178 Deoxyribonuclek acid. on fatty acid oxidation, 718 in decarboxylation, 177, 409-412 Thyrocalcitonin, 638, 714, 736 on gillconeogencsis, 718 in oxidative decarboxylation, 409, 411 Thyroglobulin, 630, 713 OIl glucose absorption, 391, 4340, in pent~e melllbolblll, 417 Thyroid 438, 718 in tissues. 176 effect of antithyroid agents, 720-722 OIl glycogenolysis, 434, 438. 718 in I::ransketolase reaction, 177, 417 of iodine, 720 011 growth. 719 u-lipoi<': acid and, 177, 20fI of suUonamides, 72l, 722 on lipid metabolism, 507, 718 stOI1lge, 176 of thiocarbamides. 721, 722 on metamorphosill, 719 strocture, 175 of thiocyanate, 715, 721 on o~gen consumption. 3.12, 717 Thienylalanine as inhibitor, 666 of thiouracil. 721, 722 on phosphorylation, 700 Th1n layer chromatography, 97 of thiourea, 721, 722 on plasma cholesterol, 494. 507, ThiocarbllDlides, antithyIOid action, of thyrotropic bomone, 715, 737 71" 721, 722 of thyrOJine, 720 on plasma phospholipid, 495, 507, Thiochrome, 175 011 ha:>al metabolism, 332, 717 71" Thioctic add, 206. See also rl-Llpaic function on protein metabolism, 564, 565, acid. blood iodine in, 629, 716 717 ThiocY/lWlte insulin tolerllJlce and, 436 on thywicl, 700 elfect on iodine metabolism, 715, 721 iodine in, 629, 720 on thyrotropin, 720, 738 ou thyroid, 715,721 hormone, 713-722. See also Thymrine. on urine calcium, 638. 719. 735 ou thyronne synthesis, 721 conversion to thyroacetic acids, on urine chlorirIP.. 719 formation from cyanide, 280, 586 602, 716 on urine potusium, 719 thiosulIate : cyan.i~ sulfurtrans deiodl.nation, 602, 716 on urine sodium, 719 fcrllSe in, 295 enterobepatic circulation, 602, 71(3 on urinc volume, 719 ~pace, 298 gl\luuronide~, 602, 716 on vitamin requirement. 719 Thioerters, energy level of linkage, 377, sulfate conjugates, 602. 716 00 water balance. 719 378 in iodine de6ciency, 629, 720 eKCretion, 629, 716 Thioether hydrolase c1a.'lSmcation, 244 iodine in, 630, 715 formation, 602, 714 Thioglycolic acid protection against al iodine metabolism Q.Ild, 628-630, 714 in blood, 629, 716 IODU,444 71" in thyrOid, 629, 630, 713-716 Thiokinases. See under individual acyl Tbyroid-stimulating hormone, 737. See in uncoupling pho:sphorylatioJUi. 384 CoA. synthetases. abu ThyrohuJ"c honnone. mechanism of action, 719 ThioJase enzyme!. See also Transocyla Thyronine, 713, 714 metabolic elfects, 717-720 .". Thyrotropic hormone metabolism, 602. 714, 716 clll.l!l.illcation, 232 action.1, 715, 737 secretion, 630, 715 894 INDEX TbyroUne (Continued) Trll.llSCription, 528, 554 Trisaccharidc~ (Continued) structure, 57 Tramdf!atninll.tion, 569 definition, 5 TilIsue{~) Transduction, 533 Tropomyosin, 427 calcification after parathyroid Trarmerues, c1assiEcation, 229 Tryp5in, 262 hormone, 732 Transferrin, phy~jcal properties, 560 action, 262 ehcmiCill composition, 773-i75. See Transferring elUymes, 230-238 classification, .245 also individual tiJsues. TrlUlsfonnimina.ses, clll.Slit6cation, 231 ill fece~, 275 estrogen in, 689 "TransfoIDliug substances" of bacteria. inhibitor, 262 gM e~change in, 283, 285, 289 relation to nucleic adds, 532 nature, 262 iodine in. 630 Transfonnylases, clll.Slimcation, Z31 properties, 247 iron in, 641 coenz.yme, 230, 592 ~pecificity, 245 Wa(tlf ln, 295 Trans-(a-l,4)-glucosy!.ase, 401 TrypSinogen, 262 Tissuf'. culture, CMclltial lUllino acids, Transglycosylases, classification, Z33 activatioll, 262 548 TTIUlshydlOgenase(s), effect of estrogens, conveooon to trypsin, 241 In study of intermediary metabolism, 695 Tryptophan 338 function, 361 allthrauilate fonnation, 596 Tissue homogenatC!l in study of inter Tn.lI1!hydroxymetbylase(s), clusificatiou, as .!lOmce of "formate," 593 medilll')' metabolism, 339 bacterial action on, 272 Tiuue mince in study of intermediary Tnnsketolases,'" classification, 230 dcrintives in eye pigment of metabolism, 339 til pentosc metabolism, 417 Drosophila, 597 Tissue slice!l ill study of intennedia.l)' Tnlflsl{)('atioll of l"litr~ll, 565 detection of, 93 mctllbolislO, 3J8 Transmethyl.ll.Ses, das&ifiCll.non, 231 effect on pyridoxine deJlciency, 190 Tobacco mosaic vinL', structure. 105, Transmethylation, 5% indoill" from, 272, 591 r 114, 535 donots lI.ndll.CceploTSofmethyJ groups, kynureninate from, 595 Tocopherols. 166-169. See abo 58. kynurenine formation, 500 Vitamln{s) E. from "activated" mcthioniue, 590 metabolism, 594 absorption, 1138 from hetaint:, 590 in phenylketonuria. :=i1f7 '. antiondant action, 44. 167, 168 structures of donors, 589 in pyridoxine defiCiency, 190 on fats, 161, 168 Trauspbosphoryla.s.es, classification. 236. role of P)'Iium...1 phosphate, 596 on vitamin A, 161, 168 231 role of riboi!avio, 596 chemistry, 166 Transpbospborylll.tion, cnzymt:lj, 23t'i, precuriOf of nicotinic acid, 183, 59tl c1A~i6cation ll.S lipid:>, 33 379 serutonin {onnatklD, 594 excretion, 168 revel1iibHity, 379 s\ca.tolc from, 272 forms, 166 Transport, lIctive, of umino adds, 541 structure, 57 functions, 168 0{ carbohydrates, 391 synthesis IUld cleavage in bacteria, in bl.ood, 168 Tramport mechanisms, phospholipids 597 in feces, 168 in, 308 pyridonne in, 189, 190 in foods, 167 pyridoxine in, 189, 308 UUlthurellate fonnatio[l, 596 in milk, 167, 168 TraD9Julfatases, c1ll.S1itfication, 238 Tryptopban hydroll)'lll-'le, dil$iilication, in ox..idation-roouction reactions, 169 Trarwlllfu.rase rcaction, pyridoxal 356 in tissues, 108 phoophate in, 189 Tryptophan ol}'genll5e, classification, iu urine, 168 Tricarboxylic acid cycle. 410 3.'>6 occunence, 167 energetic~, 414 Tr}'ptophan pyrrolase. See al.~o wlubility, 161 intracellular localization, 415 Tryptophan oxygenase. vitamin A and, ISO regulation, 412,415 clA~i6Cll.tion, 356 Tollens' phloroglucinol reaction. 2Y "Triethyl"choline, as inhibitor, 666 function, 596 Toxi~terol, 161 lipotropiC action, 5')4 Induction, 770 TPN, l83-186. See abo Nic(>tinamtde Triglycerides. See Fat{a). Tryptophanll-'le reaction in microorga ilder!1fW dinucleotW.e phosphoU? Trigonelline in plants, 185 nims,597 (NADP). Tribydroxycopr05tane in bile acid TSH, 737. See also Thyrvtropichormofle. Tn,ct'. elements, 643--641 synthesis, 480 '"Turnover rate," 542 'lTanquilil.ing action," serotonin and Triiodothyronine, 630, 113-111 Tyndall effect, Il.'i nore?inephrine and, 594, 186 fonnation, 602, 715 Tyramine, formation, 600 Trans.a<:y!lISes, dousiflclltion, 232 Trimetapho5phata~e,occurrence, 249 from tyrwille, 271 coeozyme, 231 2,4,6-Trimethyl-l,4-dihydro-3,5-dicarb Tyrosinase Tran.sa<:ylations, 472 eth~pyridine, 621 action of, 001 a<:etyl~C()A in, 192 Trirnethylglucose, 16 classification, 355, 356 coeozyme A in, 192 Tnose(s) copper in, 644 pantothenic aci.d in, 192 clll.5Sincatioll, 5, 6 inhibition of, 780 Tra.n.'l8ldol~, dassmcation, 230 definition, 5 melanin formation and., 001,180 in pentose metar.olisn1,.fI7 in glycoly~is, 40-3 Tyro!