NATIO""L '.,. 1ft-S7~'() IV\ ;:"ii"C,: 1...il'/MIOlf SOARD -h (I' ARCHiVeS, 2,,11 II ISSN.1656-ll469 Women & Men IN WE$TERN VISAVAS
Replblika ng Pilipinas . PAMBANSANG LUPON SAUGNAYANG PANG-ESTADISTIKA . (NATIONAL STAnSnCAL COORDINATION BOARD) •• Regional Division VI Luna 51. La Paz, lloiloCiIy FOREWORD
In support of the gowrnment efforts towards the realization of the visions of the Philippine Plan for Gender- I Responsiw Dewlopment (pPGD), namely: 1) widening of the prospectiw roles of women; 2) ensuring gender equity in the access of basic welfare and social services; 3) making services responsive to the special needs and concerns of women; and 4) mitigating the difficulties faced by women associated with migration, prostitution and violence, the National Statistical Coordination Board Regional Division VI has prepared the publication Women and Men in Western Visayas with special studies on women: "The Women in the Service Sector in Iloilo City"; "Domestic Violence in the Province of Aklan"; and Leisure lime Allocation Among Women: Some Evidence in Iloilo City, Philippines". This is our attempt to come up with an initial list of statistical indicators that will measure the participation and contribution of women in socio-economic development in Western Visayas.
This 2008 edition of the handOLlok presents the latest available statistics on women and m"n in Western Visayas including a chapler on girls and boys, through tables and charts, short explanatory texts, and brief analyses highlighting the salient features of the data.
We are confident that this publication will be significant source of infonmation for decision-makers, project planners, implementers, and evaluators to guide them in the ad\lOcacy work and in the fonmulation of plans, programs, and policies for the advancement of women and girts in the region.
We would like to acknowledge with appreciation the valuable support and cooperation of our various data sources in providing us latest data for this publication.
~UL~~IROLA Secretary General
31 March 2008 CONTENTS
Foreword i Table of Contents ii
Chapter 1 Population, Families, and Households 1-1 Chapter 2 Employment 2-1 Chapter 3 Agriculture and Agrarian Refonm 3-1 Chapter 4 Education 4-1 Chapter 5 Health, Nutrition and Vital Statistics 5-1 Chapter 6 Violence Against Women 6-1 Chapter 7 Economic Participation 7-1 Chapter 8 Girts and Boys 8-1 Chapter 9 Special Studies on Women 9A The Women in the Sel'\1CeSector in Iloilo City 9-1 9B Domestic Violence in the Prol.ince of Aklan 9.24 9C Leisure Time Allocatior Among Women: Some E'.ldence in lioiie City, Philippines 9-39
Annexes Historical De>elopments in the Advancement of Fiiipino Women in the Philippines 10 .1 Technical Notes 10.5 Guide to Acronyms 10-12 Sources 10-13 NSCB Publications 10.14 The National Statistical Coordination Board 10.18 The NSCB Key Officials/NSCB Regional Di'.lsion VI 10.19
ii ..ome..n lit M.e..n.. W ~W~" IN WESTERN VISAYAS
POPULATION, FAMiliES AND HOUSEHOLDS POPULATION, FAMILIES, AND HOUSEHOLDS
A profile of the population is important in identifying areas of dewlopment. High population growth has considerable effects on the distribution of resources and sel\lices and has adwrse influence on family life standards, health, education, em.1ronment, and occupational opportunities.
Changes in the family structure haw great effects on family lifestyle. This situation poses extra burden on women as home managers in their struggle to balance family, motherhood, economic, and social responsibilities. Below are the priority issues in this sector.
o Serious implications of changing population size, family structure, merging typologies of family, composition and distribution ,;s-a-,;s available resources and ~er~~s3on the status of women;
o Multipie burden due to inciination of population members to define certain roles of men and women; and
o Need to address gender issues of the youth, elderly and differently-abied men and women.
The following policies were promulgated to address the abow issues: o Enactment of the Family Code, which to date, is the most enlightened piece of legislation to promote equality and justice among family members; and
o The importance of the Filipino family as the fundamental unit of society is underscored in the 1987 Constitution and other existing legislations. The Constitution and other legislations recognize that well-functioning and happy families constitutes the necessary foundation for social stability, economic progress, and development.
1-1 POPULATION, FAMILIES AND HOUSEHOLDS
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
Table Page
1.1 Population and Sex Ratio by Age Group, Region VI: 2000 14 1.2 Population All Ages by Sex, by Prol,ince: 2000 1-5 1.3 Population 10 Years Old and Owr by Marital Status: 1995 & 2000 1-6 1.4 Population of Youth Aged 15-24 by 1-7 Age Group: 2000 1.5 Projected Population of Youth Aged 15-24 1-7 by Age Group: 2005 & 2010 1.6 Projected Population by Prol,ince: 2010 1-10
Figure
1.1 Population Pyramids, Region VI: 1995 & 2000 1-3 1.2 Projected Population Pyramid: 2010 1-8 1.3 Projected Population Pyramids by Prol,ince: 2010 1-9
1-2 POPULATlON, FAMILIES AND HOUSEHOLDS
Figure 1.1 Populatiori Pyramids, Region VI: 1995 & 2000
1995 o ""0 [] 75.790 D JO.74 0 [2]65.69 0 1:"'1 6()." c::::J r.:,:;:;:,:,:::;'::,! 55.59 c=J c:J3D 50-" c::::=J women I::,"!": .,:::::::::'::::::::;::1 ~:: "'[ ===- men
I:'; :':':;';":;:'::'::":."::'.';"135.39 1=1 ==='-'1 f;::.,.: ,.,-'.': .. :'"::::':'::':::::::":-:1 30.34 I I
F::" . ';"""'_;---"'.:.::;.,:.:1 25.2S 1=1 =====-~
:;:,:::::}::;':,::::;';:::.:::::':;:;::";:::;",:;::::::'::,:::'::::J :~: 1=: ===="'='--"-. j:-:.;.-. ;'.;;-,:.; .. :.".:;- ;-. ::.,::'::.".:.,.,:.:.,: ..... ,:110.141'" ======'-1 (::::::::: :-:::'::::':::::'::'::,::::,;,:.>:,::',>:<.;,;:.:,:,;:.,>:"'::":! ~9 I I 1::::::::"- .-,-n-.-.- .. ,--,.- ... -..... ':,.=:::,.;.:::;:.,:-::;:.:4 0-4 ~I 1
2000 Source: 1995 & 2000 Census of FOpula!ion, NSO
In 2000, population aged 5-9 and 10-14 took the biggest shares in the population pyramid. Those with ages 5-9 shared 12.6 percent and ages 10-14 accounted 12.2 percent of the total population.
Similarly, dependents in 2000 shared 41.7 percent 01 the total population This is 1.5 percentage points lower than the 1995 data of 43.1 percent . Dependency ratio in 2000 registered at 71.4. This signifies that for every one hundred working person (15-64) supports 71 dependents (0-14 and 65 & over). 1-3 POPULA1l0N, FAMILIES AND HOUSEHOLDS
Table 1.1 Population and Sex Ratio by Age Group, Region VI: 2000 Age Women Men Sex Group Number % Number % Ratio All Ages 3,081,727 49.6 3,128,089 50.4 102 Under 1 70,082 2.3 75,367 2.4 108 1-4 283,788 9.2 296,430 9.5 104 5-9 382,853 12.4 399,875 12.8 104 10-14 374,611 12.2 385,137 12.3 103 15-19 330,141 10.7 342,902 11.0 104 20-24 261,321 8.5 278,498 8.9 107 25-29 217,200 7.0 229,281 7.3 106 30-34 203,705 6.6 210,323 6.7 103 35-39 185,572 6.0 194,185 6.2 105 40-44 165,456 5.4 167,995 5.4 102 45-49 137,908 4.5 140,538 4.5 102 50-54 112,264 3.6 108,453 3.5 97 55-59 94,389 3.1 87,835 2.8 93 60~4 86,630 2.8 75,844 2.4 88 6~9 62,853 2.0 53,271 1.7 85 70-74 46,551 1.5 35,913 1.1 77 75-79 32,795 1.1 23,953 0.8 73 80 and over 33,608 1.1 22,289 0.7 66 Source: National Statistics, Office
As revealed by the 2000 Census of Population, there were more men than women in Western Visayas, a ratio 102 men to every 100 women. This ratio has been maintained since the Mid-decade Census in 1995.
Further, in 2000, women in age group 50 & over outnumbered the men. The greater number of women among the elderly group may be attributed to the longer life expectancy of women as compa:s-d to men. In contrast, however, men in age group under 1-49 outnumbered women, 104 men to every 100 women.
1-4 POPULAllON, FAMILIES AND HOUSEHOLDS
Table 1.2 Population All Ages by Sex, by Province: 2000 Both Sexes Women Men Region/P ro.,;nce/City (Total) Region VI 3,082,175 3,128,863 6,211,038 Aklan 223,934 227,380 451,314 Antique 233,702 239,120 472,822 Capiz 325,150 329,006 654,156 Guimaras 68,801 72,649 141,450 Iloilo 773,007 786,175 1,559,182 Negros Occidentai 1,049,463 1,087,184 2,136,647 Iloilo City 188,771 177,620 366,391 Bacolod City 219,347 209,729 429,076
Source: 2000 Census of Population and Housing, NSO
The 2000 census showed that there are more men (3,128,863) than women (3,082,175) in Western Visayas. This is true to all the six provinces of the region. Comparing the two HUCs, however, there are more women population than men, i.e., Bacolod City has 219,347 women, 2.24 percentage points higher than men and lioilo City has 188,771 women, 3.04 percentage points higher than men
Likewise, Negros Occidental still remained to be lh~ most populous province in the region comprising 34.4 percent of the region's population. Iloilo and Capiz followed accounting to 25.1 percent and 10.5 percent, respectively. Guimaras with a population of 141,450 or 2.3 percent of the region's total population still remained to be the least populated among the six provinces.
1-5 POPULATION, FAMILIES AND HOUSEHOLDS
Table 1.3 Population 10 Years Old and Over by Marital Status: 1995 & 2000 1995 2000 Marital Status Number % Number % Women 2,097,598 100.0 1,963,027 100.0 Single 960,818 45.8 886,278 45.1 Legally Married 973,892 46.4 894,523 45.6 Widowed 149,309 7.1 148,899 7.6 Separated/Divorced 11,668 0.6 15,004 0.8 Unknown 1.911 0.1 18,323 0.9 Men 2,104,031 100.0 1,998,416 100.0 Single 1,091,288 51.9 1,037,993 51.9 Legally Married 959,587 45.6 884,188 44.2 Widowed 45,911 2.2 48,693 24 Separated/Divorced 6,036 0.3 8,761 0.4 Unknown 1,209 0.1 18,781 0.9
Source: 1995 & 2000 Census of Population, NSO
For the last two censal years, 1995 and 2000, single men (51.9%) outnumbered women (45.1%) even with the decline in the population of single men by 4.9 percent and single women by 7.8 percent in the 2000 census.
The proportion of legally married people, 45.6 percent women and 44.2 percent men, stili followed the single people, 51.9 percent men and 45.1 percent women. Widowed people comprised 7.6 percent women and 2.4 percent men, and separated/divorced people comprised 0.4 percent men and 0.8 percent women. POPULATION, FAMILIES AND HOUSEHOLDS
Table 1.4 Population of Youth Aged 15-24 by Age Group: 2000 Age Group Women Men
-. 15-19 330,141 342,902 20-24 261,321 278,498
15-24 591,462 621,400 Source: 20Q0..Census of Fbpulation and f-busing, NSO
The youth population in Western Visayas aged 15-24 as revealed by the 2000 Census shows that there are more men (621,400) than women (591,462). Men consisted of 51.2 percent and women, 48.8 percent of the region's total youth population.
Table 1.5 Projected Population of Youth Aged 15-24 by Age Group: 2005 & 2010
Age Group Women Men 2005 2010 2005 I 2010 15-19 354,326 352,247 374,367 376,289 20-24 331,421 343,662 343,035 366,516
15-24 685,747 695,909 717,402 742,805 Source: 1995-Census Based National and Regional Population R"ojections, NSO
Based on the 1995 population projections, men will continue to outnumber the women until year 2010 with an average gender gap of 6.7%. Youth with ages 15-24 is expected to increase by 2.5 percent in 2010 from its 2005 base.
1-7 POPULATION, FAMILIES AND HOUSEHOLDS
Figure 1.2 Projected Population Pyramid, Region VI: 2010
80+ 75--79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55--59 5054 Werren 45-48 Men 4044 35--39 3034 25-29 20-24 '5-19 lD-14 5.9 04 2010
Source: 1995 Census-Based National and Regional Population A"ojections, NSO
Dependents are projected to decrease to 60.0 percent by year 2010, a drop by 3.8 percentage points from the 2005 level. The decrease may be attributed to th" projected increase of population aged 20 & over in 2010.
Men in the age bracket 049 are still projected to outnumber women, which comprises 84.7 percent of the total population.
1-8 POPULATION, FAMILIES AND HOUSEHOLDS
Figure 1.3 Projected Population Pyramids by Province: 2010
Women ~n ~n
:%':-;',.x::0.~ 40.44 ::::»;«";-;::::'2'""::" 35-39 ...::r.~f.,..:t".1:•.A~., 30.)4 <.~~8'r.;::..WW 25.29 "::;::«7.&.::::~;~t'::::~'::;:::::;::::::20.24 _..:,..,::: :$?:i:.:~@?;»..:~ 15.19 3X.?:~;;~:;?~N;:x,;;
Women wen wen
~. ,:,m;.A:7.: 35.39 , ..•».;--: .<*:;;,:~.~<::::.30-34 ....~~..:t:~~. ," :(:;«¥ ~@?"i~::;;;;f.~25.29 x~::::~~~~z.<.:t::;::)P.",-i"'@ ::~.... ::::::::r.»:::,.::-:::.:=::=:m;::.:;.;~::: 20.24 W'fff.Yf;;W;(.f%i'rJ0% 20.24 ~::%...::~::-~«::::<.:-k:r:~::=:~.:-~~:<::15.19 ::::mxW~M>x7£:,»x..< 15.19 :;:"{"7.f.{::;::::::.;:;~.::'A::J.~::::~::::::;::: 10.14 :::::::::::::::::::::~:;::,:::::::h::?.:::~~<~.;10.14 ::?"t.0 .::::::{::::;:am?:f::;:;::~:{::::~~ 5.9 :~;;::%%@:n:8:8?(8::V: 5.9 )': .. ,;:;:». ...: .~i:=:::t~:=::y.':: 0.4 i.::::::::::~::::m::::?,;:::r:::::;::;::%>. 0.4 Capiz Guimaras
wen wen
:::;:~N,'~': ..f.<::::;:;.v.:::::::j.=:=;9. 25-29 ~=:'...:::r-:::~<:({:,M::::-<:«:: .,:::::~::~' 20-24 {:::;}'*;Zf.~/x;:;;«. ::',,'::;':'}.'I s- 19 ,'1<,,:,,<,' ,../.::->:'Y..{;.:.<::::::~,;'<:h:: 10.14 :{ .,/:::::»..{,::::«:~::::::::»,:::;:::?::m::: 5-9 :",,~<~~~~::-:::-:~...;:::::<~.:::':~::<~<~::~':<.0.4 Uaila Negros Occidental
1-9 POPULA1l0N, FAMILIES AND HOUSEHOLDS
Table 1.6 Projected Population by Province: 2010
Both Sexes Province Women Men (Total) Aklan 261,194 266,878 528,072 Antique 273,336 281,461 554,797 Capiz 396,516 405,226 801,742 Guimaras 79,458 83,316 162,774 Iloilo 1,113,878 1,135,616 2,249,494 Negros Occidental 1,545,077 1,586,373 3,131,450 Source: National Statistics Office, Region VI
Negros Occidental is ex pected to be sti II the most populous province in 2010 with a projected population of 3,131,450 or 42.2 percent of the region's total population. Iloilo province follows with a projected population of 2,249,494 or 30.3 percent of th~ region's population. Men in ages 0-39 will still outnumber wom8,1 but there will be more women than men in ages 45 & over. (
Guimaras will remain to haw the least population in 2010 projected at 162,774. There will be 104 men for ewry 100 women in the population. Men will outnumber women in ages 0-54, while women will outnumber men in ages 55 & over.
Aklan is projected to haw a population of 528,072 in 2010 with a gender gap of 1.1 percentage points. More than half (51.2%) will be in ages 0-24. The elderly population with ages 65 & owr is expected to comprise only 6.3 percent of the total regional population.
Antique follows Aklan's rate of population projected to reach 554,797 in 2010. Men are expected to outnumber women in ages 50-54. The elderly population (65 & owr) will comprise 6.4 percent of Antique's population with more elderly women (7.3%) than men (5.5%).
On the other hand, Capiz is expected to reach a population 01 801,742 in 2010. Younger people in age bracket 0-19 is projected to comprise 41.9 percent of the region's total population with a gender gap of 0.8 percentage points. There will be more men than women in Capiz in ages 0-44.
1-10 W. . omen. .. '@i;;lik M.•. en IN WESTERN VISAYAS
EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT
The participation of women in both formal and informal sectors of the labor force is now increasing though there are problems affecting their producti\ity and income shares. Some of the priority problems and issues concerning women in the employment sector are:
o Unequal terms and conditions of work and benefits for women, specifically production workers;
o Unequal pay opportunities between men and women;
o Unequal employment opportunities between men and women;
o Need to strengthen women's participation as leaders in labor organizations and other associations; and
o Need to increase participation of women in work-based organizations. To address these issues, the following policy reforms and programs were implemented and helped reduce the inequality between men and women in both formai and informal sectors:
o Republic Act No. 6725 was enacted on i\1av 12, 1989 prohibiting discrimination against women in .'mDloyment, promotion and training opportunities.
o The Anti-Sexuai Harassment Act of 1995 which was signed into law- the Philippine Development Plan for Women (pDPW) describes sexual harassment as consisting of unwanted and inappropriate remarks about a person's appearance and/or sexual acti>ities which affect, directly or indirectly, one's job performance, promotion or evaluation;
2-1 o The 1987 Constitution, Art. II, Sec. 14 explicitly stipulates the fundamental equality between women and men to wit: "The state recognizes the role of women in nation-building and shall ensure the fundamental equality before the law of women and men." o The component acti>ity for and by women of the Tulong sa Tao-~GO Micro-Credit Program (TST/NGO-MCP) - This program of the Department of Trade and Industry (011) seel,s to address the credit needs of existing and potential micro- entrepreneurs through the extensive use of NGOs as conduits for lending and technical assistance. The women:s component is called the Tulong sa Kababaihan; o Efforts of 011 to encourage the exploitation of regional comparative advances have been perceived to create employment in the countryside, particularly among women; o Women's equal opportunity in the trade skills training program of the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA). o The National Center for Women pro>ides upgraded traditional and non-lraditional trades including twenty-seven (27) training subjects in nine (9) trade areas. The Research and Development acti>ities include concerns on women's capability development, wider employment opportunities for women and other measures for enhancing women's status.
2-2 EMPLOYMENT
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
2.1 Employment Status of Population Aged 15 Years Old and O\er by Age Group: October 2006 2-4 2.2 Employed Women and Men by Highest Grade Completed: October 2006 2-5 2.3 Unemployed Persons by Highest Grade Completed, by Sex and Age Group: October 2006 2-6 2.4 Employed Women and Men by Class of Worker: October 2006 2-7 25 Employed Women and Men by Major Occupation: October 2006 2-8 2.6 Employed Women and Men by Major Industry Group: October 2006 2-9 2.7 Underemployment Rate of Female Workers in Agriculture and Non-Agriculture: 2006 2-10 I
2-3 EMPLOYMENT
Table 2.1 Employment Status of Population Aged 15 Years and Over by Age Group: October 2006 (in thousand) Labor Force Unemployment Employment Area' Participation Rate Rate Rate Women Men Women Men Women Men Region VI 48.6 77.9 5.8 6.2 94.2 93.8 15-24 32.2 55.9 21.1 14.0 78.9 86.0 25-34 53.2 93.1 6.1 6.7 93.9 93.3 35-44 59.8 96.1 2.1 3.3 07.fl 96.7 45-54 67.0 94.7 0.9 2.8 99.1 97.2 55-64 57.4 80.8 0.7 2.3 99.3 97.7 65 and over 28.8 48.6 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 Source: October 2006 Labor Force Survey, NSO
In Western Visayas, labor force participation rate was higher among men (77.9%) than women (48.6%) as shown by the October round 2006 Labor Force Survey. On the contrary, more women (94.2%) were employed than men (93.8%) in the region.
Employment rate of women ages 25-64 were higher than men. Consequently, empioyment rate of men was higher than women for ages 15-24 with a gender gap of 7.1 percentage points.
Unemployment rate was higher in ages 15-24 for both women and men with 21.1 percent and 14.0 percent, respectively.
Labor participation rate is the proportion of those in the labor force to the oorking age population.
Unemployment rate refers to the proportion of the tolal number of unemployed persons to the tolal number of persons in the labor force.
24 EMPLOYMENT
Table 2.2 Employed Women and Men by Highest Grade Completed: October 2006 (in thousand) Both Sexes Highest Grade Completed Women Men (Total) Employed Persons by Highest 1,043 1,683 2,726 Grade Completed No Grade Completed 20 27 48 Elementary 368 698 1,066 Undergraduate 197 419 616 .Graduate 171 279 450 High School 358 667 1,026 Undergraduate 122 254 376 Graduate 236 413 650 College 296 291 586 Undergraduate 110 153 263 Graduate 186 138 323
Note: Data may not add up to totals due to rounding Source: October 2006 Labor Force Survey, NSO
There were more employed men than women in West em Visayas as shown by the 2006 October round Labor Force Survey comprising 61.7 percent. Employed women accounted 38.3 percent of the total employment force in the region.
Most of the employed men were elementary or high school- educated comprising 25.6 and 24.5 percent of the region's employed persons. On the other hand, more employed women were college-educated consisting of 10.9 percent of the region's total. More than half or 57.6 percent of the working college graduates are women.
2-5 EMPLOYMENT
Table 2.3 Unemployed Persons by Highest Grade Completed by Sex and Age group: October 2006 (in thousand)
Elementary High School - College Age Group Women Men Women Men Women Men 15-24 5 11 19 32 18 12 25-34 2 3 3 14 11 14 35-44 - 4 4 61. 1 3 45-54 * 2 - 4 • 3 55-64 - 3 - - 1 2 65 and over ------
Notes:'. lessthan500 - Data may not add up to totals due to rounding Source: October 2006 labor Force Survey, NSO
Among the age group, the number of unemployed women ages15-24 years old who were at the college level was higher than of men. But for ages 15-54 at elementary and high school level, there were more unemployed men than women in the region as revealed by the 2006 October round Labor Force Survey.
In totality, More men were unemployed than women comprising 63.6 of the total unemployed force in the region.
