Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops 9 (1) : 51-54 (2000)
Incidence o~ insect pests of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) in northern Karnataka, India!
Y K Kotikal & K A Kulkarnf2 Department of Agricultural Entomology College of Agriculture University of Agricultural Sciences Dharwad - 580 005, India. Received 22 December 1998; Revised 28 December 1999; Accepted 28 January 2000. Abstract A roving survey conducted during 1996-97 at three phases of crop growth in turmeric (Curcuma longa) in northern districts of Kamataka (India) revealed the incidence of major insect pests like rhizome fly (Mimegralla coeruleifrons), shoot borer (Conogethes punctiferalis), lacewing bug (Stephanitis typicus), leaf roller (Udaspes folus), thrips (Panchaetothrips indicus) and scale insects (Aspidiotus curcumae) in all the areas and minor pests like various species of leaf beetles, caterpillars and grasshoppers. The population 2 of rhizome fly was high (up to 0.88 adults per m ) in Raibag, Athani, Mudhol, Indi, Chincholli and Basavakalyan taluks at all stages of crop growth. However, most of the rhizomes that contained maggots of rhizome fly were rotten. Shoot borer was predominant in early vegetative phase (45-60 days) and grand growth stage (100-120 days) of the crop in Raibag, Chikodi, Jamakhandi, Indi and Humanabad taluks. Key words: Curcuma Zonga , insect pests, survey, turmeric.
Introduction selecting five locations in each taluk of Gokak, Among the various production constraints in Raibag, Athani, Hukkeri and Chikodi of Belgaum turmeric (Curcuma Zonga L.) in India, infestation District; Mudhol, Jamakhandi and Indi of Bijapur by insects is a major one. Several insect pests are District; Aland and Chicholli of Gulbarga District reported to inflict damage to turmeric at different and Basavakalyan, Humananabad and Bidar of stages of growth at various places of its cultiva Bidar District. Three visits were undertaken tion (Koya et al. 1991; Premkumar et al. 1994; during different stages of crop growth namely, KotikaI1998). Scale insects (Aspidiella hartii Ckll.), early vegetative phase (45-60 days after planting), lacewing bug (Stephanitis typicus Dist.), thrips grand growth stage (100-120 days after planting) (Panchaetothrips indicu5 Bagn.), shoot borer (Cono and at maturity (210-230 days after planting). The gethes punctiferalis Guen.) and leaf roller (Udaspes incidence of insect pests was recorded using folus Cram.) are reported from Karnataka suitable techniques for different insects as ex (Puttarudraiah 1983). In northern Kamataka, plained below. turmeric is prone to attack by several insect pests Shoot borer (Conogethes punctiferalis ) : The number and a survey was conducted in five districts of of plants showing row of holes across the leaf this region to record the incidence of various in blade after unfurling or' dead hearts were counted sect pests during different phases of crop growth. as infested plants from a randomly selected area' of 1 m2 (6-8 clumps) at five spots. Material and methods Rhizome fly (Mimegralla coeruZeifrons): As adults During 1996, a roving survey was conducted by were not swift fliers, it was possible to count them tpart of Ph D Thesis submitted by the senior author to University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, under the guidance of the second author. 2Present address: Kittur Rani Channamma College of Horticulture, Arabhavi - 591 310, Karnataka, India. 52 Kotikal &. Kulkarni on plants while resting than net sweeping. Hence Grasshoppers (Orthacris simulans B., Cyrtanthacris the flies were counted from roughly 1 m2 (6-8 ranacea Stoll., Letana inflata Brunner, Phenaroptera clumps) area and such five randomly selected gracilis Burm.): The nymphs and adults of grass spots formed replications. Maggots and pupae hoppers from 25 randomly selected plants were were counted by splitting the rhizomes of plants counted in a plot of 10 guntas. from the same area of 1m2 (6-8 clumps). Thrips (Panchaetothrips indicus): Total number of Leaf roller (Udaspes folus) : The incidence of leaf larvae per top 3 leaves from 10 randomly selected roller was recorded by counting the leaf rolls per plants of 10 guntas was counted. clump on 10 randomly selected clumps in a plot Scale insects (Aspidiatus curcuma Gr., Aspidiella of 10 guntas (10 m x 10 m). hartii) : Scale insects were counted on 3 bottom Other caterpillars (Catopsila pomona F., Spilarctia leaves/ all pseudostems/ all rhizomes from 5 plants obliqua (Wlk.), Spodoptera litura F.): The number in 1 gunta area replicated 5 times and average per of live larvae from 10 randomly selected clumps leaf/pseudostem or rhizome worked out. were counted in a plot of 10 guntas Results and discussion Leaf beetles and weevils (Lema spp. Epilachna sp., The incidence of insect pests at different locations Myllocerus spp.): The number of adult beetles and during the surveys in northern Karnataka is weevils were counted from 10 randomly selected presented in Tables 1 and 2. plants. Rhizome fly: Population (mean) of M. coeruleifrons Lacewing bug (Stephanitis typicus) : The nymphs was 0.46 ± 0.19,0.57 ± 0.18 and 0.07 ± 0.04 adults and adults from three leaves selected one each per m 2 at early vegetative phase, grand growth from top, middle and bottom portions of five stage and at maturity, respectively. The mean randomly selected plants were counted from a incidence level was higher in Raibag, Athani, plot of 10 guntas. Mudhol, Indi, Chincholli and Basavakalyan taluks.
