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Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies Nebraska Academy of Sciences

11-2011

The Vascular Flora of Brown County, Nebraska

Megan K. Killion University of Nebraska at Kearney

Steven J. Rothenberger University of Nebraska at Kearney, [email protected]

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Killion, Megan K. and Rothenberger, Steven J., "The Vascular Flora of Brown County, Nebraska" (2011). Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies. 8. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tnas/8

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The Vascular Flora of Brown County, Nebraska Megan K. Killion and Steven J. Rothenberger Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, Nebraska 68849-1140 Correspondence: Steven Rothenberger, [email protected] Brown County, located in north-central Nebraska contains several native vegetation types including sand hills mixed-grass prairie, gravelly mixed-grass prairie, ponderosa pine forests/savannas, sand hills-borders/mixed-grass prairie, upland deciduous forest, and wet lands. The Nebraska Sand Hills, which make up approximately 80% of Brown County, cover about 20,000 square miles of the state. This study reports a total of 726 species, subspecies, and varieties for Brown County, representing 105 families and 358 genera. Fourteen new county records were collected. A list of the vascular flora for Brown County is given and an index of similarity is used to compare Brown County to Banner, Dixon, Keith, and Seward Counties. The Niobrara River, which begins in and flows 800 km east through Nebraska before it joins with the Missouri River, forms the northern border of Brown County. The river valley contains a rich flora, including many species that are unique within Nebraska. A possible explanation for the relatively high plant diversity of the area is that postglacial forests in the valley serve as a transition zone that supports species with both western and eastern affinities.

Introduction not been botanically explored in detail. Some The earliest records of plant collections in Nebraska counties have been well documented; especially date back to 1803, when Lewis and Clark explored those with nearby universities or colleges, but others the state. Since then, numerous floristic studies have have not been as well collected. Although there are been done for Nebraska, but most were completed many publications on the vascular of during the 20th century. The first attempt to compile Nebraska, such as The Flora of Nebraska, fieldwork a comprehensive plant list for Nebraska was made by continues to reveal new species for Nebraska Samuel Aughey with the Catalogue of the Flora of counties. The purpose of this study was to survey the Nebraska in 1876 (Kaul and Rolfsmeier 1994). The vascular plant species of Brown County, Nebraska, most recently published botanical treatment of and to generate a comprehensive species list for the Nebraska is The Flora of Nebraska by Kaul, Sutherland, county that compiles species collected by the authors and Rolfsmeier, 2006. and those that have previously been reported in the Brown County, Nebraska, is located in north- literature. Rare or unusual species are noted, as well central Nebraska. Its land area is 316,238 Ha (1,221 as any previously unrecorded species. square miles). Several native vegetation habitats exist The Nebraska Sand Hills, which comprise most of in the county (Kaul and Rolfsmeier 1993). Sand Hills Brown County, cover about 20,000 square miles of mixed-grass prairie makes up most of the vegetation. the state, making them one of the largest grass- The Sand Hills’ soil is made of fine, loosely covered dune regions in the world (Bleed and consolidated sands forming large dunes. Forbs, Flowerday 1989, Converse et al. 2002, Kaul et al. bunchgrasses, and rhizomatous grasses are common, 2006). These dunes have been stable for 1500-3000 and vegetation is sparse compared to tall-grass and years (Weller et al. 2000). Since the area is unsuitable mixed-grass prairies (Kaul 1989). An area of gravelly for farming, much of it is unplowed and used for mixed-grass prairie is found in the north-central part cattle grazing. About 600 species of native plants of the county. The soil is infertile, well drained, and a grow in the Sand Hills, which is a large number of mixture of sand and gravel. Vegetation is very plants for a sand dune region (Kantak 1995, Kaul et sparse. Ponderosa pine forests and savannas al. 2006). Warm-season grasses, such as switchgrass surround the Niobrara River Valley and Long Pine (Panicum virgatum), Indian grass (Sorghastrum nutans), Canyon. Finally, there are a few pockets of Sand and sand bluestem (Andropogon gerardii subsp. hallii) Hills-borders mixed-grass prairie located in the comprise between 60% and 90% of the primary central and south central parts of the county, productivity of the upland region. Cool-season containing a mixture of sandhills and sandsage grasses, such as orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata) and species (Kaul et al. 2006). Several lakes, marshes, and smooth brome (Bromus inermis) and sedges such as meadows, which are an important natural resource of short-beak sedge (Carex brevior) comprise between the Sand Hills, are located throughout the county 10% and 40% (Volesky et al. 2005). Wet meadows, (Ducey 1991). The Niobrara River forms the north located in the broad, flat areas between sand dunes, border of the county, while the Calamus River flows make up 10% of the Sand Hills’ area. Plants that from Moon Lake, in western Brown County, to dominate wet meadows include native sedges and eventually empty into the Calamus Reservoir in Loup rushes along with introduced cool-season grasses and County (Bridge and Gabel 1992). legumes (Volesky et al. 2004). The eastern edge of the Because of Nebraska's size (200,357 km2 [77358 Sand Hills is subhumid, with a yearly average of 59 mi2]) and geography, many Nebraska counties have cm of precipitation, while the western edge is