2-6 EMPLOYMENT
Table 2.4 Employed Women and Men by Class of Worker: October 2006 Qnthousand) Both Sexes Category Women Men (Total) Employed Persons by Class of Worker 1,043 1,683 2,726 Wage and Salary 483 887 1,369 Worked for Private Establishment 377 791 1,167 Worked for Government 106 96 202 Own-Account 363 611 994 Self-Employed 313 450 763 Employer 50 161 231 Unpaid Family Wor1 f\bte: Data may not add up to totals due to rounding Source: October 2006 labor Force Survey, NSO Out ofthe 2.7 million total wor1 Women on the other hand, constituted the majority of those wor1 2-7 EMPLOYMENT Table 2.5 Employed Women and Men by Major Occupation: October 2006 Qnthousand) Both Sexes Major Occupation Women Men (Total) Officials in Govemment and Special Interest-organizations, corporate executives, Managers, Managing Proprietors and Supe~sors 214 135 349 Professionals 74 26 100 Technicians and Associate ,_1 Professionals 28 ,Lv 48 Clerks 54 29 83 Se~ce Workers and Shop and Market sales Workers 90 105 195 Farmers, ForestI)' Workers and Fishermen 90 431 521 Trades and related Workers 40 127 167 Plant and Machine Operators and Assemblers - 154 154 Laborers and unskilled workers 252 483 736 Special Occupations 2 8 11 N:Jtes: Data rray not add up to totals due to rounding - means nil or zero Source: October 2006 Labor Force Survey, NSO Women dominated men in government officials and special interest organizations (61.3%, professionals (74.0%), technicians and associate professionals (58.3%), Clerks (65.1%), and Se~ce workers (46.2%). Plant and machine operators (100%), farming, forestI)' and fishing (82.7%), trades and related work (76.0%), and other special occupations (72.7%), however, were mainly the worY.of m"~. 2-8 EMPLOYMENT Table 2.6 Employed Women and Men by Major Industry Group: October 2006 Qnthousand) Both Sexes Industry Group Women Men I !Total) Employed Persons by Major Industry Group 1,043 1,683 2,726 Agriculture, Hunting and Forestry 320 756 1,075 Fishing 19 149 168 Mining and Quarrying 1 3 3 Manufacturing 66 96 161 Electricity, Gas and Water 1 4 5 Construction 1 110 112 Wholesale and Retaii Trade 294 187 482 Hotels and Restaurants 37 25 62 Trans., Storage and Communication 3 182 185 Financial Intermediation 14 9 23 Heal Estate, Renting & Business Actilities 10 25 34 Public Administration and Defense 46 67 113 Education 64 25 89 Health and Sociai Work 18 6 24 Community, Social & Personal Sel'Jices 25 25 50 Private Hou,eholds with Employed 1~ , Persons 126 16 . I\Qtes: I:ata may not add up to totals due to rounding - means nil or zero Source: October 2006 Labor Force Survey, NSO Six out of 15 industry groups were dominated by women. There were more employed women than in men in Wholesale and Retail Trade (60.9%), Hotels and Restaurants (59.7%), Financial Intermediation (60.9%), Education (71.9%), Health and social work (75.0%), and Private Households with Employed Persons (89.4%). Almost 70.3 percent of the men's work force were engaged in Agriculture, Hunting and Forestry which ranked first among the industry groups as to number of persons employed. 2-9 EMPLOYMENT Table 2.7 Underemployment Rate of Women Workers in Agriculture and Non-Agriculture: 2006 Category Region VI Philippines Agriculture Visibly underemployed 20.8 17.3 In..nsibly underemployed 2.6 2.7 Non-Agriculture Visibly underemployed 7.6 6.4 In..nsiblyunderemployed 4.2 5.1 Source: Labor Force Survey, NSO The number of ..nsibly underemployed women workers in the region is higher than the national figure by 3.5 percentage points in the Agriculture sector and 1.2 percentage points in non-Agriculture sector. Visibly underemployed, refers fa employed persons WlO IAOrked less fhan 40 hours during fhe reference lM'ek and wanfed addifional hours of IAOrk. Invisibly underemployed, refers fo persons 02mpioyed "t full-time jobs but WlO sfill want additiona/lAOrk. 2-10 IN WESTERN VISAYAS AGRICULTURE AND AGRARIAN REFORM AGRICULTURE AND AGRARIAN REFORM Although women significantly contribute to agricultural productilolty, they remain "inlolsible" farmers. The limited recognition of women as productiw agricultural workers is perhaps due to relatlw insensitilolty of policy-makers, planners and administrators to their role in agricultural dewlopment program toward male farmers. Most agricultural and fisheries plans, programs and projects do not adequately address the needs of women. The following are the priority issues concerning women in the sector: o Umited access of women to land ownership and land use; o Umited access of women to credit from public banks, cooperatiws and other agricultural inputs/sellliccs; and o Lack of promotion of the rights of women peasants and agricultural workers to own land and access to support selllices. To address the abow issues concerning women in the sector, the following policies and programs were formulated and implemented: o Ratification olthe General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in December 1994 enjoining all sectors to complete and find a niche in the world market. Since agriculture and fisheries contribute nearly one-fourth to the gross national product and employ half of the labor force, It must be tapped as a springboard for gender dewlopment and for achielolng the goals of Philippines 2000; o Medium-Tenn Agricultural Development Plan (MTPDP) seeks to enable farmers and fisherfolks to raise their income and improve their iilolngstandards; 3-1 The Department of Agriculture was the first agency to formulate agency-specific guidelines for gender development in the guidelines for integrating Gender Concems in the DA Planning System; o Gender concerns were integrated into the training modules on Farm Systems Development; o Grains Production Enhancement Program (GPEP) Rapid Rural Appraisal Survey was conducted from September 1992 to March 1993 cropping seasons and generated sex dis aggregated data. o Grameen Bank replication program, which focused on providing credit access to rural women as well as promoting sa\ings mobilization and capital build-up formation, was implemented; o Initiated the development of Small Engineering Technologies for women; The Kasaganaan sa Sakahan at Kalikasan (KASAKALIKASAN), a national integrated pest management program was implemented. It aims to educate farmers on proper crop husbandry and post management through intensive training. The project guaranteed the participation ot at least 30 percent of women farmers/technicians nationwide. o Development of viable agrarian reform communities (ARCs), in pursuit of a faster, fairer and more meaningful i~plementation of CARP is targeted by DAR in the medium- ierm period (1993-1998). The ARCs will act as operating unit which synchronize and integrate land distribution and support sero.nces delivery. Interventions provided to the ARCs will redound to increased farm productions, improved household incomes and promotion of sustainable development for some 5 million farmers covered by 2 million hectares of agricultural lands. 3-2 AGRICUL lURE AND AGRARIAN REFORM LIST OF TABLES Table Page 3.1 Percent Distribution of Women Workers in Agriculture by Highest Grade Completed: 2001-2004 3-4 3.2 Percentage Share of Women Workers in Agricult~le by Class of Workers, Region VI: 2002-2004 3-$ 3.3 Women in Agriculture in the Rural Areas: 1998, 1999 & 2000 3-7 3.4 Average Man- Figure 3.1 Women Workers in Agriculture by Major Occupation Group, Region VI: 2004 3-5 3-3 AGRICULTURE AND AGRARIAN REFORM Table 3.1 Percent Distribution of Women Workers in Agriculture by Highest Grade Completed: 2001-2004 Highest Grade Completed 2001 2002 2003 2004 No Schooling 54 4.5 4.9 4.2 Elementary 592 606 60.1 604 Undergraduate 33.2 35.6 364 364 Graduate 26.0 25.0 23.7 24.0 High School 30.0 292 27.6 278 Undergraduate 144 14.1 123 13.7 Graduate 15.5 15.1 15.3 14.1 College 6.1 6.1 7.8 8.0 Undergraduate 3.6 3.8 4.5 54 Graduate 2.5 2.2 3.2 2.6 Source: Labor Force Survey, NSO More women workers who are at the elementary and high school level actively participated in agriculture sector comprising an average of 60. 1 percent and 28.7 percent, respectively, for the past four years, Participation of those who have not gone to school and those of college graduate, however, has the least percentage with and average of 4.8 and 26 percent, respectively. Percentage of elementary undergraduate women workers in Agriculture increased consistently from 2001-2003 and retain its high level in 2004, High school undergraduate workforce posted the significant increase of 14 percentage points in 2004 from the 12,3 percentrecorded in 2003. 3-4 AGRICULTURE AND AGRARIAN REFORM Fig. 3.1 Women Workers in Agriculture by Major Occupation Group, Region VI: 2004 Officials Technicians Service.e. A"ofessionals 0.6% '\0.0% sales 0.0% ~ r Workers ~ O,Ol,';; Special '" / a ks Occupations ~'_ 0e~% 0.0% ~ . 0.0% Source: labor Force Survey, NSO Laborers & unskilled wor1 3-5 AGRICUL 1URE AND AGRARIAN REFORM Table 3.2 Percentage Share of Women Workers in Agriculture by Class of Workers, Region VI: 2002-2004 Category 2002 2003 2004 Wage and Salary Workers 34.9 33.8 34.2 Worked for: Establishments 34.9 33.8 33.9 Family Operated Acti,,;ty 0.0 0.0 0.0 GovemmentlGovemment Corp. 0.0 0.0 0.3 Own Account Workers 29.5 30.2 28.4 Self Employed 21.5 22.1 21.1 Employer 8.0 8.1 Unpaid Family Worker 35.6 36 .~37.7 Source: Labor Force Survey, NSO Wage and salary workers of women in Agriculture sector comprised 34.2 percent of the regional total. Of which women working in establishments comprised the bulk of 33.9 percent. Own Account Workers, on the other hand, constituted 28.4 percent. Unpaid Family workers comprising 37.7 percent of the regional total showed an increasing trend for three year-series (2002-2004). 3-6 AGRICUL nJRE AND AGRARIAN REFORM Table 3.3 Women in Agriculture in the Rural Areas: 1998, 1999 & 2000 Category 1998 1999 2000 Female labor force participation rate 51.4 51.0 48.6 Female employ ment rate 89.2 91.3 89.0 Female unemployment rate 10.0 8.7 11.0 Female underemployment rate 15.8 17.5 17.3 Proportion of employed women in agriculture as wage and salary eamers 50.8 55.3 47.0 i Proportion of females in agriculture as , . I own-account worker' 30.3 30.3\27.5 Proportion of employed women in agriculture 35.6 34.0 31.0 'SeW-employed and employer Source: Bureau of Agricultural Statistics During the period 1998-2000, women involvement in agriculture in the rural areas had been getting less. This is shown by a decline in the labor force participation rate (from 51.4% in 1998 to 48.6% in 2000); decrease in employment rate (from 91.3% in 1999 to 89.0% in 2000); increase in unemployment rate (from 15.8% in 1998 to 17.3% in 2000); decrease in proportion as wage and salary eamers (from 50.8% in 1998 to 47.0% in 2000); decrease in proportion as own-account worker (from 30.3% in 1998 to 27.5% in 2000); and a significant decrease in the proportion of employed women in agriculture from 35.6 percent in 1998 to 31.0 percent in 2000. ~ was in 1999 that women had significantly and actively participated in agricultural acti\ities in the region. This is indicated by higher employment rate of 91.3 percent, the highest during the period; and higher proportion of employed women as wage and salary earners with 55.3 percent, also the highest during the period. 3-7 I AGRICULTURE AND AGRARIAN REFORM Table 3.4 Average Man-days in Palay and Corn Farming per Hectare by Source of Labor: 2004 Palay Com , Source of Labor Women Men Women Men Operator Labor 02 5.3 04 14.6 Family Labor 2.6 55 8.5 14.5 54 10.2 Hired Labor 8.2 28.6 - Source: Agricultural Accounts and Statistical Indicators Dvision (AASID), Bureau of Agricultural Statistics Palay fanming appeared to be more laborious than com fanming as it requires longer man-days to complete. Men hired workers spent an al.erage of 28.6 man-days in palay fanming and only 102 man-days in corn farming. Table 3.5 Average Man-days in Coconut and Sugarcane Farming per Hectare By Source of Labor: 2004 Coconut Sugarcane Source of Labor Women Men Women Men Unpaid Labor 0.99 0.05 0.26 Family Labor 08 1.66 0.14 0.87 Hired Labor 23.25 0.98 26.65 9249 Source: Agricu~ural Accounts and Statistical "dicators Division (AASID), Bureau of Agricultural Statistics i Sugarcane fanming relatil.ely required longer working man-days than coconut farming for both women and men. Hired labor for sugarcane required 26.65 man-days for women and 9249 man- days for men compared to the coconut's 23.25 and 0.98 man-days for women and men, respectil.ely. 3-8 AGRICUL WRE AND AGRARIAN REFORM Table 3.6 Percentage Distribution of Hired Workers by Term of Payment, by Crop: 2004 Women Men Crop " In Cash In Kind In Cash ~nKind Palay 6.6 10.2 39.1 44.2 Corn 17.4 148 47.1 20.8 Coconut 7.7 0.9 89.8 1.6 Sugarcane 25.8 74.2 Source: Agricuttural Accounts and Statisticallndicalors Division (AASID), Bureau of Agricultural Statistics More men workers hired in palay farming were paid in kind than in cash while men workers in com (47.1%), coconut (89.8%), and sugarcane (74.2%) farming were paid In cash. More women workers hired in sugarcane (25.8%) and com farming (17.4%) were paid in cash. Only 1,4.8 percent of the women workers in com farming were paid in kind and none in coconut and sugarcane farming. 3-9 AGRICULTURE AND AGRARIAN REFORM Table 3.7 Daily Nominal Wage Rate: 2004 Workers Women Men Both Sexes (Total) Farm Workers 121.5 146.7 141.0 Palay Farm Workers 130.6 155.1 148.1 Corn Farm Workers 110.6 130.1 120.8 Coconut Farm Workers 93.9 127.9 126.0 Sugarcane Farm Workers 140.3 1531 149.9 Source: Trends in Agricu~uralWages, BAS Men hired workers in agriculture enjoyed higher nominal wage rate compared to their women counterpart. In 2004, Men farm workers were paid an average of PhP146.7 per day higher by PhP25.2 than the women. By crop, nominal wage rates was higher among sugarcane farm workers, averaging PhP149.9 per day in 2004. Wage differential was computed at PhP12.8 per day in favor of men workers. Corn farm workers, however, were paid the lowest nominal wage rate averaging PhP120.8 per day. Men workers were paid PhP130.1 per day, PhP19.6, higher than the amount paid to women. Nominal ooge rates is the amount of ooges a fann WJrI 3-10 AGRICUL llJRE AND AGRARIAN REFORM Table 3.8 Daily Real Wage Rate: 2004 Workers Women Men Both Sexes (Total) Fann'Workers 101.8 123.0 118.2 Palay Farm Workers 109.5 130.0 124.2 Corn Farm Workers 92.7 109.1 101.3 Coconut Farm Workers 78.7 107.2 105.6 Sugarcane Farm Workers 117.6 128.3 128.0 Source: Trends in Agricultural Wages, BAS Farm workers in Westem Visayas were paid of their daily real wage rate at an awrage of PhP118.2 per day in 2004, The highest farm workers paid were those engaged in sugarcane farming averaging PhP128,O per day. Men workers were paid higher by PhP10.7 per day than the women workers. On other hands, men palay farm workers enjc~ed wage differentials of PhP20.5 per day over their women counterp~rts. Real ooge rate is the nominal or money ooges deflated by the consumer price index. 3-11 AGRICULTURE AND AGRARIAN REFORM Table 3.9 Beneficiaries in Agrarian Refonn Communities (ARC) by Province: CY 2006 Both Sexes Region! Pro>1nce Women Men (Total) Region VI 2,115 708 6,823 4, 1 Aklan 232 223 4?5 Antique 103 11~ 214 Capiz 475 850 1,325 Guimaras 167 347 514 ' Iloilo 141 364 505 NeQros Occidental 997 2,813 3,810 Source: Departrrent of Agrarian Reform Total Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries (ARC) in Westem Visayas reached 6,823 in year 2006, Men outnumbered the women as they comprised 69,0 percent of the regional total. J Across provinces, Negros Occidental outranked other provinces as to number of beneficiaries in ARC with (3,810) or 55.8 percent of the regional members. Out of 3,8.10 members, 73.8 percent were men and only 26,2 percent were women. Capiz followed with 1,325 members comprising 19.4 percent of the regional total , The province of Antique had the least number of beneficiaries with only 214, 3-12 EDUCATION In any de""loping country, literacy is a rn~jor battleground. In Westem Visayas, people particularly place a high klue on education as it facilitates and impro""s a person's employability. In quest of quality education, women ha"" to comi{ete with men in all qualifications ahd gi""ns. Rare are programs specially designed for family women thus placing them at a disadvantage not only in terms of opportunities for higher ranks in faJor of an , assignment to other places but also of accepting study offers away tram home. In effect, family women would rather icontend with low salary and rank than to abandon their traditionali roles of motherhood and family care. Need-based special progr~ms and studies are pressing issues that need to be addressed.. Other priority issues concerning women are: a Inequitable access of women to selVices and opportunities in some areas of education and training; o Need to promote gender-fair education and training; and o Non-responsi""ness of education and training to the improvement of women's status. To address the issue of accessibility to quality education, the Philippine go""rnment joined the worldwide moVement, Education for All (EFA). Specifically, the go""r'iment ibrrhulated, the Philippine Plan of Action for EFA a set .of clear policy and program directions to achieve the goai of basiceduoatioh for all by the year 2000. o A Women's Studies Consortium was established ih 1990 among six major universities, namely: St. Schol~stica's I College, Philippine Women's University, Miriam College, I University of the Philippines, De la Salle University, and Ateneo de Manila University. The consortium is aifned to accelerate the de""lopment of women's studies as alfield 01 study. 4-1 o To address the issue on gender tracking in professions, the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) has institutionalized a program called the Women in Non-Traditional Trades (WIN1). The WINT is aimed at training and invoh.1ng women in various non-traditional courses such as automotive, refrigeration and air conditioning, electricity, welding, plumbing, masonry, carpentry, etc. J 4-2 EDUCAllON LIST OF TABLES Table Page 4.1 Enrolment in HEI by Discipline: SY 2004-2005 4-4 4.2 Number of HEI Faculty with Baccalaureate Degree by Clty/Prolince: SY 2005-2006 4.3 Number of HEI Faculty with Masteral Unitsl 4-5 Completed Academic Requirements (CA,~) I by City/Prolince: SY 2005-2006 .4-6 4.4 Number of HEI Faculty with Masteral Degree by City/Prolince: SY 2005-2006 4-7 4.5 Number of HEI Faculty with Doctoral Unitsl Completed Academic Requirements (CAR) by City/Prolince: SY 2005-2006 4-8 4.6 Number of HEI Faculty with Doctoral Degree: by City/Prolince: SY 2005-2006 4-9 4.7 Functional Uteracy Under the Alternatiw Leaming System: 2006 4-10 4.8 Uteracy in Rehabilitation Centers Under the Altemative Learning System: 2006 4-11 4.9 Uteracy for Indigenous People Under the Altemative Learning System: 2006 4-12 4.10 Uteracy Classes Integrated with Income Generating Project Under the Alternative Leaming System: 2006 4-13 4.11 Balik-Paaralan Para sa Out- 4-3 EDUCA1l0N Table 4.1 Enrolment in HE! by Discipline: SY 2004-2005 Both Sexes Women Men Discipline (Total) Agri., Fishery and Forestry 3,561 3,795 7,356 Arts and Sciences 5,771 3,814 9,585 Bu~,iness 28,287 13,285 41,572 Education 22,887 6,026 28,913 Enp'neering 3,551 10,539 14,090 Ind:lstrial Technology 3,262 6,851 10,113 Information Technology 7,760 5,470 13,230 L8wand Criminology 2,148 7,808 9,956 M,:ritime 65 13,530 13,595 tv;c,dical Related 27,203 10,943 38,146 Others 393 100 493 TOTAL 104,888 82,161 187,049 Source: Commission on Higher Education I I Enrolees in Business and Medical related courses comprised the bulk of HEI enrolment in SY 2004-2005 with 41,572 (22.2%) and 38,146 enrolees (20.4%). Women outnumbered men in the two particular courses by 36.1 and 42.6 pe'rcentage points, respectively. Maritime (13,530), Engineering (10,539), Law and Crimminology (7,808), Industrial Technology (6,851), and Agri/Fishery and Forestry courses (3,795) enrolees had the highest enrolment among men. EDUCATION Table 4.2 Number of HEI Faculty with Baccalaureate Degree by City/Province: SY 2005-2006 Baccalaureate Degree ..- . CitylProlince Both Sex',s Women Men (Total)_.~ Aklan 104 129 233 Antique 32 17 49 Bacolod City 433 271 704 Bago City 5 9 14 Cadiz City 4 8 12 Capiz 37 46 83 Escalante City 2 12 14 Guimaras 5 6 11 Iloilo 146 114 :!.60 Iloilo City 638 427 1,065 Kabankalan City 12 15 27 La Carlota City 21 19 40 Negros Occidental 43 30 73 Passi City 3 1 4 Roxas City 120 82 202 Sagay City 6 8 14 San Carlos City 3 16 19 Silay City 3 4 7 Sipalay City 8 2 10 Talisay City 16 25 41 Victorias City 2 6 8 Total 1,643 1,247 2,890 Source: CommiSSIon on Higher 8:lucatlon In Western Visayas, the number of faculty in the Higher Education Institutions (HEI) for SY 2005-2006 with baccalaureate degree were higher in women than in men. Of the 2,890 faculty, 56.9 percent were women and 43.1 percent were men. The two highly urbanized cities, Iloilo City (36.9%) and Bacolod City (24.4%) registered the highest number of faculty with baccalaureate degree. Silay City and Passi City recorded the least number of faculty holding baccalaureate degree with only 7 and 4 faculties, respectively. ., 4--5 EDUCA110N Table 4.3 Number of HEJ Faculty with Masteral Unitsl Completed Academic Requirements (CAR) by City/Province: SY 2005-2006 With Masteral Units/Completed Academic Requirements (CAR) City/Pro'.1nce Both Sexes Women Men (Total) Aklan 198 133 331 Antique 66 46 112 Bacolod City 279 142 421 Bago City 12 4 16 Cadiz City 14 15 29 Capiz 104 69 ~73 Escalante City 11 4 15 Guimaras 30 15 45 Iloilo 421 243 664 Iloilo City 664 375 1,039 Kabankalan City 26 7 33 La Carlota City 27 15 42 Negros Occidental 63 31 94 Passi City - - - Roxas City 57 48 105 Sagay City 20 10 30 San Carlos City 38 23 61 Silay City 14 6 20 Sipalay City 8 8 16 Talisay City 52 90 142 Victorias City 3 5 8 Total 2,107 1,289 3,396 Source: Corrmission on Higher 6:lucation In SY 2005-2006,women, comprising 62.04 percent of the regional total, outnumbered men as to number of faculty with masteral units or had completed academic requirements (CAR) for Masteral degree. Iloilo City and Iloilo Pro'.1nce recorded the highest number of faculty with masteral units/CAR which totaled to 1,039 and 564 faculty, respectively. The city of Passi has the no faculty with masteral units/CAR. EDUCATlON Table 4.4 Number of HEI Faculty with Masteral Degree by City/Province: SY 2005-2006 Masteral Degree Holder City/Prolince Both Sexes Women Men (Total) Aklan 116 70 186 Antique 47 28 75 Bacolod City 431 327 758 Bago City 9 8 17 Cadiz City 15 5 20 Capiz 22 24 46 Escalante City 3 5 8 Guimaras 6 9 15 Iloilo 225 128 353 Iloilo City I- 614 460 1,074 Kabankalan City 35 21 56 La Carlota City 15 4 19 Negros Occidental 29 21 50 Passi City - 1 1 Roxas City 69 31 100 Sagay City 10 7 17 San Carlos City 9 9 18 Silay City 14 6 20 Sipalay City 14 10 24 Talisay City 33 56 89 Victorias City 4 5 9 Total 1,720 1,235 2,955 Source: Corrmission on l-ligher 6:lucation Masteral Degree holder faculty in the Higher Education Institutions (HEI) was high among women, 58.2 percent than of men, 41.8 percent. Women outnumbered men in 10 cities and 4 prolinces. Relatively, the provinces of Capiz and Guimaras, and the cities of Escalante, Passi, Talisay and '/ictorias were dominated by men. San Carlos City had equal number of faculty with masteral degree. Iloilo City, Bacolod City and Iloilo Prolince recorded the highest number of faculty holding masteral degree with 1,074, 758, and 353 faculty, respecti\Ely. Passi City on the other hand, had only one faculty with masteral degree. 