Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(9): 2359-2367

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 9 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

Review Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.909.295

Impact of on Quantitative and Qualitative Improvement in Agricultural Crops: A Review

Paras Kumar1*, Gagandeep Singh2 and Harpinder Singh1

1College of Agriculture, Baba Farid College, Bathinda, Punjab, India 2Division of Nematology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India *Corresponding author

ABSTRACT

Agricultural crops are chief source of human food and nutrition across worldwide since K e yw or ds world’s population dependent on agricultural produce. To produce quantitative food in agricultural crops, it requires for adequate fruit setting. Pollination is performed Pollinators, , by mean of abiotic and biotic factors. Among the biotic factors, Insect pollinators Quality, Quantity (entomophily) play lead role in pollination. Contribution of in global food and A gricultural production ranges between 15% and 30%. Hymnopteran insects i.e. bees are prominent crops pollinators in different agricultural crops. Both quality and quantity of produce are key

considerations for better income from agricultural crops. Insect pollinators enhance both

Article Info quality and quantity of crops. Insect pollinators are responsible for maintaining the yield

and genetic variability in accompanying with sexual reproduction and reducing inbreeding Accepted: depression in crops. insects associated with crops in ecosystem and visitations 17 August 2020 of these insects positively correlated with yield. Regular use of conventional can Available Online:

10 September 2020 diminish the abundance and species diversification of insect pollinators in crop ecosystem. Our review highlights positive consequences of insect pollinators on various agricultural crops including field, fruit, vegetable and plantation crops.

Introduction requires transformation of from male part to the female part of . Pollination As we know the importance and role of is the process of dispersal or transformation of insects as pollinators in agriculture sector. As pollen from anther (male part of the ) to a quote of eminent scientist Albert Einstein the stigma (female part of the flower). “If the bees disappeared off the surface of the Movement of pollen from one flower to globe then man would have only four years of another require vector. Both abiotic and biotic life left”, gives us an idea about how much factors are responsible for pollination. Abiotic important is for the human kind. pollination occurs with the involvement of Food requirements of world are dependent to non-living agents i.e. wind, rain and water on agriculture produce. To produce quantitative the other hand biotic pollination occurs food in agricultural crops, it requires through the involvement of living agents i.e. pollination for adequate fruit setting. For insects (entomophily) and birds complete fertilization in sexual reproduction it (). Among animals insects plays 2359

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(9): 2359-2367

vital role in pollination (Shivanna, 2015). bees, stingless bees, solitary bees and bumble Pollinators i.e. honeybees, bumble bee, pollen bees are master pollinators (Klein et al., , , etc., are required in cross 2007). Insect pollinators are responsible for pollination for pollen dispersal. Hence, maintaining the yield and genetic variability pollinators have a major role in relation to in accompanying with sexual reproduction crop production, declining in pollinators can and reducing inbreeding depression in crops reduce food production of the world. Crops (Stein et al., 2017). Our study seeks to are pollinated more efficiently by wild insects understand that, whether insect pollinators and fruit setting in 41 crops is positively influence to crop yield or also to quality. For linked with insect visitations in the crop fields better understanding of contribution of insects (Garibaldi et al., 2013). Pollination in 80% to improve quality and quantity of agricultural Angiosperms depends on animals, including produce empirical view is given below. bats, , , and other insects (Committee 2007). About 108 (51.2%) Impact of pollinator insects on quantitative Indian agricultural crops were reported to be and qualitative improvement in pollinated by animals (Chaudhary and Chand, agricultural crops 1017). Contribution of insects in global food production ranges between 15% and 30% Insect pollinator insects impacted the quality (Halder et al., 2019). The order and quantity of agricultural crops. (11 species) found to be more prominent, Transformation of and pollen from one followed by Hymenoptera (5 species) for flower to another flower in agricultural and pollination of rabi crops on the other hand horticultural crops occurs with the help of orders Diptera (1 species) and Coleoptera (1 insect pollinators. Horticultural crops i.e. species) were less prominent. Nymphalidae aonla, phalsa, ber, pomegranate, citrus, fig, family of order Lepidoptera reported to be bael, jamun, field bean, citrus, cucurbits and more diverse having 6 species followed by khejri etc. are highly cross pollinated in Pieridae which got 3 species (Das et al., nature, so intervention of pollinator insects is 2018). Insect pollinates about 75% crop mandatory to improve the yield and quality of species. Most of the pollinator insects are these crops (Haldhar et al., 2018). Papaya from order hymenoptera and the order is plants are cross pollinated by insects and known as most beneficial order of class wind. Insect pollinators for papaya are honey insecta. Among order hymenoptera, most bees, wasps, midges, thrips, syrphid flies, and flower visiting insects are honey bees (Kumar butterflies (Crane, 2013) (Fig. 1). It is et al., 2016). The pollinator insects act as a estimated that out of 300 commercial crops yield improving agents due to their assistance 84% pollinated by insects. Escalation in yield in cross pollination. 17 different species of of apple, niger, onion and faba bean by honey selected crops were reported to be visited by bees is reported an account of 33-84% 50 species of insects during flowering (Bareke and Addi, 2019). Bumble bee periods. 80% pollination achieved by insects performs efficient pollination as it visits on and among the insect 80% offered by bees more flowers per unit time as compared to (Thapa, 2006). Total 55 species of insects and honey bees (Wahengbam et al., 2019). two vertebrates (Birds) are reported to be not Benefit of insects in self-incompatible only flower visitors, but better pollinators for cruciferous crops was explained where cross- direct human consumable 107 global crops. pollination performed by insects (Sihag, Among these, bees plays dominant role in 1985). Petunia bears the flower during spring pollination i.e. 47 bee species including honey and summer seasons. Open floral structure of