2011 Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences 32, 83-97 83 M. Killion, S. Rothenberger semiarid with a yearly average of 43 cm of yearly Table 1. A Key to Collection Sites in Brown County, precipitation. Most precipitation occurs between Nebraska April and September (Sridhar et al. 2006). Site # Location The Niobrara River, which begins in Wyoming and flows 800 km east through Nebraska before it 1 Long Pine State Park – Long Pine Creek bank and surrounding wooded area. Elevation: 2609 ft., N: joins with the Missouri River, forms the north border 42.54425°, W: 99.70957°. of Brown County (Gutzmer et al. 1996). The river 2 Long Pine State Park – Long Pine Creek riverbank and valley is rich with plant species, many of which are surrounding wooded area. Elevation: 2244 ft., N: unique for Nebraska (Tolstead 1942). The Pine Ridge, 42.54552°, W: 99.70981°. located in northwest Nebraska, and the Niobrara 3 Long Pine State Park – Wooded area and clearing. River Valley are the only locations across the modern Elevation: 2337 ft., N: 42.54519°, W: 99.71105°. grasslands where boreal, eastern deciduous, and non- 4 Jansen Hay Meadow. Elevation: 2583 ft., N: 42.52620°, W: 99.93127°. riparian features of the Rocky Mountains come 5 Niobrara Valley Preserve – Niobrara River bank. together. A possible reason for the plant distribution Elevation: 2117 ft., N:42.78733°, W: 100.03807°. of the area is that it results from postglacial forests in 6 Niobrara Valley Preserve – Wooded area. Elevation: the valley. Some species, such as dodder (Cuscuta 2184 ft., N: 42.78289°, W: 100.02519°. gronovii), field grapefern (Botrychium campestre), and 7 Roadside ditch. Elevation: 2276 ft., N: 42.77975°, W: wild columbine (Aquilegia canadensis) may have 100.03856°. migrated from the east after deglaciation. Others, 8 Roadside ditch. Elevation: 2380 ft., N: 42.77258°, W: 100.05461°. such as pale evening primrose (Oenothera latifolia), 9 Gilg Pasture. Elevation: 2377 ft., N: 42.60604°, W: sprangle-top (Scolochloa festucacea), and nothern 99.68130°. gooseberry (Ribes oxyacanthoides subsp. setosum) may 10 Gilg Pasture. Elevation: 2369 ft., N: 42.60731°, W: have migrated from the west as the climate became 99.68273°. more arid (Kaul et al. 1988). The Niobrara River 11 Assarsson Pasture. Elevation: 2635 ft., N: 42.42215°, W: Valley introduces species to Brown County that are 99.89744°. uncommon to most Sand Hills counties. Examples of 12 Hay Meadow. Elevation: 2569 ft., N: 42.54980°, W: 99.92993°. some of these species include harebell (Campanula 13 Hay Meadow. Elevation: 2568 ft., N: 42.55104°, W: rotundifolia), large-flowered tick-clover (Desmodium 99.92827°. glutinosum), Kentucky bluegrass, alkali bluegrass (Poa 14 Hay Meadow. Elevation: 2628 ft., N: 42.55151°, W: juncifolia), wild columbine, woods bedstraw (Galium 99.92651°. circaezans var. hypomalacum), prickly ash 15 Keller State Park – Wooded area and clearing. Elevation: (Zanthoxylum americanum), prairie alumroot (Heuchera 2155 ft., N: 42.66659°, W: 99.77802°. richardsonii), and sedges, such as bristle-leaf sedge 16 Roadside ditch. Elevation: 2572 ft., N: 42.54975°, W: (Carex eburnea) and Rocky Mountain sedge (Carex 99.93751°. 17 Roadside ditch. Elevation: 2422 ft., N: 42.56453°, W: saximontana), (Kaul et al. 2006). Paper birch (Betula 99.75574°. papyrifera) is a very unusual Sand Hills county 18 Roadside ditch. Elevation: 2314 ft., N: 42.66496°, W: species. The bark of the mature trunk and branches 99.75850°. is white, lending to its common name. It is a 19 Keller State Park – Bone Creek bank and surrounding northern species and the next nearest populations are wooded area. Elevation: 2072 ft., N: 42.66964°, W: in the Black Hills and Pine Ridge (Johnsgard, 2001). 99.76855°. Brown County is one of only four Nebraska counties 20 Niobrara Valley Preserve – Wooded area. Elevation: 2190 ft., N: 42.78286°, W: 100.02542°. in which the species has been recorded. 21 Niobrara Valley Preserve – Niobrara River bank. 2 The Niobrara Valley Preserve covers 219 km in Elevation: 2133 ft., N: 42.78383°, W: 100.02426°. Cherry, Keya Paha, and Brown County, along a 50- km stretch of the Niobrara River (Kantak and subsurface geology, which allow for plant richness; Churchill 1993). Several plant communities are and 2) Pleistocene and post-Pleistocene climates that found within the preserve such as Rocky Mountain have made it possible for co-occurrence of several pine forest, eastern deciduous forest, paper-birch plant communities (Churchill et al. 1988, Reece et al. forest, tall-grass prairie, mixed-grass prairie, and 2004). Sand Hills prairie. Five hundred eighty-one species of vascular plants are found there, which is almost one- Methods third of the total number of plants found in Twenty-one sites in Brown County were used for Nebraska. Two reasons for the unique plant plant collection (Table 1). These sites included 3 communities in the preserve are: 1) hydrologic and locations in Long Pine State Recreation Area, 4 pedologic conditions created by the surface and locations at the Nature Conservancy's Niobrara

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Valley Preserve in the Niobrara River Valley, 2 and contain different native vegetation types than locations in Keller State Recreation Area, 4 locations Brown County (Kaul et al. 2006). in hay meadows, 3 locations in sandhills mixed-grass prairies, and 5 locations in roadside ditches. A Results and Discussion Global Positioning System (© Garmin) was used to The number of plant species, subspecies, and identify the location of each site. Plants were varieties for Brown County totals 726 (Appendix). collected throughout the 2008 growing season with There are 105 families, with Poaceae as the largest collecting trips during the spring and summer (late (Table 2), and 358 genera. The Flora of Nebraska (2006) May, early July, and the middle of September). compiled all known species for Brown County from Plants were collected to observe the overall diversity numerous botanical sources. Despite the increased of the county, as well as to identify any rare or botanical attention concentrated within the Niobrara previously unrecorded species for the county. After River Valley, this study added 14 new county records plants were collected, photos were taken of each to the list of plants known to Brown County. Most plant, and they were pressed and dried in a plant are common throughout Nebraska, but were press. Nomenclature follows The Flora of Nebraska overlooked in Brown County. One new species, blue (Kaul et al. 2006). Books and botanical guides by scorpion grass (Myosotis stricta), is previously known Aichele and Golte-Bechtle (1976), Bare (1979), Brown for Nebraska only in Cass County (Kaul et al. 2006). (1979), Haddock (2005), McCoy (1981), and Owensby Brown County plant species were compared to (1980) were used to assist in plant identification. A four other counties using JACCARD’s index of vascular plant species list was made for Brown similarity. Keith County is located just east of the County compiling species collected by the first author Nebraska panhandle (Figure 1). Cedar Point with species reported for Brown County in The Flora Biological Station is located there, which makes it of of Nebraska (Kaul et al. 2006). JACCARD’s index of considerable interest to botanists. The land is divided similarity (ISJ = common species/all species x 100) mainly into rangeland and cropland (Rolfsmeier was used to compare Brown County to Banner, 1989). The North Platte and South Platte Rivers Dixon, Keith, and Seward Counties (Ellenberg and traverse the entire county from west to east. The Mueller-Dombois 1974). These counties represent northern third of the county is sandhills mixed-grass different geographical locations throughout Nebraska prairie.

Figure 1. The Five Nebraska Counties Compared in this Study. 1 = Brown County, 2 = Banner County, 3 = Keith County, 4 = Seward County, 5 = Dixon County.

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Table 2. The Ten Largest Vascular Plant Families in Table 3. The Number of Species in Common With Brown County Brown County, and Indices of Similarity of Species Between Brown County and Banner, Number of Percent of Total Dixon, Keith, and Seward Counties Family Species County Flora

Poaceae 110 15.2 Number of Species in 92 12.7 County Compared Common With Index of Similarity Cyperaceae 59 8.1 to Brown County Brown County Fabaceae 42 5.8 Keith 459 50.4% Brassicaceae 24 3.3 Seward 376 39.1% Polygonaceae 22 3.0 Dixon 302 35.1% Scrophulariaceae 21 2.9 Banner 280 31.9% Lamiaceae 18 2.5