4-7 EDUCATlON Table 4.5 Number of HEI Faculty with Doctoral Units/Completed Academic Requirements (CAR) by City/Province: SY 2005-2006 With Doctoral Units/Completed Academic Requirements (CAR) City/Prolince Both Sexes Women Men (Total) Aklan 55 20 75 Antique 11 27 38 Bacolod City 25 18 43 Bago City 6 2 8 Cadiz, City 15 4 19 Capiz" 19 22 41 Escalante City - - - Guimaras 3 1 4 Iloilo City 144 93 237 Iloilo 56 37 93 J Kabankalan City 2 5 7 La Carlota City - - - Negros Occidental 5 1 6 Passi City - - - Roxas City 10 15 25 Sagay City 3 2 5 San Carlos City 5 12 17 Silay City 3 1 4 Sipalay City - 2 2 Talisay City 14 7 21 Victorias City 2 - 2 Total 312 222 534 Source: Commission on l-iigher Education In SY 2005-2006, the number of faculty in the HEI with doctoral units or had completed academic requirements (CAR) for doctoral degree reached 647. Women dominated men comprising 58,4 percent. The top cities/prolinces as to the hi9hest number of faculty with doctoral units/CAR were Iloilo City (237 or 36.6%), Iloilo prolince (14.4%). On the other hand, Escalante City, La Canota City, and Passi City, had no faculty with doctoral degree or had completed academic requirements for doctoral program for the school year. 4-8 EDUCAllON Table 4.6 Number of HEI Faculty with Doctoral Degree: SY 2005-2006 Doctoral Degree Holder Cityl.Pro,;nce Women Men Both Sexes Aklan 23 20 43 Antique 6 10 16 Bacolod City 110 51 161 Bago City 7 1 8 Cadiz City 4 3 7 Capiz 18 12 30 Escalante City - 1 - Guimaras - 1 1 Iloilo 64 40 104 Iloilo City 126 116 242 Kabankalan City - 3 3 La Canota City 6 5 11 Negros Occidental 6 3 9 Passi City - - - \ Roxas City 23 11 34 Sagay City 7 3 10 San Carlos City 23 2 25 Silay City 1 - 1 Sipalay City - - - Talisay City 5 2 7 Victorias City - - - Totai 429 284 712 Source: Commission on Higher 6;jucation The number of doctoral degree holder facuity in the HEi totaled to 712 for SY 2005-2006. Women dominated men as they comprised more than haif or 60.3 percent of the total faculty. The pro.;nces of Negros Occidental and Antique had the largest gender gap in faculty holding doctoral degree with 33.3, and 25.0 percentage points, respectively. Among cities, San Carlos and Bago had the largest gender gap in faculty holding doctoral degree 84.0, and 75.0 percentage points, respectively. 4-9 EDUCA1l0N Table 4.7 Family Literacy Under the Alternative Learning System: 2006 NO.of Enrolment Ccmpleters [)ilision Leaming Groups Women Men Women Men Aklan 16 59 55 22 19 Guimaras 1 5 2 on-going Iloilo City 1 33 26 on-going Roxas City 1 6 2 on-going San Carlos City 3 25 27 on-going Total 22 128 112 221 19 Source: Alternative Learning System, Cepartrrent of Education In 2006, ALS conducted classes to 22 leaming groups with 240 enrollees. Of the total enrollees, 41 or 17.1 percent successfully completed the program. Only the school dilision 01 Aklan had completers, 36.0 percent. Among the completers, the women attained a completion rate of 53.7 percent, while men had only 46.3 percent. 4-10 EDUCATION Table 4.8 Literacy in Rehabilitation Centers Under the Alternative Learning System: 2006 Number of Enrolment Division Comple!~ Classes Women Men Women Men Guimaras 2 58 26 San Carlos City 4 73 47 Total 6 - 131 - 73 Source: Atternative Learning System, Department of Education In 2006, the ALS of the Department of Education was able to conduct two classes in Guimaras and 4 classes in San Carlos City to improve the literacy of the inmates in rehabilitation centers. Out of 131 enrollees, 73 (55.7%) inmates, successfully completed the program. The school di,;sion of Guimaras recorded 44.8 percent completion rate and San Carlos City had 64.4 perc(m~ completion rate. 4-11 EDUCA1l0N Table 4.9 Literacy for Indigenous People Underth" Alternative Learning System: 2006 Number of Enrolment Completers Di,,;sion Classes Women Men Women Men Aklan 8 60 54 45 30 Antique 2 71 58 - - Cadiz City 1 11 13 11 13 Iloilo 3 20 20 18 16 Kabankalan City 3 58 34 - - San Carlos City 6 35 29 31 21 Total 23 255 208 105 80 Source: Bureau of Atternatlve Learning System, Department of Education Through the ALS, literacy classes were also extended to indigenous groups in the region. In 2006, 23 classes were carried out to a total of 463 enrollees, of which 55.1 percent were women and 44.9 percent were men. The school di,,;sions of Antique and Aklan had the most number of enrollees at 129 and 114, comprising 27.9 and 24.6 percent ofthe total enrollees. In their entirety, only 40.0 percent of the enrollees completed the program, 56.8 percent among the women and 43.2 percent among the men. Across di,,;sions, Cadiz City made it to 100.0 percent completion rate, followed by Iloilo City (85.0%), and San Carlos (81.3%). Antique and Kabankalan City had zero ~omp,e:ion rate. 4-12 EDUCATlON Table 4.10 Literacy Classes Integrated with Income Generating Project (IGP) Under the Alternative Learning System: 2006 Number of Enrolment Completers Category Leaming Women Men Women Men Classes Vocational Skilis 349 6,056 777 4,845 684 Technical Skilis 59 572 646 480 56,5 Total 408 6,628 1,423 5,325 1,249 Source: Atternative Learning System (ALS), Department of 8:lucation Literacy classes integrated with income generating project:s (IGP) conducted totaled to 408 in 2006. There were 8,051 enroliees, of which 82.3 percent were women and 17.7 percent were men. In vocational skilis classes, women outnumbered men in enrolment and completion numbering 6,056 (88.6%) and 4,845 (87.6%). . In technical skilis classes, howewr, more men than women enrolied and completed the program. A total of 646 men (53.0%) enrolied and out of this, 565 (87.5%) compieted the program. 4-13 EDUCATION Table 4.11 Balik-Paaralan Para sa Out-of-School-Adult5 Under the Alternative Learning System: 2006 ..- . Number 0 Enrolment Complete!~ School Leaming Women Men Women Mo:m Classes ..- Negros Occidental National High School 4 47 23 47 ;~3 (NONHS) Iloilo National High 2 11 39 11 39 School ONHS) Total 6 58 58 62 -~ Source: Alternative Learning System, Department of Education Another program of ALS is the conduct of literacy clas'c;es for the Balik-Paaralan Para sa Out-of-School-Adults (BPoOl,A). For the year 2006, BALS conducted six classes in two sC'lool venues, the NONHS (4 classes) in Negros Occidental and INHS (2 classes), Iloilo City. On the whole, a total of 120 out-of-school adults attended the classes with men (51.7%) outranking the women (48.3%) Both men and women completed the program 100%. By school, there were more enrollees in NONHS (71.1%) than in INHS (28.9%). Ukewise, men outranked women in number of enrolees in INHS while women outranked men in NONHS. 4-14 WomenlMen IN WESTERN VISAYAS HEALTH, NUTRITION, AND VITAL STATISTICS HEALTH, NUTRITION AND VITAL STATISTICS Women constitute one-half of the region's population. Gi,;ng them equal rights and access in the legal and cultural context would not only make them partake in the overall effort for dewlopment but would also mean upgrading of the family. If women are integrated into the mainstream of dewlopment, naturally, they become more mindful of the importance oft'ealth and nutrition in the family, and thus, their community's. Investment in women's health is indeed a dewlopment issue. Their reproductive, physical and mental capacities must be improved to productively harness them for dewlopment. Among the concerns that women should be given elbow room for making decisions, are: o Health and deliwry system to meet women's health and reproductive needs; o Further improwment of the health and nutritionai status of women and children; and o Women's participation in the deliwry of health and nutrition ser,;ces. Some recent policies, institutional and program dewlopments on health and nutrition include the following: o The Department of Health's (DOH) issuance of policies significant to gender and dewlopment such as: "Periphery as a Bias" and "Population Management." The first policy states that people in the periphery, specifically the poor, children, women, indigenous people, aged and disabled, shall be the priority of the DOH. They shall be (J~arant(;e1 health information, education and ser,;ces to make them responsible for their health and the health of their communities. The second policy states that in a humane and gender-sensitive way, the DOH will pro,;de everyone 5-1 access to information, services and guidance in planning their families, whether through natural or artificial methods, as a means to improl.ing their health and well being. The underlying priorities are enhancing women's health, ensuring safE' motherhood and promoting child survival through birth spacing. o The Women's Health and Safe Motherhood Project (WHSMP), which began implementation in mid-1985. It aims to improve the health of women in support of the gO'-'9rnment's current dri'-'9 to reduce female morbidity and mortality. Aside from prol.iding basic health services, the program will support cooperati'-'9 efforts to empower women in the communities to improve their health conditions. o The DOH issuance of more than 100 medical cards to comfort women in 1994 through the NGO Task Force on Filipino Comfort Women. To make the Comfort Women Program more effective, standard procedures and guidelines were formulated to implement and monitor the program. o The Matemal and Under-Five Care Program which aims, among others, to reduce morbidity among mothers during and after pregnancy. One of its main actilities is the expansion of its Female Functional Literacy Project to se'-'9n prol.inces. o Recognizing mothers and children as the most vulnerable groups among the urban poor. The Urban Health and Nutrition Project has targeted comprehensive matemal and child health services to ensure survival and development of children and to protect mothers from the host of ailments that threaten matemal health. o The Guidelines on HIV/AIDS IEC Actil.ities (print, broadcast and interpersonal communication) formulated by the Philippine National AIDS Council that recommends that IEC actil.ities be gender-sensitive. IEC actilities should not portray women as inferior to men, e.g., women shown as sex objects of men. 5-2 HEAL1H, NU1RITlON AND VITAL STATlSTlCS LIST OF TABLES Table Page 5.1 'Ten Leading Causes of Morbidity, Region VI: 2006 5-4 5.2 . Ten Leading Causes of Morbidity, Aklan: 2006 5-5 5.3 Ten Leading Causes of Morbidity, Antique: 2006 5-6 5.4 Ten Leading Causes of Morbidity, Capiz: 2006 5-7 5.5 Ten Leading Causes of Morbidity, Guimaras: 2006 5-6 5.6 Ten Leading Causes of Morbidity, 1I0i10:2006 5-9 5.7 Ten Leading Causes of Morbidity, Negros Occidental: 2006 5-10 5.8 Projected Values of Ute Expectancy at Birth: 2000-2005 to 2015-2020 5-11 5.9 Projected Total Fertility Rates, Medium Assumption: 2000-2005 5-12 5.10 Projected Ute Expectancy at Birth by Sex, Medium Assumption: 2000-2005 5-12 5.11 Number of Disabled Persons by Type of Disability: 2000 5-13 5-3 HEALTH, NUTRITION AND VITAL STATISTICS Table 5.1 Ten Leading causes of Morbidity, RegionVI: 2006 Both Sexes Disease Women Men (Total) Upper Respiratory Tract Infection 73,921 59,478 133,399 Pneumonia 43,411 44,233 87,644 Diarrhea 18,054 18,061 36,115 Bronchitis 16,257 14,885 f 31,142 Hypertension 17,187 11,7tti 28,973 Injuries 9,323 14,599 23,922 Infuenza 12,380 10,466 22,846 T.B. Respiratory/Pulmonary 5,847 9,125 14,972 Parasitism 6,586 7,842 14,228 Urinary Tract Infection 7,556 3,940 11,496 TOTAL 210,522 194,215 404,737 Source: DOli-Center for Health Development-Western Visayas Upper Respiratory Tract Infection, the top leading cause of morbidity had infected 133,399 persons in 2006. 01the total cases, more women (55.4%) were afflicted with URll than men (44.6%). Other leading causes 01 morbidity recorded higher among men were pneumonia (44,233 cases), diarrhea (18,061 cases), injuries (14,599 cases), T.B. Respiratory/Pulmonary (9,125 cases), and parasitism (7,642 cases). While cases 01 Bronchitis (16,257 cases), Hypertension (17,187 cases), Inftuenza (12,380 cases) and Urinary Tract Infection (7,556 cases) were higher in women. 5-4 HEAL 1H, NUTRIllON AND VITAL STATlSTlCS Table 5.2 Ten Leading Causes of Morbidity, Aklan: 2006 Both Sexes Disease Women Men (Total) Upper Respiratory Tract Infection 7,677 6,920 14,597 Pneumonia 2,510 2,710 5,2:0 Diarmea 2,074 2,049 4,123 Hypertension 2,372 1,706 4,078 Bronchitis 1,798 1,785 3,583 Injuries 1,666 1,351 3,017 Influenza 1,408 1,356 2,764 Parasitism 1,175 1,344 2,519 Diseases of the Skin 1,138 1,026 2,164 Gastritis 903 571 1,474 TOTAL 22,721 20,818 43,539 Source: OOH--Center for Health Development-Western Visayas Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (URTl) was the leading cause of morbidity in the province of Aklan in 2006 with 14,597 cases. Foliowing URTl are pneumonia (5,220 cases), diarmea (4,123 cases), hypertension (4,078 cases), and bronchitis (3,583 cases). Men were more susceptible to pneumonia (51.9%) and parasitism (53.4%) while more women suffered from URTl (52.6%), diarmea (50.3%), hypertension (58.2%), bronchitis/bronchiolitis (50.2%), injuries (55.2%), influenza (50.9%), diseases of the skin (52.6%) and gastritis (61.3%), during the period. 5-5 HEALTH, NU1RIllON AND VITAL STAllSllCS 5.3 Ten Leading Causes of Morbidity, Antique: 2006 Both Sexes Disease Women Men (Total) Pneumonia 6,414 6,062 12,476 Upper Respiratory Tract Infection 3,657 2,519 6,176 Diarrhea 1,787 2,040 3,827 Injuries 848 1,702 2,550 Hypertension 1,376 848 2,224 Pulmonary/Respiratory TB (PTB) 676 809 1,485 Bronchitis 757 625 1,382 Influenza 698 469 1,167 Skin Diseases 645 464 1,109 Asthma 439 460 899 TOTAL 17,297 15,998 33,295 Source: DOH-Genter for J-lea~h Development-Western Visayas Pneumonia, the leading cause of morbidity in the pro,,;nce of Antique infected 12,476 persons in 2006. Both women and men were most likely susceptible to the disease. Following pn6'Jmonia on the 10 leading diseases were URll (6,176 cases), diarrhea (3,827 cases), injuries (2,550 cases), hypertension, (2,224 cases), T.B. Respiratory (1,485 cases), bronchitis (1,382 cases), influenza (1,167 cases), skin diseases (1,109 cases) and asthma (899 cases) . Disease iike diarrhea ( 2,040 cases), injuries (1,702 cases), pulmonary/respiratory T.B. (809 cases), and asthma (460 cases) were higher among men. While pneumonia, URll, hypertension, bronchitis, influenza, and skin diseases were most common in women during the year. 5-B HEALTH, NU1R11l0N AND VITAL STATlSTlCS Table 5.4 Ten Leading Causes of Morbidity, Capiz: 2006 Both Sexes Disease Women Men (Total) Upper Respiratory Tract Infection 7,811 7,030 14,841 Pneumonia 4,124 4,286 8,410 Hypertension 1,859 1,443 3,302 Parasitism 1,247 1,506 .2,753 Diarrtlea 1,201 1,225 2,426 Injunes 854 1,362 2,216 Bronchitis 1,023 973 1,996 Pulmonary/Respiratory T.B. (PTB 376 753 1,129 Unnary Tract Infection 660 279 939 Anemia 666 191 857 TOTAL 12,010 12,018 24,028 Source: OOH-Genter for l-iealth Development~WesternVisayas Diseases of the URTl, pneumonia, and hypertension had the highest occurrence in the pro,.;nce of Capiz inflicting 14,841; 8,410; and 3,302 persons, respecti\A3ly. Other diseases that contnbuied to the high morbidity of the pro,.;nce included parasitism (2,753 cases), diarrtlea (2,426 cases), injunes (2,216 cases), bronchitis (1,996 cases), pulmonary/T.B. respiratory (1,129 cases) UTl (939 cases) and anemia (857 casEls). More of women suffered from URTl (7,811 cases), Hypertension (1,859 cases), bronchitis (1,023 cases), UTl (660 cases) and anemia (666 cases). Cases of pneumonia, parasitism, diarrhea, and pulmonary/respiratory T.B. was higher among men with 4,286; 1,506; 1,225; 1,362; and 753 cases, respectively. 5-7 •• HEALTH, NUTRITION AND VITAL STAnsncs . Table 5,5 Ten Leading Causes of Morbidity, Guimaras: 2006 Both Sexes Disease Women Men . (Total) Upper Respiratory Tract Infection 2,749 2,384 5,133 Pneumonia 534 512 1,046 Injuries. 215 386 601 IHypertension 275 163 438 Urinary'Tract Infection 211 95 306 , Disease of the Skin 162 136 298 Pulmonarl/Respiratory 1.B. (PTB) 87 183 270 Diarrhea 93 103 196 Influenza 118 72 190 Anemia 139 29 168 8,646 l TOTAL 4,583 4,063 Source: DOH-Cenlerlor Hea~hDevelopmanl-\Neslern Visayas Mere women were infected with upper respiratory tract infectiol and pneumonia in the pro~nce of Guimaras in 2006. The diseasle largely contributed to the morbidity status of the pro~nce that infnGted 5,133 and 1,046 persons respecti>ely. Relati>ely, more men than .women suffered from injuries (386 cases), respiratory/pulmonary tuberculosis (183 cases), and diarrhea (103 cases). There were more women who were affected by URn (2,749 cases), pneumonia (534 cases), hypertension (275 cases), un (211 cases), disease of the skin (162 cases), influenza (118 cases) and anemia (139 cases). 5~ • HEALTH, NUTRITION AND VITAL STATISTICS • Table 5.6 Ten Leading Causes of Morbidity, Iloilo: 2006 Bc.th Sexes Women Men Disease (Total) • Upper Respiratory Tract Infection 22,839 17,368 40,207 . 18,623 Pneumonia 9,130 9,493 • Hypertension 5,239 3,867 9,106 I 7,454 I Injuries 2,776 4,678 2,720 2,882 5,6021 • Diarrhea 4,984 Bronchitis 2,664 2,320 4,676 Infuenza 2,545 2,131 Urinary Tract Infection 2,547 1,071 3,618 3,405 Parasitism 1,695 1,710 Pulmonary/Respiratory T.B. (PTB) 1,232 1,846 3,078 TOTAL 53,387 47,366 100,753 Source: DOH-Center for Hea~hDevelopmEmt.Western Visayas The leading causes of morbidity in the province of Iloilo in 2006 were Upper Respiratory Tract Infection, pneumonia and hypertension which infected 40,207; 18,623; and 9,106 persons, respectiwly. Occurrence of URn and hypertension were higher in women than in men. Other diseases that largely contributed to the high morbidity 01 the province included injuries, diarrhea, bronchitis, influenza, UTI, parasitism, and pulmonary/respiratory T.B. which affected 7,454; 5,602; 4,984; 4,676; 3,618; 3,405; and 3,078 persons. Women were more likely susceptible to URTI, hypertension, bronchitis, influenza, and un than men. 5-9 HEAL 1H, NUTRI1l0N AND VITAL STATlSTlCS Table 5.7 Ten Leading Causes of Morbidity, Negros Occidental: 2006 Both Sexes Disease Women Men (Total) Upper Respiratory Tract Infection 29,188 23,257 52,445 Pneumonia 20,699 21,170 41,869 Diarrhea 10,179 9,762 19,941 Bronchitis 9,959 9,141 19,100 Influenza 7,611 6,438 14,049 Hypertension 6,066 3,759 9,825 Injuries 2,964 5,120 8,084 Pulmonary/Respiratory TB 2,876 4,759 7,635 Urinary Tract Infection 3,295 1,961 5,256 Parasitism 2,239 2,914 5,153 Acute Gastro Enteritis 1,955 2,081 4,036 Disease of the Skin 1,541 1,440 2,981 TOTAL 97,031 90,362 187,393 Source: OOH-Center for Hea~h Development~WesternVisayas J Almost 27.9 percent of all morbid persons in the province of Negros Occidental was affected by Upper Respiratory Tract Infection that inflicted 52,445 persons. Cases of pneumonia infected 41,869 persons; diarrhea, 19,941 persons; bronchitis, 19,100 persons, and influenza, 14,049 persons. In thei r enti rely, more women compared to men were susceptible to URTl (29,188 cases), diarrhea (10,179 cases), bronchitis (9,956 cases), influenza (7,611 cases), hypertension (6,066 cases), UTl (3,295 cases) and disease of the skin (1,541 cases). While more men than women were infected to pneumonia (21,170 cases), injuries (5120 cases), pulmonary/respiratory T.B. (4,759 cases), parasitism (2,914 cases), and Acute Gastro Enteritis (2,081 cases). 5-10 HEALTH, NUTRI1l0N AND VITAL STAllSllCS Table 5.8 Projected Values of Life Expectancy at Birth: 2000-2005 to 2015-2020 Philippines Region VI Year Women Men Women Men 2000-2005 72.33 67.08 72.56 66.55 2005-2010 73.83 68.58 73.76 68.05 2010-2015 75.03 69.78 74.96 69.25 2015-2020 76.03 70.98 76.16 70.45 Source: Technical Advisory Group and National Statistics Office Population Rojections U1it For the years 2000 to 2020, women in Western Visayas will continued to outlive men by 6 years. A woman is projected to live for an average of 73 years and slowly increases by one \, year from 2000 until it reaches to 76 years in 2020. Projected life expectancy of men is lower than of women as they are expected to live for an average of 67 years and i,ncreases by one year until it reaches to 70 years in 2020. 5-11 HEALTH, NUTRITION AND VITAL STATISTICS Table 5.9 Projected Total Fertility Rates, Medium Assumption: 2000-2005 ~~ Year Philippines Region VI 2000 34 26 2001 3.3 26 2002 32 3.5 2003 3.2 3.4 2004 3.1 ~\.5 3.3 2005 3.0 - Source: Technical Advisory Group and National Statistics Office Population Projections Unit For the next ~\e years (2000-2005), an a\elaga Western Visayan woman is expected to gi\e around 4 births until the end of her reproducti\e years, one birth higher than the national ~',ure of 3 births per woman. , Table 5.10 Projected Life Expectancy at Birth by Sex, I Medium Assumption: 2000-2005 Philippines Region VI Year Women Men Women Men 2000 71.6 66.3 71.8 65.( 2001 71.9 66.6 72.1 65.[ 2002 72.2 669 724 66.:' 2003 725 67.2 72.6 66/ 2004 72.8 67.5 72.9 66.'; 2005 73.1 67.8 73.2 . 67.: Source: Technical Advisory Group and National Statistics Office RJpulation A"ojeclions Unrt Until 2005, women are expected to outli\e men by 6 years. :\ woman is projected to li\e lor an a\erage of 73 years, while a mE.n is projected to li\e for only about 67 years. It is worth noting that the life span will slowly increase by one year from 2001 and until it reaches 73 years fol a worn"" and 67 years for a man in 2005. 5-12 HEALTH, NU1R11l0N AND VITAL STA llSllCS Table 5.11 Number of Disabled Persons by Type of Disability: 2000 Both Sexes Type of Disability Women Men (Total) Low Vision 1,066 754 1,820 Mentally iii 409 485 894 Mentally P?tarded 435 431 866 Partial BIi~.dness 435 428 863 Quadripleg;c 329 423 752 Total Blindness 359 371 730 Oral Defee;: 324 360 684 Loss of Onll or both legs/feet 219 427 646 Partial De"fness 198 217 415 iHard of H€aring 219 186 405 ;Total Deanless 197 192 389 ILoss of 0,'8 or beth arms/hands 109 253 362 IMultiple Impairment 133 168 301 ~ource: 20U'.l Census of Population, NSO As "f the last population count in 2000 a total of 9,127 .persons of the region's population was enumerated to ha..e :;ome form of disability. Most of them were men (51.4%) and 48.6 percent were women . •. In their entirety, low ~sion (1,820 cases) largely contributed 10 the high count of persons with disability in the region, most ofwhom were women (1,066 cases). Other leading disabilities included mental illness (894 cases), mental retardation (866 (ases), partial blindness (863 cases), quadriplegic (752 cases) (,ld total blindness (730 cases). Other physical disabilities ! 9re: oral defects (684), loss of one/beth legs/feet (646), prtial deafness (415), difficulty of hearing (405), total deafness (:J89), loss of one or beth arms/hands (362), and multiple I Inpairment (301). 