2360

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(9): 2359-2367

petunia convenient to insect pollinators. open pollinated (11.20%). Physico-chemical Flower reachable to insect pollinators had characteristics i.e. specific gravity, volume, larger amount of seed set, number of seeds the acidity and the TSS of strawberry fruits per flower and number of seeds per plant as were better in open pollinated plots. Bees compared to caged flowers. Insect contribute (Apis mellifera L.) and solitary wild bee about 92, 82 and 59% in number of seeds ( L) shows the constructive production per plant, seed setting and number influence on commercial value, commercial of seeds/flower respectively, in petunia (Vighi grade, fruit weight, shelf life and post harvest et al., 2010). Stein et al., 2017 reported quality of strawberry Fragaria x ananassa. increment in both quality and quantity of Shelf life of strawberry is improved with cotton and sesame due to pollination by bees. firmness which was higher in bee pollinated In cotton, under bee-mediated outcross- treatment as compare to wind and self- pollination, the increment in yield (27-31%), pollination. Findings showed that 40.4%, seed weight and fiber weight was reported. 29.4% and none of fruits were in marketable These crops produce good quality seeds in condition in bee-pollinated, wind-pollinated relation of germination, vital and viability in and self-pollinated treatment respectively out cross-pollinated conditions. Silva et al., after three days of storage. Similarly, higher 2017 reported escalation in weight and numbers of fertilized achenes and harsh red number of seed of tomato Solanum colored fruits derived from bee pollinated lycopersicum fruit due to activity of experiment (Klatt et al., 2013). Exomalopsis analis, Trigona Spinipes and (Prunus dulcis) requires pollinators, since it is Apis mellifera as pollinators in tomato cross pollinated crop due to self Solanum lycopersicum in contrary to crop incompatibility. It is mainly pollinated by pollinated without insects(self pollination). honey bees (Apis mellifera) (Connel, 2000). Garratt et al., 2018 observed significant yield Saez et al., (2020) endorse to use of bees for improvement i.e. 40% in Brassicae napus yield improvement even in pollinator from insect pollination due to increment in independent varieties (Self-fertile) of almond seeds per plant as compare to non insect due to positive effect of bee disturbance on pollination at higher doses of fertilizers. There fruit setting. They estimated approximately was more number of seeds/pod in insect 60% and 20% higher fruit setting and kernel pollinated field in contrary to pollinator yield respectively in bee-pollinated trees in excluded field. Study conducted on impact of contrast to trees that were not received bees as insect pollinator on yield and fruit quality of pollinators. It is perceived from the study of strawberry by Abrol et al., (2019) showed Bartomeus et al., (2014) that pollination by complete dependence on insect pollinators. honey bee increases yield in field bean (Vicia There was more fruit set in strawberry in open faba), buck wheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), pollination (70%) in contrary to self strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) and oilseed pollination (45%). Well formed larger sized rape (Brassica napus). Quality i.e. oil content red colored fruit of heavy weight (15.25g) in oilseed rape and percentage of filled seed obtained from insect pollinated treatment on in buck wheat was boosted in open pollinated the other hand, misshaped small sized partial treatment than the net treatment (no insect red fruit of less weight (12.24g) obtained pollinators). Globally, onion is a prime from treatment that did not received any vegetable. Higher seed yield is fundamental intervention of insects. More malformed principle of in commercial seed production (17.44%) fruit were got in controlled programs. Study conducted by Padamshali treatment in comparison with those got from and Mandal (2018) in West Bengal revealed