Rosaceae 18 2.5 Conclusion Apiaceae 15 2.1 Brown County’s rich plant diversity results from a Loess mixed-grass prairie and Sand Hills combination of factors. These include the dissimilar bordering mixed-grass prairie make up most of the plant communities that are represented in the county southern part of the county, with a mosaic of mixed- (Sand Hills mixed-prairie, mixed-grass prairie, grass and shortgrass prairie in between the North ponderosa pine forests and savanna, riparian and and South Platte Rivers (Kaul et al. 2006). The Flora of upland hardwood deciduous forests and wet Nebraska (2006) reports 645 species for Keith County. meadows), and the Niobrara Valley, which The index of similarity (ISJ) between Keith County represents an east-west transition zone between and Brown County (50.4%) was the highest of the montane forests of the west and eastern deciduous representative counties that were compared to Brown forests that enter the plains along the Missouri River. County (Table 3). Plant and animal species with both northern and Seward County, which is located in southeastern southern affinities are found here. With 726 reported Nebraska, had a percentage of similarity with Brown plant species, the flora of Brown County has been County of 39.1 % (Figure 1, Table 3). The Big Blue comprehensively documented. This exceptional River and the west fork of the Big Blue River run amount of botanical attention could be a result of through the county. It is almost entirely upland extensive study and environmental impact tallgrass prairie, with a few small pockets of upland statements that were completed for the region deciduous forest (Kaul et al. 2006). The Flora of beginning in the 1970’s (U.S. Department of the Nebraska (2006) reports 613 species for Seward Interior 2005). While the flora of many Nebraska County. counties remains under-represented, this study Dixon County is located in northeast Nebraska reports 14 newly discovered species and additionally (Figure 1), where the Missouri River forms its confirms the importance and significance of the flora northern border. Like Seward County, it is made up of Brown County. almost entirely of upland tallgrass prairie. Loess mixed-grass prairie, upland deciduous forest and Acknowledgements riparian deciduous forest surround the Missouri The authors wish to thank the Department of Biology at the River (Kaul et al. 2006). Its percentage of similarity University of Nebraska at Kearney for supporting this with Brown County is 35.1 % (Table 3). The Flora of project. The cooperation of private landowners in Brown County was also essential to this work. We are extremely Nebraska (2006) reports 439 species for the county. grateful to Robert B. Kaul, David M. Sutherland, and Banner County is located in the southwestern part Steven B. Rolfsmeier for their landmark publication, The of Nebraska’s panhandle (Figure 1). A mosaic of Flora of Nebraska, which has stimulated botanical interest mixed-grass and shortgrass prairie make up most of and discovery statewide. the county, with an area of sandhills borders/ mixed- grass prairie spreading across the northern part of the Literature Cited county. An area of ponderosa pine forests and Aichele, D., and M. Golte-Bechtle. 1976. A Field Guide in savannas also occurs in the northern part of the Color to Wild Flowers. London, Cathay Books. 399 pp. county (Kaul et al. 2006). Its percentage of similarity Bare, J. E. 1979. Wildflowers and Weeds of . with Brown County is 31.9 % (Table 3). The Flora of Lawrence, Kansas, The Regents Press of Kansas. 509 pp. Nebraska (2006) reports 435 species for the county. Bleed, A. and C. Flowerday (eds.). 1989. An Atlas of the Sand Hills. Conservation and Survey Division, Institute

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of Agriculture and Natural Resources. University of Kaul, R. B., and S. B. Rolfsmeier. 1993. Native vegetation of Nebraska, Lincoln. 238 pp. Nebraska (map). Conservation and Service Division, Bridge, J. S., and S. L. Gabel. 1992. Flow and sediment IANR, University of Nebraska, Lincoln. Lincoln, NE. dynamics in a low sinuosity, braided river: Calamus Kaul, R. B., and S. B. Rolfsmeier. 1994. Diversity of vascular River, Nebraska Sandhills. Sedementology 39: 125-142. plants and intensity of plant collecting in Nebraska. Brown, L. 1979. Grasses, an Identification Guide. Boston, Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences 21:13-20. Houghton Mifflin Company. 240 pp. Kaul, R. B., D. M. Sutherland, and S. B. Rolfsmeier. 2006. Churchill, S. P., C. C. Freeman, and G. E. Kantak. 1988. The The Flora of Nebraska. Conservation and Survey Division, vascular flora of the Niobrara Valley Preserve and Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources. adjacent areas in Nebraska. Transactions of the Nebraska University of Nebraska, Lincoln. 966 pp. Academy of Sciences 16:1-15. McCoy, D. 1981. Roadside Trees and Shrubs of . Converse, S. J., J. B. Iverson, and J. A. Savidge. 2002. Norman, Oklahoma, University of Oklahoma Press. 116 Activity, reproduction, and overwintering behavior of pp. Ornate Box Turtles (Terrapene ornata ornata) in the Owensby. C. E. 1980. Kansas Prairie Wildflowers. Ames, Nebraska Sandhills. American Midland Naturalist , Iowa State University Press. 124 pp. 148:416-422. Reece, P. E., J. E. Brummer, B. K. Northup, A. E. Koehler, Ducey, J. E. 1991. Ditching of wetlands in the Nebraska and L. E. Moser. 2004. Interactions among western Sandhills: A case study of Grant County. Transactions of ragweed and other Sandhills species after drought. the Nebraska Academy of Sciences 18:1-9. Journal of Range Management 57:583-589. Ellenberg, H., and D. Mueller-Dombois. 1974. Aims and Rolfsmeier, S. B. 1989. An annotated list of the vascular methods of vegetation ecology. John Wiley and Sons Inc., plants of Keith County, Nebraska. Transactions of the New York, New York, USA. 213 pp. Nebraska Academy of Sciences 17:83-101. Gutzmer, M. P., J. W. King, and D. P. Overhue. 1996. Sridhar, V., K. G. Hubbard, and D. A. Wedin. 2006. Environmental impacts in the vicinity of Spencer Assessment of soil moisture dynamics of the Nebraska Hydropower Dam during sluicing activities in the Sandhills using long-term measurements and a Niobrara River, Nebraska. Transactions of the Nebraska hydrology model. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Academy of Sciences 23:1-8. Engineering 463-473. Haddock, M. J. 2005. Wildflowers & Grasses of Kansas. Tolstead, W. L. 1942. Notes on unusual plants in the flora of Lawrence, Kansas, University Press of Kansas. 374 pp. northwestern Nebraska. American Midland Naturalist Johnsgard, P. A. 2001. The Nature of Nebraska: Ecology and 28:475-481. Biodiversity. Lincoln, Nebraska, University of Nebraska U.S. Department of the Interior. 2005. Niobrara National Press. 402 pp. Scenic River – Nebraska. U.S. Department of the Interior: Kantak, G. E. 1995. Terrestrial plant communities of the National Park Service Draft General Management middle Niobrara Valley, Nebraska. The Southwestern Plan/Environmental Impact Statement, NPS D-32. U.S. Naturalist 40:129-138. Government Printing Office, Washington DC. 186 pp Kantak, G. E., and S. P. Churchill. 1993. The Niobrara Volesky, J. D., W. H. Schacht, and D. M. Richardson. 2004. Valley Preserve: An inventory of a biogeographical Stocking rate and grazing frequency effects on crossroads. Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Nebraska Sandhills meadows. Journal of Range Sciences 20:1-12. Management 57:553-560. Kaul, R. B., G. E. Kantak, and S. P. Churchill. 1988. The Volesky, J. D., W. H. Schacht, P. E. Reece, and T. J. Vaughn. Niobrara River Valley, a postglacial migration corridor 2005. Spring growth and use of cool-season graminoids and refugium of forest plants and animals in the in the Nebraska Sandhills. Rangeland Ecology grasslands of central North America. Botanical Review Management 58:385-392. 54:44-81. Weller, S. G., K. H. Keeler, and B. A. Thomson. 2000. Clonal Kaul, R.B. 1989. Plants. Pages 127-142 In Bleed, A. and C. growth of Lithospermum caroliniense (Boraginaceae) in Flowerday (eds.). An Atlas of the Sand Hills. contrasting sand dune habitats. American Journal of Conservation and Survey Division, Institute of Botany 87:237-242. Agriculture and Natural Resources. University of Nebraska, Lincoln. 338 pp.

