District Disaster Management Plan Kadapa

Volume I – General Plan and Hazard Vulnerability and Capacity Analysis

Prepared by: District Administration, Kadapa

Supported by: UNDP, Andhra Pradesh Contents 1. The Introduction: ...... 5 1.1. The Objectives of the Plan: ...... 6 1.2. Approach: ...... 6 1.3. Methodology ...... 7 1.4. How to use this plan ...... 9 1.5. Scope and Ownership of District Disaster Management Plan: ...... 10 1.6. Monitoring, evaluation and update of the Plan ...... 11 1.6.1.1. Review and update ...... 12 1.6.1.2. Evaluation of the Plan ...... 13 2. The Implementation of the District Disaster Management Plan ...... 15 2.1. Disaster Management Authorities ...... 15 2.2. Incident Response System ...... 15 2.3. District Control Rooms ...... 16 2.4. Response – Coordination between district, state and national levels ...... 18 2.5. Departmental Capacity building (SWOT analysis) Findings of Line Departments Assessment from one-to-one Consultations ...... 19 2.5.1. General role and linkages of department in district disaster management plan ...... 19 2.5.2. Key Actions to strengthen the functioning of Kadapa District Administration and Departments in Disaster Management ...... 21 3. District Profile ...... 25 3.1. Introduction ...... 25 3.2. Administrative Setup...... 26 3.3. Geography ...... 27 3.4. Demography ...... 28 3.5. Heritage and Culture ...... 29 3.6. Infrastructure and Services ...... 29 3.7. Climate and Rainfall ...... 30 3.8. Industrialization ...... 31 4. Hazard Assessment Based on Community/Field Consultations ...... 33 4.1. Hazards History ...... 33 4.2. Mandal-wise Mapping ...... 37 4.3. Hazard wise details and Vulnerabilities ...... 39 4.3.1. Cyclone: ...... 39 4.3.2. Floods: ...... 42 4.3.3. Earthquakes ...... 45 4.3.4. Heatwave: ...... 47 4.3.5. Droughts ...... 50

General Plan 1. The Introduction: An effective and realistic District Disaster Management Plan with robust communication, with effective and efficient data base, documented and rehearsed to be activated in the minimum possible time with user friendly procedures ensuring active participation both by Government, Community and Volunteers at all levels making optimum utilisation of men, material and available resources with no gaps to prevent loss to lives and minimise loss to property ensuring fastest approach for rescue, rehabilitation and to avert further miseries of the calamity stricken people. The DDMP guides the entire machinery engaged for relief operation and enhances the community capacity to face the eventuality boldly.

Prepare Respond

Rebuild Recover

Cyclic Graph

India in general is one of the most hazard prone countries in the world. 60% of the country is prone to earthquakes of moderate to high intensity, 40 million hectares is prone to floods, 5,700 km long coast is prone to cyclones and tsunamis and the whole of Himalayas are prone to landslides. The state of Andra Pradesh in particular is one of the multi-hazard prone districts in India. As a result, it was important to develop a plan that improves district’s response to disasters while improving its ability to mitigate the disaster risks and increasing community’s resilience by implementing the preparedness plan. It was deemed important to put a plan in place for dealing with disasters in an organized way with all the stakeholders well-aware of their role in responding and preparing for disasters, as the district is responsible for responding to disasters through its Incident Response Team in the disaster site, while the State and the Centre is responsible for providing extended support, guidance, external resources or additional help as required in case of any major disasters and upon the request of support from the district. The vision of District Disaster Management Plan is to enable disaster resilient development in Kadapa district and continuity of services essential for life and dignity of citizens during disaster and non-disaster situations.

1.1. The Objectives of the Plan:

• Identify areas in the district that are prone to natural and manmade disasters; • Understand the existing vulnerabilities and coping mechanisms of the community by conducting panchayat level assessment exercise; • Identify the measures that ought to be taken by the district administration for prevention and mitigation of disasters; • Build awareness among different stakeholders both at the administrative as well as the community level by directly engaging them in the process of district disaster management planning; • Identify various existing development schemes that could be implemented for mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) in development; • Specify key areas for improving disaster resilience by awareness, training and capacity-building of the stakeholders; • Highlight preparedness measures required to be undertaken by the district administration so as to be able to better respond to any threatening disaster situation; • Prepare the response plan for quick and effective response; and • Establish the reconstruction, rehabilitation and recovery plan in order to restore the vital life support systems to minimum operating standards at a first moment and work towards rehabilitating them to at least the original standards.

1.2. Approach:

The aim of the plan is to establish necessary systems, structures, programs, resources, capabilities and guiding principles for reducing disaster risks and preparing for and responding to disasters and threats of disasters in respective district, in order to save lives and property, avoid disruption of economic activity and damage to environment and to ensure the continuity and sustainability of development.

The district disaster management plan has a holistic and integrated approach with emphasis on prevention, mitigation and preparedness by ensuring that Disaster Management receives the highest priority at all levels in the district. It has a paradigm shift, similar to the lines of national and state level, from reactive and relief centric approach to disasters. The approach is aimed to conserve developmental gains and also minimize losses to lives, livelihood and property. For efficient execution of the District Disaster Management Plan, the Plan has been organized as per these four stages of the Disaster Cycle. Normal Befor Time Disaster

After During Disaster Disaster

Disaster Cycle Non disaster stage: Activities include disaster mitigation1, leading to prevention2 & risk reduction3. Before disaster stage: Activities include preparedness to face likely disasters, dissemination of early warnings. During disaster stage: Activities include quick response, relief, mobilization of search &rescue, damage assessment. After disaster stage: Activities include recovery & rehabilitation programs in disaster affected areas.

1.3. Methodology

District disaster management planning has often been criticized for being comprised of general guidelines rather than actionable plans. It has also been criticized to be incomplete in its approach for either non-involvement of communities (the victims of disasters) or completing mere formality. Therefore, with the aim to overcome this scenario, the District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA) of Kadapa in partnership with AIDMI has worked to make this plan more inclusive. The term inclusive points to a wider community outreach, a greater ownership by district’s administrative officers and an institution-based focus to address safety issues.

In view of this, the process was divided in two phases. The first phase was mainly comprised of consultations with various stakeholders such as line departments, MP Block Development Officers (MPDOs), members of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), and vulnerable communities

1 The lessening or minimizing of the adverse impacts of a hazardous event - UNISDR 2 Activities and measures to avoid existing and new disaster risks - UNISDR 3 aimed at preventing new and reducing existing disaster risk and managing residual risk, all of which contribute to strengthening resilience and therefore to the achievement of sustainable development - UNISDR in order to collect the necessary information and data and understand the particularities and matters related to risk reduction in the district. It was also comprised of meetings between AIDMI and the DDMA to discuss and improve the framework of the DDMP. In consonance with the approach of making the plan inclusive, during the second phase two major key government institutions were covered in depth to address safety issues. Once all these activities had been undertaken on the field, the plan was prepared based on its outcomes and by consulting the Disaster Management Act (DMA), 2005, the DDMP model framework by NDMA and the directions provided by UNDP Andra Pradesh.

1.4. How to use this plan

Action Referance Remarks

Read this to understand Know your Hazard Risks District Profile & HVCA disaster context of the (Hazard, Vulnerability and district Capacity)

Early Warning System & Refer Preparedness Plan Incident Response System

Act per your specific plan For Early Warning and Standard operating normal times, refer procedure for line “Preparedness and departments Response plan

Read to know about Know resources available Response Plan available resourses to respond to any disasters

Safety Tips for various Read to know what to do disasters (Do’s & Don’ts General Plan (Annexture) and what not to do before, during and after disasters

Climate induced disasters 1. Know how development Risk Reduction Plan: are listed with department is affected by climate ‘Climate Change Action specific impacts and induced disasters Plan’ exiting coping mechanisms.

Schemes from central and 2. Know how to link DRR- Risk Reduction Plan: state government with CCA with development ‘Schemes for DRR & CCA’ DRR linkages mentioned. programs Possible actions.