5-13 Women l~~>Men IN WESTERN VISAYAS , " ,) , VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN Domestic violence has become a widespread social problem in Philippine society. It is also a fact of life in Western Visayas. Domestic violence takes many forms and women tend to be wlnerable to be victims because in many societies, they are expected to be subservient or subordinate to men. Government, to improve reporting of crimes, rapes, incidence of battered women and batterers, and similar cases, has anchored several measures. IntelVentions such as installation of Women's Desks, conduct of reproductive health ad\\Jcacy, health and gender programs involving LGUs, NGAs and the private sector, and other related concerns are some attempts implemented to address the problem of women. Inspite of these, more are yet to be done for the women's betterment and dignity. The following are some priority issues and concerns: o Increase in known cases of violence: rape, incest, battering, sexual harassment, and pornography; o Increase in known cases of prostitution and sex trafficking; o Inadequacy of laws (especially on rape) to protect women; o problems in law enforcement and prosecution; o Inadequacy of support services for women victims/survi\\Jrs of violence. A major development has been the passage of RA 7877 or the Anti-5exual Harassment Law that criminalizes sexual harassment in the workplace and educational institutions. 6-1 There ha\\9 also been more concrete responses to the problem of 1.101enceagainst women, such as the establishment of more women's clisis support centers, se\\9ral of these being local Ga- NGa network initiatives. Community-based support for women sUMWrs of Violence Against Women 0JAW) ha\\9 been started and there is growing recognition of the need for feminist counseling to help the women. A presidential directive dated March 8, 1993 mandated the setting up of policewomen's desks in pliolity areas, and the conduct of training toward a more gender-sensitive response by law enforcers or cases of \lolence against women. A significant gain at the intemational level was the affirmation of women's lights as human lights at the World Conference on Human Rights in 1991 0Jienna). The conference also called for the elimination of gender-based 1.10lence and all forms of sexual harassment and exploitation. J The Philippines, a signatory to the Con\\9ntion on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against women (CEDAW), has been represented in the CEDAW Committee for three terms. 6-2 VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table Page 6.1 Top Ten Cases of Violence Against Women, Region VI: 2006 & 2007 6-4 6.2 Reported Rape Cases by Province: 2003-2007 6-5 6.3 Distribution of Cases of Violence Against Women Committed by Inftuence of Substance 6-7 Abuse: 2001 & 2002 Figure 6.1 Distribution of Cases of Violence Against Women by Province: 2007 6-6 6.2 Distribution of Weapons/Means Used by the Perpetrators in Violence Against Women: 2002 6-8 6-3 VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN Table 6.1 Top Ten Cases of Violence Against Women, Region VI: 2006 & 2007 Cla~sification of Offenses Number % - 2006 2007 2006 2007 RA9262 (l.iolence against women & children 169 118 37.4 316 Rape 65 67 14.4 18.0 Physical injwies 61 54 135 14.5 Threat; 26 16 5.8 4.3 Att'ampted Rape 24 16 5.J 43 Ac'~s of Lascil.1ousness 20 16 4.4 4.3 Mciltreatment 16 12 3.5 3.2 Or.,1 DefamHtion 11 12 2.4 3.2 At;empted/Fru~trated Homicide 12 10 27 2.7 Attempted/F ru~trated Parricide 6 8 1.3 2.1 U'l,iust vexa!ion 5 6 1.1 1.6 S:urce: Regio"lalWomen and Children's Concern Section RliJippine National Fblice Cases of violence against women in Westem Visayas in 2007 declined by 17.4 percent from 452 recorded cases in 2006 it dropped ~o 373 cases. Among the top most abuse cases committed against women, RA926211.101enceagainst women & children recorded the highest cases comprising 31.6 percent of all reported cases 01 ~iolence in the region. Rape cases followed next consisting of 18.0 percent; and physical injuries, 14.5 percent. Threat, attempted rape '.md acts of lascil.1ousness each comprised 4.3 percent of the regional 7')tal. other cases include maltreatment and oral defamation, 3.2 ~,ercent each; attempted/frustrated homicide, 2.7 percent; .,ttempted/frustrated parricide,2.1 percent; and unjust vexation with 1.6 percent. , ' 64 VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN Table 6.2 Reported Rape Cases by Province: 2003-2007 Region/Prolince 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Region VI 329 74 315 336 259 AKlan 25 2 13 22 23 Antique 20 11 23 34 24 Capiz 34 6 23 28 16 Guimaras 6 4 17 20 6 Iloilo 103 15 97 89l 81 Negros Occidental 141 36 142 ~~ ---~ Note: M means nil or zero Source: A1Hippine National Police Rape cases in Western Visayas showed fluctuating trend for the past five years. From the recorded cases of 329 in 2003, it dropped by 26.0 percent in 2004 but increased by 215.0 percent in 2005. The lowest cases recorded was in 2004 with 74 cases. For five consecutive years, Negros Occidental consistently topped the number of rape cases among the prolinces, the highest ever was in 2006 with 143 cases and in 2005 with 142 cases comprising 42.6 and 45.1 percent, respectively, of the regional total cases. Iloilo pro,;nce consistently ran next to Negros Occidental as to number of rape cases. On the other hand, Guimaras consistently managed to have the least number of reported rape cases. In 2007, almost all pro,;nces posted a decrease in the recorded rape cases except for Aklan with a very minimal increase of only 1 case. 6-5 VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN Fig 6.1 Distribution of Cases of ViolenceAgainst Women by Province: 2007 Antique CapiZ Aklan 8 SOk \ 4,OOA;. Guimaras _ \ ~ 1.9% IloilO 34.6% Source: Alilippine National Fblice In 2007, reported cases of ,,;olence against women in the region reached 373. Among the pro,,;nces, Negros Occidental posted the highest recorded cases of ,,;olence against women comprising 42.9 percent of the regional total. Pro,,;nces of Iloilo and Antique followed with 129 cases (34.6%) and 32 cases (8.6%), respectiwly. Guimaras, recorded the least cases of ,,;olence against women with 7 cases or 1.9 percent of the regional total. 6-<3 VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN Table 6.3 Distribution of Cases of Violence Against Women Committed by Influence of Sub;;tance Abuse: 2001 & 2002 ------. 2001 2002 . Category Number % Number % Under the influence of: Alcohol 102 23.6 153 42.7 Rugby 68 15.7 0 0.0 Drugs 8 19 9 2.5 Both Alcohol & Drugs - - 1 0.3 None 254 58.8 195 54.5 Note: - means nil or zero Source: A1illppine National Police The number of ,.;olence against women reported to the Philippine National Police by history of substance abuse declined by 17.1 percent in 2002 over the pre,.;ous years recorded crime of 432 cases. ) Of the total 358 cases, 54.5 percent of the crimes committed by the perpetrators of no influence of any substance. Almost 43.0 percent were under the influence of alcohol and 2.5 percent under the influence of drugs during the commission of crimes. There was no reported case of ,.;olence against women committed under the influence of rugby in the year 2002. 6-7 VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN Figure 6.2 Distribution of Weapons/Means Used by the Perpetrators in Violence Ag~inst 'Women: 2002 Blunt Firearms InstrUl'Tent 4.6% 5.6% Source: Alilippine National Police Perpetrators mainly used hands/feeUfist (60.!I%) to infiict pain to the .,;ctims of .,;olence. About 18.0 percent 'Jsed bladed instruments, 5.6 percent used blunt instrum",nts, and 4.6 percent used firearms. Some 11.3 percent USf-'CI other weapons/means such as chairs, kitchen wal2S c~c. t') infiict pain to .,;ctims of .,;olence. 6-8 . WomenlMen IN WESTERN VISAYAS ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION A woman's reproductive beha,;or and her employment status are closely related. In many societies, women's employment has become more of a necessity rather than choice. Their mothering, household and child care responsibilities, howe;er, hinder their desire for employnent outside and far from their homes. Thus, mother women u~u8l1y engage in seasonal or part-time and service-related jobs between pregnancies that allow them to wor!< near their homes. On the o;erall, their wor!< being seasonal are not valuated or counted as input to national or regional gl'Oss production. The non-valuation of women's wor!< both in the production and reproduction spheres is one significant issue that needs to be addressed by the go;ernment. If women's labor and reproduction are quantified and valuated, this would prove that they could equal to or e;en surpass men in terms of economic production. Below are some issues that need te be addressed: o Lack of ,;sibility and non-quantification 0:' women's contribution in the economy; o Women's participation in making economic decisions; o Umited access of women to credit; and o Impact of economic policies on women. To lift some baniers to women's acti,;ty, Republic Act 7192 was enacted. Under Section 5 of this law, women 01 legal age, regardless of ci,;1 status, shall have the capacity 'to enter into contracts which shall in e;ery respect be equal .\0 that of men under similar circumstances. 7-1 In all contractual situations where married men have the capacity to act, married women shall have equal rights. To this end: o Women shall have the capacity to borrow and obtain loans and execute security and credit arrangements under the same conditions as men; o Women shall have equal access to all government and private sector programs granting agricultural credit, loans and non- material resources and shall enjoy equal treatment in agrarian reform and land resettlement programs; o Women shall have equal rights to act as incorporators and enter into insurance contracts; and o Women shall have rights equal to those of married men in applying for passports, and securing visas and other travel documents, without need to secure the consent of their spouses. 7-2 ECONOMIC PARllCIPA1l0N LIST OF TABLES Table Page 7.1 Women and Men Issued New and Renewed Driver's Ucenses!Permits: 2007 7-4 7.2 Women and Men Elected GOlA'lrnorsand Vice GOlA'lrnorsby Prol.inee: 2007 7-5 7.3 Women and Men Elected Mayors and Vice Mayors by Prol.ince: 2007 7-6 7.4 Number of Women and Men in the LGUs by Level of Position: 2004 7-7 7.5 Filled and Unfilled Plantilla Positions in the Local GOlA'lrnmentUnits, by Prol.ince: 2002 7-<3 7.6 Number of Career and Non-Career Women and Men Professionals in the LGUs:2004 7-9 7.7 Women and Men in the LGUs by LelA'l1 of Positions, by Prol.ince: 2004 7-10 7.8 Women and Men in the LGUs, Non-Career! Non-Plantilla Positions: 2004 7-11 7-3 ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION Table 7.1 Women and Men Issued New and Renewed Driver Licenses/Permits: 2007 -- Classiflcatioh of Women Men License/Permits Number % Number % New 17,870 100.0 100,364 100.0 Professional 974 55 21.838 218 Non-Professional 4,229 23.7 10,479 10.4 Student P,ermit 12,661 70.9 67.721 67.5 Conductors Permit 6 0.03 326 03 ... Renewal 9,572 100.0 98,227 100.0 Professional 1,940 20.3 86,630 88.2 Non-Professional 7.629 79.7 11,319 115 Student Fermit - - - - Conductors- Permit 3 003 278 0.3 Note: - rrear.3 riil or zero Source: LClnd Transportation Office In 20J7, the Land Transportation Office issued 227,949 licenses. Out of the total issuance, 118,234 or 51.9 percent were nevI and 107,799 or 47.3 percent were renewed Iicenses/p~rmits Men outnumbered women as to new and renewed licenses issuance in all classiflcations. New professionai licenses issued to men reached 21,838 or 21.8 percent of the totailiew issuance. Student permits/licenses comprised the bulk of new permitsliicenses (67,5%). On the other hand, renewed licenses reached 98,227 issuances. On the overall, 82.1 percent of the total renewed licenses were professionals and 17.6 percent were non- professionals. No student permits were renewed they applied for new non-professional iicenses . I 7-4 ECONOMIC PARTlCIPATlON Table 7.2 Women and Men Elected Governors ant' Vice Governors by Province: 2007 Govemor Vice Governor proloince Women Men Women .Men Aklan 1 1 Antique 1 1 Capiz 1 1 Guimaras 1 1 Iloilo 1 1 Negros Occ 1 1 TOTAL 1 5 2 4 Source: Department of the Interior and Local Government More men than women were elected Govemors and Vice Govemors in the 2007 elections in Westem Visayas. Only one out of the six proloinces has an elected woman Govemor and Vice Govemor. Aklan has woman Ioice governor and male aO\emor. 7-5 ECONOMIC PARllCIPA1l0N Table 7.3 Women and Men Elected Mayors and Vice Mayors by Province: 2007 No.of No. of Mayor Vice Mayor Pro,;nce Municipalitie Cities Women Men Women Men Aklan 17 0 4 13 4 13 Antique 18 0 7 11 0 18 Capiz 16 1 6 12 2 16 Guimaras 5 0 0 5 0 5 1I0iio 42 2 11 33 7 37 Negros ace. 19 13 4 27 5 26 TOTAL 117 16 32 101 18 115 Source: Cepartment of the Interior and Local Governrrent Out of 117 municipalities in Western Visayas, 30 municipalities or 25.6 percent of the regional total is run by women Mayors and 13.7percent women Vice Mayors. One out of 13 cities in Negros Occidental is run by both women Mayors and Vice Mayors. Across pro,;nces, Iloilo has 11 elected women mayors, while Negros has only 4 and Guimaras has none. The pro,;nces of 1I0iio and Negros Occidentai had the highest number of women elected Vice Mayors with 7 and 5, respectively. 7-'3 ECONOMIC PARllCIPA1l0N Table 7.4 Number of Women and Men in the LGUs by Level of Position: 2004 Category Women Men First level 6,659 5,629 Second level 4,083 2,461 Third Level (Career Executive) 20 19 Non-executive career 1 - Total 10,763 8,109 Note:. means nilor zero Source: Civil Service Commission ( Women dominated men in all level of p03itions in the local government units in 2004. There were more women occupying the first level position comprising (35.~'%)than men (29.8%) with a gender gap of 5.5 percentage points. Consequently, the best gender gap of less than one percent were in the Career executive and non-executive career. The first level includes clerical, trades, crafts, a!1d custodial service positions, ooich involve non-professional or sub-professional v.orl< in a non-supervisory capacity requiring less than four years of collegiate studies. The second level includes professional, technical and scientific positions, ooich involve professional, technical or scientific v.orl< in a non-supervisory or supervisory capacity requiring at least four years of collegiate up to Division Chief level. 7.7 ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION Table 7.5 Filled and Unfilled Plantilla Positions in the Local Government Units by Province: 2002 Plantilla Positions R~;ion/Province Filled Unfilled Total West,,'rn Visayas 28,561 5,514 34,075 Akian 2,160 211 2,371 Anl:que 2,884 564 3,448 Ca~iz 3,443 1,012 4,455 Guitnaras 878 182 1,060 IloilG 8,152 1,146 9,298 Neg'os Occidental 11,044 2,399 13,443 _ ..~ Sourc'}' Ovil Service Corrrris5ion Ofthe 34,075 plant ilia positions in the LGUs, 16.2 percent were ~till unfilled in 2002. Among the provinces, Negros Occidental and Iloilo recorded the highest unfilled positions comprising 43.5 percent and 20,8 percent of the unfilled regional total in 2002. Guimaras, on the other hand, posted the least numbe, of unfill'~ positions of 182 for the year. 1. 7-8 ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION Table 7.6 Number of Career and Non-Career Women and Men Professionals in the LGUs: 2004 Career Non-Career Region/Province Women Men Women Me 11 Western Visayas 13,128 10,812 2,481 3,i '73 Aklan 1,688 967 331 -<',93 Antique 1,424 1,041 371 440 Capiz Guimaras 511 303 42 77 Iloilo 4,377 3,206 398 'j 68 Negros Occidental 5,128 5,295 1,339 2,(195 Note: ,.. no data Source: Ovil Service Corrrr'ission In the Local GOloemment Units, there were more women (13,128) occupying the career leloel of positions than 1'1en (10,812). This is true to all the provinces of Westem VioGyas except for Negros Occidental with a minimal gender gap of 1.0 percent. Men occupied most of the non-career leloelpositions. Career level includes the first and second level both penn anent and contractual positions. Non-career on thA other hand includes elective and co-tennmous positions 7-9 ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION Table 7.7 Women and Men in the LGUs by Level of positions by province: 2004 Career Province First Level Second Level Third Level Women Men Women Men Women Men Western Visayas 9,032 8,697 5,727 3,335 20 20 Aklan 1,026 671 662 296 ... Antique 911 767 563 274 Capiz 983 701 598 520 10 19 Guimaras 316 213 195 89 1 ... Iloilo 2,520 2,205 1,857 1,004 1 Negros Occ. 3,276 4,140 1,852 1,152 3 Note: "" no data Source: Civil Service Commission More women than men occupied the first and second level career positions in the Local Government Units comprising 50.9 percent and 63.2 percent, respectively. Accross provinces, more women than men occupied the first level career positions except for the province of Negros Occidental with a gender gap of 4.9 percentage points. While in the second level, women dominated men in all the provinces. Only the province of Capiz however, recorded the high number of women and men occupying the 3rd level positions. 7-10 ECONOMIC PARTlCIPA TlON Table 7.8 Women and Men in the LGUs, Non-Careerl Plantilla Positions: 2004 Non-Career/Plantilia Positions Pro"; nee Elective Co-Terminous Total Women Men Women Men Women Men Aklan 34 182 9 29 43 211 Antique 47 180 19 41 66 221 Capiz 37 173 10 28 47 201 '32 I Guimaras 19 54 13 9 63 Iloilo 120 405 74 143 194 548 Negros Occidental 75 339 42 81 117 420 Contractuai . Casual Total Pro,,;nce Women Men Women Men Women Men Aklan 131 48 157 134 288 182 Antique ...... 305 219 305 219 Capiz 30 9 42 45 72 54 Guimaras 10 13 ... 1 10 14 Iloilo 11 12 177 195 188 207 Negros Occidental 267 389 1,286 955 1,553 1,344 f\Jote:... no data - means nil or zero Source: Civil service Corrmission The non-{:areer/plantilla positions were dominated by men. This is true to all of the pro,,;nces of Western Visayas. The electiw and co-terminous positions were also dominated by men comprising 80.1 and 66.5 percent, respectiwly. More women howewr, occupied the casual positiGn~ than men accounting 57.4 percent. 7.11 Women&,Men . IN WESTERN VISAYAS , .: '. •.' ! ". GIRLS AND BOYS GIRLS AND BOYS A profile of the Girts and Boys population - portion of the population aging 5-17 years old- is very important in :dentifying areas for growth and de\l9lopment. Information on their demographics and socio-€conomic characteristics, ciS well as the households where they belong is important in und?rstandirig the factors affecting their de\l9lopment and well-being. Local gO\l9rnment units, public authorities and concerned agencies in de\l9lopi ng effective policies and strategie!i to help the Filipino child li\19a healthy, acti\19 and rewarding lif'l he/she deserves, will be benefited from the prO\.1dedinformation. Policies and strategies should necessarily consider the following rights of the child. E\I9ry child has the right to: 1. be bom well; 2. a wholesome family life that will pro.,;de him/her with love, care and understanding, guidance and counseling, arJ mrJl",,! arid material security; 3. a well-rounded development of his personality; 4. a well-balanced diet, adequate clothing, sufficient shelter, proper medical attention, and all the basic physical requirements of a healthy and .,;gorous life; r 5. be brought up in an atmosphere of morality and rectit~:ie; 6. an education commensurate with his abilities; 7. full opportunities for safe and whoiesome recreation 'lnrj acti.,;ties; 8-1 8. protection against exploitation, improper influences, hazards and other conditions and circumstances prejudicial to his physical, mental, emotional, social and moral development; 9. live in a community and a society that can offer him an em,;ronment free from pernicious influences and conducive to promotion of his health and the cultivation of his desirable traits and attributes; 10. the care, assistance, and protection of the State, particularly when the parents or guardians fail or unable to prO\,;dehim with his fundamental needs for growth, deveiopment and improvement; 11. an efficient and honest government; and 12. grow up as a free indi'.ldual, in an atmosphere of peace, understanding, tolerance, and universal brotherhood, and with the detennination to contribute his share in the building of a better world. 8-2 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 8.1 Number of Registered Livebirths by Prolince: 2006 8-4 8.2 Number of Registered Livebirths by City: 2006 8.5 8.3 Projected Population of Children Aged 0-14 by Age Group: 2005 & 2010 8-tl 8.4 Number of Children with harelip/cleft palate by Pro>Jnce: 2007 8-7 8.5 Victims of Child Abuse Serwd by DSWD: 2005.2006 8.8 8.6 Chiidren 5.17 Year Old Woo Worked During the Past 12 Months by Sex: September 2000 to October 2001 8-9 8.7 Age Group, Location of Residence and Highest Grade Completed of Working Children Aged 5.17 Who Worked During the Past 12 Months by Sex: September 2000 to October 2001 8.10 8.8 Working Children 5.17 Years Old Li>Jng Away From Home by Location, Age Group, and Actility by Sex: September 2000 to October 2001 8.11 8.9 Enrolment in Public Elementary Schools, All Ages by Di>Jsion: SY 2006.2007 8.12 8.10 Enrolment in Public Secondary Schools by Dllision: SY 2006.2007 8.13 8.11 Number of Gins and Boys Promoted in Public Elementary Schools: SY 2006-2007 8.14 8.12 Number of Repeaters in Public Elementary Schools by Di>Jsion: SY 2006.2007 8.15 8.13 Number of Drop-outs in Public Elementary Schools by Di>Jsion: SY 2006.2007 8.16 8.14 Number of Students Promoted in Public Secondary Schools by Dilision: SY 2006-2007 8.17 8.15 Number of Repeaters in Public Secondary Schools by Dilision: SY 2006-2007 8-18 8.16 Number of Drop-<>ut in Public Secondary School by Di>Jsion: SY2007.2006 8.19 8.3 GIRLS AND BOYS Table 8.1 Number of Registered Livebirths by Province: 2006 Both Sexes Pr 01.1nee Girts Boys .. (Total) Aklan . 4,003 4,063 8,066 ' Antique , 4,689 5,053 9,742 Capiz 3,834 4,460 fi,294 Guirnaras 1,305 1,489 2,794 '. Iloilo . 13,816 14,860 28,676 Negros Occidental 9,293 10,003 19,296 Total 36,940 39,928 76,868 Source:.OOH-Center for Health l:eveloprrent-western Visayas Total registered li-ebirths in Western Visayas reached 76,868 warm bodies in 2006. This translates to 9 babies born e-ery hour in the regio:1 and fi-e out of 9 babies born were boys. Across prol.1nces, Iloilo registered the highest li-ebirths accounting for 37.3 percent of the total li-ebirths in the region. Negros Occidentai and Antique followed next with 19,296 and 9,742 li-ebirths, respecti-ely. Guirnaras had the least registered Ii-ebirths wit1 only 2,794 warm bodies. Boys outnumbered girls in all prOlince3 8-4 GIRLS AND BOYS Table 8.2 Number of Registered Livebirths by City: 2(,06 Both Sexes Gins Boys City (iOtal) Bacolod City 6,558 6,139 12,697 Bago City 549 629 1,178 Cadiz City 1,203 1,082 2,285 Escalante City 800 818 1,618 Himamaylan City 942 1,065 2,007 Iloilo City 4,933 5,439 10,372 Kabankalan City 1,117 1,144 2,261 La Canota City 655 705 1,360 Passi City 697 796 1,493 Roxas City 2,039 2,267 4,306 Sagay City 1,160 1,205 2,365 San Carlos City 1,150 1,329 2,479 Silay City 1,235 1,228 2,463 Si palay City 749 680 1,429 Talisay City 524 548 1,072 Victorias City 1,156 1,151 2,307 Total 25,467 26,225 51,69;1 Source: OOl-l-center for I-lealth Developrnen- Western Visayas Among the 16 cities of Western Visayas, Bacolod [, Iloilo City posted the highest livebirths in 2006 ~th 12,697 and 11l,372 warm I bodies. This translates to an average of 35 babies born "very day in Bacolod City and 28 in Iloilo City. Bago City and Talisay City had the least number of livebirths ~th 1,072 and 1,178 babi'~s. Five out of 16 cities in the region, recorded more girl babies born in 2006. A very minimal gender gap of less than 1 percent was noted in the cities of Silay and Victorias. 