\inl'> Transamldination, as grouj)-transfer occurrence, 1J bacterial action 011, 271 reaction, 235 Triose pnosphates conrugatiOD with sulfate, 581, 600 in creatine synthesis, 578 in glycolysi~, 403 convenion to ftcetoacetate and TrlW.'lllminases oDdation, 40J fumarate, 599 c1a»i6cadon, 235 ~tructure, 27 to epinephrine, 600, 100 coenz)me of, 234 Triose phosphate dehydrogene.se, to melanin, 001 in blood, 814 ~uUhydryl groups in, 223, 403 to tbyroltine, 002, 114 increase in serum in disease, 814 Triosephosphate isomerase, dalSlfica to tyramine, 600 mechanism, 234 tion, 254 cre$Ol frOID, 271 Transamination, in amino acid in glycolysis, 403 detection of, 93 metabolism, 568 Triparanol (MER-2Q), 475 epinephrine from, 600, 700 in gillconeogenc.'lis, 573 Tripeptidases, 265 furmatiou from phenylalanine, 597 Transcarbamoylases, cla~iflcation, 231 Triphosphopyridine nucleotide. See metabolic dll"fll"ct i.n albini.sm, 601 Trll.oscarbamoylation, in omithine cycle, Nit:ot111Gmide adenine d'nUCleo in alcaptonuria, 000 571 ttck phosphate. in tyr05inasis, 599 Transcellular fluid, 295, 300 TliSaccharides, c1a.o>sIDcation, 5 metaboli.lrn.597-602 INDEX 895 Tyrosine (Continued) Uricosurics, 672 Urine (Continued) metabolism, ascorbic acid in, 156 Undine, structure, 109 chlOride, effect of thyroxine, 719 norepinephrine from, BOO, 700 Uridinediphosphate-N-acetylgalaeto factors inHuencing. 847 phenol from, 271 samine, synthcsis, 420 citric acid, 688, 731, 845 structure, 57 Uridinediphosphate-N-acetyIglucosa effect of androgem, 688, B45 thyroxine from, 602, 714 mine, synthcsis, 420 of estrogcm, 688, 845 tvramine from, 271 Uridinediphosphatc-galactose, in epi of parathyroid honnone, 637, 731, Ty~o5ine decarboxylase. classifieation, merase reaction, 254, 407 B45 252 Uridinediphosphate-galactose-4.cpimer of sex honnones, 688, 845 Tyrosine hydroxylase, in catecholamine ase, in galactose metabolism, 407 of vitamin D, 163, 845 synthesis, 600 Uridinediphosphate-galactose-glucose factors inAuencing, 688, 845 TyrOsine-ketoglutarate transaminase, transgalactosylase, classiRcation, cobalt, 849 iuduction, 770 233 color, 838 Tyrosine-O-suUate. occurrence, 000 Uridinediphospbate-glucose composition, 838--849 Tyrosinosis, 599 in epimerase reaction, 254, 407 concentration, 825 aromatic acids in urine, BOO, 846 in glycogen synthesis, 397 effect of antidiuretic hormone, 749, in hexose meto.bolism, 407 B25 structure, 254 copper, 843, 849 Uridinediphosphate-glucose epimerll.'ie creatine, 842 ULTRACENTRIFUGATION, 84 classification, 254 effect of androgens, 688 Ultrafiltration, 87 V riclinediphosphate-glucose-glycogen of thyroxine, 718 Umbilical cord, hyaluronic aeid in, 777 glucosyl transferase, 397-398 creatinine, 842 Uncoupling, 384 Uridinediphosphate-glucose-glycogen cystine, 586, 843 "UnderutiIi2ation" theory of ketosis, transglucosylase claSSification, 233 electrolytes, effect of adrenocortieal '69 Uridinediphosphate.glucuronate, in honnones, 624, 709, 826 Uracil bilirubin conjugation, 616 epinephrine, 700 catabolism, 522 in glucuronide synthesis. 