1.5. Scope and Ownership of District Disaster Management Plan: Any type of disaster be it natural or manmade, leads to immense loss of life, and also causes damage to the property and the surrounding environment, to such an extent that the normal social and economic mechanism available to the society, gets disturbed. The Govt. of India, recognized the need to of a proactive, comprehensive, and sustained approach to disaster management to reduce detrimental effects of disasters on overall socio-economic development of country, and came out with Disaster Management (DM) Act 2005, and highlighted the role and importance of District Disaster Management Plan. The Govt. of Andhra Pradesh also believes that there is a need for a Disaster Management Plan in every district that articulates its vision and strategy for disaster management in the state. In this context the Department of Disaster Management Andhra Pradesh provides guidelines to various entities involved in disaster management in the state to discharge their responsibilities more effectively. Further, as per the DM Act, the District Disaster Management Authority to be formed in each district and it will be the nodal agency for preparation, functioning and review of the District Disaster Management Plan (DDMP). The scope of district disaster management plan is very wide, and it is applicable in all the stages of disasters (before, during, after & non disaster time). The DDMPs can help officials in taking important decisions and also provide guidance to direct subordinates in emergency. The DDMP helps in saving the precious time, which might be lost in the consultations, and getting approval from authorities. It will be the responsibility of the District Disaster Management Authority members to look after the district and sub district level institutionalization activities pertaining to the disaster management, including the periodic review of district disaster management plan and allied functions. DDMP is an operational module for district administration (owned by the DDMA) and it helps to effectively mitigate the different types of disasters with locally available persons and resources. It also ensures a checklist for all the stakeholders for an action oriented response structure and to study their preparedness level.

10

1.6. Monitoring, evaluation and update of the Plan

Ensure a year- round implementation

Verify if the coordination Check the level between of preparedness departments and agencies Monitoring and Evaluation

Assess the Determine the trainings adequacy of imparted for resources capacity building

The process is not necessarily successful if flaws are not found, but rather if the appropriate measures are undertaken in face of the necessary improvements. In view of this, the role and responsibilities of the DDMA are:

•Monitor the functioning and adequacy of the resources present in the district every six months * •Ensure that all the departmental plans are operational and checked by the respective nodal officers

•Based on the analysis, the DDMA has to procure/purchase/borrow resources from the concerned authorities and replace the dilapidated and non-functioning resources using the developmental * funds

•Ensure that all the departmental plans are operational and checked by the respective nodal officers •Monitor that all the officers of the frontline departments are trained as per * guidelines/requirements

•Monitor that all mitigation, preparedness and response measures are properly implemented within the district •Identify and ensure implementation of disaster risk reduction into developmental projects and schemes. Additionally, all heads of departments at the district level must * identify suitable and relevant schemes (centrally-sponsored or state-funded) which can be used for and/or linked with disaster management

11

1.6.1.1. Review and update The reasons for the review and further update of the DDMP can be categorized in two major groups: a) domestic changes, i.e. changes within the district itself, whether related to operational activities, geo-characteristics of the environment, physical resources or knowledge enhancement; b) external changes, i.e. those related to changes in regulatory requirements.

Internal Changes in Ground district Review and vulnerabilit Update y

Major change in Acquisition the set of new operationa resources l activities

Names and contact Lessons details of learned the officers/off icials

When it comes to the external changes, the plan has to be updated once every year and preferably within the first month of the new financial year in order to incorporate:

Passing of the new acts in the Introduction of new schemes parliament that have any Changes made to existing by the central or state bearing on the DDMP centrally and state-sponsored governments that are relevant irrespective of any prior schemes for disaster risk reduction reference to the functions of the act

Installation of new technology Change of directions by the by the NDMA/APSDMA related Opening up of any relevant state or any updates to the to communication networks, state/national institution or State Disaster Management knowledge management mechanism for training; etc Plan systems, early warning, etc

Every time that the DDMP is reviewed and updated, it has to be uploaded on the website of the Andhra Pradesh State Disaster Management Authority (APSDMA) and the updated version should distinctly mention the major changes and newly added components so that any block or 12

district official, community-based organisation, NDMA, can easily study the plan etc. Additionally, the updated DDMP has to be circulated to all stakeholder departments, agencies and organizations.

1.6.1.2. Evaluation of the Plan Two are the most important mechanisms for evaluation the plan, viz. emergency management exercises and mock-drills, which are explained in the next sub-topics.

a) Emergency Management Exercise The Emergency Management Exercise (EMEx) aims to provide to its participants a theoretical, practical, and holistic training in key urban disaster management issues. It is comprised of progressively complex exercises, each of which builds upon the skills learned in previous exercises. The main elements of an EMEx are4: - Parallel training courses or tracks, including prep-workshops; - Table-top simulation; - Field drill; - Debriefing; and - Evaluation. According to the training manual developed by NDMA about EMEx, there are eight stages to be followed to plan and conduct an EMEx, which take at least six months to be completed. These stages are mentioned below – detailed explanation of the phases, timeline, critical actions, and outcomes and other information are found in the manual itself. 1. The policy-level decision of the state/city approving the organization of the EMEx is taken in this phase and it represents the commitment to hold the exercise. 2. Identification of the types of training tracks to be held in the EMEx and their number. 3. Definition of the financial plan and budget of the EMEx and state commitment of financial resources towards organizing it. 4. Selection of the city/venue for holding of the EMEx. 5. Identification and selection of key stakeholders required to conduct the EMEx, as well as management of the logistics/operations required and monitoring arrangements. 6. Formation of a state-level committee to look after the important decisions of EMEx. 7. Identification of participants to attend the EMEx. 8. Follow-up phase, which includes documentation (e.g. after action and evaluation reports), link to way ahead. Besides that, regular monitoring is strongly recommended in order to ensure that the preparation is on track.

b) Mock-drill The nodal authority for the task of implementation of the DDMP, whether during or after disasters, is the DDMA. In this regard, mock-drill exercises are required in order to verify the level of preparedness and improve the coordination during emergencies.

4NDMA, Training Manual - How to conduct Emergency Management Exercise (EMEx), September 2015 13

Mock-drills help in evaluating response and improving coordination within the administration, with various departments, non-government agencies, other stakeholders and communities. They help in identifying the extent to which the DDMP is effective and support the revision of the same, if required. These drills enhance the ability to respond faster, better and in an organized manner during the response and recovery phase. In sum, mock-drills are required for the following reasons: - Make the plan usable; - Improve the know-how of practices to be followed while dealing with disasters; - Get communities prepared to deal more appropriately during disasters; - Build the confidence of communities in the administration and respondents; and - Make the plan more practicable by upgrading it as per the identified needs and gaps.

Type of Mock Fire Cyclone-Flood Earthquake Heat wave drill mock-drill mock-drill mock-drill Mock drill Timeline February May Anytime February

After every exercise of mock-drill, an evaluation report has to be elaborated. It should include findings, recommendations, and a rank the identified findings according to the categories described below. The format for the evaluation report is given right after. - Observation: finding has little direct impact on emergency response or restoration, but should be considered for improving the emergency response; - Gap: finding has some measurable impact on timeliness of restoration or effectiveness of emergency response; - Significant Gap: finding has significant impact on timeliness of restoration or effectiveness of emergency response with significant potential to impact public safety.

14

2. The Implementation of the District Disaster Management Plan

2.1. Disaster Management Authorities5 The Disaster Management Act, 2005, Government of India provides for an effective institutional mechanism for drawing up and monitoring and implementation of DDMP for prevention and mitigation of disasters and for taking up a holistic, coordinated and prompt response to any disaster situation. Under the Act certain authority are conferred to the state Government for making rules to carry out the provisions of the Act. In perspective to Sub Section (1) and (2) of the Section 25 of the Disaster Management Act (53 0f 2005) the State Government will have an established District Disaster Management Authority for the District of Kadapa in the State of Andhra Pradesh Disaster Management Rules 2007. As per the instruction of the Government vide G.O.Ms.No.1436, Revenue (DM III) Department, Dt.14-11-2007, the following officers are appointed as members to the District Disaster Management Authority.