8-5 GIRLS AND BOYS Table 8.3 Projected Population of Children Aged 0.14 by Age Group: 2005 & 2010 Girls Boys Age Group 2005 2010 2005 2010 0-4 388,401 388,587 405,220 406,075 5-9 379,718 382,262 393,205 398,087 10-14 360,432 375,610 380,975 389,430 Source: 1995 Census.Based National and Regional Population Projections Population of children aged 0-14 in Western Visayas is projected to reach 2,340,051 in the year 2010. Boys will still outnumber the girls as it comprised more than half (51.0%) of the population. The proportion of 96 girls for every 100 boys in the year 2005 is projected to be retained in 2010 8-6 GIRLS AND BOYS Table 8.4 Number of Children with Harelip/Cleft Palate by Province: 2007 Actual PS With Harelip/Cleft Palate Pro,.;nee Total Weighted Girls Boys Aklan 72,880 1 4 5 Antique 77,041 8 15 23 Capiz 103,292 3 5 8 Guimaras 21,156 10 15 25 Iloilo 297,578 54 90 144 Negros Occider 403,362 114 186 300 Tota 975,309 190 315 505 Note: ... no data Source: National Nutrition Council Out of 975,309 pre-schoolers weighted in 2007, 505 children were found to have harelip/cleft palate. This translates to 5 of every 10,000 children suffer from harelip/c!efl palate in the region. More boys (62.4%) than girls (37.6%) were affected by the aforementioned handicap. The pro,.;nces of Negros Occidental, Iloilo and Guimaras had the highest recorded cases of harelip comprising 59.4, 28.5 and 5.0 percent, respectively. More boys were affected than girls in all provinces of Western Visayas. 8-7 GIRLS AND BOYS Table 8.5 Victims of Child Abuse Served by DSWD:2005-2006 Type of Abuse Girls Boys Total 2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 Abandoned ' 11 25 26 16 37 I 41 Neglected ' 29 31 29 19 58 ' 50 . ' Sexually Abused 57 84 - - 57 84 Rape 39 59 - - 39 59 Attempted Rape ------Incest ~ 16 18 - - 16 18 Ac:s of Lascil.1ousness 2 7 - 2 7 Se ~ually Ex'[Jloited - - 1 1 1 1 Victims of Pedophilia - - 1 1 1 1 Vi~tims of P:'pstitution ------Physically Atused 9 11 12 5 21 16 V'c:tims of C~ild Labor - 1 - - - 1 c Source: DepartO)"ent of Social Welfare and Developrrent Victims pf se\eral types of abuse ser-.ed by the Department of Social Welfa~e and De\elopment (DSWD) in the region increased by 10,9 percent in the year 2006 O\er the prel.1ous year's cases, The number ,of sexually abused and abandoned children showed a notable increase of 47.4 and 10,8 percent, respecti\ely, Among the sexually abused cases, rape and acts of lascil.1ousness posted a remar1 Victims of physical abuse and neglected children decreA~ed by 23,8 and 13.8 percent, respecti\ely, Victims of child labor and sexual exploitation posted the lowest number of abuse cases among children with only 1 case each. I' 8-8 GIRLS AND BOYS Table 8.6 Children Aged 5-17 Years Who Worked During the Pasl12 Months by Region: SeptembH 2000 to October 2001 ~n thousand) Girls Boys Boln Sexes Region Number % Number % Numaer % Philippines 1,470 100 2,548 100 4,018 100 NCR 80 5.4 88 3.5 168 4.2 CAR 25 1.7 40 1.6 ,,5 1.6 Region 1 62 4.2 94 3.7 156 3.9 Region 2 61 4.1 141 5.5 202 5 Region 3 99 6.7 163 6.4 2ti2 65 Region 4 143 9.7 318 12.5 461 11.5 Region 5 106 7.2 238 9.3 3"41 8.5 Region 6 130 8.8 198 7.8 327 8.1 Region 7 161 11 227 8.9 388 9.7 Region 8 135 9.2 214 8.4 3'19 8.7 Region 9 50 3.4 116 4.6 1<;5 4.1 Region 10 127 8.6 167 6.6 2!A 7.3 Region 11 123 8.4 219 8.6 3,:2 8.5 Region 12 93 6.3 140 5.5 2:'2 5.8 Caraga 56 3.8 120 4.7 116 4.4 ARMM 20 1.4 65 2.5 85 2.1 I Source: 2001 Survey on O1ildren, NSO Of the 4,018 million working children aged 5-17 years old, 8.1 percent or 327,000 were in Westem Visayas". the sixth highest in the country. Based on the national total, the proportion of working girls' population (8.8%) is higher than boys' (7.8%). In Westem Visayas alone, of the total 327,000 working children, 39.8 percent or 130.000 were girls and 60.6 per';ent: or 198,000 were boys. This means that for every fiw, children aged 5-17 years old, three are boys. 8-9 GIRLS AND BOYS Table 8.7 Age Group, Location of Residence and Highest Grade Completed of Working Children Aged 5-17 Who Worked During the Past 12 Months by Sex: September 20/)') to October 2001 Onthousands) Gins Boys Both Sexes Category Number % Number % Number % Total WorKing Children: 129 100 198 100 327 100 Western Visayas Age Group 5 - 9 years old 3 2.3 4 2 7 2.1 10 - 14 years old 55 43 94 47.5 149 456 15 -17 years old 71 55 100 50.5 171 52.3 Residence Urban 40 31 52 26.3 92 28.1 Rural 89 69 146 73.7 235 71.9 Highest Grade Completed No Grade Completed 1 0.6 3 1.5 4 1.2 Elementary Undergraduate 38 30 78 39.4 116 35.5 Elementary Graduate 21 16 41 20.7 62 19 High School 58 45 71 35.9 129 39.4 High School Graduate 10 7.8 5 25 15 4.6 College Undergraduate 1 1.6 1 0.5 2 0.6 .- Source: 2001 Survey of Children, NSO The result of the 2001 Survey of Children conducted by the ~.~ational Statistics Office revealed that the total number of worKing children in the region aged 5-17 years old reached 327. Majority of them were boys. WorKing children li,;ng in the rural areas accounted for 62.1 percent boys and 37.9 percent gins. Majority of the worKing children were in the elementary and high school levels of education. There were more worKing gins (10) than boys (5) who finished high school education. 8-10 GIRLS AND BOYS Table 8.8 Working Children Aged 5-17 Years Old Living Away From Home by Location, Age Group, and Activity by Sex: September 2000 to October 2001 Qnthousand) Working Looking for Work Studying House-Keeping Age Groul> Total F M F M F M F M Total 34 13 6 - 1 13 8 13 8 5-9 1 - - - - - 1 - 1 10 - 14 11 3 1 - - 7 4 6 4 15-17 21 10 5 - 1 6 3 7 2 Urban Total 11 3 4 - 1 3 3 3 3 5-9 - • • ------10 - 14 5 • 1 - - 2 2 2 3 15 - 17 6 2 2 - 1 1 - •, - Rural : Total 23 10 2 - - 10 5 10 4 5-9 1 • - - - • 1 - 1 10 - 14 7 • - - - 5 1 5 1 15 - 17 16 7 2 - - 4 3 6 2 !'htes: Details may not add up to totals due to rounding • Less than 500 - means nil or zero Source: 2001 Survey on Children, NSO Of the 327,000 working children aged 5-17 years old in Western Visayas, 10.4 percent or 34,000 were Ii\ing away from home or from their parents, A great majority of them were girls and coming from the rural areas, As of October 2001, of the total 327,000 working children, 56,0 percent or 19,000 were working during the past 12 months, 62,0 percent or 21,000 were studying, and the same proportion (21,000) were engaged in housekeeping, In all types of acti\ity, a great majority (13,000 each) were girls, 8-11 GIRLS AND BOYS Table 8.9 Enrolment In Public Elementary Schools, All Ages by School Division: SY 2006-2007 Enrolment Both Sexes Di',sion Boys Girls (Total) - 76,322 Aklan 36,213 40,109 77,101 Antique 37,079 40,022 56,797 Bacolod City 27,312 29,485 22,570 Bago City 10,746 11,824 22,314 cadiz City 10,801 11,513 90,442 !eapiz 43,119 47,323 21,660 'Guimaras 10,174 11,486 222,151 1'10110 . 106,018 116,133 42,593 Iloilo City 20,415 22,178 13,639 26,517 Kabankale,n City 12,878 I 8,556 La Carlota City 4,068 4,488 224,062 iNegros Oc,:idental 107,773 116,289 10,890 jPassi City 5,211 5,679 10,191 19,902 IRoxas City 9,711 20,868 Sagay City 9,967 10,901 21,483 i San Carlos City 10,596 10,887 15,848 'Silay City 7,508 8,340 Total 469,589 510,487 980,076 Source: Departrrent of Education Public elementary school enrolment in SY 2006-2007 reached 980,076, 51.2 percent or 510,487 of which were boys and 47.9 percent or 469,589 were girls. Boys outnumbered girls in all swchool dilisions, except for Negros Occidental with a gender gap of 3.8 percentage points. Large gender gap of 6.1 percentage points was recorded in the school dilision of Guimaras. The best gender gap 01 1.4 percentage points was in the school dilision of San Carlos City. Among ther 17 dilisions in the entire region, Negros Occidental .and Iloilo had the highest enrolment comprising 22 9 and 22 7 : percent, respecti\ely. ,., . The school dilisions of La Carlota City and Passi City had the ,'least number of enrolment with less than 1.0 and 1.1 percent, .respecli\ely. , 8-12 i GIRLS AND BOYS Table 8.10 Enrolment in Public Secondary Schools by Division: SY 2006-2007 Enrolment Division Botl, Sexes Girls Boys (~otal) Aklan 16,873 15,943 32,816 Antique 17,253 16,744 33,997 Bacolod City 14,145 15,114 29,259 Bago City 5,546 5,300 10,846 Cadiz City 5,149 4,792 9,941 Capiz 24,172 21,998 46,170 Guimaras 5,463 5,457 10,920 Iloilo 61,353 60,383 121,736 Iloilo City 10,567 10,797 21,364 Kabankalan City 5,483 4,492 9,975 La Carlota City 3,076 2,844 5,920 Negros Occidental 49,281 43,882 93,163 Passi City 3,165 2,824 5,989 Roxas City 3,143 3,302 6,445 Sagay City 4,147 3,445 7,592 San Carlos City 2,666 2,194 4,860 Silay City 4,373 4,135 8,508 Total 235,855 223,646 459,501 Source: CEpartment of Education In SY 2006-2007 public secondary schools enrolment reached 459,501 students. Girls comprising 51.3 percent of the total enrolment outnumbered boys with a gender gap of 2.7 percentage points. Girls dominated boys in 14 out of 17 school divisions in the region. Among the school divisions, Iloilo posted the highest enrolment comprising 26.5 percent of the regional total and with a gender gap of less than one percentage points. This was followed by Negros Occidental and Capiz with 93,163 and 46,170 enrolees, respectively, dominated by girls. The school division of San Carlos City recorded the lowest number of enrollees with 4,860. 8-13 GIRLS AND BOYS Table 8.11 Number of Girlsand Boys Promoted in Public Elementary Schools: SY 2006-2007 Promoted Division Both Sex',s Girls Boys (Total) Aklan 34,445 36,651 71,096 Antique 34,953 35,399 70,352 Bacolod City 25,426 26,402 51,828 Bago City 10,183 10,443 20,626 Cadiz City 10,415 10,786 21,201 Capiz 41,335 43,554 84,889 Guimaras 9,843 10,308 20,151 Iloilo 102,127 107,465 209,592 Iloilo City 18,956 19,409 38,365 Kabankalan City 12,232 12,086 24,318 La Carlota City 3,999 4,208 8,207 Negros Occidental 102,093 103,882 205,975 Passi City 4,673 4,717 9,390 Roxas City 9,347 9,333 18,680 Sagay City 9,193 9,358 18,551 San Carlos City 9,753 9,655 19,408 Silay City 7,014 7,149 14,163 Total 445,987 460,805 906,792 Source: Department of Education In SY 200&-2007, more boys than girls were promoted in the elementary level. Boys dominated girls in 14 out of 17 school divisicns of West em Visayas. These were school divisions of Kabankalan, Roxas, and San Carlos City with a very slim gender gap of less than one percentage points each. The school divisions of 110110 and Negros Occidental posted the highest number of pupils promoted with 209,592 and 205,975 pupils, respecti\ely. The school division of La Carlota City had the lowest number of pupils promoted with only 8,207 pupils. 8-14 GIRLS AND BOYS Table 8.12 Number of Repeaters in Public Elementary Schools by Division: SY 2006-2007 Repeaters Di\Asion -. Both Sexes Girls Boys (Total) Aklan 680 1,643 2,323 Antique 1,210 2,680 3,890 Bacolod City 763 1,464 2,227 Bago City 360 814 ;,1074 cadiz City 186 318 504 capiz 652 1,458 2,1'10 Guimaras 209 681 890 Iloilo 2,015 4,771 6,7'89 Iloilo City 542 1,281 1,823 Kabankalan City 429 854 1,283 La Carlota City 48 117 165 Negros Occidental 2,950 5,716 8,666 Passi City 205 483 688 Roxas City 119 271 . 390 Sagay City 430 747 1,177 San Carlos City 377 597 974 Silay City 185 402 567 Total 11,360 24,297 35,657 Source: Department of Education More than one-half of pupil repeaters in public elementary schools in SY 2006-2007 were boys (24,297). Total number of repeaters for the school year reached 35,657 pupils. This is 7_8 percent of the region's total enrolment in the same school year. Out of 17 school di\Asions in Western Visayas, Negros Occidental recorded the highest number of repeaters with 8,666 pupils (24.3%), followed by the school division of Iloilo with 6,786 pupils or 19.0% of the region's total enrolment. 8-15 .GIRLS AND BOYS Table 8.13 Number of Drop- In SY 2006-2007, total drop-outs in public elementary school reached 26,600 pupils. Drop-out was high among boys with 17,915 pupils, comprising 673 percent of the regional total Drop- outs among girls with 8,685 pupils or 32.7 percent of the regional total Among the 17 school dil.1sions, Negros Occidental and Iloilo posted the highest number of drop-outs, 7,397 pupils or 27.8 i percent and 5,743 pupils or 21.6 percent, respectlo"ely, of the regional total The school dil.1sion of La Carlota City recorded the least number of drop-outs with only 60 pupils. 8-16 GIRLS AND BOYS Table 8.14 Number of Students Promoted in Public Secondary Schools by Division: SY 2006-2007 Promoted ..Division Both ':;exes Girls Boys (Tetal) Aklan 16,196 13,863 30,059 Antique 16,036 13,190 29,226 Bacolod City 12,624 11,053 23,677 Bago City 5,270 4,243 9,513 cadiz City 4,373 3,588 7,961 Capiz 22,592 17,907 40,499 Guimaras 5,446 4,453 9,899 Iloilo 58,563 50,494 109,057 Iloilo City 8,436 6,494 14,930 Kabankalan City 4,990 3,546 8,536 La Carlota City 2,883 2,303 5,186 Negros Occidental 44,802 34,515 79,317 Passi City 3,014 2,109 5,123 Roxas City 2,465 2,082 4,547 Sagay City 3,646 2,528 6,174 San carlos City 2,377 1,710 4,087 Silay City 3,863 2,881 6,744 Total 217,576 176,959 394,535 Source: Department of 6::lucation Of the total 394,535 secondary students promoted to the next higher level of education in SY 2006-2007, 55.1 percent or 217,576 were girls and 44.9 percent or 176,959 were bOy$. Girls dominated boys in all school divisions of Western Visayas: Among the 17 school divisions, Iloilo had the highesf number of students promoted reaching 109,057. This is 27.6 percent of the total students promoted in all school divisions. .Negros Occidental and Capiz followed closely with 79,317 and 40,499 students. The school divisions of San Carlos City and Roxas City had the least number of students promoted with only 4,087 and 5,006, respectively. 8.17 GIRLS AND BOYS Table ~.15 Number of Repeaters in Public Secondary Schools by Division: SY 2006-2007 Repeaters Di.,,;sion Both Sexes Girls Boys (Total) Aklan 109 443 552 Antique 347 1,413 1,760 Bacolod City 472 1,652 2,124 Bago City 59 216 275 Cadiz City 173 346 519 Capiz 276 1,123 1,399 Guimaras 45 569 614 iloilo 867 3,915 4,782 iloilo City 750 1,764 2,514 Kabankalan City 120 429 549 La Carlota City 79 235 314 Negros Occidental 681 2,245 2,926 Pass; City 39 144 183 Roxas City 167 331 498 Sagay City 93 261 354 San Carlos City 43 121 164 Silay City 121 397 518 Total 4,441 15,604 20,045 Source: Department of 8::lucation Fc~' SY 2006-2007 the total number of repeaters in public secondary schools reached 20,045 students or 4.4 percent of the total students enroled during the year. Of the total repeaters, 15,604 or 77.8 percent were boys and 4,441 or 22.2 percent were girls. Boy repeaters consisted 6.9 percent while girls consisted 1.9 percent of the total students enroled during the year. The top fiw school di.,,;sions with the most number of repeaters were: iloilo (4,782), Negros Occidental (2,926), iloilo City (2,514), Bacolod City (2,124), and Antique (1,760). 8-18 GIRLS AND BOYS Table 8.16 Number of Drop- In SY 2006-2007, drop-culs in public secondary schools totaled to 26,600 students or 5.6 percent of the total ~"9ional enrolment Of the total drop-culs, 17,915 (67.3%) were boy~ and 8,685 (32.7%) were girls. More boys than girls dropped out from school during the year and which is true to all the 17 school di\1sions of Western Visayas. Drop-out cases was higher in the school di\1sions of Negros Occidental with 7,397; Iloilo (5,743); and Bacolod City (2,123). On the other hand, La Carlota City posted the lowest number of drop-cul during the year with only 60 students. 6-19 .. .WomenlMen IN WESTERN VISA YAS S:PECIALSTUDIESON WOMEN: A.,"The Women in the Service -, Sector in Iloilo City" B. "Domestic Violence in the Province of Aklan" C. "Leisure Time Allocation .' Among Women: Some ! Evidence in Iloilo City, Philippines WOMEN IN 1HE SEVICE SECTOR OBJECTIVES General: To determine the profile of the women in the SerAce Sector in iloilo City. Specific: The study aimed to know the foilowing about the women: - demographic, educational, household, and occur-aliona! characteristics; - specific type of service rendered and average monthly income; -location, type, and payment status of the dwellin!J; - mode of transportation and travel time from place of dweiling to the workplace; - average monthly tra",l cost incurred from place "f dweiling to the workplace and lice ",rsa; and - whether relationship exists between the ag2, malital status, educational attainment, and appointment status and income of the women. SURVEY METHODOLOGY A total of 500 women representing the selected 10 Major Service Dilisions/lndustry Descriptions based on the 1994 Philippine Standard Industrial Classification (PSIC) were studied (Appendix A). Simple random sampling was utilized, done at two stages. The first stage was by major dilision level and the second stage, by respondent level. Selection of the women-respondents was limited from one (1) to five (5) women in every industry/establishment, by type of service. The industries/ establishments for each dilision were identified based on the listing of the City Planning and Development 'Office 01 iloilo City as of 1997 (Socio-Economic Profile of iloilo City, 1998). 9-1 WOMEN IN THE SEVICE SECTOR A structured inte,.;ew schedule was specially designed to gather the data. Pretesting of the instrument was done among women workers in the industries/establishments representing the 10 major se,.;ce di.;sions of the same characteristics as that 01 the women-respcndents but not included in the survey. Data collection lasted from October to December 1999. Ten senior college students were trained as data collectors. The survey utilized the personal inte,.;ew technique. The respcndents were inte,.;ewed right in their workplaces. In cases of callbacks, some women opted to complete the inte,.;ew in their homes after work hours and during off hours. The chi-square was used to determine significant relationships between personal variables and income of the women. FINDINGS Demographic Characteristics of the Women Table 9A.1 presents the status of membership in the family, .J age, and marital status of the women in the Se,.;ce Sector. Nearly one-third (29.6%) considered themselves head of the family. The rest considered themselves family members, constituting 70.4 percent. The women were relatively young, averaging 32.5 years old. Most of them were in the age bracket 25-34 years, comprising 37.8 percent, followed by age brackets 15-24 and 35-44 years with 28.0 and 18.0 percent, respectively. One woman worker or 0.2 percent was in the age bracket 65-74 years. While not supposed to be in the workplace, this old woman still enjoys dressmaking work. Most of the women were either single (50.6%) or married (46.6%). Five or 1.0 percent of the women were separated from their spouses. Fourteen (2.8%), however, refused to state their marital status. 9-2 WOMEN IN THE SEVICE SECTOR LIST OF TABLES Tables Page 9A.1 Qemographic Characteristics of the Women 9-4 9A.2 Educational Attainment of the Women 3-5 9A.3 Household Characteristics ofthe Women 9.0 9A.4 Occupational Characteristics of the Women 9.0 9A.5 Type of SeMces Rendered & Income of the Women 9-10 9A.6 Place, Type and Payment Status of Dwelling of the Women 9-13 9A.7 Mode of Transportation and Travel1ime from Dwelling to the Workplace of the Women 9-15 9A.8 Average Monthly Trawl Cost from Place of Dwelling to the Workplace Incurred by the Women 9-16 9A.9 Relationship Between Age and Income of the Women 9-17 9A.10 Relationship Between Marital Status and Income of the Women 9-17 9A.11 Relationship Between Educational Attainment and Income of the Women 9-18 9A.12 Relationship Between Appointment Status and Income of the Women 9-19 9-3 WOMEN IN THE SEVICE SECTOR Table 9A.1 Demographic Characteristics of the Women . Category n % Membership Status in the Family Family heae: 148 296 Family member 352 704 Total . SOO 100.0 . Age 15.24 140 28.0 75.34 189 37.8 :':5.44 80 16.0 4'j.54 62 124 E5.64 28 5.6 65.74 1 02 o/Iean age = 32,5 years " Tc;>tal SOO 100 0 Marital Status i Single 253 50.6 Married 228 456 • Separated 5 1.0 Refused to answer 14 28 TOL'l! SOO 100.0 . Most of the women were either single (50.6%) or married (46.6%), FilA','.or 1.0 percent of the women were separated from their spouse!' Fourteen (2.8%), howe\er, refused to state their marital statu.', 9-4 WOMEN IN 1HE SEVICE SECTOR Table 9A.2 Educational Attainment of the Women .------,--_._,-- Category n .+-% Educational Attainment I Doctoral degreelDoctor (Ed.D.lPh.D./M.D. 1'1 2.2 Maste~s degree 17 3.4 Bachelo~s degree 2';;9 ~1.8 College, not graduated 66 13.2 Vocational course/certificate 27 0.4 High school graduate Ei9 13.8 High school, not graduated 22 4.'1 Elementary graduate 20 4.0 Primary grade 1.2 No formal schooling 0.6 Total 501) 100.0 Women in the Service sector had varied educational attainme:,t (Table 9A.2). Majority had completed a college edt'cation eamiq academic degree, comprising of Bachelo~s (51,8%), Maste~s (3.4%), and Doctoral (2.2%) degrees. Those wilh high school diploma and with college education but not graduated, constituted 13.8 and 13.2 percent, respectil.ely. Others nad vocationai course/certificate (5.4%), high school but not. graduated (4.4%), elementary certificate (4.0%), and primary grade (1.2.%). Inspite the high educational attainment of majoritj' of the women workers, it becomes ob\ious that three or 0.6 percen,' dAcl"rpd they hal.e never gone to formal schooling. 9-5 WOMEN IN THE SEVICE SECTOR Household size, and the head and other members' contribution to the household eaming are shown in Table 9A.3. Table 9A.3 Household Characteristics of the Women Category n % Household Size 1 - 3 161 322 4 - 6 252 51.4 7 - 9 76 15.2 10 - 12 11 2.2 Mean = 4.6 Total 500 100.0 Household Head and Members' Earning Contribution Head only 66 44.6 Head and wor1 Women in the work ser,;ce had a mean household size of 4.6, ranging from 1 to 12 members. Majority had households consisting of 4-6 members (51.4%), and a closer to one-third with 1-3 members (32.2%). Larger households with 7-9 and 10-12 members comprised 15.2 and 22 percent, respectively. 9-6 WOMEN IN 1HE SEVICE SECTOR Of the 148 women who considered themsel""s ilead cf the household, 66 or 44.6 percent were sole breadwinners in th,e household. The rest were assisted by the working spouse or other employed household members. An equal proportion (14.9% each) claimed that househol,d eaming was contributed by the household head and working spouse, and head and working brother/sister. other women claimed that household eaming was contributed by head and working parents (8.1%), and head and working parents an:d brothers/ sisters (7.4%), head and working spouse and children (6.1%), and head and working children (4.0%). 9-7 WOMEN IN THE SEVICE SECTOR Occuoational characteristics of the women in terms of employment status and number of years working are reflected i., Table 9A.4. Table 9A.", Occupational Characteristics of the Women Category n % Employment Status Perma'lent 333 666 Contractual 74 14.8 Casua' 37 7.4 40 Self-employed 20 I Not certain 36 7,2 Total 500 100,0 Number of Years Working 0,2 190 380 3.5 94 18.8 6.8 70 14,0 9.11 40 8,0 12. 