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Appendix. A Complete List of Species for Brown Collection County. Species Site(s) Flora The Collection Site column indicates site(s) at which the species ALISMATACEAE (Water-Plantain was collected by the author [*N = new county record based on The Family) Flora of Nebraska (Kaul et al. 2006)]. The Flora column indicates species not collected by the author, but reported by (Kaul et al. Alisma gramineum Lej X 2006). Alisma triviale Pursh X Collection Sagittaria calycina Engelm. X Species Site(s) Flora Sagittaria cuneata E. Sheld. X Sagittaria graminea Michx. X

PHYLUM LYCOPODIOPHYTA Sagittaria latifolia Willd. X SELAGINELLACEAE (Spike-Moss Sagittaria rigida Pursh X Family) AMARANTHACEAE (Amaranth Selaginella rupestris (L.) Spring X Family)

PHYLUM EQUISETOPHYTA Amaranthus albus L. X Amaranthus arenicola I. M. Johnston X EQUISETACEAE (Horsetail Family) Amaranthus blitoides S. Watson X Equisetum arvense L. 1 Amaranthus retroflexus L. X Equisetum x ferrissii Clute X Froelichia floridana (Nutt.) Moq. X Equisetum hyemale L. var. affine X (Engelm.) A. A. Eaton Froelichia gracilis (Hook.) Moq. 20 Equisetum laevigatum A. Braun X ANACARDIACEAE (Sumac Family) Rhus aromatica Aiton 3 PHYLUM POLYPODIOPHYTA Rhus glabra L. 1 DRYOPTERIDACEAE (Fern Family) Toxicodendron radicans (L.) O. 1 Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth ex X Kuntze var. rydbergii (Small ex Mert. subsp. cyclosorum (Rupr.) C. Rydb.) Erskine Christens. APIACEAE (Parsley Family) Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. 2 Berula erecta (Huds.) Cov. var. incisa X Dryopteris carthusiana (Villars) H. P. X (Torr.) Cronq. Fuchs Cicuta bulbifera L. X Onoclea sensibilis L. X Cicuta maculata L X Woodsia oregana D. C. Eaton subsp. cathcartiana (B. L. Robins.) Windham Conium maculatum L. 6 OPHIOGLOSSACEAE (Grapefern Cymopterus acaulis (Pursh) Raf. X Family) Cymopterus montanus Torr. & A. X Botrychium campestre W. H. Wagner X Gray & D. R. Farrar Foeniculum vulgare P. Mill. X Botrychium simplex E. Hitchcock X Heracleum lanatum Michx. X Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. X Lomatium orientale J. M. Coult. & X Rose THELYPTERIDACEAE (Fern Family) Musineon divaricatum (Pursh) Nutt. X Thelypteris palustris Schott var. X ex Torr. & A. Gray pubescens (G. Laws.) Fernald Osmorhiza claytonii (Michx.) C. B. X

PHYLUM CONIFEROPHYTA Clarke CUPRESSACEAE (Cypress Family) Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. X Juniperus virginiana L. X Pastinaca sativa L. X Sanicula canadensis L. X PINACEAE (Pine Family) Sium suave Walt. X Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex P. Laws. X & C. Laws. Var. scopulorum Engelm. APOCYNACEAE (Milkweed Family) Apocynum androsaemifolium L. X PHYLUM MAGNOLIOPHYTA Apocynum cannabinum L. 1

ACERACEAE (Maple Family) Asclepias arenaria Torr. X Acer negundo L. X Asclepias incarnata L. X Acer saccharinum L. X Asclepias lanuginosa Nutt. X ADOXACEAE (Moschatel Family) Asclepias pumila (A. Gray) Vail X Sambucus canadensis L. X Asclepias stenophylla A. Gray 13 AGAVACEAE (Century-Plant Family) Asclepias syriaca L. 12 Yucca glauca Nutt. 18 Asclepias verticillata L. X Asclepias viridiflora Raf. X

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Vascular Flora of Brown County, Nebraska

Collection Collection Species Site(s) Flora Species Site(s) Flora

ARALIACEAE (Ginseng Family) Dyssodia papposa (Vent.) A. S. Hitchc. X Aralia nudicaulis L. X Echinacea angustifolia D.C. 14 ASTERACEAE (Sunflower Family) Erigeron bellidiastrum Nutt. X Achillea millefolium L. 4 Erigeron philadelphicus L. 2, 5 Erigeron strigosus Muhl. ex Willd. X Ageratina altissima (L.) R. King & H. X Robins. Eupatorium maculatum L. subsp. X Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. X bruneri (A. Gray) G. W. Douglas Eupatorium perfoliatum L. X Ambrosia psilostachya DC. X Antennaria howellii Greene subsp. X Euthamia gymnospermoides Greene X neodioica (Greene) R. J. Bayer Gnaphalium jaliscense Greenm. X Antennaria neglecta Greene 2, 3, 9 Gnaphalium stramineum Kunth X Antennaria parvifolia Nutt. X Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal 17 Anthemis cotula L. X var. squarrosa Helenium autumnale L. 1 Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. X Artemisia campestris subsp. caudata X Helianthus annuus L. X (Michx.) H. M. Hall & Clem. Helianthus grosseserratus M. Martens X Artemisia filifolia Torr. X Helianthus maximiliani Schrad. X Artemisia frigida Willd. 3, 12 Helianthus nuttallii Torr. & A. Gray X Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. var. 3, 9, 12, 19 Helianthus pauciflorus Nutt. subsp. X ludoviciana subrhomboideus (Rydb.) O. Spring & E. Schilling Aster borealis (Torr. & A. Gray) Prov. X Aster ericoides L. subsp. ericoides X Helianthus petiolaris Nutt. 12 Helianthus tuberosus L. X Aster ericoides L. subsp. pansus (S. F. X Blake) A. G. Jones Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet var. X Aster falcatus Lindl. subsp. X scabra (Dunal) Fernald commutatus (Torr. & A. Gray) A. G. Heterotheca latifolia Buckley X Jones Heterotheca stenophylla (A. Gray) X Aster laevis L. X Shinners var. angustifolia (Rydb.) Semple Aster lanceolatus Willd. subsp. X hesperius (A. Gray) Semple & Heterotheca stenophylla (A. Gray) X Chmiel. Shinners var. stenophylla Aster novae-angliae L. X Heterotheca villosa (Pursh) Shinners 15 Aster oblongifolius Nutt. 20 var. villosa Hymenopappus tenuifolius Pursh X Aster praealtus Poir. var. nebraskensis X (Britton) Wiegand Iva xanthiifolia Nutt. X Bidens cernua L. 21 Lactuca canadensis L. X Bidens frondosa L. X Lactuca ludoviciana (Nutt.) Riddell 17 Bidens trichosperma (Michx.) Britton X Lactuca pulchella (Pursh) DC. X Brickellia eupatorioides (L.) Shinners X Lactuca serriola L. X var. corymbulosa (Torr. & A. Gray) Liatris aspera Michx. X Shinners Liatris punctata Hook. 20 Centaurea cyanus L. X Liatris squarrosa (L.) Michx. var. X Centaurea diffusa Lam. X glabrata (Rydb.) F. C. Gates Centaurea stoebe L. subsp. micranthos X juncea (Pursh) D. Don ex X (S. Gmelin ex W.Gugler) Hook. Cirsium altissimum (L.) Spreng. X Ratibida columnifera (Nutt.) Wooton 12 Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. 19 *N & Standl. Cirsium canescens Nutt. X Rudbeckia hirta L. var. pulcherrima X Cirsium undulatum (Nutt.) Spreng. X Farw. Senecio integerrimus Nutt. X Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist 13, 21 Conyza ramosissima Cronquist X Senecio plattensis Nutt. X Senecio riddellii Torr. & A. Gray X Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. 13 *N Dieteria canescens (Pursh) Nutt. var. X Senecio tridenticulatus Rydb. 11 nebraskana (B. L. Turner) D. Morgan Shinnersoseris rostrata (A. Gray) X & R. L. Hartman Tomb Doellingeria umbellata (P. Mill.) Nees X Solidago canadensis L. 20 var. pubens (A. Gray) Britton Solidago gigantea Aiton X 2011 Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences 32, 83-97 89