Sl. No Member of DDMA Designation 1 The Collector/Magistrate Chairperson 2 Chairperson of Zila Parishad Co-Chairperson 3 Superintendent of Police Member, Ex-Officer 4 Addl. Deputy Commissioner Chief executive Officer, / Joint Collector Convener 5 Project Director, District Rural Development agency Member (DRDA) 6 Chief executive Officer of the Zila Parishad Member, Ex Officio 7 District Medical and Health Officer of the District Member, Ex- Officio

2.2. Incident Response System6 The Incident Response System (IRS) is an effective mechanism for reducing the scope for ad-hoc measures in response. It incorporates all the tasks that may be performed during disaster management (DM) irrespective of their level of complexity. It envisages a composite team with various sections to attend to the entire possible responses requirement. The IRS identifies and designates officers to perform various duties and get them trained in their respective roles.

The District Magistrate/DC will head the district administrative set up and will be the chairperson of the DDMA as per the Act. He is designated as the Responsible Officer (RO) in the District as per the Incident Response System.

The complete IRS organisational structure at the District level is depicted below:

5 As per the instruction of the Government vide G.O.Ms.No.1436, Revenue (DM III) Department, Dt.14-11-2007 , the following officers are hereby appointed as members to the District Disaster Management Authority 6 As per the instruction of the Government vide G.O.Ms.No.4, Revenue (DM III) Department, Dt.07-05-2015 , the Revenue (DM) Department – Formation of Incident Response System (IRS) at State and District – Orders – Issued. 15

District Collector/Magistrate/ RO

Nodal Officer Air Operations

HQ IRT District EOC

Incident Commander Incident Commander Sub-Division IRT Mandal IRT

The Incident Response Teams (IRT) will be pre-designated at all levels that are state, District, Sub-division, Mandal. All IRTs will be headed by the respective administrative heads of excluding state and district. At state level it is the principal secretary revenue and disaster management and at district level it is the JDM will lead the IRT as an IC. In the IRS however the Chief Secretary and DMs have been given the authority to select anyone else also if they think it necessary.

2.3. District Control Rooms

The DM Act, 2005 envisages for the district control room which will be in place undertaking pre-disaster, during and post disaster activities in the district. For 16

effective coordination, robust pre-designated communication system with various line departments to be installed for reducing the potential effects of disasters in the district.

District Control Room Dissemination

All Govt & Non- General Public Govt Agencies

Information Department

The Kadapa district has different control rooms, which are operational round the clock, throughout the year. These are as follows:

Table: Details of control rooms established

Sr. No. Control Room Location Contact Details 1 District control room Kadapa Collectorate 08562-246344 /1077 2 Police Control Room Police Control Room, Kadapa 101/ 8562-242198 3 Fire Control Room D.No. 21/68, M.R.O. Office 101/ Compound, Near Seven Roads, 08562-242299, Kadapa – 516001. 9963737191 4 Ambulance Medical and Health Office, Kadapa 108/ 102

List of Emergency Control Rooms in the Y.S.R. District Kadapa Sl.N Office Toll Free No. FAx No. Control o. Room 1 Kadapa 08562-246344No's 1077 FAX 2 Collectorate 08562-250225 No.0856 2- 3 08562-244678 244438

Sl. Divisional Office Cell No. Office No. Fax No. No. 1 R.D.O, Kadapa 9849904117 08565-240214 08565-240066 2 R.D.O., Rajampet 9849904114 08562-242435 08562-242435 3 R.D.O Jammalamadu 9849904115 08560-271088 08560-271088

17

2.4. Response – Coordination between district, state and national levels The state level high power standing committee is currently operational in the state to mitigate and manage disasters/emergencies to convene, review administrative preparedness and response mechanisms. State Executive Council (SEC) of the State Disaster Management Authority has been constituted under the chairmanship of the Chief Secretary. The SEC at the state level and other agencies from central government complement the functioning of SDMA in executing disaster management functions. Figure: 3 below present the coordination between central government with state and state with district/ULB level. Coordination mechanism between national to state and state to district

Ministry of National Calamities Management NDMA National

Home Affairs Committee Executive Council

Commissioner State APSDMA Disaster Mgmt Executive Council

State Crisis Management Committee (SCMG)

District DDMA Collector

District level coordinating committee

Mandals ULBs

Gram Panchayat

Community task Force Community task Force

18

2.5. Departmental Capacity building (SWOT analysis) Findings of Line Departments Assessment from one-to-one Consultations This section includes an assessment of both vulnerabilities and capacities within the line departments. As part of the process, a number of consultations were held with several line departments on one-to-one basis. The exercise revealed the existing scenario in which these line departments are functioning, the challenges they face and capabilities available when it comes to disaster management and related matters. In the following sub-sections, a matrix provides an overview of the current situation of each line department, as it summarizes the main strengths and areas of improvement. Right after, a table was prepared to provide an explanation of these elements, as well as of other relevant factors. Depending on the line department, some sub-topics were also added like suggestions for further action and information about past disasters.

2.5.1. General role and linkages of department in district disaster management plan Sr. no Department Role of Department 1. Agriculture Agriculture Department always sustains losses/damage when floods Department and cyclone occur in the State. The quantum of losses is proportional to the intensity, time and duration of the hazard. It is difficult to prevent such losses but remedial measures can be taken to save the crops and if this is not possible to go in for alternative measures suitable for the area and type of soil. 2. Revenue The Revenue Department is the nodal department for coordination, Department management of a cyclone event as it has a network of officials up to village level, and officers of the department have magisterial powers. The department is assisted by the concerned line Departments/agencies to fulfill the responsibilities assigned. Pre, during and post action plans in coordination with the line departments, conducting relief, rescue and rehabilitation is the main activity 3. Education Schools and schoolchildren are the most affected by disasters and a well Department thought out plan should be in place to ensure work smoothly to reduce this vulnerability and to play an important role in the community in responding to disasters. 4. Police The Police Department is one of the key Government departments. Department Both in the normal times when no disasters occur and in times of disasters, this department is the department that first responds and assist in evacuation process and in maintaining law and order in and around shelters. 5. Transport Districts will work out strategy and priority of departments that Department should be provided power continuously before during and after the event. The order of the departments is communication/transmission stations, water works, hospitals, relief camps, shelters, railways and important road points. 6. Fire Department The Department is capable of rendering life-saving service to the people involved in disasters both natural and man-made. 7. Bharat Sanchar Establish radio Communications with state control room, district control Nigam Ltd. (BSNL) room and departmental offices within the district. All personnel required for Disaster Management should work under the overall supervision and guidance of District Collector. 8. Information & Department of information & public relations is an important link 19

public relations between the media and people/ Government during normal times. department During natural calamities, their role is as equally important as with the other key departments. 9. Horticulture Planting trees is an easy and effective way to beautify our property, Department provide shade in summer and wind protection in winter. Tree is such a visible part of the landscape care must be taken to ensure proper growth conditions are maintained. A tree is far more difficult and expensive to replace, once mature in the landscape, than most shrubs. 10. Municipal and The Housing & Urban Development Department is the nodal urban development Department for ensuring proper and planned growth of cities and towns with adequate infrastructure and basic amenities. The continuous exodus of rural population to urban areas has contributed to the exponential growth resulting in severe strain on the existing infrastructure and subsequent demand for additional provisions. To keep pace with the growing demands of the urban area, the Department has been taking effective and adequate steps for efficient management & delivery of basic urban services like provision of Safe Drinking Water, Sanitation, Roads, Solid Waste Management, and Housing etc. 11. Water Resource This department plays vital role in Hydrological assessment of Department availability of water in the river basins including water allocation to the Irrigation and other purposes duly assessing the availability in the basin. Construction of new projects to create irrigation potential for economic development. Improve water management, efficiency by integrated and coordinated, and implementation of operation and maintenance plans for existing Irrigation projects. Flood management, Restoration, and maintenance of flood banks. 12. Public Health Natural unforeseen calamities, i.e. disaster like drought, cyclonic Engineering storm and flood are the common occurrences in the State every Department year. These kinds of disaster have always-wider impact on human life, livestock, property and assets created by individual and state. Aftermath the disaster among the basic needs for survival, safe drinking water and emergency sanitation always figures on top of the priority list along with food and shelter. As Public Health Engineering Department/Directorate is mandated for supply of safe drinking water to the people of the State, during disaster it requires delivery of services on safe drinking water supply on war footing basis. 13. Women & Child Women & Child Development Department is having a well- Development developed network for providing its services to the beneficiaries. Department However, during natural calamity like flood, cyclone, earthquake and disease epidemic the institutional network get disrupted. Awareness and capacity building needs to be provided on subjects related to degree and intensity of disaster (limited to low and medium magnitude). In order to provide effective relief services, assistance from Voluntary agencies, H&FW, Panchayat Raj, Rural Development, Police etc. is required. 14. Building As this Department is dealing with, and responsible for construction Construction work and its day to 20