14 31 62 15.20 24 4.8 21 • 26 25 50 27,32 14 2.8 33: 38 6 1.2 Mean = 7,1 years Total 500 100.0 Majority of the women (66,6%) had permanent appointment and the rest had either contractual (14.8%), casual (7.4%), or self. employment (4,0%), Some 7,2 percent, howel.er, were not certain of their employment status, .As tQ number of years in the senlice, majority had relatil.ely short exp~rience with more than one.half (56.8%) ha",n9 been in the senlice for less than 6 years. Mean working years was 7.1, ranging from 0-38 years, In the.ir entirety, the number of women in the SenliGe Sector decreases as the number of working years increases 'up to a maximum of 33.38 years, WOMEN IN THE SEVICE SECTOR Type of Service Rendered and Income of the Wor.Hn The 10 selected major ser\ice groups and thp sp"i~c type 01 ser\ice rendered, income range, and average monthly ilcome of the wome'n can be gleaned in Table 9.5. The 10 major ser\ice groups included in the srudy and thn distribution of the women in each specific type 01 ser\ice are: Wholesale and Retail Trade (1B.4%); Health and Social Wor-: (15.2%); Education (12.4%); Social, and Personal Senke Actilritie:; (11.0%); Financial Institutions (9.2%); Hotels and Restaurant; (B.6%); Real Estate and Miscellaneous Business Actil;ties (7.6%:; Public Administrators (7.2%); Private Households with Employerj Persons (5.6%); and Transportation and Communication (4.B%). Monthly income of the women widely differed, deP'3nding UPOI. the ser\ice group and/or specific type of ser\ice rendered. In theil entirety, the women had an average monthly income of PhP5,70B.16. The highest paid women were in the Financial Ins':itutions with average income of PhPB,797.11 per month and the lowest paid ones were in the Private Households with average income of PhP 1,057.14 per month. Next to Financial Institutions, women in the Education, Real Estate and Miscellaneous Business Actilrities, and, Health and Social Wor!< ser\ice groups also enjoyed a relatively higher average monthly income ofPhPB,661.B1, PhPB,30B.41 and PhP8.0J2.41 per month, respectively. This was followed by the \'.;om~n it, Public Administration; Transportation and Communication; and Other Community, Social, and Personal Ser\ice Actilrities with average monthly incomes of PhP7,6B6.21, PhP5,249.95, and PhP3,454.57 per month, respectively. Women in the Wholesale and Retail Trade and those in Hotels and Restaurants were among the lowest paid ser\ice workers with average m'onthly incomes of P2,707.B1 anq PhP2,516.70 per month, respectively, next to those in Private Households. 9-9 WOMEN IN 1HE SEVICE SECTOR Table ~A.5 Type of Service Rendered & Income of the Women Ave. Mo. Income Senke Group n % Income Range Wholesale & Retail Trade 92 18.4 2,707.81 800-9.000 Gasoline Station 26 52 3,155.20 1,500-5,750 Supermarkets 25 5.0 3,450.00 2,700-5,700 Groceries, furniture, appliances, textile, clothing, footwear, drugstore 21 4.2 2,515.86 1,200-9,000 Sari-sari-store 21 42 1,400.00 800-1,850 al Health and Social Work (Doctors, nurses, technicians, midwives, and aides; hospitals) 76 15.2 8,032.53 3,800-16,000 Public 40 8.0 8,446.91 5,200-15,000 Private 36 7.2 7,572.11 3,800-16,000 Education 62 12.4 8,661.81 3,800-21,000 Public 38 7.6 9,941.72 4,800-21,000 Private 24 4.8 6,635.29 3,800-17,000 Social, and Personal Sen.1ce Actilities 55 11.0 3,454.57 700-18,000 Laund:y and hair dressing and other beauty treatment 27 5.4 2,052.94 700-2,600 bl Personal sen.1ces (vendors, buy & sell) 16 3.2 4,772.72 1,300-18,600 Radio and telelision 12 2.4 4.850.70 3,200-8,050 Total 500 100.0 5,708.16 500-27,000 al Almost all w ~h free board and lodging bl Almost aUw ith free meals during home service 9-10 WOMEN IN TI-lE SEVICE SECTOR Across specific type of sennce, in Wholesale and Retail Trade, supermarket workers (phP3,450.00) earned higher than their counterparts in gasoline stations (phP3, 155.20), groceries, fumiture, appliances, clothing, footwear, and drugstore (PhP2,515.86), and sari-sari stores (phP1,400.00). In Health and Social Work, public hospital workers (phP8,446.91) eamed more than their counterpart in private hospitals (p7,572.11). On the other hand, in Education Sennces, public educational institution workers (phP9,941.72) earned higher than those employed in private educational institutions (phP6,635.29). The reverse was seen in Financial Institutions where private financial institutions paid more to their workers (phP9,183.35) as compared to the public financiai institutions (phP8,500.00). In Real Estate Sennce Group, those engaged in real estate actilities (phP11, 718.16) eamed more than real estate accountants, bookkeepers and security sennce groups (phP5,239.64). In Hotels and Restaurants, hotel and motel workers (phP3,060.00) were better paid than those in clubs, bars, cocktail lounges (PhP2,670.38), and restaurants (PhP1,840.20). On the whole, it is interesting to note that while maids ~nd baby sitters appeared to be the lowest paid workers, all of them aiso enjoyed free board and lodging and likewise those in sari-sari stores, groceries, furniture, appliances, textile, clothing, and footwear who claimed that almost all also enjoyed free board and lodging. Those in laundry and hairdressing and other beauty treatment sennces were, most of the time, offered free meals during home sennce. 9-11 WOMEN IN THE SEVICE SECTOR Table 9A.5 continued. I Ave. Mo. Income n Ser,;ce ~roup % Income Range Financial Institutions 46 9.2 8,797.11 3,500-21,010 Public 26 52 8,500.00 3,500-21,010 Private 20 4.0 9,183.35 3,800-18,000 Hotels and Restaurants 43 8.6 2,516.70 1,000-8,500 Hotels and f\ilotels 15 30 3,060.00 1,200-8,500 al Restaurants 15 3.0 1,840.20 1,000-3,000 al -- Clubs b'ars and cocktail 13 2.6 2,67038 1,100-4,500 lounges ; Real Estate and Miscellanecus Business 7.6 8,308.41 2,800-27,000 Acti\Aties 38 Miscellar,$ous business acti\Aties, J~ account inn & bookkeeninn and securtty ser,;ces 20 4.0 5,239.64 3,250-11,200 Real estate 18 36 11,718.164 2,800-27,000 Public P,dministration (Region,!, local & general ser,;cef) 36 7.2 7,868.12 2,745-22,000 Private I::',)useholds with Emplond Persons (Maids and bale silters) 28 5.6 1,057.14 500-2,000 bl Trans~ ;rtation and Comm mication (Land, air and water transportation, tour and travel agencies, messenger ser,;ces, & telecom- munications) 24 4.8 5,249.95 2,250-9,600 bl Total 500 100.0 5,708.16 500-27,000 al Some with free board and lodging bl Alrrosl ail w ithfree boardandlodging 9-12 WOMEN IN TI-lE SEVICE SECTOR Analytically, based on the prevailing cost of boar1 and lodging that ranges from PhP1 ,80000 to PhP2,4GG.OG per month at the time of the survey, it appears that the".e groups of workers who enjoy free board and lodging, were eaming even higher than other workers in ser,;ce groups that needed higher qualification such as education, and the like. In terms of income range, a wide disparity W6S observed among the real estate workers (PhP2,800.00-PhPH,OOO.00). Lowest minimum (PhP500.00) and maximum (PhF'2,000.00) was also noted among maids and baby sitters. Table 9A.6 Place, Type, and Payment Status of Dwelling of the Women ..~ Category n %. .- Place of Dwelling Within Iloilo City 363 n.6 Outside Iloilo City 137 2';'.4 Total 500 100.0 Type of Dwelling Owned house 313 6~~.6 Permanent 235 7~•.1 Semi-permanent 41 12.1 Temporary 37 11.? , Total 500 1mUJ Payment Status of Dwelling 313 62.:3 Owned house No on-1)oing amortization 223 (71.2., With on-1)oing amortization 31 (9.9) Not certain. 59 (18.8) Rented lodging house 187 ....37.2 No on-1)oing amortization 72 (71.2) With on-1)oing amortization 115 (61.5) Total 500 100.0 9-13 WOMEN IN THE SEVICE SECTOR Table 9A.6 displays the place, type, and payment status of dwelling of the women in the Se",;ce Sector. Of the 500 women, nearly one-third (72.6%) li",d with proximity to their workplaces, within Iloilo City, while more than one-fourth (27.4%) li",d quite distant 1T0m their workplaces, outside Iloilo City. Two out of three women (62.7%) dwelt in owned houses, and 37.4 percent dwelt in rented lodging houses. Among the owned houses, one-third were permanent (75.1%) and the rest were either semi-permanent (13.1%) or temporary (11.8%). On the other hand, 64.2 percent of the rented lodging houses were permanent, and 23.0 and 12.8 percent were semi-permanent and temporary, respectively. As to the payment status of the dwellings, majority of the WOm On the contrary, among women who dwelt in lodging houses, More than cine-half (61.5%) were paying monthly lodging fees, and the rest (38.5%) were lodging for lTee. 9-14 WOMEN IN THE SEVICE SECTOR The mode of transportation utilized and the tra\el time from dwelling to the workplace of the women are shown in Table 9A.7. Table 9A.7 Mode of Transportation and Travel Time from Dwelling to the Workplace of the Women Category n % Mode of Transportation Public utility \ehicle 367 73.4 On foot 81 16.2 Personal/Owned \ehicle 52 10:4 Total 500 100:0 Tra\ellime (Min.) 5 -14 140 28.0 15 - 29 141 28.2 30- 44 98 19:6 45 - 59 42 8.4 60 - 74 46 9.2 75 - 89 18 3,6 90 - 104 15 3..0 Total 50" 10M Women in the SeMce Sector utilized thr On the a\erage, the women spent 31.8 minutes or approximately one hour back and forth tra\el time from their dwelling to the workplace. An almost equal proportion of the women tra\elled for 5-14 minutes (28.0%) and 15-29 minutes (28.2%) from dwelling to the workplace. Those with dweiling places quite distant from the workplace tra\elled for 30-44 minutes (19.6%), 45-49 minutes (8.4%), and 60-74 minutes (9.2%) and those coming from the farthest points to the workplace spent 75-89 minutes (3.6%) and 90-104 minutes (3.0%). 9-15 WOMEN IN THE SEVICE SECTOR Table 9A.B Average Monthly Travel Cost from Place of Dwelling to the Workplace Incurred by the Women Ave. Travel Category n % CosUMo. Women Who Did Not Incur Travel Cost 81 162 Women Who Incurred Travel Cost 419 838 Those residing within Iloilo City 282 67.3 PhP330.9 Those residing outside Iloilo City 137 32.7 PhP532.0 Total SOO 100.0 PhP396.6 As stated elsewhere, 363 or 72.6 percent of the 500 women in the ~eNice Sector reside within Iloilo City and 137 or 27.4 percent, outside Iloilo City. Of this, 419 or 83.8 percent incurred travel cost in travelling from place of dwelling to the workplace, consisting of 282 or 67.3 percent of those liling within Iloilo City and all 137 • women liling outside Iloilo City (Table 9A.8). ,~s a whole, the 419 working women incurred an average of PhP396.65 per month travel cost in travelling from their pace of dwelling to the workplace and lice versa. Women residing outside Iloilo City spent a relatively higher average travel cost of PhP532.00 per month compared to those residing within Iloilo City with an average of PhP330. 90 per month. It is worth mentioning that the 81 or 16.2 percent of the women who did not incur any travel cost from dwelling to the workplace constituted the maids, baby sitters, waiters, and messengers . . ¥ 9-16 WOMEN IN THE SEVICE SECTOR Table 9A.9 Relationship Between Age and Income ofthe Women Monthly Income Age (years) -. 15 - 34 269 60 329 35-54 78 64 142 55 - 74 13 16 29 Total 360 140 500 Obtained Y? = 52.4 Critical Y? 0.01 = 9.2 As revealed in Table 9A.9, the obtained chi-square is 52.4 and the critical X2 0.01 = 9.2. This means that age is highly significantly related to income of the women. The older the women, the higher the income. Table 9A.10 Relationship Between Marital Status and Income of the Women Monthly income Marital Status Single 205 48 25 Married 146 87 233 Total 360 135 486 Obtained X2 = 47.4 Critical X2 0.01 = 6.6 As shown in Table 9A.10, the obtained chi-square is 47.4 and the critical X2 0.01 = 6.6. Similar to age, marital status of the women is highly significantly related to their inco:Tl8. Married women earned more than the single or unmarried women. 9-17 WOMEN IN 1HE SEVICE SECTOR Table 9A.11 Relationship Between Educational Attainment and Income of the Women Educational Monthly Income Attainment High school 115 3 118 College 216 109 325 Total 331 112 443 Obtained X2 = 44.0 Critical X2 0.01 = 6.6 In Table 9A.11, the data shows that educational attainment and income are highly significantly related to each other, as elidenced by the obtained X2 = 44.0 and critical 'I! 0.01 = 66. Women with high school education earned lower than the women with college education. In fact, not one of the 259 up to the elementary-educated women earned more than PhP8000.00 per month. Con>ersely, not one among the 11 post graduate degree holders earned less than PhP8000.00 per month. 9-18 WOMEN. IN THE SEVICE SECTOR Table 9A.12 Relationship Between Appoinment Status and Income of the Women l" Appoinment Monthly Income Status Permanent 229 104 333 Contractual 65 9 74 Casual 30 7 37 Self-employment 11 9 20 Not certain 25 11 36 Total 360 140 500 Obtained 'It = 14.8 Critical X' 0.01 = 13.3 Appoinment status, also highly significantly affected the income olthe women, as supported by the obtained X' = 14.8 and critical X' 0:01 = 13.3 (Table 9A.12). Women with permanent work appoinment earned more than their casual and/or contractual counterparts. 9-19 WOMEN IN THE SEVICE SECTOR CONCLUSIONS • One out of three women in the Ser;;ce Sector considered chemsellAOlshead ofthe household . • 'The al.erage woman wor! • The l'iomen had an al.erage household size of 4.6 members . • Of the 148 women heads, one-half are sole breadwinners of the households, while the rest were assisted by other employed members . • Two out of three women hold a permanent appointment with 8\erage wor! • The women's income widely differed between major ser;;ce classification (Major Di'oision) and specific type of ser;;ce (Di'oision). • Of the 10 Major Di'oisions, highest paid women are those in Financial Institutions and Education and the lowest paid are those in Prilete Households and Hotels and Restaurants . • By Di'oision, the better paid women are in real estate acti'oities and in public education ser;;ces, while the lowest paid are those the maids and baby sitters, and sari-rari store worl • TI,ree out of four women Iil.e in proximity to their wor! • The income of the women is related to age, marital status, education, and appointment status . • tv1arried,older, with college education, and with permanent wor! 9-20 WOMEN IN THE SEVICE SECTOR RECOMMENDATIONS This study is only a minute touch of the numerous relevant information and issues about the working women in the city and prol Similar studies should be conducted using larger samples, extensive coverage, and including other major sel'Jice classification (Major Dil REFERENCES CPDO. 1998. Socio-Economic Profile of Iloilo City. NEDA. 1985. Glossary ofTerms in Statistics. NSCB. 1995. Definition ofTerms and Concepts. NSCB. 1994. Philippine Standard Industrial Classification. 9-21 WOMEN IN THE SEVICE SECTOR Appendix A SELECTED 10 MAJOR DIVISIONS/INDUSTRY DESCRIPTION (1994 Philippine Standard Industrial Classification (PSIC) 1: Wholesale and Retail Trade - Gasoline stations Supermarkets Groceries, furniture, appliances, textile, clothing, footwear, drugstores - Sari-sari stores 2. Health and Social Work (Doctors, nurses, technicians, midwives, and aides in hospitals) - Public - Private 3. Education - Public - Private 4. Other Community, Social, and Personal Ser,;ce Activities Laundry and hairdressing and other beauty treatment - Personal ser,;ces ("",ndors, buy and sell) - Radio and television 5. Financial Institutions - Public - Private 6. Hotels and Restaurants - Hotels and motels - Restaurants - Clubs, bars, and cocktail lounges 7. Real Estate and Miscellaneous Business Activities _ Miscellaneous business activities ~egal, accounting and bookkeeping, and security ser,;ces) Real estate activities 8. Public Administration (Regional, local and general ser,;ces) 9. Private Households with employed Persons (Maids and baby sitters) 10. Transportation and Communication (Land, air and water transportation, tour and tra"",1agencies, messenger ser,;ces, and telecommunications. 9-22 WOMEN IN TI-lE SEVICE SECTOR "The Women in the Service Sector in lIoil'; City" About the Study this study entitled "The Women in the Service Sector in Iloilo City" is one olthe small area statistical studies conducted by the author in coordination with the National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB) Regional Unit 6. The statistical survey proposal/form/questionnaire has complied with the provisions of the Statistical Survey Review and Clearance System (SSRCS). It has passed the review and granted clearance for conduct by the Technical Subcommittee on Survey Design (TSSD) of the Regional Statistical Coordination Committee (RSCC) Region 6. About the Author Mr. Rubin L. Penpillo is Associate Professor V olthe West Visayas Stale University ryvvSV), La Paz, Iloilo City. Heleaches Agricu~ural Statistics and Plant and Animal Science courses in the Graduate School, and Economics, Educational Si2tistics and Educational Foundations courses in the College of Education. In addition to being a practicing researcher, he acts n5 s!::.t,stician and/or research adviser for both undergraduate and graduate research papers/theses of students and graduate fellows of the University . Mr. Penpillo holds a Master of Science degree major in Agronomy and minor in Animal Science obtained from the University of the Philippines at Los Banos, Laguna. 9-23 DOMESllC VIOLENCE IN 1HE PROVINCE OF AKLAN INTRODUCTI ON lhis descriptive research investigated 71 llictims and perpetrators of domestic lliolence from the reported cases at the Dep~rtment of Social Welfare and Development Office (DSWD), Akl~'l Extension Office Daeangpan sa Kababayenhan sa Aklan, and 'he PNP Aklan Prollincial Office covering the period January 2001 to September 2003. The data gathered are described usin] descriptive statistics such as frequency count, per;'3ntage, rank, and mean. OBJECTIVES Generally, this study aimed to present a profile olthe women who are llictims of domestic lliolence in the prollince of Aklan. Spscifically, the study aimed to determine the following: 1. Fersonal profile of the llictims of domestic lliolence in terms of age,"cillii status, educational attainment, residence by municipality, and occupation; 2. Personal profile olthe perpetrators of domestic lliolence in terms of age, sex, educational attainment, residence by municipality, and occupation. 3. Forms of domestic -.iolence. 4. Gauses of domestic -.iolence. 5. Assistance given to or availed of by the llictims of domestic -.iol~nce. 9-24 DOMESllC VIOLENCE IN THE PROVINCE OF AKLAN METHODOLOGY The study employed the descriptive method of research. TWJ sets of subjects were studied, namely, the (1) l.ictims 1)1 domestic l.iolence, and (2) perpetrators of domestic l.iolence. The first set of subjects involved 71 women who have reporteo oases of domestic l.iolence to the DSWD Aklan Extension OfficE- and the PNP in the prol.ince. The second set included the 71 perpetrators who committed the acts of domestic l.iolencE' affecting the first set of subjects. The data were obtained from pertinent records, documents, clients' profiles, and case analyses from the DSWD, Kalibo, Aklan; the Daeanljpdr, it,T.Ja Kababayenhan sa Aklan (Comprehensive Center for Women), Kalibo, Aklan; and PNP Women's Desk, Camp Pastor Martelino, Kalibo, Aklan. The data on services/assistance availed by the l.ictims were taken from the responses of social wor1 9-25 DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN THE PROVINCE OF AKLAN FINDINGS Proiile of the Victims of Domestic Violence Age. The oldest .,;ctim was 63 and the youngest was 19 years old. 'The .,;ctims were mostly within the age bracket of 24-33 (35.2%) and 34-43 (32.4%) years (Table 98.1). Ci,;1 status. Almost half of the .,;ctims were single (49.3%) and nearly half were married (47.9%). Two or 2.8% were .widowed. Domestic .,;olence affecting women most commonly occur among marned and single women who ha'-'3 common-law relationships or "Iive~n" relationships with the perpetrators (Table 9B.1). Educational attainment. Most of the .,;ctims had secondary education (45.1%), and some have attained elementary (19.7%) and tertiary (18.1%) levels of education. A few of them had no formal schooling (1.4%) at all (Table 9B.1). Occupation Qf the .,;ctims. Most of the .,;ctims were out-of- school (18.3%) and manual laborers (11.2%). others were either housekeepers (9.9%), self-€mployed (7.0%), or engaged in business/trade (1.4%). Six or 8.6% had no work at all (Table 9B.1). Residence Qf the Victims. Of the 17 municipalities of Aklan, the highest reported cases of .,;olence were in Kalibo (39.4%), Numancia (14.1%), and Malinao (11.3%). No incidence was reported for Lezo, Tangalan, and Buruanga (Table 9B .2). Proiile of the Perpetrators of Domestic Violence Age. The oldest perpetrator was 65 years old and the youngest was 19 years. Most of them were within the age brackets 27-34 (15.5%) and 35-42 (15.5%). Eight or 11.3% were within the younger age bracket of 19-26, and 7.0% and 5.6% were within the age brackets of 43-50 and 51-58, respectively (Table 9B.3). Sex. Almost all of the perpetrators wer~ men (95.8%) with only 3 or 4.2%, women. 9-26 DOMESTlC VIOLENCE IN THE PROVINCE OF AKLAN Civil status. Majority of the perpetrators were married (56.3%) and 25.4% were single. Educational attainment. Most of the perpetrators had secondary education (11.3%). Three or 4.2% each had primary and tertiary education and 2.8% attained intermediate level of education (Table 98.3). Occupation. Nine or 12.9% oflhe perpetrators were into manual labor and 5.6% were self-€mployed. Five perpetrators were government employees (2.8%) and 1.4% each held private office, a teaching position, and in the military sei\lce (Table 98.3). Relationship Qf perpetrators to the victims. Most of the perpetrators were related to the victims by marriage (42.3%) and common-law relationship (33.6%). Eleven or 15.5% of them were related to the victims by consanguinity (15.5%) either as father, mother, brother, sister, or ascendant/descendant (Tabi,; 98.4). Forms of Domestic Violence A great majority of the victims suffered from physical abuse (86.0%) which includes battering, slapping, kicking, pushing, hitting, punching, and deprivation of food, sleep and other basic needs. Six or 8.4% cases were incest and 5.6% were psychologically/emotionally abused such as use of abu~ive language, shouting invectives and insults, infidelity, neglect/ abandonment, vices and immoral conduct, and absence of affection (Table 98.5). 9-27 DOMESllC VIOLENCE IN THE PROVINCE OF AKLAN Causes of Domestic Violence , Emotional/psychological/marital differences (18.3%) and economic/~'overty (14.1%) were reported the common causes 01 violence. Other causes include attitude/behavior/personality difference~.fdeviant social behavior (7.0%), and vices/gambling/ drug adddionialcoholismisexual de.,;ance (5.6%). The least reported causes of violence were unemployment/work-related (2.8%) and religion/ideological differences/ cultural and ethnic differences (1.4%). Assistance Availed by the Victims of Domestic Violence All vi~tims of violence availed of counseling (100.0%). One- third have availed of temporary shelter (33.8%) and leg81 assistance/assistance in legal actions and proceedings (22.5%). others were referred for custody, psychiatric treatment! psychological examination, while still others availed of financial/ food/clothingJ medical/transportation assistance (fable 96.6). 9-28 DOMESllC VIOLENCE IN mE PROVINCE OF AKLAN LIST OF TABLES Table P"ge 9B.1 Profile of the Victims of Domestic Violence 9-3G 9B.2 Residence of the Victims by Municipality 9-:31 9B.3 Profile of the Perpetrators of Domestic Violence 9-32. 9B.4 Relationship of the Perpetrators to the Victims 9-33 9B.5 Forms and Causes of Domestic Violence Suffered Victims 9..33. 