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Collection Collection Species Site(s) Flora Species Site(s) Flora Solidago missouriensis Nutt. X Cardamine bulbosa (Schreb. ex Muhl.) X Solidago mollis Bartl. X Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. Solidago nemoralis Aiton subsp. X Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. ex X decemflora (DC.) Brammall ex Willd. Semple Descurainia pinnata (Walter) Britton X Solidago rigida L. 20 Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex X Solidago speciosa Nutt. var. X Prantl rigidiuscula Torr. & A. Gray Draba nemorosa L. X Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex 1 Draba reptans (Lam.) Fernald X F.H. Wigg Erysimum asperum (Nutt.) DC. 5, 9 Thelesperma filifolium (Hook.) A. X Erysimum cheiranthoides L. X Gray var. intermedium (Rydb.) Erysimum inconspicuum (S. Watson) X Shinners MacMill. Thelesperma megapotamicum 13 Erysimum repandum L. X (Spreng.) Kuntze Lepidium densiflorum Schrader 12, 4 Townsendia exscapa (Richardson) X Porter Nasturtium officinale R. Br. 1 Tragopogon dubius Scop. 3, 4 Physaria ludoviciana (Nutt.) O’Kane 3, 8 & Al-Shehbaz Vernonia fasciculata Michx. X Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser var. X Xanthisma spinulosum (Pursh) D. 13 glabra (O. E. Schulz) Roy L. Taylor & Morgan & R.L. Hartm. MacBryde Xanthium strumarium L. var. X Sinapis alba L. X canadense (P. Mill.) Torr. & A. Gray Sisymbrium altissimum L. 12 BALSAMINACEAE (Jewel-Weed Sisymbrium loeselii L. 4, 12 Family) Thlaspi arvense L. 6 *N Impatiens capensis Meerb. X CACTACEAE (Cactus Family) BERBERIDACEAE (Barberry Family) Coryphantha missouriensis (Sweet) X Berberis vulgaris L. X Britton & Rose BETULACEAE (Birch Family) Opuntia fragilis (Nutt.) Haw 19 Betula papyrifera Marsh. 6 CAESALPINIACEAE (Caesalpina Corylus americana Walt. X Family) Ostrya virginiana (P. Mill.) K. Koch X Gleditsia triacanthos L. 1 *N

BORAGINACEAE (Borage Family) CAMPANULACEAE (Bellflower Cryptantha minima Rydb. X Family) Hackelia deflexa (Wahlenb.) Opiz var. X Campanula aparinoides Pursh X americana (A. Gray) Fernald & I. M. Campanula rotundifolia L. 2 Johnst. Lobelia siphilitica L. 21 Hackelia virginiana (L.) I. M. Johnst. X Lobelia spicata Lam. X Lappula redowskii (Hornem.) Greene X Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl. X var. redowskii

Lithospermum arvense L. X CANNABACEAE (Hemp Family) Lithospermum caroliniense (Walter ex 9 Cannabis sativa L. 6 J.F. Gmel.) MacMill CAPRIFOLIACEAE (Honeysuckle Lithospermum incisum Lehm. 3, 4, 5 Family) Myosotis laxa Lehm. X Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook. 5, 15 Myosotis stricta Link ex Roem. & J. 3 *N CARYOPHYLLACEAE (Pink Family) A. Schult Arenaria lateriflora L. X Onosmodium molle Michx. var. 19 Cerastium fontanum Baumg. subsp. X occidentale (Mack.) I.M. Johnst. vulgare (Hartman) Greuter & Burdet BRASSICACEAE (Mustard Family) Dianthus armeria L. 13 *N Arabis glabra (L.) Bernh. X Gypsophila paniculata L. X Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop. var. X Saponaria officinalis L. X pycnocarpa (M. Hopkins) Rollins Silene antirrhina L. X Berteroa incana (L.) DC. 4, 12 *N Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke 17 Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. X Stellaria longifolia Muhl. ex Willd. 1, 6, 15 Camelina microcarpa DC. 5 Stellaria media (L.) Villars X Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. 3 *N

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Vascular Flora of Brown County, Nebraska

Collection Collection Species Site(s) Flora Species Site(s) Flora

CELASTRACEAE (Bittersweet Family) CORNACEAE (Dogwood Family) Celastrus scandens L. X Cornus sericea L. X Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq. X CRASSULACEAE (Stonecrop Family) CELTIDACEAE (Hackberry Family) Penthorum sedoides L. X Celtis occidentalis L. X CYPERACEAE (Sedge Family) CERATOPHYLLACEAE (Hornwort Bolboschoenus fluviatilis (Torrey) X Family) Sojak Ceratophyllum demersum L. X Bulbostylis capillaris (L.) Kunth ex C. X CHENOPODIACEAE (Goosefoot B. Clarke Family) Carex atherodes Spreng. X Atriplex hortensis L. X Carex aurea Nutt. X Atriplex rosea L. X Carex blanda C. Dewey 1, 4, 5 Chenopodium album L. 16 Carex brevior (C. Dewey) Mack. ex 4, 13, 15 Chenopodium fremontii S. Watson X Lunell Carex comosa F. Boott X Chenopodium simplex (Torr.) Raf. X Chenopodium standleyanum Aellen X Carex crawei C. Dewey X Carex cristatella Britton X Chenopodium strictum A. W. Roth X Corispermum americanum (Nutt.) X Carex diandra Schrank X Nutt. Carex eburnea F. Boott X Cycloloma atriplicifolium (Spreng.) 20 Carex eleocharis L.H. Bailey 9 J.M. Coult Carex emoryi C. Dewey 1, 5 Monolepis nuttalliana (Roem. & X Carex filifolia Nutt. X Schult.) Greene Carex granularis Muhl. ex Willd. var. X Salsola collina Pallas X haleana (Olney) Porter Salsola tragus L. X Carex gravida L. H. Bailey X CISTACEAE (Rock-Rose Family) Carex heliophila Mack. X Helianthemum bicknellii Fernald X Carex hystericina Muhl. ex Willd. X Lechea stricta Legg. ex Britton X Carex interior L. H. Bailey X Carex lacustris Willd. X CLEOMACEAE (Cleome Family) Cleome serrulata Pursh X Carex nebrascensis C. Dewey X Carex oligocarpa Willd. X Polanisia jamesii (Torr. & A. Gray) X Iltis Carex peckii Howe X Carex pellita Willd. 5 CLUSIACEAE (Mangosteen Family) Hypericum majus (A. Gray) Britton X Carex praegracilis W. Boott 5 Carex prairea C. Dewey X Hypericum perforatum L. X Triadenum fraseri (Spach) Gleason X Carex sartwellii C. Dewey X Carex saximontana Mack. X COMMELINACEAE (Spiderwort Carex scoparia Schkuhr ex Willd. X Family) Carex sprengelii C. Dewey ex Spreng. 6 Commelina erecta L. var. angustifolia (Michx.) Fernald 18 Carex stipata Muhl. ex Willd. 19 Tradescantia bracteata Small ex 13 Carex utriculata F. Boott X Britton & Brown Carex vulpinoidea Michx. X Tradescantia occidentalis (Britton) X Cyperus acuminatus Torr. & Hook. ex X Smyth Torr. CONVOLVULACEAE (Morning- Cyperus bipartitus Torr. X Glory Family) Cyperus diandrus Torr. X Convolvulus arvensis L. X Cyperus engelmannii Steud. X Cuscuta campestris Yunck. X Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhl. X Cuscuta cephalanthi Engelm. X Cyperus odoratus L. 21 Cuscuta coryli Engelm. X Cyperus schweinitzii Torr. 15, 18 Cuscuta cuspidata Engelm. X Cyperus squarrosus L. X Cuscuta indecora Choisy X Cyperus strigosus L. X Evolvulus nuttallianus J. A. Schultes X Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britton X Ipomoea leptophylla Torrey X Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roem. & X Schultes