Department (PWD) day maintenance for road, bridge, C.D. Works along with all public Department building works under its control, all the field officials starting for Executive Engineers, Assistant Engineer and Junior Engineers are warned for such identification of structures accordingly 15. Rural Water Supply Natural disasters often put a vast majority of the population at & Sanitation health risk, claim human lives, and devastate household property Department and public infrastructure. Almost all of the States of India are vulnerable to at least some of the natural calamities, including cyclone, flood, tsunami, drought, earthquake etc. Climate change is also now exacerbating disasters, both in terms of numbers and complexity. Almost all types of natural disasters can lead to situations of large scale displacement of communities whose health is at risk due to disruption of basic services like drinking water sanitation, health care, food supply etc. Water supply and sanitation in particular, often become the most crucial needs of the disaster-affected population, especially women and children. The onslaught of natural disasters may lead to outbreak of epidemics like cholera, diarrheal diseases, dengue, malaria, typhoid etc. It is possible to mitigate, if not prevent, the adverse impact of disasters, by planned disaster risk reduction interventions on water supply, sanitation and hygiene by Government and other stakeholders. 16. Panchayat Raj In general, if the local bodies like Panchayats are not consulted for Department preparedness planning, relief and rehabilitation work, it leads to absence of transparency and accountability in the mitigation efforts. The whole approach towards rehabilitation work may end up being „top down‟ in nature. As the relief and restoration efforts involve investment of hundreds and thousands of cores rupees, there should be satisfaction of having utilized them properly and efficiently. Activities like distributing immediate relief in the form of money, food grains, medical care, cloths, tents, vessels drinking water and other necessities, activities of restoration, rehabilitation and reconstruction efforts of damaged villages and towns can be implemented better with the involvement of local bodies.

2.5.2. Key Actions to strengthen the functioning of Kadapa District Administration and Departments in Disaster Management Sr. Department Capacity Areas for Key actions to strengthen functioning of No Improvement the departments 1 Agriculture Personnel, Seed - The department was facing difficulty in Department Coordination Distribution, Crop the process of seed distribution, which with District damage has to be take utmost care administration, Assessment and - The crop damage assessment during Public Disaster the times of disaster was the major awareness and management huddle faced by the department. So support, and guidelines necessary measures has to be taken Equipment into consideration to overcome such difficulties

21

- The Standard Operating System was not framed but the department serves the public in emergencies only basing on the instant SOPs. So a standard SOP has to be developed in the department to act smart whenever required 2 Animal Personnel, Fodder - The department faces difficulty in Husbandry Coordination Assessment, Fodder Assessment during normal Department with district Storage, Mobility times which has to be improvised for administration, of staff and the better performance Equipment and Disaster - The storage is the main problem faced Fodder management by the department. The fodder Distribution guidelines storage, productive storage and cold storage were to be improvised. - Mobility to the site of action was the problem faced by the department. Mobility of the staff to cover the vaccinations and supply of inputs like life saving drugs and feed, compensation distribution was the major challenge faced by the department. - The department doesn’t have any standard SOPs in case of disasters. But the department act according to the instant SOPs during the emergencies. So it is needed to frame a well established SOP 3 Fire Personnel, Advanced - The department have taken up many Department Training and Equipments, challenges during the period of Awareness, Advanced emergencies it is required that the Equipment and Vehicles and department has to be provided with Coordination Funding Advanced equipment with district - The department had a provision of administration funding but needed to be improvised. - 4 Fisheries Coordination Personnel, - Sufficient staff not available in the Department with district Equipment, department. The manpower in the administration, Sanitation and department has to be increased for Public Disaster better services awareness and management - Department holds less number of support, guidelines equipment related to disaster Relief and management. Hence the equipments compensation must be increased according to the mechanism and need of the department Funding - Sanitation is the major problem faced by the department, the contamination control to be taken care by the department. - The department doesn’t have any SOP in related to Disaster management. A standard SOP must be framed to act smart enough during the times of emergencies 5 Forest Training, Personnel, - Sufficient staff is not available to 22

Department Equipment Funding and handle the works during Emergency Coordination Disaster cases. So it is needed to rise the staff with district management strength in the department administration guidelines - The department doesn’t have sufficient and funding to cope up with the Public emergencies. But several schemes awareness and were been implemented by the support department where it faced difficulty in. - A standard SOP has to develop as the Department doesn’t have any SOPs to handle the disaster situations. 6 Health Coordination Personnel, - Sufficient staff was not available to Department with district Funding and attend during mass events. So it is administration, Infrastructure needed to rise the staff strength in the Equipment, department Public - Funding with the department is limited awareness and and it can help to address minor to support, Relief major activities to some extent, and besides which there is need for compensation increasing capacity to procure and emergency medicines to address Disaster during disasters. management - The infrastructure of the department guidelines has to be improved to serve the public better. 7 Preparedness, Personnel, - The manpower of the department in Horticulture Coordination Equipment, insufficient. The department lack of Department with District Transport and manpower to take up field works. administration, Disaster - The department doesn’t have any Preventive management equipment in specific Shortage of methods guidelines technicians is the main reason behind. and Public - The department doesn’t have any awareness and transport facilities provided in case to support take up field work. - The Standard Operating System was not framed but the department serves the public in emergencies only basing on the instant SOPs. 8 Housing Preventive Personnel, - The manpower of the department in Department methods, Equipment and insufficient. The department doesn’t Training and Disaster have staff strength to cope up with the Coordination management future disasters. with District guidelines - The department holds up the efficiency administration to serve the public in emergency with their extended helpful arms. The department has all its required emergency equipments which include the outsourcings (contractors) for the need in emergencies. - The Standard Operating System was not framed but it department serves the public in emergencies only basing on the instant SOPs. So it is a pressing need to develop a standard SOP 9 Training, Funds, Equipments, - The department doesn’t have 23

Department Preventive Personnel and necessary equipments to act smart methods and Disaster during emergencies and also lack of Coordination management personnel vehicles in case of with District guidelines emergency transports. administration - The manpower of the department in insufficient, mainly to handle the field level works. So it is needed to rise the strength of field workers - The Standard Operating System was not framed but the department serves in emergencies only basing on the instant SOPs. 10 Roads and Preparedness, Personnel, Public - The manpower of the department in Buildings Coordination awareness , insufficient. The field workers were the Department with District Funding, major backlog in the department. And administration Equipment and more over department have no trained and Preventive Disaster manpower in field of Disaster methods management Management. And Recruiting of field guidelines staff is to be done; Training has to be given to the maximum number of employees. - The public must be made aware of the road safety and building principals, the department has to get improvised in creating public awareness regularly according to the measures taken up by the Government. - The department should be provided in time fund to serve better. - The department have no equipment; But during the disaster department engage contractor support in engaging the equipment - A standard SOP has to be framed to act smart during emergencies as the department have a standard SOP but serve the public only based on the instant SOPs designed 11 Rural Water Equipment, Public awareness - The public must be made aware of the Supply Coordination , Training and contaminations and maintenance of Department with District Disaster purity of drinking water, which is quite administration, management important for the health of public. Schemes and guidelines - The department has no trained ma Personnel power in the field of Disaster management. Staff has to been well trained to serve the public better during the emergencies. - The Standard Operating System was not framed but the department serves the public in emergencies only basing on the instant SOPs.

24

3. District Profile

3.1. Introduction The initial provisional data released by census India 2011, shows that density of YSR district for 2011 is 188 people per sq. km. In 2001, YSR district density was at 169 people per sq. km. YSR district administers 15,359 square kilometres of areas.