2361

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(9): 2359-2367

that honey bees are act as yield improving mustard yield in Kota, Rajasthan showed the input in onion. Seed yield and seed weight of effectiveness of honey bees during 2013-14 onion was higher in honey bee pollinated and 2014-15. Experiments conducted on three crop. Immense influence of pollinator insects modes of pollination viz. bee pollination, was reported in germination percentage of open pollination and pollinator exclusion (No onion seeds. Germination percentage of seeds pollinators). In both seasons, bee pollination obtained from bee pollinated crop was higher enhances the yield in comparison with (i.e. 76%) than seed obtained from non-insect pollinator exclusion. Yield of mustard was pollinated crop (i.e. 14%). Shakeel and 1785, 2040 and 1509.38kg/ha in bee Inayatullah (2013) reported 9 species of bees pollinated, open pollinated and pollinator and flies foraging/visiting in canola (B. exclusion treatments, respectively during napus) ecosystem which were proved to be 2013-14 and 1875, 2068.75 and 1577kg/ha advantageous in increasing of yield of canola respectively during 2014-15. Mean number of crop. Number of seed per siliqua, number of siliqua/plant and number of seeds/siliqua was siliquae per plant and seed weight (per 100 also higher in open pollination followed by seeds) was 15, 189.3 and 0.55g respectively bee pollination and lower in pollinator in open pollinated plot and 11, 142.2 and exclusion (Patidar et al 2017). Insect 0.35g respectively in covered plot (without pollinators were able to increase number of insect pollinators). Razzaq et al., (2019) flowers/plant, no. of seeds/plant, seed weight confirmed improvement in seeds/plant, and oil content percent in oilseed rape, pods/plant and weight of 100 pods in canola Brassica napus in Sweden. Seed weight and plants which were caged with pollinators i.e. oil content and market value per plant was honey bees. Seeds/plant, pods/plant and higher in plants in which flowers were weight of 100 pods (in gm) was 828, 67 and accessible to insect, self and wind pollination 4.42g respectively in plants caged with honey in contrast to plants were accessible to self bees and 626, 47 and 3.53g was respectively and wind pollination rather than insects in plants caged without honey bees. Another (Bommarco et al 2012). It was elucidated study conducted on toria (Brassica campestris from the study of Sihag RC (1986) conducted L. var. toria) in Nepal revealed that honey bee at Hisar (India), that bees were chief pollination improve siliqua/plant, pollinators for increasing seed production in seeds/siliqua, grain weight and seed yield of cruciferous and umbelliferous crops. Insects toria in contrary to restricted pollination (Rijal contribute to increase seed yield for about 1.8 et al 2017). Investigations of ATMOVIDI et times. Pod length, seed weight, number of al (2007) on seed setting of Brassica rapa in seed/pod, pods per plant and seed yield of Indonesia signify that insect pollinator cruciferous crops (i.e. B. juncea, Brassica especially bees had great influence on yield. campestris var. toria, B. carinata, B. napus, Increment in racemes/plant, seeds/pod, B. juncea, B. oleracea L. var. botrytis, Eruca pods/plant, seed weight and seeds/plant by sativa, Raphanus sativus and B. rapa) and 65.6, 98.2, 178.8, 931.9 and 932.5% umbelliferous crops (i.e. Foeniculum vulgare, respectively, was observed in plants which Coriander sativum, Daucus carota L. var. were pollinated by diverse insect species. sativa and Cuminum cyminum) were higher in Furthermore, seed germination of B. rapa was case of crop exposed to insect pollinators than also higher for seed obtained from insect caged crop. In another study, impact of pollinated treatment (i.e. 92.72%) than that of pollinator insects on crop yield of mustard obtained from caged plant (i.e. 90.30%). conducted during 2018-19 in Nepal showed Study conducted on role of honey bee on that Hymnopteran insects followed by