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Collection Collection Species Site(s) Flora Species Site(s) Flora Eleocharis atropurpurea (Retz.) J. Presl X Dalea cylindriceps Barneby X & C. Presl Dalea leporina (Aiton) Bullock X Eleocharis compressa Sullivant X Dalea purpurea Venten. var. purpurea X Eleocharis elliptica Kunth X Dalea villosa (Nutt.) Sprengel X Eleocharis engelmannii Steud. X Desmodium canadense (L.) DC. 21 Eleocharis erythropoda Steud. X Desmodium glutinosum (Muhl. ex X Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roem. & X Willd.) Schultes Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursh 15 Eleocharis wolfii (A. Gray) A. Gray X Lathyrus polymorphus Nutt var. 7 Lipocarpha aristulata (Coville) G. C. X polymorphus Tucker Lespedeza capitata Michx. X Lipocarpha drummondii (Nees) G. C. X Lotus tenuis Walldst. & Kit. ex Willd. 1 *N Tucker Lotus purshianus (Benth.) F. X Schoenoplectus acutus (Muhl. ex X Clements & E. Clements ex Otley Bigelow) A. Love & D. Love Medicago lupulina L. 14 Schoenoplectus hallii (A. Gray) S. G. X Medicago sativa L. subsp. sativa 13 Smith Melilotus albus Medikus X Schoenoplectus heterochaetus (Chase) X Sojak Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pallas 16 Schoenoplectus pungens (Vahl) Palla 1 Oxytropis lambertii Pursh 10 Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (C.C. X Pediomelum argophyllum (Pursh) 2, 13, 19 Gmel.) Palla 13 Grimes Scirpus pallidus (Britton) Fernald X Pediomelum digitatum (Nutt. ex Torr. X & A. Gray) Isley. ELAEAGNACEAE (Oleaster Family) Pediomelum hypogaeum (Nutt. ex X Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt. X Torr. & A. Gray) Rydb. ELATINACEAE (Waterwort Family) Psoralidium lanceolatum (Pursh) X Elatine rubella Rydb. X Rydb. ERICACEAE (Heather Family) Psoralidium tenuiflorum (Pursh) X Rydb. Pterospora andromedea Nutt. X Robinia pseudoacacia L. X Pyrola elliptica Nutt. X Securigera varia (L.) Lassen 1 *N

EUPHORBIACEAE (Spurge Family) Strophostyles helvola (L.) Elliott X Croton texensis (Klotzsch) Mull. Arg. X Strophostyles leiosperma (Torr. & A. X Euphorbia esula L. var. esula 4 Gray) Piper Euphorbia geyeri Engelm. X Trifolium hybridum L. X Euphorbia glyptosperma Engelm. X Trifolium pratense L. 14 Euphorbia hexagona Nutt. ex Spreng. X Trifolium repens L. 1 Euphorbia maculata L. X Vicia americana Muhl. ex Willd. var. X Euphorbia missurica Raf. var. X minor Hook. petaloidea (Engelm.) L. C. Dorn Vicia villosa Roth 12 Euphorbia nutans Lag. X FAGACEAE (Oak Family) FABACEAE (Pea Family) Quercus macrocarpa Michx. 1 Amorpha canescens Nutt. ex Pursh X FUMARIACEAE (Fumitory Family) Amorpha fruticosa L. X Corydalis curvisiliqua Engelm. subsp. 9 Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fernald X occidentalis (Engelm. ex A.Gray) Apios americana Medikus X W.A.Weber Astragalus canadensis L. X GENTIANACEAE (Gentian Family) Astragalus crassicarpus Nutt. X Gentiana andrewsii Griseb. var. X Astragalus laxmannii Jacq. var. X dakotica A. Nelson robustior (Hook.) Barneby & Welsh Gentiana puberulenta J. S. Pringle X Astragalus lotiflorus Hook. X GERANIACEAE (Geranium Family) Astragalus missouriensis Nutt. X Geranium carolinianum L. X Astragalus plattensis Nutt. ex Torr. & X Geranium maculatum L. X A. Gray Geranium pusillum L. X Dalea aurea Nutt. ex Pursh X

Dalea candida Michx. ex Willd. var. X oligophylla (Torr.) Shinners

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Vascular Flora of Brown County, Nebraska

Collection Collection Species Site(s) Flora Species Site(s) Flora

GROSSULARIACEAE (Gooseberry Prunella vulgaris L. var. lanceolata X Family) (W. Barton) Fernald Ribes americanum P. Mill. X Pycnanthemum virginianum (L.) Dur. X & Jackson ex Robins. & Fernald Ribes missouriense Nutt. 1,2 Salvia nemorosa L. X Ribes odoratum H. L. Wendl. X Scutellaria galericulata L. X HALORAGACEAE (Water-Milfoil Scutellaria lateriflora L. X Family) Scutellaria parvula Michx. var. X Myriophyllum sibiricum Komarov X missouriensis (Torr.) Goodman & C. HYDROCHARITACEAE (Frogbit A. Lawson Family) Stachys pilosa Nutt. var. pilosa X Elodea canadensis Michx. X Teucrium canadense L. var. occidentale X Elodea nuttallii (Planch.) H. St. John X (A. Gray) McClint & Epling Najas flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. & X LEMNACEAE (Duckweed Family) Schmidt Lemna trisulca L. X Najas guadalupensis (Spreng.) X Spirodela polyrrhiza (L.) Schleid. X Magnus Wolffia borealis (Engelm. ex Hegelm.) X

HYDROPHYLLACEAE (Waterleaf Landolt Family) Wolffia columbiana H. Karsten X Ellisia nyctelea (L.) L. 1 LENTIBULARIACEAE (Bladderwort

IRIDACEAE (Iris Family) Family) Sisyrinchium montanum Greene X Urticularia macrorhiza Leconte X

JUGLANDACEAE (Walnut Family) LILIACEAE (Lily Family) Juglans nigra L. X Allium perdulce S.V. Fraser 9 JUNCACEAE (Rush Family) Maianthemum canadense Desf. var. X Juncus alpinoarticulatus Chaix X interius Fernald Juncus arcticus Willd. var. balticus X Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliott X (Willd.) Trautv. Smilacina stellata (L.) Desf. 1 Juncus brachyphyllus Wieg. X LINACEAE (Flax Family) Juncus bufonius L. X Linum compactum A. Nelson X Juncus canadensis J. Gay X Linum rigidum Pursh var. rigidum 18 Juncus dudleyi Wieg. 18 Linum sulcatum Riddell X Juncus interior Wieg. 19 LOASACEAE (Stickleaf Family) Juncus longistylis Torr. X Mentzelia nuda (Pursh) Torr. & A. X Juncus marginatus Rostk. X Gray var. stricta (Osterh.) H. D. Juncus nodosus L. X Harr. Juncus scirpoides Lam. X LYTHRACEAE (Loosestrife Family) Juncus torreyi Coville X Ammannia robusta Heer & Regel X JUNCAGINACEAE (Arrow-Grass Lythrum alatum Pursh X Family) Lythrum salicaria L. 21 Triglochin maritima L. X Rotala ramosior (L.) Koehne var. 5 Triglochin palustris L. X interior Fernald & Grisc. LAMIACEAE (Mint Family) MALVACEAE (Mallow Family) Glechoma hederacea L. 1, 3 Callirhoe involucrata (Torr. & A. X Hedeoma hispida Pursh X Gray) A. Gray Lycopus americanus Muhl. ex W. X Malva neglecta Wallr. X Barton Malva pusilla J. E. Smith X Lycopus asper Greene X Sphaeralcea coccinea (Nutt.) Rydb. X Lycopus uniflorus Michx. X MARSILEACEAE (Pepperwort Mentha arvensis L. X Family) Mentha xpiperita L. X Marsilea vestita Hook. & Grev. X Monarda fistulosa L. var. mollis (L.) X MENYANTHACEAE (Bog-Bean Benth. Family) Monarda pectinata Nutt. X Menyanthes trifoliata L. X Nepeta cataria L. 3