The prominent natural and manmade hazards in the district are as below;

Man Natural made Domestic Cyclone Fire

Floods

Drought

Heatwaves

25

3.2. Administrative Setup

Geographical Area ( in Hectors) 1535900 ha Forest Area ( in Hectors) 500295 ha No. of Revenue Divisions 3 No. of Revenue Mandals 51 No. of Revenue Villages 958 No .of Municipal Corporations 1 No. of Municipalities 6 No. of Nagara Panchayats 2 No. of Gram Panchayats 804 Population as per 2011 Census 2884524 Male 1453893 Female 1430631 Rural Population 1,903,337 Urban Population 979,132 Density of Population per Sq. Kms (2011) 188 people per sq. km Scheduled Caste Population 13,878,078 Scheduled Tribes Population 5,918,073 Literate Total Population 50,556,760 i) Male 28,251,243 ii) Female 22,305,517

Cyclone Flood Drought Heatwave Forest Fire High - 0 43 mandals 50 mandals - Moderate 33 mandals 33 mandals 7 mandals - 13 mandals

26

3.3. Geography Sl. No Particulars Description 1 Total Area 1535900 ha 2 Forest Cover 500295 ha 3 Major Rivers Pennar River (Pinakini river) a. Minor Streams cheyyair, Papaghni, Chitravati, Sagileru and Kunderu. Pincha and Mandavi are minor streams. b. Drainage System Pennar River and its tributeries such as cheyyair, Papaghni, Chitravati, Sagileru and Kunderu. Pincha and Mandavi. 4 Hills & Elevation Vellikonda Hills (2,710 feet high.) Palakonda Hills (Seshachalam hills) Nallamalais And Lankamalais(2,500 to 3,000 feet high) Yerramalais Soil Types Red Ferruginous and Black Soils 6 Minerals limestone, Dolomite, Granite and Quartzite Major Berytis, limestone and asbestos Minor Napa Slabs, Road Metal, Building Stone, Marble, Mosaic Chips and Rehmatti 7 Irrigation

a. Major Kurnool- canal, TBP HLC Stage-I, TBP HLC Stage-II (Mylavaram) and Pulivendula Branch canal b. Medium Lower Sagilru Project, Upper Sagileru Project, Pincha Project, Buggavanka Project and Annamayya Project 8 Crops Ground nut, Bengal gram, Red gram, Paddy, Cotton Mango, Citrus, Banana, Melons and Papaya. Turmeric, Onion, Chillies, Coriander, Vegetables and Chrysanthemum 9 Average Rainfall 710mm

(The above image shows the various land use classification zones within Kadapa district such as built-up areas, forest cover, irrigated areas, water bodies, etc.)

27

3.4. Demography STATE District Number Percentage Number Percentage Literates Persons 50,556,760 67.02 1,716,766 67.3 Males 28,251,243 74.88 994,699 77.78 Females 22,305,517 59.15 722,067 56.77 Scheduled Persons 13,878,078 16.41 465,794 16.16 Castes Males 6,913,047 16.29 232,123 15.99 Females 6,965,031 16.53 233,671 16.33 Scheduled Persons 5,918,073 7 75,886 2.63 Tribes Males 2,969,362 7 38,571 2.66 Females 2,948,711 7 37,315 2.61 Workers and Persons 39,422,906 46.61 1,320,404 45.81 Non-Workers Total Workers (Main and Marginal)

(The above image shows population distribution in cyclone zones for Kadapa district.)

28

3.5. Heritage and Culture Serial Description Places/Centres/ Spots Possible Hazard Risk .No 1 Historical Gandikota Fort Landslides Lankamala Santury Drowning, Landslides 2 Religious Devuni kada Sri Lakshmi Venkateswara Stampede Temple Bhairaveswaraswamy Temple- Stampede Nallacheruvupalli Siddaiahdari Mutt- Mudumala Stampede Bhairava Kona Stampede Sri Veerabrahmendra Swamy (Temple) Stampede festival- Kandimallayapalli Pusphagiri – Hub of Temples Stampede Atti(Hatya)rala- Scared Temple Stampede Bhraman Gari Matham (mutt)- Stampede Kundimallayapalli Gandi Kshetram – Veeranjaneya Swamy Stampede Temple Tallapaka- Birth place of Annamacharya Stampede Vontimitta (Ekasilanagaram) – Kodanda Stampede Rama Temple 3 Tourist Kadapa Shilparamam Drowning, Dam burst and landslides 3.6. Infrastructure and Services

Sl. No Particular Unit Statistics 1 Roads Kms 1,130.906 a. National Highway Kms 137 b. State Highway “ 491 c. Main District Highway “ 5861 d. Other district & rural roads 44 2 Railway “ 195.13 3 Communication a. Telephone centres Nos 151 b. Post offices “ 825 c. PCO Rural “ 425 d. PCO STD Nos 160573 4 Banking a. Commercial banks Nos 170 b. rural Bank Products “ 82 c. Co-Operative bank Products “ 16 5 Public Health a. Allopathic Hospital No 80 b. Beds in Ayurvedic Hospital “ 148 c. Ayurvedic Hospital No 2

29

d. Unani hospitals No 24 e. Community health centres No 24 f. Primary health Centres “ 72 g. Dispensaries “ 16 h. Private Hospitals “ 218 6 Education a. Primary education Nos 3312 b. Middle schools “ 1267 c. Secondary & senior secondary “ 126 schools d. Colleges “ 76 e. Technical University “ 1 i. Polytechnic “ 9

3.7. Climate and Rainfall Kadapa has a tropical wet and dry climate characterised by year round high temperatures. It has a record of reaching more than 50 degree Celsius. Summers are especially uncomfortable with hot and humid climate. During this time temperatures range from a minimum of 34 °C and can rise up to a maximum of 40 °C. Temperatures are range in the mid thirties during the day. Humidity is around 75% during the summer months.

Climate data for Kadapa City Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average 30.8 34.2 37.6 39.7 40.1 36.9 35.0 34.0 33.4 32.4 30.3 29.3 34.4 high°C Average 19.1 20.9 23.8 27.3 28.6 26.8 25.7 2.4 25.0 23.8 21.2 19.0 23.8 low°C 8 Average 0 1 5 17 48 76 121 114 133 148 67 23 753 precipit- ation mm

30

(The above image shows population distribution in heat wave zones for Kadapa district) 3.8. Industrialization

S. HEAD UNIT PARTICULARS No 1. REGISTERED INDUSTRIAL UNIT NO. 1336 2. TOTAL INDUSTRIAL UNIT NO. 4371 3. REGISTERED MEDIUM & LARGE UNIT NO. 26 4. ESTIMATED AVG. NO. OF DAILY NO. 7055 WORKER EMPLOYED IN SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES 5. EMPLOYMENT IN LARGE AND NO. 8692 MEDIUM INDUSTRIES 6. NO. OF INDUSTRIAL AREA NO. 24 7. TURNOVER OF SMALL SCALE IND. IN LACS NA

8. TURNOVER OF MEDIUM & LARGE IN LACS NA SCALE INDUSTRIES

Fire accidents in Industries.

Sr. Name of History Impact in detail (on Impact on No Hazard* people/property/environment) Women and Children 1 Industrial 1. The fire accident Property damaged Nil Fire. occurred on 26-08-2016 at industrial Estate, Kadapa. Property damaged

31

2. Fire Call occurred on 29-06-2015 at Lakshmi Srinivasa Oil Industry, Property damaged Srinivasapuram village, Gopavaram Mandal, Y.S.R. District. 3. Road Accident Muddanur Ghat Road 10 wheels lorry upset in Ghat Road at Muddanur Ghat. 2 Fire in 1. The fire accident Property damaged Nil Storage occurred on 01.01.2016 at Godowns . Batco Road Lines Corporation, D. No. 485/1, Muddanur Road, Property damaged Jammalamadugu, Y.S.R. District 2. The fire accident occurred on 30.10.2014 at Bharathi Rural Ware House Godown, Proddatur Road, Jammalamadugu, Y.S.R. District.