233, 278,421 estrogem, 691--894 in nucleic acids, 106, 107 Uridinediphosphate transglncuronylase in pregnancy, 692-694 pK of bydroxyl group. 107 classification, 233 ethereal sulfate, 628, 846 synthesis, 520 Undine nucleotides, occurrence, 523 fatty acids, 845 utilization in various types of cells, Uridyl transferases, c1assi6cation, 2J6 fluoride, 646 522 Undylate, structure, III Huorine, 849 Uracil carboxylate, in thymine catabo synthesis, 520 roli~ acid content. in scurvy, 198 lism,523 Urine formation, 819-849. See also Renol Urate acetoa<:etate, 469, 846 fi'ndion. clearance in pregnaIlcy toxemias, 812 acetone, 469, 846 Froctose, 433, 442, 848 excretion by kidney. 518, 519, 643 acidiJication, 317, 826 galactose. 433, 442, 848 from purine catabolism, 518 acid-base balance and, 317-319 glucose, 432, 441. 848 in amnioti~ fluid, 818 blood pH and, 318 after panereateetomy, 443, 725 in blood. amount, 811, 812. See aho in aeidosis, 318, 3.23, 324 effect of somatotropin, 7.as Blvod uric acid. in alkalosiS, 318, 324, JZ5 in diabetes mellitus, 443, 725 in urine, 518, 519, 843. See also potassium excretion and, 318 in pregnancy. 848 Urine uric add. acidity, 317, 826, 839 nomwl, 441, 848 infarcts, 844 ammonia and, 319 glucuronic acid, 21, 844 nucleoside, 117 blood pH and, 318 hippuric acid, 845 pool size, 519 carbonic anhydrase and, 317, 318 honnones, 849. See abo individual reabsorption by renal tubules, 828 factors inHuencing, 317, 826 honnones. Urate oxidase, classification, 355 in acidosis, 318, 3.23, 324 hydrogen ion concentration, 317, 826 in purine catabolism, 518 in alkalosis, 318, 324, 325 P-hydr~butyrate, 469, 846 Urea adrenoeortkal honnones in, 707-709 indican, 628, 846 clearance, 8J6 albumin, 849 iodine, 629, 717, 849 faclor!1 influencing, 836 alkaline tide, 840 iron, 643 glomerular filtration and, 831 allantoin, 844 ketone bodies, 469, 846 fonnation, 570 amino acids, 843 factors influencing, 469, 848 from pyrimidine catabolism, 522 factOr!1 influencing. 843 17-ketosteroids, 686, 709 in blood, amount. 811. See also in liver disease, 843 lactic acid, 845 Blvod urea. ammonia, 319, 570, 826, 841 lactose, 432, 442, 848 effect of somatotropic honnone, blood pH and, 319 lead, 849 563, 745, 811 factors inHuencing, 319, 841 lipids,849 in body fiuids, 811 formation, 319, 570, 842 magnesiwn 631, 848 in cerebrospinal fluid,817 in acidosis, 319, 324, 325, 842 manganese, 645 in lymph, 816 in alkalosis, 319, 324, 325, 842 Nl·methylnicotinamide in, 185 in ~liva, 259 androgens in, 684-687 Nl.methyl-6-pyridone-3_carboxylamide in urine, 570, 841 aromatic hydroxyacids, 846 in, 185 effect of androgens, 688 arsenic, 849 mucin, 849 reabsorption by renal tubules, 827 ll.'ieorbic acid, 156, 157 nickel, 849 sites of fonnation, 570, 571 calcium, 638, 848 nitrogen Urease, classification, 248 after parathyroidectomy. 