Table 1. Incidence of rhizome and shoot borer on turmeric in northern Kamataka Location Variety Rhizome (adults/m2) Per cent shoot borer infestation/m2 II III II III Belgaum District Gokak Local, Cuddapah 0.36±O.12 0.44±O.12 0.06tO.OS 4.33±1.67 6.6712.67 O.OO±O.OO Hukkeri Cuddapah 0.40±O.10 0.64±O.1S 0.08±O.OS 5.00±2.00 9.33±3.50 0.33±O.33 Chikodi Cuddapah, Salem 0.60±0.17 0.72±0.17 0.08±O.OS 10.0012.50 7.33±3.50 3.33±O.33 Raibag Salem 0.68±0.lS 0.88±0.19 0.14±O.05 11.33±2.S0 6.67±3.67 O.OO±O.OO Athani Salem, Rajapuri 0.64±0.12 0.72±0.17 0.16±O.06 5.33±1.67 8.33±1.67 1.33±1.33 13ijapur District Mudhol Cuddapah, Rajapuri 0.56±0.15 0.54±O.18 0.08iO.05 3.33±1.50 9.3312.50 O.OO±O.OO Jamakhandi Cuddapah 0.48tO.15 0.76±0.16 0.04±O.04 7.00±1.50 14.00±2.83 O.OO±O.OO Indi Raj ap uri 0.50±0.16 0.64tO.15 0.04±O.04 6.00±1.50 12.00±3.00 L67±O.83 Gulburga District Aland Local, Rajapuri 0.20±0.10 0.26±0.18 0.02±O.02 7.0012.50 8.00±2.50 0.67±O.17 Chincholli Cuddapah 0.84±0.15 0.64±0.18 0.04±O.04 6.67±2.00 7.00±2.00 0.34±O.34 Bidar District Bidar Rajapuri 0.20±0.10 0.36±O.10 0.06±O.05 7.67±2.83 14.67±2.50 2.00±1.02 Basavakalyan Cuddapah 0.76±O.12 0.40±0.15 O.02±Q.Ol 6.33±2.50 17.00±2.62 1.67±O.83 Humanabad Kasturi,Cuddapah 0.30±0.15 0.44±O.16 0.06±O.04 10.33±2.67 10.33±2.50 2.00±1.02 Mean 0.46±0".19 0.57±O.18 0.07±O.04 7.0012.33 10.00±3.33 1.20±1.00 Each value is an average ± SO of 25 observations (5 each from 5 locations in each taluk) I = At early vegetative phase (45-60 days); IT At grand growth stage (100-120 days); ill = At maturity (210-230 days) Table 2. Incidence of insect pests of turmeric in northern Kamataka t?tf'I ~ Location Lacewing bugs/leaf Thrips" /leaf Leaf beetles"" / plant ...... (') II III I II III I II III ""I::i ~...... Belgaum District tf'I Gokak 0.33±O.lS 1.53±O.27 O.OO±O.OO 1.60±0.11 2.69±O.23 0.46±D.17 0.42±D.21 0.52±0.21 1.04±O.16 ~ Hukkeri 0.26±O.11 2.52±O.43 0.20±D.05 1.56±O.17 1.80±O.32 0.O7±O.O8 0.48±D.18 0.80±D.15 O.80±0.lS ;! Chikkodi O.24±D.13 1.64±O.35 0.O6±O.07 2.05±O.19 228±D.37 O.46±D.12 1.02±O.16 O.76±O.14 1.40±D.15 - ~ Raibag 0.24±O.12 1.84±O.32 0.19iO.11 1.06±O.lS 1.22±O.18 O.OO±O.OO 1.34±O.15 0.96±O.14 1.40±0.15 ~ "t Athani 0.00+0.00 2.26±O.55 0.46±O.12 O.86±O.O9 0.79±O.12 O.OO±D.OO 1.60±0.12 0.60±0.16 1.12±O.16 ~. ~al'ur District udhol 0.66±O.14 2.53±O.57 O.OOiO.OO 024±O.18 0.71±O.11 O.OO±O.OO 0.48±O.08 0.60±0.11 O.88±O.IS Jamakhandi O.33±O.09 1.46±O.31 O.33±O.l1 O.44±O.15 1.10±D.09 026±D.Il O.5~.lI 1.28±O21 1.20±0.18 Indi O.26±O.O8 l.S3±O.17 O.OO±D.OO 1.06±O.21 2.28±O.22 O.46±D.12 0.6 .12 0.96±0.20 1.00±O.25 Gulburga District Aland O.OO±O.OO 1. 39±O.21 O.OO±O.OO 0.66±O.23 1.97±O.13 O.OO±O.OO 0.56±O.12 1.20±023 1.80±O.36 Chincholli 0.26±O.O9 2.79±0.35 O.OO±D.OO 0.33±O.18 0.67±O.11 O.53±O.lS O.36±O.10 O.84±O.l1 1.20N.30 Bidar District Bidar 0.13±O.07 0.66±O.O7 0.06±O.07 0.46±O.12 l.S9±O.17 O.OO±O.OO O.28±O.O9 0.68±O.11 1.40±O.25 Basavakalyan 0.26±O.O8 1.44±O.18 O.06±O.O7 0.46±O.11 1.86±D.18 0.13±D.OS 0.30±O.O8 0.88±O.12 l.04±O.lS Humanabad O.OO±O.OO 0.S3±O.13 O.OO±o.OO O.46±O.12 1.79±O.lS O.13±O.08 0.28±O.08 0.64±O.11 1.24±O.16 Mean 0.21±O.18 1.70±0.68 O.11±O.15 0.86±O.56 1.59±D.65 0.19±O.21 O.63±O.42 O.82±O23 0.98±O.29 Each value is an average ± SD of 25 observations (5 each from 5 locations in each taluk) 1= At early vegetative phase (45--60 days), n = At grand growth stage (100-120 days), ill = At maturity (210-230 days) ,... Population irrespective of species
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