32

4. Hazard Assessment Based on Community/Field Consultations

4.1. Hazards History

Name of Year Impact Department Hazard Cyclones 2009, 2012 and 2016 Economic loss was reported due to the floods Agriculture caused during these cyclonic periods department Floods 2007 All low lying areas were flooded, agriculture fields Revenue inundated Department 2009 Almost 23 villages affected; resulted in almost Revenue Rs.100 crores of damage to infrastructure and Department crops; panchayat roads damaged 2015 34 mandals were affected; around 8 persons were Revenue dead; and also about 100 hectors of crop damage Department was reported September,2009 & Total 27356.6 HA Crop loss Agriculture October,2009Floods department December,2011 3677 Formers affected, 4332.8137 HA Crop loss Agriculture Floods department September  Sep-1133 Formers affected Agriculture &October 2013 459.352 HA Crop loss department Floods  Oct-3450 Formers affected 1684.9526 HA Crop loss November,2015 40815 Formers affected, 39660.46 HA Crop loss Agriculture Floods department

2013 25000 M.Tons of dry fodder damage; 11 Milch Animal animals & 99 sheep died Husbandry Department 2015 30000 M.Tons of dry fodder damaged, 32 Milch Animal animals , 28 –calves & 1709 sheep died Husbandry Department 2013 October 15.20 Lakhs loss towards department Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Department 2015 Rovan 109.70 lakhs loss towards department Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Department 2015 433.35 Kms of Road Surface Damaged Roads & 188 No of Scours Formed Buildings 62 No of Breaches Department 39 No of Culverts are damaged 33 Trees are fallen on road 20049.65 Lakhs are required for permanent Restoration

2016 7.70 Kms of Road Surface Damaged Roads & 1 No of Scours Formed Buildings 3 No of Culverts are damaged Department

33

1398.00 Lakhs are required for permanent Restoration

Drought 2006-2007 Around 33 mandals were been affected Revenue Department 2009-2010 Almost 51 mandal were been affected Revenue Department 2011-2012 Almost 51 mandal were been affected Revenue Department 2012-2013 Almost 43 mandals were been affected Revenue Department 2013-2014 Around 13 mandals were been affected Revenue Department 2014-2015 Almost 48 mandals were been affected Revenue Department 2011 32000 Formers affected, 28047.469HA Crop loss Agriculture department 2012 60972 Formers affected, 53900.128HA Crop loss Agriculture department 2014 40349 Formers affected, 33165.461HA Crop loss Agriculture department 2015 20109 Formers affected, 17127.229HA Crop loss Agriculture department 2016 64150 Farmers affected, 53443.5627HA Crop loss Agriculture department 2012 Fodder Deficit(24147 M.Tons)/1,90,919 Milch Animal animals loss in production Husbandry Department 2013 Fodder Defecit(23598 M.Tons) 1,84,700 Milch Animal animals loss in production Husbandry Department 2014 Fodder Defecit(33079 M.Tons) 1,69,491 Milch Animal animals loss in production Husbandry Department 2015 Fodder Defecit (48126 M.Tons) 1,91425 Milch Animal animals loss in production Husbandry Department 2016 Fodder Defecit(32656 M.Tons) 1,94,216 Milch Animal animals loss in production Husbandry Department 2014 497.51 Lakhs loss towards department Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Department 2015 720.00 Lakhs loss towards department Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Department 2016 1014.72 Lakhs loss towards department Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Department Industrial 2015 At Industrial Estate, Kadapa. Property Damage, No Fire Fire life loss Department 34

2016 At Lakshmi Srinivasa Oil Industry, Srinivasapuram Fire village, Gopavaram Mandal; Property Damage, No Department life loss 2016 At Batco Road Lines Corporation, Muddanur Road, Fire Jammalamadugu, Y.S.R. District, . Property Department Damage, No life loss 2014 at Bharathi Rural Ware House Godown, Proddatur Fire Road, Jammalamadugu, Y.S.R. District. Property Department Damage, No life loss Road 2016 At Ranibavi Ghat, Z. Kothapalli (V), B. Matta (M), Fire Accidents Y.S.R. District. Property Damage only Department 2016 At Guvvalacheruvu Ghat, Chintakommadinne (M), Fire Y.S.R. District. Department Property loss only 2016 At Near Tata Showroom, Kadapa to Rajampet Fire Bypass Road, Kadapa Town, Y.S.R. District. Only Department property loss 2015 At Guvvalacheruvu Ghat, Chintakommadinne (M), Fire Y.S.R. District. Property damage Department Hay Stacks 2016 2016 at D. No. 3/166, Y.S. Nagar, Krishnapuram Fire (V), C.K. Dinne (M), Y.S.R. District. Property Department damage 2016 At D. No. 8/428, Niranjan Colony, Near Fire Venkateswara E.M. School, Kadapa Town, Y.S.R. Department District. Property damage 2016 At Bakkannagari Palli (V), Vempalli (M), Y.S.R. Fire District. Property damage Department Thatched 2016 2016 at Botumida Palli (V), Obulavari Palli (M), Fire Huts Y.S.R. District. Property damage Department 2009 At Balarachapalla (V), Rajampet (M), Y.S.R. Fire District. Property damage Department 2011 At Pedineni Kaluvu (V), T. Sundupalli (M), Y.S.R. Fire District. Property damage Department 2009 At Near Govt. Degree College, Saraswathipuram Fire (V), Rajampet (M), Y.S.R. District. Property damage Department 1996 At Peddasingana Palli (V), Duvvur (M), Y.S.R. Fire District. Property damage Department Farm 2016 At Sankavaram (V), Kalasapadu (M), Y.S.R. District. Fire Lands 03 Acres Sugar Cane Plantation was damaged in Department Fires fire accident. 2016 At Kollavaripalli Village, Rajampet Mandal, Y.S.R. Fire District. Department Drip Pipes, Plastic 3” pipes, Head Valves were damaged in fire accident.

2016 at Cherlo Palli (V), Pullampeta (M), Y.S.R. District. Fire Drip Pipes, Plastic Pipes, Starters, Motors and Department Valves damaged in fire accident. 2016 2016 at Katta Kinda Palli (V), Rajampet (M), Y.S.R. Fire District. Drip Pipes, Plastic 3” pipes, Head Valves, Department Starters and Motors damaged in fire accident. Building 2014 A Building collapsed on 03.06.2014 at Navabpet, Fire Collapsing Mylavaram Mandal, Y.S.R. District, 09 people were Department dead in this incident. 09 nine women affected 35

2016 A Building collapsed on 09.12.2016 at Sujatha Fire Hotel, Seven Roads, Kadapa Town, Y.S.R. District. Department Two injured women trapped under debris were rescued (Building under renovation)

Seasonality of hazards

Hazard Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Cyclone ------Y ------Y Y Y Y Flood ------Y Y ------Strom ------Y ------Water ------Y ------Y Y Y Y Logging Fire Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Accident Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Heat wave ------Y Y Y Y ------Tsunami Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Earthquake Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

36

4.2. Mandal-wise Mapping Sr. No. Revenue Mandal Cyclone Flood Drought Heatwave Fire

1 Chennur, M M M H L 2 Khajipet, L L H H L 3 Vallur, M M H H L 4 Pendlimarri, L L H H M

Chinthakommadinne, 5 M M H H M 6 Rayachoti, M M H H M 7 Chinnamandem, L L H H M 8 T.Sundupalle, M M H H L 9 Sambepalle, M M H H L 10 Veeraballe, L L H H M 11 Lakkireddipalle, L L H H L 12 Chakrayapet, L L H H M 13 Galiveedu, M M H H M 14 Ramapuram, L L H H M 15 Kamalapuram, M M H H L 16 Yerraguntla M M H H L Veerapunayunipalle 17 H/O Animela L L H H L 18 Kodur, M M M H L 19 Chitvel, M M H H L 20 Obulavaripalle, M M M H L 21 Pullampeta, M M H H L 22 Rajampet, M M M H L 23 Nandalur, M M M H M 24 Penagalur, M M H H L 25 Sidhout, M M H H M 26 Vontimitta, L L H H M 27 Atlur, M M H H M 28 Badvel, L L H H L 29 Gopavaram, L L H H L 30 Porumamilla, L L H H L 31 Kalasapadu, M M H H L Sri Avadhutha 32 Kasinayana M M H H L 33 B.Kodur L L H H L

Brahmamgarimattam 34 L L H H L 35 Jammalamadugu, M M H H L 36 Peddamudium, M M H H L 37 Mylavaram, M M H H L 38 Muddanur, L L H H L