730 after pancrca.teetomy, 443, 725 occurrence, 248 effect of parathyroid honnone, 634, effect of adrenocortical honnones., p-Ureidases, classification, 248 639,131 564, 565, 712 p-Ureidoisobutyrate, in pyrimidiue ca of thyroxine, 638, 719, 735 of androgens., 563, 565, 688 tabolism, 523 factors inHnencing, 638, 848 in diabetes mellitus, 443, 565, p-Ureidopropionate, in pyrimidine ca in acidosis, 639 725 tabolism, 523 carotenoids in, 147 partition, 841 Uric acid. See Urate. chloride, 624, 847 protein meto.bolism and, 328, 329 Uricase, classification, 355. See also effect of adrenocortical honnones, nitrogen: sulfur ratio, 846 Urate o:ddase. 624, 709, 847 nonprotein nitrogen, 545, 840 896 INDEX Urine (Continued) Urobilin, 274, 817, 618 Vitamins (Continued) nonprotein nitrogen. factors detection, 139 ill blood, 814 influencing, 840-844 excretion, 618, 619 in cerebrospinal 8uid, B17 norepinephrine, 700 foonation, 818 ill milk, 793, 795 odor, 838" in feces. l74, 617, 618 in urine, 849. See also individual vita organic acids, 317 in urine, 618, 819, 63B mi= onlic add, fW4 ~tructure, 137 reqUirement, 650 factors influencing, 844 Urobilinogen, 274, 617, 818 and caloric lotake, 651 in pyrido~ne deficiency, 190 detection, 139 steroid, 43, 159 pantothenie acid, 192 ill bile, 268 Vitamin A, 14J-152 pcnto:'le. 12, 419, 432, 848 in feces, 274, 617,818 absorption, 146 phosphate, 317, 639, 847 in urine, 61B, 619, &18 decreased, 152 after parathyroidectomy. 639. 731 intestinal bacteria and, 274, 617, 818 aleohoI, a.I fatty acid estel", 44, 145, effect of parathyroid honnone. fi34, d-lTrobilinogen(sl, in bile pigment me 146 6.']9, 731, 847 tabolism, 618 aldehyde, 145 of vitamin D, 163, 185, 839 structure, 137 and bones, 150, 151 factors influencing, 847 Urocanate in histidine metabolism, 583 lUId epitbeliwiI, 149 in vitamin D dciiciency. 166 Urochrome, 838 and osteoid formation, ISO, 635 in vitamin D excess, 166 Urocortisol, 708 and reproduction, 149 pigments, 838 llrocortisone,708 IUld teeth, 150, 779 potassium, 624, 827, 847 Uronic adds, 21 aod vision, 148 effect of adrenocortical honnones, in urine. 21, 844 lL'l!8.y,l46 710,1)27,848 occurrence, 2 J biological activity, 145 of thyroxine, 719 te.!t for, 29 chemistry, 144 factol"!l influencing. 31R, :l19, 848 Uroporphyrin J deficiency, ascorbie aeid deficieney in, in acidmis, 318, 319, 848 excretion, 619 150 in alkalosis, 31B, 319, 848 structure, 122 blood carotene in, 151 pregnanediol, 2.1, 69B, 849 svnthesis, 610 blood villlmin A in, 151 in pregnancy, 892-694, 696 Uroporphyrin III bone defects, ISO proteins, 849 excretion, 619 dark adaptation teit, 151 pyridoxic acid. 188 structure, 122 dental defects, 150 pyridoxine, 188 synthesis, 810 detection, 151 reducing substances, 442, 84& Uroporphyrinogens, in porphyrin syu epithelial defects, 149-151 riboflavin, 181, 182, 189 thesis, 610 fetal abnormalitie$, 149 silicon, 849 human, 151 sodium, 824. 825, ,1.147 in ascorbic acid deficiency, 158 effect of adrenocortical hormones, keratinization, 149, 151 824, 109, 826 V...GUS, stimulation of conjunctiva, 149, 151 of thyroxine, 719 of gastric secretion, 260 uf cornea, 149 facton inlluelldng. 