2362

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(9): 2359-2367

Dipteran insects played crucial role in crops were provided especially by honey bee pollination of mustard, since mustard is cross pollinators in comparison with natural pollinated crop. Average fruit set, seeds per pollination. Seed yield of Chinese cabbage, pod, number of pods, diameter of seed and knol-khol and broccoli was 187,143 and seed weight were 70.55%, 16.70, 59.60, 439.30kg/ha respectively, in natural 0.13mm, 0.33gm respectively, in treatment pollination whereas it was 212.85, 187, where flower were accessible to wind and self 181.20 kg/ha respectively, where pollination pollination only, whereas 80.94%, 19.30, performed by particularly bees (Sushil et al., 70.47%, 0.27mm and 0.48gm respectively, 2013). Findings on honey bee attractants and where crop is pollinated by insect pollinators pollination in sweet orange, Citrus sinensis accompanied by self and wind pollination showed number of honey bee visit on crop (Subedi and Subedi, 2019). Honey bees were positively correlated with fructification. reported to be crucial for comparatively high Average fructification was 56.5% and 83.7% seed production in broccoli, Chinese cabbage, where honey bee visits were 9 and 10-15 knol-khol in North-western Himalaya region respectively. Comparatively less acidic fruits of India. During 2006-07 and 2007-08 yield having higher fruit weight and 35.30% higher increasing parameters i.e. seeds/pod, seed fruit yield were obtained from bee pollinated weight and pods/panicle were greater in crop (Malerbo-Souza et al., 2004). broccoli, Chinese cabbage, knol-khol where

Fig.1 Insect pollinators (Source: Das et al 2018)

2363

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(9): 2359-2367

Declining in insect pollinators insect pollinators in production of different agricultural crops. Hence, declining in Diverse population of insect pollinators is pollinators can reduce food production of the associated with agricultural crops which world. Insect pollinators ameliorate quality promote pollination in crops and enhance the and quantity in cross pollinated as well as quality and quantity of agricultural produce. some of self pollinated crops and act as an So diminishing in population of these agronomic input. Excess use of in pollinators may lead reduction in agricultural an improper way causes decrease in produce. In modern agricultural practices, use population of pollinators in the field which of chemical is one of the prime indirectly affects the crop yield as well as tactic to control the pest population but quality of produce. Instead of chemical indiscriminate use of these put pesticides, there is a need to shift towards adverse impact on population of pollinators biological and other IPM methods of pest (Fikadu, 2020). Insect pollinators not affected control to enhance the population of insect only by chemical composition of pesticides, pollinators in crop fields. Keeping in mind even also affected by time and method of potential of insect and negative consequences spraying (Kumar et al 2018). Application of of pesticides, conservation of natural habitat pesticide should be avoided at the time of is suggested to maintain the population and flowering period of crops (Bareke and Addi species of bee pollinators. should 2019). Lambda-cyhalothrin 5 EC, profenofos not be considered only a business but also 750 EC, diazinon 60 EC, deltamethrin 2.5 EC, considered as an agronomic practice for crops endosulfan 35 EC and malathion 50 EC used to produce qualitative and quantitative for pest control in onion were reported to be agricultural produce. It is recommended to the toxic to honey bee pollinators which farmers to keep the beehive along with indirectly influence the seed yield in onion cultivation of crops. (Melisie and Damte, 2017). Wild bee performs pollination in different agricultural References crops. Negative effects of conventional pesticides on abundance and species richness Abrol, D. P., Gorka, A. K., Ansari, M. J., Al- were appraised in apple (Malus domestica) Ghamdi, A., and Al-Kahtani, S. (2019). orchard during 2011-12. Wild bee abundance Impact of insect pollinators on yield and species richness were decreased one year and fruit quality of strawberry. Saudi after increasing use of pesticides. On the other journal of biological sciences, 26(3), hand, evaluation on influence of landscape 524-530. context on wild bees revealed that wild bee Atmowidi, T., Buchori, D., Manuwoto, S., abundance and species richness were SURYOBROTO, B., and HIDAYAT, positively correlated with percent of natural P. (2007). Diversity of pollinator insects area including grasslands, forests and in relation to seed set of mustard shrublands. Increasing of natural area of (Brassica rapa L.: Cruciferae). HAYATI landscape also reduce the negative Journal of Biosciences, 14(4), 155-161. relationship of pesticides with abundance and Bareke T, Addi A. Effect of honeybee species richness of wild bees (Park et al., pollination on seed and fruit yield of 2015). agricultural crops in Ethiopia. MOJ Eco Environ Sci. 2019; 4(5): 205‒209. In this article, we conclude great potential of Bartomeus, I., Potts, S. G., Steffan-Dewenter,