37

39 Kondapuram, M M H H L 40 Pulivendla, M M H H L 41 Simhadripuram, M M H H L 42 Lingala, M M H H L 43 Thondur, M M H H L 44 Vempalle, M M H H M 45 Vemula, M M H H L 46 Proddatur, M M H H L 47 Rajupalem, M M M H L 48 Chapad, M M M H L 49 S.Mydukur L L H H L 50 Duvvur. L L H H L

Risk Mapping Indicators High Moderate Low  Hazard Exposure  Hazard Frequency and Intensity  Coping Capacity

38

4.3. Hazard wise details and Vulnerabilities 4.3.1. Cyclone: As per the Wind and Cyclone Hazard Map of India, Kadapa lies in Low Damage Risk Zone – A (Vb = 33m/s), Moderate Damage Risk Zone – B (Vb = 39m/s) and Moderate Damage Risk Zone – A (Vb = 44m/s). The following table lists the blocks that fall in either of cyclone hazard zones, area of each block in each of the hazard zones and population in these blocks vulnerable to cyclones. 14% area of the district and 13% of population is vulnerable to “Low Damage Risk Zone – A (Vb = 33m/s)”. 73% area of the district and 78% of the total population is vulnerable to “Moderate Damage Risk Zone – B (Vb = 39m/s).” While 13% area of the district and 9% of the total population is vulnerable to “Moderate Damage Risk Zone – A (Vb = 44m/s)”. Zone Vb = 33m/s Low Damage Risk Zone – A Zone Vb = 39m/s Moderate Damage Risk Zone – B Zone Vb = 44m/s is Moderate Damage Risk Zone – A The criteria followed by the Indian Meteorological Department to classify the low pressure systems in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea as adopted from the World Meteorological Organization (W.M.O.) classifications are as given in the following table. Category Wind speed (KM Per Hour) Super Cyclonic Storm ≥ 222 Very Severe Cyclonic Storm 119 to 221 Severe Cyclonic Storm 89 to 118 Cyclonic Storm 62 to 88 Deep Depression 50 to 61 Depression 31 to 49 Low Pressure Area < 31

MANDAL Total Zone Vb = Zone Vb = Zone Vb = Zone Vb = Zone Vb = Zone Vb = Area (Sq. 33m/s 39m/s 44m/s 33m/s POP 39m/s POP 44m/s POP KM) Area Area Area ATLUR 454.77 431.19 30.28 36,204 4,281 B KODUR 354.56 352.46 38,208 BADVEL 248.91 109.01 135.66 10,836 45,875 BRAHMAMG 298.60 43.60 251.93 11,269 39,407 ARIMATHAM CHAKARAYAP 461.64 260.41 199.85 28,467 8,146 ET CHAPAD 120.72 123.54 22,580 CHENNAMA 212.28 216.81 31,146 NDEM

39

CHENNUR 95.67 92.05 26,059 CHINTHAKO 329.83 329.45 200,567 MMADINNE CHITVEL 339.22 339.14 41,168 CUDDAPAH 77.50 76.31 301,270 DUVVUR 200.13 178.05 21.80 30,759 35 GALIVEEDU 361.90 368.21 50,779 GOPAVARAM 446.76 209.54 238.61 18,773 35,694 JAMMALAM 286.57 283.42 117,179 ADUGU KALASAPADU 476.51 477.22 45,738 KAMALAPUR 166.04 164.72 37,321 AM KHAJIPET 243.87 243.45 41,584 KODUR 660.63 10.90 650.42 270 64,233 KONDAPURA 367.96 371.84 44,467 M LAKKIREDDIP 234.27 156.25 77.52 29,491 9,917 ALLE LINGALA 292.48 289.48 28,213 MUDDANUR 359.66 358.52 42,427 MYLAVARAM 350.38 346.41 48,936 NANDALUR 168.95 168.36 39,575 OBULAVARIP 481.40 53.29 421.50 756 45,073 ALLE PEDDAMUDI 293.31 294.32 51,320 UM PENAGALUR 449.58 451.78 43,800 PENDLIMARR 430.99 434.83 48,740 I PORUMAMIL 275.44 278.58 38,867 LA PRODDUTUR 172.02 169.57 243,988 PULAMPETA 392.41 3.63 393.64 131 43,030 PULIVENDLA 167.27 163.51 0 57,525 RAJAMPET 326.03 327.03 87,739 RAJUPALEM 186.92 190.16 42,255 RAMAPURA 400.26 65.41 335.51 15,273 23,708 M ROYACHOTI 220.72 220.44 128,685 S MYDUKUR 459.02 278.58 182.89 60,550 6,099 SAMBEPALLE 230.69 227.71 36,733 SIDHOUT 281.25 279.79 31,118 SIMHADRIPU 307.10 307.65 38,886 RAM T 452.01 388.80 56.93 46,018 2,414 SUNDUPALLE THONDUR 259.95 260.41 23,908 VALLUR 138.86 142.92 24,081 VEERABALLE 257.11 72.67 181.68 13,812 17,773

40

VEERAPUNAY 313.05 314.92 38,477 UNIPALLE VEMPALLE 223.85 9.69 210.75 807 30,783 VEMULA 228.48 15.75 211.96 1,324 28,262 VONTIMITTA 362.73 354.89 38,147 YERRAGUNTL 241.32 243.45 87,278 A TOTAL 15,161.57 2,069.96 11,111.67 1,969.43 383,692 2,290,338 254,204 PERCENTAGE 14% 73% 13% 13% 78% 9% (%)

(The above image shows the population at risk in Kadapa district by block due to cyclones)

41

4.3.2. Floods: Floods are characterized as any high stream flow which overlap natural or artificial banks of a river or a stream and are markedly higher than the usual; and the inundation of low lands. Sometimes copious monsoon rains combined with massive outflows from the rivers cause devastating floods. Flooding is caused by the inadequate capacity within the banks of the rivers to contain the high flows brought down from the upper catchment due to heavy rainfall. Areas having poor drainage characteristics get flooded by accumulation of water from heavy rainfall. Flooding is accentuated by erosion and silting of the river beds resulting in reduction of carrying capacity of river channel, earthquakes and landslides leading to changes in river courses, obstructions to flow, synchronization of floods in the main and tributary rivers and retardation due to tidal effects. Floods by nature depend on several factors; one being incessant rains, cyclonic rains in a short period of time crippling natural drainage. However, other factors such as nature of the collecting basin, nature of the streams, type of soil, natural and man-made vegetation, amount of rainfall etc. determine type and extent of floods. The inundation patterns and potential areas that would be inundated due to river outflow and heavy rain is fairly certain; and the concerned departments usually have the information. However, inundation due to storm surges and cyclonic landfall is unpredictable and depends on the wind direction. Floods in the district caused widespread loss to human lives, livestock, damaged homes and caused crop destruction over the decades. Infrastructure damage due floods is well recorded. As well as damages to roads, irrigation tanks breached.

The following table lists the block-wise population affected due to either flooding or water logging in Kadapa district. MANDAL POPULATION ATLUR 7,688 B KODUR 3,709 BADVEL 1,203 BRAHMAMGARIMATHAM 7,950 CHAKARAYAPET 17 CHAPAD 2,804 CHENNAMANDEM 244 CHENNUR 2,829 CHINTHAKOMMADINNE 336 CHITVEL 1,607 CUDDAPAH 3,773 DUVVUR 1,102 GALIVEEDU 4,512 GOPAVARAM 10,712 JAMMALAMADUGU 2,163 KALASAPADU 1,365 KAMALAPURAM 1,704 KHAJIPET 176

42

KODUR 543 KONDAPURAM 2,119 LAKKIREDDIPALLE 133 LINGALA 89 MUDDANUR 3,593 MYLAVARAM 1,883 NANDALUR 10,100 OBULAVARIPALLE 2,328 PEDDAMUDIUM 5,154 PENAGALUR 3,359 PENDLIMARRI 337 PORUMAMILLA 1,175 PRODDUTUR 2,209 PULAMPETA 753 PULIVENDLA 0 RAJAMPET 3,172 RAJUPALEM 4,349 RAMAPURAM 425 ROYACHOTI 294 S MYDUKUR 1,071 SAMBEPALLE 0 SIDHOUT 7,633 SIMHADRIPURAM 55 T SUNDUPALLE 180 THONDUR 30 VALLUR 1,534 VEERABALLE 35 VEERAPUNAYUNIPALLE 46 VEMPALLE 0 VEMULA 9 VONTIMITTA 8,601 YERRAGUNTLA 2,252 Total Population 117,355

