INSECTICIDE MOA & RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT
Willie Chance Training by Willie Chance, LLC [email protected]
Find this presentation at www.wchance3.wordpress.com/handouts DEFINE PESTICIDE RESISTANCE
Increased resistance of a pest to a pesticide that used to control it. Takes more pesticide to control a pest Less control with the same pesticide Pest control failures!
Find this presentation at www.wchance3.wordpress.com/handouts MALARIAL MOSQUITOES
1955 WHO plans to eradicate malaria with DDT DDT resistance dooms the program over 20 yrs 1990s Pyrethroids > sprays, treated bed nets Resistant mosquitoes and bed bugs! Bedbugs have multiple pesticide resistance! What pesticide is next and how long will it last? MALARIA MOSQUITOES
Populations on the rebound. Mosquitoes that are resistant to virtually all pesticides used against them. The organisms that cause malaria have also become resistant to drugs used to treat the disease. Malaria kills more than 500,000 people each year.
HISTORY OF INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE
1914 – scales resistant to an ‘inorganic pesticide’ 1914 -1946, another 11 cases of resistance to inorganic pesticides were recorded. DDT was seen as the solution but … By 1947, houseflies were resistant to DDT With every new insecticide introduction – case of resistance within 2 – 20 years. Organic (natural), inorganic - even Bacillus thurengiensis PESTICIDE RESISTANCE A LARGE PROBLEM
More than 500 species of insects and mites Over 270 weed species More than 150 plant pathogens About a half dozen species of rats There are > 1,000 insect/insecticide multiple resistance combinations At least 17 species of insects are resistant to all major classes of insecticides HTTP://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/PESTICIDE_RESISTANCE RESISTANCE DEVELOPS QUICKLY WITH:
Short pest life cycle and lots of offspring Highly persistent or specific pesticides Heavy long term reliance on pesticides Long term exposure to the same MOA RECENT EXAMPLE
Round-Up ready crops answered the problem of herbicide resistance to DNAs (treflan, surflan, pendamethalin, etc.) Notice what weed became resistant first in Georgia
Pigweed
Image from http://deltafarmpress.com INSECTICIDE MOA MOA – INSECT NERVE CELL
Neo-nics, Pyrethroids Indoxacarb Spinosad
Fipronil OPs Carbamates Avermectin
Tremors & convulsions Limp paralysis Insecticide Basics for the PMP, Dr Dan Suiter, UGA and Dr Michael Scharf, Perdue University, http://tinyurl.com/zxg3unr MOA OTHER THAN NERVOUS SYSTEM
Insect growth regulators Juvenile hormone analogs (hydroprene, methoprene, pyriproxyfen, fenoxycarb) Chitin syntheses inhibitors (diflubenzuron, hexaflumuron, noviflumuron, lufenuron) Energy inhibition Hydramethylnon (mitochondria specific) Sulfuryl fluoride (non-specific) General oral toxicant - Borates Dessicants – silica gel, diatomaceous earth POTENTIAL FOR FUNGICIDE RESISTANCE VARIES WITH MOA
High - Benzimidazoles (e.g., Cleary 3336) and phenylamides (e.g., Subdue MAXX) Moderately High - Strobilurins (e.g., Heritage) Moderate - DMIs (e.g., Bayleton) and the dicarboximides (e.g., Chipco 26GT) Low - nitriles (e.g., Daconil), aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., PCNB), and dithiocarbamates (e.g., mancozeb) ROTATING PESTICIDES
Do not use the same pesticide mode of action MOA repeatedly! What about cyfluthrin > bifenthrin Cyfluthrin > Carbaryl > Spinosad Rotate MOA! Resistance Action Codes (IRAC, FRAC, WSSA) IRAC IS NOT A MIDDLE EASTERN COUNTRY! INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE ACTION COMMITTEE
http://www.irac-online.org/ ROTATE TO A DIFFERENT MOA! GEORGIATURF.COM Control not what it used to be Dr Patrick McCullough, University of Georgia Barricade at 0.75 lb ai/acre applied 9/21/16 Picture 1/31/17 prodiamine (Barricade) 0 1 mM 100 mM 1 mM 3 weeks after treatment prodiamine (Barricade) 0 1 mM 100 mM 0 1 mM 100 mM
R-Biotype S-Biotype Resistant
0 0.56 1.1 2.2 4.5 9 18 36 72 144 Susceptible
0 0.04 0.07 0.14 0.28 0.56 1.1 2.2 4.5 9 Monument 75WG rate (oz/acre) R-Biotype
S-Biotype
Nontreated Barricade Dimension Kerb 0.5 lb ai/acre 1.5 lb ai/acre Barricade at 0.75 lb ai/acre applied September
Golf Course 1 Golf Course 2 Golf Course 3 Specticle (indaziflam) 9 oz/acre in September
Golf Course 1 Golf Course 2 Golf Course 3 Simazine at 1 qt/acre applied in November
Golf Course 1 Golf Course 2 Golf Course 3 Revolver at 26 oz/acre applied in November
Golf Course 1 Golf Course 2 Golf Course 3 Revolver + Simazine applied in November
Golf Course 1 Golf Course 2 Golf Course 3
POA RESISTANT TO BARRICADE (PRODIAMINE)
WSSA HRAC IPM TO MANAGE RESISTANCE
Scouting for pests Time applications based on pest life cycle Protect beneficial arthropods Best management practices (BMP) Biological & cultural controls Mix and apply carefully Alternate different MOA CASE STUDY – DIAMONDBACK MOTH RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT
HTTP://WWW.CAES.UGA.EDU/PUBLICATIONS/PUBDETAIL.CFM?PK_ID=7458
Resistant to DDT in 1953 Resistant to following insecticides Control now requires careful use of insecticides for control without resistance DBM CONTROL
Scouting threshold - .1 - .3 larvae per plant Rotate insecticide MOA Use one MOA for one generation only (2.5 – 4 weeks long) Select insecticide based on season IPM VERSUS DBM
Reserve the most effective insecticides to protect the harvested portion of the crop. Crop rotation Protect beneficial insects Destroy crop residue Avoid adjacent plantings Do not plant year round INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM)
Don Ferrin, Louisiana State University Ag. Center, Bugwood.org IPM VERSUS AQUATIC WEEDS
http://aquaplant.tamu.edu/
Ted D. Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org PESTICIDE RESISTANCE
A growing and expensive problem Pests develop resistance to many new pesticides The solution lies in managing against resistance The solution includes everyone – we must all do it for this to work!
Find this presentation at www.wchance3.wordpress.com/handouts REFERENCES
http://ipm.ncsu.edu/safety/factsheets/resistan.pdf http://commodities.caes.uga.edu/turfgrass/georgiat urf/publicat/PCRP2011/AddNotes.pdf http://www.sripmc.org/IRACMOA/IRMFactSheet.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_resistance www.irac-online.org/content/uploads/Resistance- The-Facts.pdf http://alandove.com/content/2011/12/the-other- superbugs-pesticide-resistant-insects/ Find this presentation at www.wchance3.wordpress.com/handouts