9B.6 Assistance Availed by the Victims of Domestic Violence 9-34 9-29 DOMESllC VIOLENCE IN lHE PROVINCE OF AKLAN Table 98.1 Profile of the Victims of Domestic Violence Category f % Rank Age (n-71) 54 - 63 1 1.4 5 44 -53 5 7 4 34 - 43 23 32.4 2 24 - 33 25 35.2 1 14 -23 17 24 3 Ci'.1lstatus Single 35 49.3 1 Married 34 47.9 2 Widowed 2 2.8 3 Educational attainment Primary (Gr. I-IV) 6 85 4 Intermediate (Gr V-VI) 14 19.7 2 Secondary 32 45.1 1 Tertiary 13 18.3 3 No formal schooling 1 1.4 6 No response 5 7 5 Occupation Out-of-school 13 18.3 1 Manual labor 8 11.2 2 Housekeeper 7 9.9 3 Self~mployed 5 7 4 Business/trade 1 1.4 5.5 Student 1 1.4 5.5 None 6 8.5 7 No response 30 42.3 9-30 DOMESllC VIOLENCE IN THE PROVINCE OF AKLAN Table 9B.2 Residence of the Victims by Municipality Municipality f % (n-71) Kalibo 28 39.4 Numancia 10 14.1 Malinao 8 11.3 Nabas 5 7 Banga 4 5.6 Malay 3 4.2 Madalag 3 4.2 lbajay 2 2.8 Balete 2 2.8 New Washington 2 2.8 Makato 1 1.4 Ubacao 1 1.4 Batan 1 1.4 I Altavas 1 1.4 Lezo 0 0 Tangalan 0 0 Buruanga 0 0 9-31 , DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN "THEPROVINCE OF AKLAN Table '98.3 Profile of the Perpetrators of Domestic Violence - R:mk CategOlY f % - Age , (n=71) 59 - 66 1 1.4 6 51 - '58 4 5.6 5 43 -.'50 5 7 4 35 - 42 11 15.5 1.5 27 - ~14 11 15.5 1.5 19J'?6 8 11.3 3 No res,onse 31 43.7 Sex " , MalEj 68 95.8 1 FemCile 3 4.2 2 Ci-.;IstaiLJs Single 18 25.4 2 Marri"xl 40 56.3 1 No response 13 18.3 Educational altainment Prirrary (Gr. I-N) 3 4.2 25 Inten'nediate (Gr. V-VI) 2 2.8 4 Sec,c.ndary 8 11.3 1 Terti"lry 3 4.2 2.5 ~ ..iesponse 55 77.5 Occuoation Manual labor 9 12.8 1 S€oIf-employed 4 5.6 2 GO'lemment employee 2 2.8 3 Prt'late employee 1 1.4 5.5 TJ lchinglEducation 1 1.4 5.5 ~:'lItary/PNP 1 1.4 5.5 1:'lnning/Agricu~ure 1 1.4 5.5 N,ne 3 4.2 ~ ) response 49 69 : i i 9-32 DOMESllC VIOLENCE IN 1HE PROVINCE OF AKLAN Table 98.4 Relationship of the Perpetrators to the Victims Relationship f % Rank (n-71) Marriage. 30 423 1 Common-law spouse 26 32.6 2 Consanguinity (father, mother. sister, ascendant/descendant) 11 1~l.5 3 Household companion 2 28 4 Employer 1 1.4 5,5 Affinity 1 1A 5.5 Table 98.5 Fonns and Causes of Domestic Violence Suffemd by the Victims Category f % (n=71) Forms of Domestic Violence Physical abuse (battering, slapping, kicking, hitting, punching, deprivation of food, sleep and basic needs) 61 86 Incest 6 8.4 Psychological/emotional abuse (use of abusive \ language, shouting invectives & insu~s, neglect/abandonment, engagement in ~ces conduct, absence of affection) 4 ~~;.6 '. Causes of Domestic Violence Emotional/psychological/marital differences 13 1[,3 Economic/poverty 10 14.1 Attitude/beha~or/personality differences/de~ant 5 - 7 Vice/gambling/drug addiction/alcoholism/sexual de.,;ance 4 5:6 Unemploy ment/worX-related , 2 2.8 Religion/ideological differences/cultural & ethnic 1 1.4 differences 9-33 DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN THE PROVINCE OF AKLAN Table 98.6 Assistance Availed by the Victims of Domestic Violence Assistance f % (n-71 ) Ccunseling 71 100 Temporary shelter 24 33.8 Legal assistance/legal actions & proceedings 16 22.5 Referral for custody 7 9.9 Psychiatric treatmenUpsychological examination and eleluation 7 99 Financial/food/clothing assistance 6 8.5 Referral for medication 4 5.6 Transportation assistance 3 42 Medical assistance 3 4.2 , 9-34 DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN THE PROVINCE OF AKLM! CONCLUSION In the light of the findings, the following conclusions are drawn: 1. The oldest victim of domestic violence is 64 and the youngest, 14 years. Majority of them is within the ages of 24-43 years, either single or married, and has common-law relationships with the perpetrators. Most are high school-educated, out-of-school, engaging in manual labor or jobless at all. Of the 17 municipalities, reported incidence of domestic violence was highest in Kalibo (capital town), Numancia and Malinao. No incidence was reported in Lezo, Tangalan and Buruanga. 2. The oldest perpetrator of domestic violence is 65 and the youngest is 19 years. Most perpetrators are within the age range of 27-42 years. Except for three who are women, almost all perpetrators are married men., high school-educated and doing manual labor. Five, howe\er, are employed in gO\ernment and private firms. Perpetrators are related to the victims mostly by marriage. 3. Physical abuse ranks first among the categories of domestic violence, followed by incest, and psychological/emotional abuse. Physical abuse ranges from battering, slapping, kicking, pushing, hitting, punching, and deprivation from food, sleep and other basic needs, in that order. Psychological/emotional abuse includes abusive language, shouting in\ecti\es and insuits, i~fidelity, neglect/abandonment, vices and immoral conduct, 8nd ai>se~ce of affection, in that order. 4. Emotional/psychological/marital differences and economic crisis/ pO\erty are the prevalent causes of domestic violence. Other causes include attitude/behavior/personality, vices/gambling/drug addiction/ alcoholism/sexual deviance, unemployment/work-related, and reiigionlideolog ical/ cultural/ethnic differences. All victims of violence ha\e availed of counseling from the DSWD Aklan Extension Office, the Daengpan it mga Kababayenhan sa Aklan, and the PNP Aklan Provincial Command's Women's Desk. Other services avaiied inciude temporary shelter, legal assistance/legal actions and proceedings, referral of custody, psychiatric treatment/psychological evaluation, financial assistance, medical assistance, and food/clothingltransportation assistance. 9-35 DOMBSTIC VIOLENCE IN THE PROVINCE OF AKLAN , RECOMMENDATIONS Based on the foregoing conclusions, the following recomr":endations are advanced: , ! 1. Nor,;'onmal education and li.elihood programs for the less educated and unemployed ,,;ctims of ,,;olence, I, , . 2. WorWen's" Crisis Centers, adequately supported with funds and compel~nt personnel, in all municipalities to respond to the needs of abus"d women and ,,;ctims of domestic ,,;olence. 3. Intel'd.e/wide scale infonmation campaign on domestic ,,;olence through' awareness seminars, symposia and conferences to discuss the e,,;ls of domestic ,,;olence to awaken the people on the need to pre.ent occurrences of ,,;olence agai nst women. 4. PNF' Aklan Pro,,;ncial Command's Women's Desk to make compre~,ensi.e and thorough in.estigation of cases and impro.e their proJfilegathering procedures of cases of domestic ,,;olence. 5. DS'JID Aklan Extension Office and Daengpan it mga Kababayenhan sa Aklan also to impro.e their profile data g"lhering proce~Jures and PSWOO to establish databank on case histories of both the ,,;ctims and perpetrators of domestic ,,;olence ii: e.ery municipality. 6. Ade9uate legal and psychological assistance on the duration of any ci,,;1 and/or criminal action pending in Court arising from the acts of ,,;plence, committed. 7. Counseling and post-trauma psychological assistance to the ,,;ctims ard counseling and psychological evaluation of perpetrators to ascer;tain their competence to li.e a nonmal and non-,,;olent life. 9-36 DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN THE PROVINCE OF AKLAN REFERENCES . Bureau of Women's Welfare. 1994. Psychosocal InteJVentions for Women in Especially Difficult Circumstanws. Batasan Complex, Constitution Hills, Quezon City. Guererro, S. 1999. Breaking the Silence: The Realities 01 Family Violence in the Philippines Recommendations ."or Change. UP Center for Women Studies, Diliman, Quezon Cit,'. Guererro, S. 1999. The Many Faces of Violence (Abuser and Abusive Relationship in the Filipino Families). UP Center 'or Women Studies, Dillman, Quezon City. Lujan, N. 2000. Domestic Violence More Ukely in Bigrier Families: Case Study in Iloilo City. Philippine Daily Inquirer. , Lujan, N. 2000. Study Urges Hotline for Men in Dome~.ti'c Violence, Iloilo City Domestic. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Rivera, R. 1997. Action Against VAW (The Arugaan ng Kalakasan Experience). Action Research Publications. Diliman, Quezon City. Warrior, J. Undated. Preventing Family Violence: A Manual for Action. 9-37 DOMEsnc VIOLENCE IN THE PROVINCE OF AKLAN ABOUT THE AUTHORS Ms. Rovi Christine E. Villarosa-Gonzales is a Master in Rural Del.elopment (MRD) graduate student at Aklan State Unil.ersity. Banga, Aklan. She is President of the MRD Student Organization, 2003-2004. She works as Project Evaluation Officer (PEO) II of the DSWD Field Office VI. She graduated from the Unil.ersity of the Philippines in the Vi say as in 1999 with a degree of Bachelor of Science in Management. Dr. Celedonia R. Hilario is Associate Professor I and currently, the Officer-in-Charge of the School of Arts and Sciences (SAS) of Aklan State Unil.ersity, Banga, Aklan. She is a graduate of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in Educational Management from Aklan State College of Agriculture; Master of Arts in Education (M.A.Ed.) in Administration and Supervision from Akian College; and Bachelor of Arts (A.B.) in Political Science from University of the East. She is an accredited VOW trainer of the Civil Service Commission. Prior to her designation as OIC-SAS, she was School Secretary of the SAS and Coordinator of the General Education Program. Her article on "Moises lIicito: General del Castillo's Nemesis," was published by the Center for West Visayan Studies in the CWVS Monograph Series "Palayag." 9-38 LEISURE TIME ALLOCATION AMONG WOMEN: SOME EVIDENCE IN ILOILO CITY, PHILIPPINES INTRODUCTION There has been an ongoing discussion about women's welfare situation and this research intends to participate in that discourse. The objecti-.e of the study is to firstly confirm whether wori< and leisure are close substitutes at higher income le~ls among women and secondly, if leisure is still an essential acti'.ity among them. Similarly, it also lists various leisure acti'.ities women in Iloilo participate in and compares them with those performed by American women. THE FRAMEWORK lime allocation theory has been largely attribut'O:dto Gary Becker of Chicago School of Economics. Becker's paper (1965) primarily analyzes the comparati-.e static of efficiency solution, between work place production and household consumption and production, implying a negati-.e substitution effect on an increase in wage. Combining the philosophy that man, in order to achie'oe a "meaningful life", needs to perform three useful acti'.ities - labor, leisure and charity, the framewori< has been modified to replace time for charity with time spent for 'sleep and other acti'.ities'. This variable inciudes not only hours sleep but also other acti'.ities that are not classified as either wori< or leisure like taking a bath, eating, walking etc. Completing the framewori<, the twenty-four hour constraint per day, finally comprises three acti'.ities of equal time allocation- labor, leisure and sleep. 9-39 LEISURE TIME ALLOCATION AMONG WOMEN SOME EVIDENCE IN ILOILO CI1Y, PHILIPPINES METHODOLOGY Using a statistical fonnula for sample size determination, three" hundred eighty two (382) women respondents were inte,,~ewed in this study; 215 were worl :'.•. ,1 9-40 LEISURE TIME ALLOCA noN AMONG WOMEN: SOME EVIDENCE IN ILOILO CITY, PHILIPPINES FINDINGS Employment and Wages The total number of women respondents comp~s"s T/?. :,'q% working (301) and 21.204% (81) householders. Among the 78.79',/, in work, a little more than 50% (56.5827%) obtained employment in the pri\8le sector. About eighty six percent (86.1257%) are recei•••.n(j incomes of not higher than P10, 000.00 a month. Almost three fourths (74.8691%) hale families to support. Table 1 shows the details. As described in the monthly Income classification, it is shown that incomes of some 86% of women workers conlerge toward lower middle class income lelel and lower class income le\el, despite ttleir open participation in the labor market. The proliferating women inl()lvement in the labor force should signify increased producthily rates across sectors, implying robustness in economic actiwty, suggesting more complex job segmentation and specialization, The common argument on low wages is the olA3rsupplyof labor saturating the market \o1s-<\-\o1sthe demand for it and the almost perleet substitutability of men and women in IoGriousfemale domina\cd job openings. Jobs relaled 10 sales trading, sales networking, teaching, banking, office work and marketing that are pre\o1ouslyswarmed by women are now filled up with male competitors, while job demand in marine engineering and seafaring, construction and mining, is still closed to women participants. Aside from eaming not enough, a number of them hale families to support. Almost 75% hale children to attend. Although the study did not include family size and total family income resources as considerations, the raw information can slightly support the hypothesis that OIA3rtime,assuming a growing family to care of. gilen a sticky low income to depend upon and a constant family 941 LEISURE TIME ALLOCATION AMONG WOMEN SOME EVIDENCE IN ILOILO CITY, PHILIPPINES earnings to rely on, these women respondents will certainly ha\€ very limited time for leisure. The offshoot might be to work outside the country for a higher pay but such altemati\€ had pro\€n to cause family misery - a consequence, a number though ha\€ had opted to deal with anyway. Leisure/labor time allocation and the backward bending supply Data re\€aled that women in 1I0iio City work 13-15 hours a day during the weekdays and weekends and relax for only an hour to three hours a day for the same period. This includes household tasks, childcare, family responsibility and work related duties. Not by choice that these women spend the entire waking time solely for work, circumstances pressed them to. The allocation did not vary significantly despite adjustments in age and cil.il status. The difference only came out quite e'oidently when labcr and leisure time allocations were organized in terms 01 income ranges. High-income women ha..e increasingly had enough time for leisure (3 hours during the weekdays and 4 hours during the weekends) while the low~ncome women barely ha\€ any free time. Notwithstanding the ob'oious reduction in the number of hours worked by women in the upper income class, confirming the existence of the backward bending supply CUM of labor is still premature. Substitution effect remains positi\€ as expected and no trade off between work and leisure in the upper income class occurred. Hours spent for work had remained constant "s income risu and leisure demand had risen as well simultanecusly. What explains this exactly is the willingness of women to sa<;nfice hour- sleep in exchange for an additional hour of leisure. Thus, as leisure time increases, women instead, extracted the additional time from hour-sleep. This information leads to suppose two things: that poorer women in Iloilo City hardly ha..e.enough time for leisure and those women eaming higher incomes barely ha\€ enough time for sleep. 9-42 lEISURE TlME AllOCATlON AMONG WOMEN: SOME EVIDENCE IN ILOilO CITY, PHILIPPINES Differences i!} leisure acti;ilies, American women and women !.Q Iloilo City participated in What are the activities, women in Iloilo City consider 'leisure'? How do these characteristically differ from those being enjoyed by American women? Tables 2 and 3 show essential details. One important fact one can perceil.€ in the list abol.€ is the simplicity of the actilAties, women in Iloilo do. Regardless of any circumstances, leisure they take, are those that can be done within the IAcinity of the household and work and those without much cost. leisure is in the form of taking snacks, beauty resting, t:;!kin,J with friends, watching TV shows, window shopping, playing mahjong and dining out with friends- actilAties that are typically basic to existence and inexpensil.€ to the purse. In addition, doing these, d:> not really take them far from work and thus they just must take advantage in break time and recreation period. Another key information about what women do with their free time is the value they put to physical beauty. No matter what the income lel.€l, marital status, age and employment circumstances maybe, women across classifications, rel.€aled to value the most their physical beauty and friends. Dining out with friends and visiting parlors for hair and make up, beauty massage and spa are some actilAties that ranked high in the record. Howel.€r, the basic idea of leisure is to realize man's essence of life, women, of course, not excluded. h is to allow ones choice set to expand and widen. The ability to choose various actilAties 01 leisure to enhance initial endowments on intelligence, being, existence, freedom, serlAce and lol.€ for others signify the presence of self-empowerment and personal de-.elopment; absence of which suggests unspoken pain of torment and anguish. 943 LEISURE TIME ALLOCATION AMONG WOMEN SOME EVIDENCE IN ILOILO CI1Y, PHILIPPINES In American societies, leisure acti'.1ties of women include going to. theaters, watching musical shows and concerts, exercising in the gym, attending in art galleries, dining in expensi\€ restaurants and many other else (refer to table 3). It is ob'.1oUSto detect that these acti'.1ties pro'.1dechances to self-impro\€ment and character de\€lopment ot the indi'.1dual. It also seems to appear that thef,fl donot simply ser.e as gap flilers in between work that merely operate as a way out altematl\€. These are carefully planned a:ti'.1ties and the beneflt is gained for a price. , LEISURE TIME ALLOCATION AMONG WOMEN SOME EVIDENCE IN ILOILO CITY, PHILIPPINES LIST OF TABLES Table Page 9C.1 Summary Statistics on Sample Women Respondents, Iloilo City, Philippines: July 2002-February 2003 9-<6 9C.2 Leisure Activities Re>ealed by Women Respondents: Iloilo City, Philippines, July 2002-February 2003. 9.;.6 9C.3 Leisure Activities American Women Ha>e Various Sources, 1997-1998 9-47 9-45 LEISURE TIME ALLOCATION AMONG WOMEN SOME EVIDENCE IN ILOILO CITY, PHILIPPINES Table 9C.1 Summary Statistics on Sample Women Respondents, Iloilo City, Philippines: July 2OO2-February 2003 :=-_ Indicators No. of Respondents Ernployment PriV Ci,;1 Status Single 86 Married 286 Widow 10 Monthly Income Classincation Lower class (P4,000 and below) 107 Lower middle class (P4,001 -P10,000) 222 Middle class (P10,001 - P16,000) 38 Upper middle ( P16,001- 22,000) 12 Uppe (P22,OOOand o..er) 3 Table 9C.2 Leisure Activities Revealed by Women Respondents: Iloilo City, Philippines: July 2002-February 2003 -- Weekdays Weekends 1 taking snacks 1 going out with friends 2 beautifying 2. dating or dining out 3 talking with friends 3. window shopping 4 beauty resting 4. ,;S iting beauty parlors 5 reading magazines 5. recreational games (mahjong) 6 watching TV 9-46, LEISURE TIME ALLOCATION AMONG WOMEN SOME EVIDENCE IN ILOILO CITY, PHILIPPINES Table 9C.3 Leisure Activities American Women Have Various Sources: 1997-1998 1 movie going 2 attending sporting e\ents 3 going to amusement parks 4 inl,Ol'ling in exercise programs 5 doing home impro\ement and repair 6 ha'ling computer hobbies 7 attending jazz performances 8 attending classical and musical performances 9 'lisiting art museums and historical parks 10 reading literature 11 attending ballet performances 12 attending classical plays 13 joining modem dancing 14 enrolling in drawing and painting 15 doing pottery work 16 taking photography courses 17 enrolling in creati\e writing 18 buy ing art work 19 singing in groups and organizing community choral groups 20 attending opera performances and musical plays 9-47 LEISURE TIME ALLOCATION AMONG WOMEN: SOME EVIDENCE IN ILOILO CI1Y, PHILIPPINES CONCLUSION Comparing Table 2 and 3, the implication is a littl£' upsetting but not hopeless yet. On one hand, it can be said that' Nomen in Iloilo, not only do they ha..e '.erY little time for leisure and in some instances sleep, but also that their chosen leisure acti\;ities allO\lll very little opportunity to self-empowerment and impro~ment', On the other, one can also say that 'women in Iloilo al 3 creative enough to experience simple joys in eating and being w'th friends, pampering oneself in spa and beauty salons, watching N and in playing mahjong', Maybe these are all one can optimally do giver a limited budget and yet feeiing satisfied, Maybe these cole what they also choose to do, Maybe the ability to experience simplE'jo:,s despite poverty is a quality exquisite to Iloilo womer" -:-r.e stl~tiy did not delve into further details, but one thing is definite, despite wanting in leisure, women, are not yet at the frontier of complaining against their condition, The simple, inexpensive manifestations of leisure maybe are the enduring and more fulfilling expressions one can afford to share at the moment. 9-48 lEISURE TIME ALLOCATION AMONG WOMEN SOME EVIDENCE IN ILOilO CITY, PHILIPPINES About the Author Gm,:e Edmar Elizar del Prado ~nished her AS Economics from the Ateneo de Davao Uni-.ersity in 1983. Her MA in Economics was eamed from the Ateneo de Manila in 1999 with a comprehenfoi-.e exam rating of "excellent". She earned her research methods for sociological studies from the Department of Sociology, Ateneo de. Manila Uni-.ersity in 2000 and enrolled in Masters 01 Statistics as. her second degree to complement her economics course las': 2004 from UP School of Statistics. Ms. del Prado did the study "Human De-.elopment Index 01 the Prollin'~e of Iloilo". She has written empirical studies about NGO operations, indigenous people in Iloilo, leisure allocation 01 women, and other institutional researches. 949 WomenlMen IN WESTERN VISAYAS ANNEXES HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN THE ADVANCEMENT OF FILIPINO WOMEN IN THE PHILIPPINES The following is a chronological account of significant mechanisms, laws and policies instituted in recognition of the role of women in nation-building: 1979 - The Philippines is a signatory to the 1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination A9ainst Women. 1982 - The Philippine De'-'9lopment Plan for Women (PDPW), 1982-1992, addresses the need to institute appropriate policies, strategies, programsl projects and mechanisms to ensure that women are effecti'-'9ly mobilized in the development process. The PDPW seMlS as the govemment blueprint for integrating women in the deveiopment process. 1985 - The country was committed to the implementation of the 1985 Nairobi Forward-Looking Strategies for the Advancement of Women. 1987- The 1987 Constitution, Art. II, Sec. 14 explicitly stipulates the fundamental equality between women and men to wit: "The state recognizes the role of oomen in nation-building and shall ensure the fundamental equality before the law of oomen and men. " The 1987 Constitution recognizes women's maternal and economic role (Art. XIII, Sec. 14), and Women's special health needs (Art. XIII, Sec. 11), and allows Fi!i~ino women to be married to aliens to retain their citizenship if they chose to do so (Art. IV). 10-1 Likewise, Executi\\3 Order 207 entitled "New Family Code of the Philippines" was issued to protect the equality 01 women and the family such as the pro,;sion that husband and wife should ha\\3 joint management of conjugal properties. I .Moreo\\3r, the 1987-1992 Medium Term Philirrine Development Plan (MTPDP) had stipulations that gender and de\\3iopment shall be effectively integrated across sectors at the national and sub-national planning processes. 