2364

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(9): 2359-2367

I., Vaissiere, B. E., Woyciechowski, Role of pollination in fruit crops: A M., Krewenka, K. M., and Bommarco, review. The Pharma Innovation Journal; R. (2014). Contribution of insect 8(5): 695-702 pollinators to crop yield and quality Haldhar SM, Kumar R, Samadia DK, Singh B varies with agricultural intensification. and Singh H. 2018. Role of insect Peer J, 2, e328. pollinators and pollinizers in arid and Bommarco, R., Marini, L., and Vaissière, B. semi-arid horticultural crops. Journal of E. (2012). Insect pollination enhances Agriculture and Ecology, 5: 1-25. seed yield, quality, and market value in Klatt, B. K., Holzschuh, A., Westphal, C., oilseed rape. Oecologia, 169(4), 1025- Clough, Y., Smit, I., Pawelzik, E., and 1032. Tscharntke, T. (2014). Bee pollination Committee on the Status of Pollinators in improves crop quality, shelf life and North America NRC (2007) Status of commercial value. Proceedings of the pollinators in North America. National Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, Academies Press. Washington, D.C. 281 (1775), 20132440. Crane JH. Papaya growing in the Florida http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.244 home landscape-factsheetHS11. Aseries 0. of the Horticultural Sciences Klein AM, Vaissière BE, Cane JH, et al. Department, Florida Cooperative Global pollinator decline: a literature Extension Service, Institute of Food and review. Ecology for a crowded planet, Agricultural Sciences, University of Science. 2007; 304:1251– 1252. Florida. 2013, 1-6. Klein AM, Vaissiere BE, Cane JH, Steffan- Das B.J., Paul K., Baruah N., and Basumatary Dewenter I, Cunningham SA, Kremen B.K (2018). Diversity of insect C and Tscharntke T. 2007. Importance pollinators of rabi crops cultivated in of pollinators in changing landscapes surrounding areas of barpeta town in for world crops. Proceedings of the Assam, India". International journal of Royal Society Series B-Biological research and analytical reviews vol.4 Sciences, 274: 303-313. issue 5. 172-177 Kumar S., Joshi P.C., Nath P., Singh V.K., Fikadu, Z. (2020). Pesticides use, practice and and Mansotra D.K. (2016) International its effect on honeybee in Ethiopia: a Research Journal of Biological review. International Journal of Sciences Vol. 5(1), 1-8 Tropical Insect Science, 1-9. Malerbo-Souza, D. T., Nogueira-Couto, R. Garibaldi, L. A., Steffan-Dewenter, I., H., and Couto, L. A. (2004). Honey bee Winfree, R., Aizen, M. A., Bommarco, attractants and pollination in sweet R., Cunningham, S. A., and Bartomeus, orange, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, I. (2013). Wild pollinators enhance fruit var. Pera-Rio. Journal of Venomous set of crops regardless of honey bee Animals and Toxins including Tropical abundance. science, 339(6127), 1608- Diseases, 10(2), 144-153. 1611. Padamshali, S., and Mandal, S. K. Effect of Garratt M, Bishop J, Degani E, et al. Insect Honey Bee (A. mellifera) Pollination on pollination as an agronomic input: Yield and Yield Attributing Parameters Strategies for oilseed rape production. J of Onion (Allium cepa L.). (2018). Appl Ecol. 2018; 55: 2834–2842. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) Halder S, Ghosh S, Khan R, Khan A.A, Special Issue-7: 4843-4848 Perween T and Hasan M.A (2019). Park, M. G., Blitzer, E. J., Gibbs, J., Losey, J.