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Collection Collection Species Site(s) Flora Species Site(s) Flora

MOLLUGINACEAE (Carpet-Weed Agrostis hyemalis (Walter) Britton, X Family) Sterns, & Poggenb. Mollugo verticillata L. X Agrostis scabra Willd. X Agrostis stolonifera L. 19 MORACEAE (Mulberry or Fig Family) Alopecurus aequalis Sobol. X Morus alba L. 1 Alopecurus carolinianus Walter X NYCTAGINACEAE (Four-o’clock Andropogon gerardii Vitman subsp. X Family) gerardii Mirabilis hirsuta (Pursh) MacMill. X Andropogon gerardii Vitman subsp. X Mirabilis linearis (Pursh) Heimerl X hallii (Hack.) J. Wipff OLEACEAE (Olive Family) Aristida basiramea Engelm. ex Vasey X Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall 2, 19 Aristida curtissii (A. Gray ex S. X ONAGRACEAE (Evening-Primrose Watson & Coult.) Nash Family) Aristida oligantha Michx. X Calylophus serrulatus (Nutt.) P.H. 14 Aristida purpurea Nutt. var. longiseta X Raven (Steud.) Vasey Circaea lutetiana L. subsp. canadensis Aristida purpurea Nutt. var. robusta X (L.) Asch. (Merr.) A. H. Holmgren & N. H. & Magnus X Holmgren Epilobium ciliatum Raf. X Beckmannia syzigachne (Steud.) X Fernald Epilobium coloratum Biehler X Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. X Epilobium leptophyllum Raf. X Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) X Gaura coccinea Pursh 14 Lag. ex Griffiths Ludwigia polycarpa Short & R. Peter X Bouteloua hirsuta Lag. X Oenothera biennis L., sens. lat. X Bromus ciliatus L. X Oenothera laciniata Hill 3 Bromus inermis Leyss. 1, 4, 12, 13 Oenothera latifolia (Rydb.) Munz X Bromus japonicus Thunb. ex Murr. 3 Oenothera nuttallii Sweet X Bromus latiglumis (Shear) A. S. X Oenothera rhombipetala Nutt. ex Torr. 15 Hitchc. & A. Gray Bromus secalinus L. X

ORCHIDACEAE (Orchid Family) Bromus squarrosus L. 12 Cypripedium candidum Muhl. ex X Bromus tectorum L. 5, 12 Willd. Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm. X Liparis loeselii (L.) Rich. X Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) P. X Platanthera aquilonis Sheviak X Beauv. Spiranthes cernua (L.) Rich. X Calamagrostis stricta (Timm.) Koeler X Spiranthes magnicamporum Sheviak X Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook.) Scribn. X OXALIDACEAE (Wood-Sorrel Catabrosa aquatica (L.) P. Beauv. X Family) Cenchrus longispinus (Hack.) Fernald X Oxalis dillenii Jacq. 3 Cinna arundinaceae L. X Oxalis stricta L. X Dactylis glomerata L. 1, 4 Oxalis violacea L. X Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Muhl. X PAPAVERACEAE (Poppy Family) Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. X Argemone polyanthemos (Fedde) G. 18 Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene X Ownbey Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) P. Beauv. X PHRYMACEAE (Lopseed Family) Echinochloa muricata (P. Beauv.) X Phryma leptostachya L. X Fernald var. microstachya Wiegand PLANTAGINACEAE (Plantain xElyhordeum macounii (Vasey) X Family) Barkworth & D. R. Dewey Plantago major L. X Elymus canadensis L. 1 Plantago patagonica Jacq. var. 5, 11, 12 Elymus elongatus (Host) Runem. 13 *N patagonica Elymus smithii (Rydb.) Gould 12 POACEAE (Grass Family) Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex X Shinners subsp. trachycaulus Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. 13 Elymus villosus Muhl. ex Willd. X Agrostis exarata Trin. subsp. minor X (Hook.) C. L. Hitchc. Elymus virginicus L. X

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Vascular Flora of Brown County, Nebraska

Collection Collection Species Site(s) Flora Species Site(s) Flora Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Vignolo X Schedonnardus paniculatus (Nutt.) X ex Janch. Trel. Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) Britton, X Schizachne purpurascens (Torr.) X Sterns & Poggenb. Swallen Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees X Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) 20 ex Steud. Nash Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P. Beauv. var. X Scolochloa festucacea (Willd.) Link X perplexa (L. H. Harvey) S. D. Koch Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & X Eragrostis spectabilis (Pursh) Steud. X Schult. Eragrostis trichodes (Nutt.) A. W. X Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv. X Wood Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash 21 Festuca subverticillata (Persoon) E. X Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench X Alexeev Spartina gracilis Trin. X Glyceria grandis S. Watson X Spartina pectinata Link X Glyceria striata (Lam.) A. S. Hitchc. X Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) X Hordeum jubatum L. 13 Scribn. var. obtusata Hordeum pusillum Nutt. 17 Sporobolus compositus (Poir.) Merr. X Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Schult. 11, 14 Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) A. X Leersia virginica Willd. X Gray Lolium perenne L. var. perenne X Sporobolus heterolepis (A. Gray) A. X Lolium pratense (Hudson) S. J. X Gray Darbyshire Sporobolus neglectus Nash X Muhlenbergia cuspidata (Torr. ex X Sporobolus vaginiflorus (Torr. ex A. X Hook.) Rydb. Gray) A. W. Wood Muhlenbergia frondosa (Poir.) Fernald X Stipa comata Trin. & Rupr. 19 Muhlenbergia glomerata (Willd.) Trin. X Stipa hymenoides Roem. & Schult. X Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin. X Stipa spartea Trin. X Muhlenbergia pungens Thurb. ex A. X Stipa viridula Trin. X Gray Triplasis purpurea (Walter) Chapm. X Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) X Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. 11 Britton, Sterns, & Poggenb. Zizania palustris L. X Munroa squarrosa (Nutt.) Torr. X POLEMONIACEAE (Phlox Family) Oryzopsis micrantha (Trin. & Rupr.) X Thurb. Collomia linearis Nutt. X Panicum acuminatum Sw. X Ipomopsis longiflora (Torr.) V. E. X Grant Panicum capillare L. X

Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. X POLYGALACEAE (Milkwort Family) Panicum oligosanthes Schult. var. 9 Polygala alba Nutt. X scribnerianum (Nash) Fernald Polygala verticillata L. var. isocycla X Panicum virgatum L. X Fernald Panicum wilcoxianum Vasey X POLYGONACEAE (Buckwheat Paspalum setaceum Michx. var. X Family) stramineum (Nash) D. J. Banks Eriogonum annuum Nutt. 20 Phalaris arundinacea L. 1 Polygonum amphibium L. X Phleum pratense L. 4, 17 Polygonum bicorne Raf. 21 Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex X Polygonum coccineum Muhl. ex X Steud. Willd. Poa arida Vasey X Polygonum convolvulus L. 16 Poa bulbosa L. 1,3 *N Polygonum hydropiper L. X Poa compressa L. X Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx. X Poa interior Rydb. 1 var. opelousanum (Ridd. ex J. K. Small) Ridd. ex W. Stone Poa juncifolia Scribn. X Polygonum lapathifolium L. X Poa pratensis L. 4, 14 Polygonum persicaria L. X Poa trivialis L. X Polygonum punctatum Elliott X Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. X Polygonum ramosissimum Michx. X Puccinellia nuttalliana (Schult.) A. S. X Hitchc. Polygonum sagittatum L. X

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M. Killion, S. Rothenberger

Collection Collection Species Site(s) Flora Species Site(s) Flora Polygonum scandens L. X Ranunculus sceleratus L. var. X Polygonum tenue Michx. X sceleratus Rumex acetosella L. X Ranunculus testiculatus Crantz 1 *N Rumex altissimus Alph. Wood X Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Ave- X Rumex britannica L. X Lall.