624, 709, 626 of intestinal 5lecretion, 264 of respiratory tract, 149 solkls, 839 of pancreatic secretion, 282 of vagina, 149, 151 specific gra"ity, 839 Valine keratomalacia in, 149 sugars in, 441 formation of propionate, 574,500 mucosal scf'dpings, 151 sulfate, (:128, 846 metabolism, 580 reproduction, 149 ethereal, 1328, 846 $tructure, 57 skin lesions, 149 inorganic, 828, 848 Van den Bergh reaction, 138, 616 tests for, 151 snlfur, 62R, Mfi signIficance, in plasma, 139, m6 viS\Ul,I defects, 149, 151 ethereal, 628, 846 Van der Waals forces in proteins, BI vitamin C deficiency in, 150 illOTglUlic, 1328, 846 Vanilmandelic acid, 699, 700 xerophthalmia in, 149, 150 neutral, 628, 848 Vall Slyke nitro\1." acid reaction, 91 destruCtion, 1~, 147 sulfur; nitrogen ratio, 628 Vaporization, from lung>, 294 esters, 145, 146 thiamine in, 176 from skin, 294 excess, 151 thyroxine in, 717 Vasoactive substances in kidney, 837 bone changes, 1.'51 turbidity, 838 Va.'lodcpre.ssor, Vitamin A2 (CQ1ltinlled) Vitamin 0 (Continued) Vitwnin(s) E (CDnrinuat) in livcr, 146, 147 deficiency, bone mineralization, deficiency, ellccphalomalacia, 168 Vitamin(s) B, 174-200 164, 165 exudative diat1esi~, 168 as cataIY$I:-~, 174 bones in. 164 fat pigmentation, 168 biotin, 11:13-196 calcinm absorption in, 165. 633, 634 mwcle dystrophy, 169 characteristics of, 174 balance, 185 0lo/gen uptake, 168 choline, 206 excretion in, 165, 638 paralysis, 169 citrovorum factor, 197 in blood. 165, 634 sterility, 169 cobealamins, 198-204 in feces, 165 testis change~, 169 folic add, 196--202 in urine, 165 excretion, 168 folinic acid, 196-202 intake tllId, 164 function!>, 168 in mille, 795 demonstration, ]65 hepatic necrosi~ and, 168 inositol, 204 in ~teatofThea, 639 10 blood. 16ij, 815 a-lipOiC acid, 205 manifestations. 164 in feces, 168 niacin, 182-187 metabolic changes. 164 in foods, 167 pantothenic acid. 190-193 rickets, 1&4 in liver, 167 pteroylglulamic acid, 196-202 test5, 165 in milk, 167 pyridoxine. 187-100 l~lJmy, 165 in oIidation-reduetioll reactions, 169 ribo.ll.avin, 178-182 effect in ti~nes. 168 thiamine, 174-178 on blood CQ}cium, 163, 185, 634 in urine, 168 vitamin Be!' 198-204 on blQod phosphate. 165, 634 OCC'UI'fence, 167 Vi ta.IIlin B6, ] 87-100, See also P!lrldorlne. on bone fonnation. 163-HIS requirement, 160 Vitamin Bl'l' 198-204 on bone growth, 163-165 solubillty, 100, 167 absorption, 202 on bone mineralization, 163-165 Vilamill(s} K. 169-174 in pemicious anemia. 202 au bonC5, 163-165 absorption, 172 intrinsic factor and, 202 on calcium absorption, 163-185. bile acids in, 172, 11'3 as extrinsic factor, 198 633,634 lUlU proconvertin, 172, 173 as:;ay, 201 on citrate ~tabolism, 163 antagonism by Dicumnol, 173, 665 biosynthesiS, 200 on intestinal pH, 163, 633 Q.l; components of ondative ch&i.n, 364 I-carbon unit and, 2.01, 591--594 on phosphate absorption, ]63, 633, assay, 172 chemistry, 199 634 , cheminry, 170 cobalt in, 1~, 645 on phosphate excretion, 163, 165, clasliificatioo as lipids, 33 cocnzyme forms, syntheSiS, 526 639 deficiency. 173 deficiency, 202-204 on phytic acid, 163, 633 ,uter antibiotics. 173 ill pemicioU5 anemia, 202-204 on urine citric acid, 163, 845 alter DicumanJl, 173 vitamin Bl2 in feces, 202 eIcess. 165 blood coagulatiotl, 1'73 excretion, ZOO cdcium absorption, 166 hemorrhages. 173 functions, 201-204 ill blood, 166 hypoprothrombinemia, 173 in loo ~. ,