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MOA & RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT

Willie Chance Training by Willie Chance, LLC [email protected]

Find this presentation at www.wchance3.wordpress.com/handouts DEFINE PESTICIDE RESISTANCE

 Increased resistance of a pest to a pesticide that used to control it.  Takes more pesticide to control a pest  Less control with the same pesticide  failures!

Find this presentation at www.wchance3.wordpress.com/handouts MALARIAL MOSQUITOES

 1955 WHO plans to eradicate malaria with DDT  DDT resistance dooms the program over 20 yrs  1990s > sprays, treated bed nets  Resistant mosquitoes and bed bugs!  Bedbugs have multiple pesticide resistance!  What pesticide is next and how long will it last? MALARIA MOSQUITOES

 Populations on the rebound.  Mosquitoes that are resistant to virtually all pesticides used against them.  The organisms that cause malaria have also become resistant to drugs used to treat the disease.  Malaria kills more than 500,000 people each year.

HISTORY OF INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE

 1914 – scales resistant to an ‘inorganic pesticide’  1914 -1946, another 11 cases of resistance to inorganic pesticides were recorded.  DDT was seen as the solution but …  By 1947, houseflies were resistant to DDT  With every new insecticide introduction – case of resistance within 2 – 20 years.  Organic (natural), inorganic - even Bacillus thurengiensis PESTICIDE RESISTANCE A LARGE PROBLEM

 More than 500 species of insects and mites  Over 270 weed species  More than 150 plant pathogens  About a half dozen species of rats  There are > 1,000 insect/insecticide multiple resistance combinations  At least 17 species of insects are resistant to all major classes of HTTP://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/PESTICIDE_RESISTANCE RESISTANCE DEVELOPS QUICKLY WITH:

 Short pest life cycle and lots of offspring  Highly persistent or specific pesticides  Heavy long term reliance on pesticides  Long term exposure to the same MOA RECENT EXAMPLE

 Round-Up ready crops answered the problem of herbicide resistance to DNAs (treflan, surflan, pendamethalin, etc.)  Notice what weed became resistant first in Georgia

Pigweed

Image from http://deltafarmpress.com INSECTICIDE MOA MOA – INSECT NERVE CELL

Neo-nics, Pyrethroids Indoxacarb Spinosad

Fipronil OPs Carbamates Avermectin

Tremors & convulsions Limp paralysis Insecticide Basics for the PMP, Dr Dan Suiter, UGA and Dr Michael Scharf, Perdue University, http://tinyurl.com/zxg3unr MOA OTHER THAN NERVOUS SYSTEM

 Insect growth regulators  Juvenile hormone analogs (hydroprene, methoprene, pyriproxyfen, fenoxycarb)  Chitin syntheses inhibitors (, hexaflumuron, noviflumuron, lufenuron)  Energy inhibition  Hydramethylnon (mitochondria specific)  Sulfuryl fluoride (non-specific)  General oral toxicant - Borates  Dessicants – silica gel, diatomaceous earth POTENTIAL FOR FUNGICIDE RESISTANCE VARIES WITH MOA

High - Benzimidazoles (e.g., Cleary 3336) and phenylamides (e.g., Subdue MAXX) Moderately High - Strobilurins (e.g., Heritage) Moderate - DMIs (e.g., Bayleton) and the dicarboximides (e.g., Chipco 26GT) Low - nitriles (e.g., Daconil), aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., PCNB), and dithiocarbamates (e.g., mancozeb) ROTATING PESTICIDES

 Do not use the same pesticide mode of action MOA repeatedly!  What about cyfluthrin > bifenthrin  Cyfluthrin > > Spinosad  Rotate MOA!  Resistance Action Codes (IRAC, FRAC, WSSA) IRAC IS NOT A MIDDLE EASTERN COUNTRY! INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE ACTION COMMITTEE

http://www.irac-online.org/ ROTATE TO A DIFFERENT MOA! GEORGIATURF.COM Control not what it used to be Dr Patrick McCullough, University of Georgia Barricade at 0.75 lb ai/acre applied 9/21/16 Picture 1/31/17 prodiamine (Barricade) 0 1 mM 100 mM 1 mM 3 weeks after treatment prodiamine (Barricade) 0 1 mM 100 mM 0 1 mM 100 mM

R-Biotype S-Biotype Resistant

0 0.56 1.1 2.2 4.5 9 18 36 72 144 Susceptible

0 0.04 0.07 0.14 0.28 0.56 1.1 2.2 4.5 9 Monument 75WG rate (oz/acre) R-Biotype

S-Biotype

Nontreated Barricade Dimension Kerb 0.5 lb ai/acre 1.5 lb ai/acre Barricade at 0.75 lb ai/acre applied September

Golf Course 1 Golf Course 2 Golf Course 3 Specticle (indaziflam) 9 oz/acre in September

Golf Course 1 Golf Course 2 Golf Course 3 Simazine at 1 qt/acre applied in November

Golf Course 1 Golf Course 2 Golf Course 3 Revolver at 26 oz/acre applied in November

Golf Course 1 Golf Course 2 Golf Course 3 Revolver + Simazine applied in November

Golf Course 1 Golf Course 2 Golf Course 3

POA RESISTANT TO BARRICADE (PRODIAMINE)

WSSA HRAC IPM TO MANAGE RESISTANCE

 Scouting for pests  Time applications based on pest life cycle  Protect beneficial  Best management practices (BMP)  Biological & cultural controls  Mix and apply carefully  Alternate different MOA CASE STUDY – DIAMONDBACK MOTH RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT

HTTP://WWW.CAES.UGA.EDU/PUBLICATIONS/PUBDETAIL.CFM?PK_ID=7458

 Resistant to DDT in 1953  Resistant to following insecticides  Control now requires careful use of insecticides for control without resistance DBM CONTROL

 Scouting threshold - .1 - .3 larvae per plant  Rotate insecticide MOA  Use one MOA for one generation only (2.5 – 4 weeks long)  Select insecticide based on season IPM VERSUS DBM

 Reserve the most effective insecticides to protect the harvested portion of the crop.  Crop rotation  Protect beneficial insects  Destroy crop residue  Avoid adjacent plantings  Do not plant year round INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM)

Don Ferrin, Louisiana State University Ag. Center, Bugwood.org IPM VERSUS AQUATIC WEEDS

http://aquaplant.tamu.edu/

Ted D. Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org PESTICIDE RESISTANCE

 A growing and expensive problem  Pests develop resistance to many new pesticides  The solution lies in managing against resistance  The solution includes everyone – we must all do it for this to work!

Find this presentation at www.wchance3.wordpress.com/handouts REFERENCES

 http://ipm.ncsu.edu/safety/factsheets/resistan.pdf  http://commodities.caes.uga.edu/turfgrass/georgiat urf/publicat/PCRP2011/AddNotes.pdf  http://www.sripmc.org/IRACMOA/IRMFactSheet.pdf  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_resistance  www.irac-online.org/content/uploads/Resistance- The-Facts.pdf  http://alandove.com/content/2011/12/the-other- superbugs-pesticide-resistant-insects/ Find this presentation at www.wchance3.wordpress.com/handouts