1989 - Executi\\3 Order No. 348 was issued on February 17, 1989 directing all gO\\3rnment agencies to implement the program and projects outlined in the PDPW. Republic Act No. 6725 was enacted on May 12, 1989 prohibiting discrimination against women in employment, promotion and training opportunities. 1992 - Republic Act No. 7192, better known as the "Women in Development and Nation-Building Act" was enacted on February 12, 1992, a legislati\\3 milestone in the pursuit 01 equality among women and men in de\\3lopment and nation building. Section 4 of the act directs the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) to ensure, with the assistanc.e of NCRFW, that all agencies which affect the participation of women in national de\\3lopment, collec1 sex- 'jisaggregated data and include such data in their program/project papers, proposals or strategies. 10-2 1993 - Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women. 1995 - The country committed to the implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action adopted durin\1 the Fourth World Conference on Women held in Beijing, Ch",a. Executive Order No; 273, signed on September 8, 1995 approved and adopted the Philippine Plan ,'0r Gender Responsive Development (PPGD) 1995-2025. The PPGO is a 3D-year perspective framework for pursuing full "av"ii:y and development for women and men in accordance with RA 7192 and the 1987 Constitution as well as the main vehicle for implementing in the Philippines the Beijing Platform for Action. Likewise, as a follow-through to RA No. 7192, starting in 1995, Section 27 of the General Appropriation Act (GAA) of the Republic of the Philippines had provided that "All departments; bureaus, offices and agencies shall set aside an amount to be used for gender-responsive projects." 1996 - As a foliow-throuQh to Section 27 of the GAA, an amount of 5% of the agency's total appropriation was set for gender- responsive projects. Executive Order No. 348 which adopted the PDPW in ~989 also mandated the creation of Gender and Development (GAD) focal points within an agency, a sector or a locality. The focal points are tasked to catalyze, coordinate, p!O\ide direction to, and serve as technical ad'o1seron gender and development efforts. 10-3 1997 - Republic Act No. 8353, or the Anti-Rape Law, was enacted on September 30, 1997 expanding the definition of the crime of rape and reclassifies it as a crime agains person instead of a crime against chastity. To ensure smooth implementation of gender-responsive projects and programs in the country, three govemment agencies are mandated to deal specifically with the women's issues. These are the following: a) National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women (NCRFW). It is the recognized national machinery on women and is an ad,;sory body to the President and the cabinet in formulating policies and programs on women and development; b) Bureau of Women and Young workers (BWYW) ofthe Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE). This agency formulates policies and promulgates orders, rules and regulations implementing the pro,;sions of the Labor Code affecting women and minors; and c) Bureau of Women's Welfare (BWW) of the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD). It promotes women's welfare with specific attention to the ;.fi'I"'ntion or eradication of exploitation of women in any form such as, but not limited to prostitution and illegal recruitment, as well as the promotion of skills for employment. 10-4 TECHNICAL NOTES Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries - refer to indi Agrarian Reform Communities - is composed of cluster of land refonned barangays in a municipality where there is a critical mass of farmers and farm workers awaiting the full implementation of agrarian reform. Birth, Live - refers to the complete expulsion or extraction of a product of conception from its mother, irrespective of the duration of pregnancy, which after such separation, breathes or shows any other e Crime - an act in Class of Worker - the relationship of the worker to the establishment were he works. Equivalent to "industrial status" in other countries. They are categorized as follows: (1) Wage and Salary Workers - class of worker who (a) worked for ~rivate household - a person working in private househoid for pay, in cash or in kind (domestic helper, househoid cook, gardener, family driver, etc.); (b) worked for private establishment - a person working in a private establishment for pay, in cash or in kind. This class includes not only persons working for a private industry but also those working for a religious group (priest, acolyte), missionary (nuns sisters, etc.), unions and non-profit organizations. 10-5 This category includes the following types of workers: (b.1) persons working in public works projects on private. contracts; (b.2) public transport dril.ers who do not own the vehicle but driw them on boundary basis; (b.3) dock hands or stevedores; (b.4) _cargo handlers in railroad stations or piers; and (b.5) palay harvester getting fixed share of harvested palay; and (c) worked for govemment/ gowrnment corporation - a person working for the gowrnment or a gowrnment corporation or any or its instrumentalities. This category of workers includes the following workers: (c.1) Filipinos working in embassies, legation, chancelleries or consulates of foreign governme"t ire the Philippines; (c.2) Filipinos working in intemational organizaticns 01 Sovereign States of Govemments like the United Nations World Health Organization and others; and (c.3) Chaplains in the Armed Forces of the Philippines; (2) Own-Account Woriker - class of worker who is either: (a) self-employed with out any employee - a person woriking for profit or fee in own business, farm, profession or trade without any paid employees as defined in category (b) below. This include workers who work purely on commission basis and who may not haw regular working hours; (b) employer in own farm or business - a person working in his own business, farm, profession or trade who had one or more regular paid employees, including paid family members; (c) worked with pay on own family-operated farm or business - a person working in his own family-operated farm or business and receiws cash or a fixed share of the produce as payment for his services; (3) Unpaid family worker - those who worked without pay on own family operated farm or business operated by another member li•••ng in the same household. The room and board and any, cash allowance given as incentiws are not counted as compensation for these family worikers. 10-6 Employed - persons in the labor force who were reported either at wor!< or with a job business although not at wor!<: (a) At wor!< - those who did some wor!<, e~n for one hour during the reference period; (b) with a job or business but not at wor!< - those who ha~ a job or business e~n though not at wor!< during the reference period because of temporary illness/injury, vacation or other leave of absence, bad weather condition or strike/labor dispute or other reasons. Likewise persons who are expected to report for worY or to start operation of a farm or business enterprise within two weeks from the date of the enumerato~s \ Employment Rate - the proportion of total number of employed persons to the total number of persons in the labor force. Fertility Rate, Total - refers to the average number of births a woman would ha~ by the end of her producti~ years il fertility levels of each age during her child-bearing period (15 49 years) remain constant at the levels prevailing at a given time. Highest Educational Attainment or Highest Grade Completed - refers to the highest grade or year completed in school, college or uni~rsity, by person 5 years of age and o~r. Household - a social unit consisting of a person li\ Household Population - the aggregate of private household ;:>opulation. Compared to total population, this eXGiudes population enumerated in institutional households sur:', as national/pro\ 10-7 Industry - the nature or character of the business or enterprise or the place wherein a person works. Labor Force, (Persons in the) - the population 15 years old and over. who contribute to the production of goods and sen,;ces in the country. It includes those who are either employed or unemployed. Those who are neither employed or unemployed are considered not in the labor force, e.g. persons who are not working and are not available for work during the reference week and persons who are not available and are not looking foL work because of reasons other than those previously mentioned. Ex amples are housewives, students, disab',:d or retired persons and seasonal workers. Labor Force Participation Rate - proportion of the total number of persons in the labor force to the total population 15 years old and over. Life Expectancy - an estimate of the average number of additional years a person can expect to live, based on the age-specific death rates for a given year. Literacy - the ability to read and write a simple message. Literacy Rate - the percentage of population which can read and write a simple message in any language or dialect. Literacy, Functional - a significantly higher level of literacy which includes not only reading and writing. skills but also numeracy skills. The skills must be sufficiently advanced to enable the individual to participate fully and efficiently in activities commonly occurring in his life situation that require a reasonable capability of communication by writing language. 10-8 Literacy. Simple - ability of a person to read and write with understanding a simple message in any language or dialect. The simple literacy status of an individual can be determined based on the respondent's answer to the question "Can __ read and write with a simple message in any language or dialect?". Marital Status - refers to the cilil status of all persons 10 years and over. A person in this age group is classified as: (a) Single - a person who has never been marriL' Occupation - the specific kind of work a person does. If a person has a job but not at wor1<,it is the kind of wor1 Population - covers both nationals and aliens, native and foreign- born persons, intemees, refugees and any other group physically present within the borders of a country at a speciiied time. In assembling national demographic statistics for publication, the basic aim has been to uhtain data for the physically present (or de facto) population rather than for the legally established resident (or de jure) inn'lbitaOlis 10-9 Population Projection - arithmetical procedure designed to yield the future size and structure of an initial population by applying assumptions about future changes in growth rates and/or their components. By extension, reverse projections into the past can sometimes be made. Population Pyramid - diagram depicting the age-sex structure of a given population. Physical Violence - the infliction of physical injuries as defined by Arts. 262 to 266 of the Rev;sed Penal Code. May be a single, manual act or a series of different acts, or a combination of assaults with the use of weapons. Women hale been hit with a fist, slapped, poked in the eyes, strangled, kicked in other parts of the bocy including the beily especially during pregnancy, sholed to the floor, pushed down the stairs, banged by the head against the wall, hard objects at, poured boiling water over; stabbed with a knife or bumed flesh with cigarettes, hit with a butt of a gun, shot at. School-Age Population - the population between the eges of seven and twenty-four, inclusive, irrespective of the existing requirements of compulsory education or the period of education prov;ded for in various types of I ..•. Sexual Abuse - demanding sex regardless of her condition; forcing her to perform unacceptable sex acts; forcing her to dance nude before him; forcing him to watch pomographic v;deo shows or to see pomographic materiais catching him hav;ng sex with another women in their own bedroom; forcing wife and mistress to sleep with him in the same Sex Ratio. the ratio between males and females in a population expressed in number of males per 100 females. Underemployed - employed persons who expressed the desire to hale additional hours of worK in their present job or in an additional job, or to have a new job with lonser worKing 10-10 Unemployed - persons in the laborforce who did not wor! Unemployment Rate, (Open) - proportionof the tota, numberof unemployed persons to the total number of pelS,'os in the laborforce. Unemployment Rate, (Total) - proportionof the total numberof unemployed persons and the number of pelSons who are ~sibly underemployed in full time employment standard to the total numberof pelSonsin the labor force. Violence Against Women - any act of gender-based~olence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological hann or sufferingto women, includingthreats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life. Vio'lence against women shall be undelStood to encompass, but not limited to, the following: (a) physical, sexual and psychological ~olence occurring in the family, including battering,sexual abuse of female children in the household, dowry-related ~olence, marital rape, female genital mutilation and other traditional practices hannflJl to women, non-spousal ~olence and ~olence related to exploitation; (b) physical, sexual and psychological~olence occurring within the general community, including rape, sexual abuse, sexual harassment and intimidation of work, in educational institutions and elsewhere, trafficking in women and forced prostitution; (c) physical. sf'xual and psychological ~olence perpetrated or condG:le~ by the State, whereverit occurs. 10-11 GUIDE TO ACRONYMS ARC Agrarian Reform Communities ALS Altemative Leaming System BP-OSA Balik Paaralan Para sa Out of School Adults BWYW Bureau of Women and Young Workers BWW Bureau of Women's Welfare CARP Comprehensi\e Agrarian Reform Program CHED Commission on Higher Education CPDO City Planning and De\elopment Office CPU Central Philippine Uni\ersity CSC Ci,;1 Ser;;ce Commission DAR Department of Agrarian Reform DepEd Department of Education DOLE Department of Labor and Employment DOH-CHD Department of Health-Center for Health & Development DSWD Department of Social Welfare and De\elopment FHI Family Health International FP Family Planning GAA General Appropriation Act GAD Gender and Development GPEP Rapid Rural Appraisal Surwy HEI Higher Education Institutions KASAKALIKASAN Kasaganaan sa Sakahan at Kalikasan LGU Local GO\emment Unit LWD Local Water District MTPDP Medium Term Development Plan NCRFW National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women NEDA National Economic and Development Authority NGO Non-Go\ernment Orgaization NSCB National Statistical Coordination Board NSO National Statistics Office PDPW Philippine De\elopment Plan for Women PNP Philippine National Police PSWDO Pro,;ncial Social Welfare & Development Office PPGD Philippine Plan for Gender-Responsive Development RA Republic Act iESDA Technical Education & Skills Development Authority TST-MCP Tulong Sa Tao-Micro-Credit Program TWG Technical Working Group 10-12 SOURCES 1. National Statistics Office (NSO). 2000 Census of Population; 1999 Philippine Yearbook; 2001 & 2002 Labor Force Survey; 1994 Functional uteracy Education and Mass Media Survey; Regional Population Projections based from the 1995 Census of Population; 2. National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB). 1995 Census- Based National, Regional and Provincial Population Projection Technical Working Group on Population Projections; 2002 Women and Men in the Philippines 3. Department of Agrarian Reform, Regional Office VI (DAR). 2002 Annual Repcrt 4. Department of Health, Region VI (DOH). 2002 Annual Repcrt 5. Bureau of Agricultural Statistics, (BAS). 1999-2001 Trends in Agricultural Wages 6. Philippine National Police, Regional Command VI (PNP). 1995-2002 Crime Statistics Repcrt; 2002 Abuse Cases of Women and Children, monitored by the Regional Women and Children's Concern Section 7. Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD). 2002 Annual Repcrt 8. Land Transportation Office, (LTO). 2002 Annual Repcrt 9. Civil Service Commission, (CSC). Inventory of Government Personnel 10. National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women, (NCRF). 1999-2005 Philippine Plan for Gender Respcnsive Development 10-13 NSCB PUBLICATIONS Regular Publications Economic and Social Statistics and Indicators (National) Philippine Statistical Yearbook National Accounts of the Philippines (Quarterly) Economic and Social Indicators • Statwatch (Monthly) Economic Indicators o Economic Indicators (Monthly) o Quarterly Economic Indices o Foreign Direct In-.estments (Quarterly) o Food Balance Sheet of the Philippines (An~ual) o In-.entory of Airports o In-.entory of Ports Social Indicators o Women and Men in the Philippines o Statistical Report on Children and Women ., o Report on the Philippine Human De-.elopment Index o Philippine Po-.erty Statistics National Accounts of the Philippines (NAP) • Quarterly, Semestral and Annual NAP • Gross Regional Domestic Product (Annual) • Gross Regional Domestic Expenditure (Annual) • Input-output Accounts Sub-national Statistics The Philippine Countryside in Figures The Countryside in Figures: Westem Visayas • The Countryside in Figures: Guimaras The Countryside in Figures: Negros Occidental The Countryside in Figures: Antique The Countryside in Figures: Capiz The Countryside in Figures: Aklan 10-14 • Regional Social and Economic Trends (RSET) (CAR, I, IV, V, VI, VIII, IX, XII) • Southern Mindanao Statistical Yearbook Women and Men (Philippines, I, V, VI, VIII, IX, XI, XII) Facts and Figures o Bicol " o Western Mindanao o Eastern Visayas in Figures Serial Publications • F'.lCtsheets • NSCB Statistical Series o Metro Manila: Gateway to the Philippines o The Internal Rel.enue Allotment (IRA) as a Sourse of Funds for Local GOl.ernance • NSCB Technical Papers o Enl.1ronmentalAccounting in the Philippines o POl.erty Assessment in the Philippines o Rebasing, Linking and Constant Price Estimation of the National Accounts of the Philippines o Recent Initiatil.es of the NSCB in Improl.1ngOfficial Statistics in the Philippines o Measuring the Contribution of the Informal Sector in the Philippines Standard Clai,sifications • Philippine Standard Industrial Classification (PSIC) o PSIC Amendment 1997 .• Philippine Standard Commodity Classification (PSCC), Rev, 2 1993 o PSCC Amendment 1999 • Philippine Standard Commodity Classification (PSCC) 2004 • Philippine Standard Classification for Education (PSCEd) • Philippine Standard Occupational Classification (PSOC) o PSOC Update 2003 Philippine Central Product Classification (PCPC) 10-15 Proceedings of Comenlions National Com.ention on Statistics Asian Regionai Section, Intemational Conference on Statistical Computing, 1998 Other NSCB Products and Services Products 1. Statistical policies and measures to resol-.e specific issues and pro'.4depolicy directions in the Philippine Statistical System. 2. The Philippine Statistical De'.elopment Program (PSDP) to sen.e as blueprint of priority programs and acti'.4ties to be undertaken to impro'.e the Philippine Statisticai System in the Medium Term. 3\ National Accounts and related economic accounts to assess the economic performance of the country thru the following: National Accounts Regional Accounts Input-output (1-0) Accounts National Health Accounts . 4. Other social and economic indicators Po-.erty statistics En~ronment statistics Food balance sheet Indicators on children and women Gender and de-.eiopment statistics Quarterly economic indices • Foreign in-.estments Leading economic indicators Economic and social impact analysis indicators Human de'.elopment index 10-16 5. Standards and classification systems to prescribe uniform standards in govemment statistics Philippine Standard Occupational Classification (PSOC) Philippine Standard Commodity Classification (PSCC) Philippine Standard Industrial Classification (PSIC) Philippine Standard Geographic Code (PSGC) Philippine Standard Classification of Education (PSCED) Philippine Classification of Commodities by Broad Economic Categories (PCCBEC) Philippine Central Product Classification (PCPC) 6. Statistical publications to disserninate the most relevant information produced by the PSS and to make statistics more accessible to the public Services 1. Maintenance of a one:stop statistical information center 2. Monitoring of designated statistics 3. Coordination of subnational statistical system 4. Coordination of inter-agency concems on statistics 5. Survey re'o1ewand clearance 6. On-line statistical se~ce through the intemet (WWN . nscb. gov.ph) 7. Se~cing data requests 8. Technical se~ces 9. Ad\ocacy for statistical awareness National Statistics Month National Convention on Statistics National Statistical Information Canter Phase 1\ Govemment Statistics Accessibility Program Hosting of international conferences in statistics Philippine Standard Geographic Code (PSGC) Philippine Standard Classification of Education (PSCED) Philippine Classification of Commodities by Broad Economic Categories (PCCBEC) Philippine Central Product Classification (PCPC) 10-17 NATIONAL STATISTICAL COORDINATION BOARD The National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB) was created by virtue of Executive Order 121 to serve as the highest policy-making and coordinating body on statistical matters in the country. tt is further stated in the said EO that the Board's decisions shall be final and executory. Specifically, the powers and functions of the NSCB defined in Section 5 of EO 121, which are the following: o Promote and maintain an efficient statistical system in the government; ] o Formulate policies on all matters relating to govemment I statistical operations; I o Approve the Philippine Statistical Development Program (PSDP); '. ~. o Prescribe uniform standards and classification systems in government statistics; o Recommend executive and legislative measures to enhance the development and efficiency of the system, including the intemal structure of statistical agencies; o Review budgetary proposals in;Qiving statistical operations and submit an integrated budget for the PSS to the Department of Budget and Management (DBM); o Review and clear, prior to release, all funds for statistical operations; o Establish appropriate mechanism for statistical coordination at regional, provincial, and city levels; o Allocate statistical responsibilities among govemmer;t agencies by designating the statistics to be collected ";)yth"rT" ;I!cluding their periodicity and content; and, o Develop, prescribe, and maintain appropriate frameworks for the improvement of statistical coordination. 10-18 THE NSCB STAFF As of Mlrch 2008 ROMULO A VlROLA Secretary General ESTRELLA V. DOMINGO Assistant Secretary General SUBNAllONAL STAllSllCS OFFICE REDENCION M. IGNACIO OJC-Drector BONIFACIO R. MANUSON EVELYN A TOLENTINO Statistical Coordination Officer III . Support Staff, Administration' REGIONAL DIVISION VI (Western Visayas) '. . PRESENTACION A PENPILLO Regional l-lead NELIDAB. LOSARE ARNIL R. VlLLARIN Statistical Coordination Officer III Information Systems Analyst II MARIACRISTINAD ARMADA FELIX O. PROPETIADO Statistical Coordination Officer II Artist Ulustrator IVSupport Staff, Administration 10-19 ,I