Rumex crispus L. 13 RHAMNACEAE (Buckthorn Family) Rumex fueginus Philippi X Ceanothus herbaceus Raf. var. X pubescens (Torr. & A. Gray) Rumex obtusifolius L. X Shinners Rumex triangulivalvis (Danser) Rech. X ROSACEAE (Rose Family) Rumex venosus Pursh X Agrimonia gryposepala Wallr. X PONTEDERIACEAE (Pickerel-Weed Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex X Family) M. Roemer Zosterella dubia (Jacq.) J. K. Small X Drymocallis arguta (Pursh) Rydb. X

PORTULACACEAE (Purslane Family) Fragaria vesca L. subsp. americana X Phemeranthus calycinus (Engelm.) X (Porter) Staudt Kiger Fragaria virginiana P. Mill. X Phemeranthus parviflorus (Nutt.) X Geum canadense Jacq. X Kiger Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim. X Phemeranthus rugospermus (J. M. X var. intermedius (Rydb.) Robins. Holz.) Potentilla norvegica L. 15 Portulaca grandiflora Hook. X Potentilla paradoxa Nutt. X

POTAMOGETONACEAE (Pondweed Potentilla pensylvanica L. X Family) Potentilla recta L. 12 Potamogeton diversifolius Raf. X Prunus americana Marsh. X Potamogeton foliosus Raf. X Prunus pumila L. var. besseyi (L. H. X Potamogeton gramineus L. X Bailey) Waugh Potamogeton illinoensis Morong X Prunus virginiana L. 1 Potamogeton natans L. X Pyrus ioensis (Wood) L. H. Bailey X Potamogeton nodosus Poir. X Rosa arkansana Porter ex Porter & 12 Potamogeton pectinatus L. X J.M. Coult. Potamogeton praelongus Wulfen X Rosa woodsii Lindl. X Potamogeton pusillus L. X Rubus occidentalis L. 1 Potamogeton richardsonii (A. Benn.) X RUBIACEAE (Coffee Family) Rydb. Galium aparine L. 15 Potamogeton strictifolius A. Benn. X Galium circaezans Michx. var. X Potamogeton zosteriformis Fernald X hypomalacum Fernald PRIMULACEAE (Primrose Family) Galium obtusum Bigelow X Anagallis minima (L.) Krause X Galium tinctorium L. X Androsace occidentalis Pursh X Galium trifidum L. X Lysimachia ciliata L. X Galium triflorum Michx. X Lysimachia hybrida Michx. X RUTACEAE (Citrus Family) Lysimachia thyrsiflora L. X Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill. X

RANUNCULACEAE (Buttercup SALICACEAE (Willow or Poplar Family) Family) Anemone caroliniana Walter X Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh. 5 Anemone cylindrica A. Gray X var. occidentalis Rydb. Anemone patens L. var. multifida X Salix amygdaloides N. J. Andersson 5 Pritz. Salix eriocephala Michx. var. famelica X Aquilegia canadensis L. X (C. R. Ball) R. D. Dorn Clematis virginiana L. X Salix exigua Nutt. subsp. interior 1, 5, 17 Delphinium virescens Nutt. 13 (Rowlee) Cronquist Ranunculus abortivus L. X Salix humilis Marsh. X Ranunculus cymbalaria Pursh X Salix petiolaris J. E. Smith X Ranunculus longirostris Godron X Salix xrubens Schrank (S. alba x X Ranunculus pensylvanicus L. X fragilis)

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Vascular Flora of Brown County, Nebraska

Collection Collection Species Site(s) Flora Species Site(s) Flora

SANTALACEAE (Sandalwood SPARGANIACEAE (Bur-Reed Family) Family) Sparganium emersum A. Rehmann X Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. subsp. X Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. X pallida (A. DC.) Piehl TILIACEAE (Linden Family) SAXIFRAGACEAE (Saxifage Family) Tilia americana L. X Heuchera richardsonii R. Br. X TYPHACEAE (Cattail Family) SCROPHULARIACEAE (Figwort Typha angustifolia L. 17 *N Family) Typha latifolia L. X Agalinis aspera (Douglas ex Benth.) X Britton ULMACEAE (Elm Family) Agalinis tenuifolia (M. Vahl.) Raf. var. 21 Ulmus americana L. 2 parviflora (Britton) Britton Ulmus pumila L. 1, 16 Bacopa rotundifolia (Michx.) Wettst. X URTICACEAE (Nettle Family) Castilleja sessiliflora Pursh X Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Swartz X Gratiola neglecta Torr. X Parietaria pensylvanica Muhl. ex X Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell X Willd. Mimulus glabratus Kunth var. jamesii X Pilea fontana (Lunell) Rydb. X (Torr. & A. Gray ex Benth.) A. Gray Urtica dioica L. subsp. gracilis (Aiton) 15 Mimulus rigens L. X Selander Orobanche fasciculata Nutt. X VERBENACEAE (Vervain Family) Orobanche ludoviciana Nutt. X Verbena bipinnatifida Nutt. X Pedicularis lanceolata Michx. X Verbena bracteata Lag. & J.D. 12 Penstemon albidus Nutt. 10 Rodriguez Penstemon angustifolius Nutt. ex 3, 8, 10, 13 Verbena hastata L. X Pursh var. angustifolius Verbena stricta Vent. 13, 1 Penstemon gracilis Nutt. X Verbena urticifolia L. X Penstemon grandiflorus Nutt. 13 VIOLACEAE (Violet Family) Verbascum thapsus L. 1 Viola canadensis L. var. rugulosa X Veronica americana (Raf.) Schwein. ex X (Greene) C. L. Hitchc. Benth. Viola nephrophylla Greene 5 Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. X Viola pedatifida G. Don X Veronica catenata Pennell X Viola pubescens Ait. var. eriocarpa X Veronica peregrina L. var. peregrina X (Schwein.) Russell Veronica peregrina L. var. xalapensis X Viola sororia Willd. 6 (Kunth) Pennell VITACEAE (Grape Family) SMILACACEAE (Greenbriar Family) Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) X Smilax lasioneura Hook. X Planch. SOLANACEAE (Nightshade Family) Parthenocissus vitacea (Knerr) A. 1 Lycium barbarum L. X Hitchc. Physalis heterophylla Nees 15 Vitis riparia Michx. 1 Physalis hispida (Waterfall) X ZANNICHELLIACEAE (Horned- Cronquist Pondweed Family) Physalis longifolia Nutt. X Zannichellia palustris L. X Solanum interius Rydb. X ZYGOPHYLLACEAE (Caltrop Solanum rostratum Dunal X Family) Solanum triflorum Nutt. 5 Tribulus terrestris L. X

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