2365

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(9): 2359-2367

E., and Danforth, B. N. (2015). Pollinator Insects and their Impact on Negative effects of pesticides on wild Crop Yield of Mustard in Kusma, bee communities can be buffered by Parbat, Nepal. Journal of Institute of landscape context. Proceedings of the Science and Technology, 24(2), 68-75. Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, Sushil, S. N., Stanley, J., Hedau, N. K., and 282(1809), 20150299. Bhatt, J. C. (2013). Enhancing seed http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.029 production of three Brassica vegetables 9 by honey bee pollination in north- Patidar, B. K., Ojha, K. N., and Khan, I. U. western Himalayas of India. Universal (2017). Role of Honeybee (Apis Journal of Agricultural Research, 1(3), mellifera) in Enhancing Yield of 49-53. Mustard in Humid Region of Rajasthan, Thapa RB. 2006. Honeybees and other insect India. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci, pollinators of cultivated plants: A 6(7), 1879-1882. Review. Journal of Institute Agriculture Razzaq, A., Abbasi, K. H., Jamal, M., Aslam, and Animal Science, 27:1-23. A., Malik, K., and Ullah, M. A. (2019). Vighi, M., Settele, J., and Potts, S. G. (2010). Evaluation of Pollination by Honeybee The impact of an insecticide on insect (Apis Mellifera L.) on Canola (Brassica flower visitation and pollination in Napus L.) Produce. International agricultural landscape. Agricultural and Journal of Agriculture and Plant Forest Entomology, 12, 259-266. Science Vol.1 (3), 1-5. Vinícius-Silva, R., Parma, D. D. F., Tostes, R. Rijal, S. P., Thapa, R. B., Sharma, M. D., Sah, B., Arruda, V. M., and Werneck, M. D. S. K., and GC, Y. D. (2017). Pollinators V. (2017). Importance of bees in diversity and their effects on rapeseed pollination of Solanum lycopersicum L. (Brassica campestris L. var. toria) (Solanaceae) in open-field of the production and productivity in Chitwan, Southeast of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Nepal. Journal of Agriculture and Hoehnea, 44(3), 349-360. Environment, 18, 151-161. WAHENGBAM, J., Raut, A. M., Satinder, P., Sáez, A., Aizen, M. A., Medici, S., Viel, M., and Banu, A. N. (2019). Role of bumble Villalobos, E., and Negri, P. (2020). bee in pollination. Annals of Biology, Bees increase crop yield in an alleged 35(2), 290-295. pollinator-independent almond variety. Atmowidi, T., Buchori, D., Manuwoto, S., Scientific reports, 10(1), 1-7. SURYOBROTO, B., and HIDAYAT, Shakeel, M., and Inayatullah, M. (2013). P. (2007). Diversity of pollinator insects Impact of insect pollinators on the yield in relation to seed set of mustard of canola (Brassica napus) in Peshawar, (Brassica rapa L.: Cruciferae). HAYATI Pakistan. Journal of Agricultural and Journal of Biosciences, 14(4), 155-161. Urban Entomology, 29(1), 1-5. Chaudhary, O. P., and Chand, R. (2017). Stein, K., Coulibaly, D., Stenchly, K., Goetze, Economic benefits of animal pollination D., Porembski, S., Lindner, A., and to Indian agriculture. Indian Journal of Linsenmair, E. K. (2017). Bee Agricultural Sciences, 87(9), 1117- pollination increases yield quantity and 1138. quality of cash crops in Burkina Faso, Sihag, R. C. (1986). Insect pollination West Africa. Scientific reports, 7(1), 1- increases seed production in cruciferous 10. and umbelliferous crops. Journal of Subedi, N., and Subedi, I. P. (2019). Apicultural Research, 25(2), 121-126.

2366

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(9): 2359-2367

Melisie, D., and Damte, T. (2017). Effects of Kumar, S., Joshi, P. C., Nath, P., and Singh, Some Insecticides on Foraging V. K. (2018). Impacts of Insecticides on honeybees on Onion Flowers under Pollinators of Different Food Plants. Field Condition. Recent Research in Entomol Ornithol Herpetol, 7(2), 7. Science and Technology, 13-17. Shivanna K. R. (2015) Management of Connell, J. H., Index, A. D., Prunus, W., pollination services to enhance crop California, S. U. and Webb, M. D. A. productivity. In: Plant biology and Pollination of : practices and biotechnology. Springer, Karnataka, pp problems. Horttechnology, 10, 116–119 697–711. (2000).

How to cite this article:

Paras Kumar, Gagandeep Singh and Harpinder Singh. 2020. Impact of Insect Pollinators on Quantitative and Qualitative Improvement in Agricultural Crops: A Review. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 9(09): 2359-2367. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.909.295

2367