43

(The above image shows population at risk in Kadapa district due to flooding and or waterlogging)

44

4.3.3. Earthquakes The district falls in Zone II (least active seismic zone) and Zone III (moderate seismic zone) as per the latest Seismic Zoning Map of India. 91% of the total area and 95% of the total population of the district falls in Zone II; while 9% of the total area and 5% of the total population falls in Zone III. The following lists the area (in sq. km.) and population in each block of the district vulnerable to earthquake ground shaking. MANDAL Total Area ZONE II Area ZONE III Area ZONE II POP ZONE III POP ATLUR 454.77 461.47 40,485 B KODUR 354.56 352.46 38,208 BADVEL 248.91 244.67 56,711 BRAHMAMGARIMATHAM 298.60 295.54 50,676 CHAKARAYAPET 461.64 460.26 36,613 CHAPAD 120.72 123.54 22,580 CHENNAMANDEM 212.28 216.81 31,146 CHENNUR 95.67 92.05 26,059 CHINTHAKOMMADINNE 329.83 329.45 200,567 CHITVEL 339.22 32.70 306.44 6,552 34,616 CUDDAPAH 77.50 76.31 301,270 DUVVUR 200.13 199.85 30,794 GALIVEEDU 361.90 368.21 50,779 GOPAVARAM 446.76 448.15 54,467 JAMMALAMADUGU 286.57 283.43 117,179 KALASAPADU 476.51 477.22 45,738 KAMALAPURAM 166.04 164.73 37,321 KHAJIPET 243.87 243.45 41,584 KODUR 660.63 661.33 9 64,494 KONDAPURAM 367.96 371.84 44,467 LAKKIREDDIPALLE 234.27 233.77 39,408 LINGALA 292.48 289.48 28,213 MUDDANUR 359.66 358.52 42,427 MYLAVARAM 350.38 346.41 48,936 NANDALUR 168.95 168.36 39,575 OBULAVARIPALLE 481.40 164.73 310.07 4,213 41,616 PEDDAMUDIUM 293.31 294.33 51,320 PENAGALUR 449.58 440.88 10.90 43,585 215 PENDLIMARRI 430.99 434.83 48,740 PORUMAMILLA 275.44 278.58 38,867 PRODDUTUR 172.02 169.57 243,988 PULAMPETA 392.41 388.80 8.48 42,956 205 PULIVENDLA 167.27 163.51 57,525 RAJAMPET 326.03 327.03 87,739 RAJUPALEM 186.92 190.16 42,255 RAMAPURAM 400.26 400.91 38,981 ROYACHOTI 220.72 220.44 128,685 S MYDUKUR 459.02 461.47 66,649 SAMBEPALLE 230.69 227.71 36,733 SIDHOUT 281.25 279.79 31,118 45

SIMHADRIPURAM 307.10 307.65 38,886 T SUNDUPALLE 452.01 445.73 48,401 31 THONDUR 259.95 260.41 23,908 VALLUR 138.86 142.92 24,081 VEERABALLE 257.11 254.36 31,585 VEERAPUNAYUNIPALLE 313.05 314.92 38,477 VEMPALLE 223.85 220.44 31,590 VEMULA 228.48 227.71 29,586 VONTIMITTA 362.73 354.89 38,147 YERRAGUNTLA 241.32 243.45 87,278 TOTAL 15,161.57 13,853.91 1,297.21 2,787,057.00 141,177.00 PERCENTAGE (%) 91% 9% 95% 5%

(The above image shows population at risk in Kadapa district due to earthquake seismicity)

46

4.3.4. Heatwave: Heat wave: Heat-wave is a condition of atmospheric temperature that leads to physiological stress, which sometimes can claim human life. Heat-wave is defined as the condition where maximum temperature at a grid point is 3˚C or more than the normal temperature, consecutively for 3 days or more. World Meteorological Organization defines a heat wave as five or more consecutive days during which the daily maximum temperature exceeds the average maximum temperature by five degrees Celsius. If the maximum temperature of any place continues to be more than 45° C consecutively for two days, it is called a heat wave condition. There will be no harm to the human body if the environmental temperature remains at 37° C. Whenever the environmental temperature increases above 37° C, the human body starts gaining heat from the atmosphere. If humidity is high, a person can suffer from heat stress disorders even with the temperature at 37°C or 38°C. To calculate the effect of humidity we can use Heat Index Values. The Heat Index is a measure of how hot it really feels when relative humidity is factored in with the actual air temperature. As an example, if the air temperature is 34°C and the relative humidity is 75%, the heat index--how hot it feels--is 49°C. The same effect is reached at just 31°C when the relative humidity is 100 %.

The district experienced temperatures between 35 to 45 degrees during 24th – 30th May 2015. During this period, 73% of the total area and 82% of the total population experienced temperatures between 38 to 43 degrees Celsius.

The following lists the area (in sq. km.) and population in each block of the district that experienced high temperatures during 24th – 30th of May, 2015. MANDAL Total Area (Sq. 32-38 C 38-43 C 32-38 C 38-43 C KM) Area Area POP POP ATLUR 454.77 461.55 40,485 B KODUR 354.56 350.10 38,208 BADVEL 248.91 245.92 56,711 BRAHMAMGARIMATHA 298.60 295.58 50,676 M CHAKARAYAPET 461.64 459.12 1.21 36,532 81 CHAPAD 120.72 123.56 22,580 CHENNAMANDEM 212.28 216.84 31,146 CHENNUR 95.67 92.07 26,059 CHINTHAKOMMADINNE 329.83 331.93 0 200,567 CHITVEL 339.22 337.98 41,168 CUDDAPAH 77.50 76.32 301,270 DUVVUR 200.13 198.67 30,794 GALIVEEDU 361.90 368.27 50,779 GOPAVARAM 446.76 448.22 54,467 JAMMALAMADUGU 286.57 282.26 117,179 KALASAPADU 476.51 478.51 45,738 KAMALAPURAM 166.04 163.54 37,321 KHAJIPET 243.87 242.28 41,584 KODUR 660.63 466.39 193.83 34,393 30,110 KONDAPURAM 367.96 369.48 44,467 LAKKIREDDIPALLE 234.27 233.80 39,408 LINGALA 292.48 289.53 28,213

47

MUDDANUR 359.66 359.79 42,427 MYLAVARAM 350.38 348.89 48,936 NANDALUR 168.95 167.17 39,575 OBULAVARIPALLE 481.40 328.29 146.58 19,012 26,817 PEDDAMUDIUM 293.31 295.58 51,320 PENAGALUR 449.58 451.86 43,800 PENDLIMARRI 430.99 18.17 414.30 306 48,434 PORUMAMILLA 275.44 278.62 38,867 PRODDUTUR 172.02 170.81 243,988 PULAMPETA 392.41 255.61 140.52 18,383 24,778 PULIVENDLA 167.27 6.06 158.69 440 57,085 RAJAMPET 326.03 35.13 294.37 2,834 84,905 RAJUPALEM 186.92 188.98 42,255 RAMAPURAM 400.26 305.27 95.70 35,679 3,302 ROYACHOTI 220.72 220.48 128,685 S MYDUKUR 459.02 461.55 66,649 SAMBEPALLE 230.69 227.74 36,733 SIDHOUT 281.25 279.84 31,118 SIMHADRIPURAM 307.10 306.49 38,886 T SUNDUPALLE 452.01 444.59 48,432 THONDUR 259.95 261.66 23,908 VALLUR 138.86 142.95 24,081 VEERABALLE 257.11 248.34 6.06 31,563 22 VEERAPUNAYUNIPALLE 313.05 314.97 38,477 VEMPALLE 223.85 121.14 99.34 11,904 19,686 VEMULA 228.48 90.86 136.89 10,085 19,501 VONTIMITTA 362.73 356.15 38,147 YERRAGUNTLA 241.32 244.70 87,278 TOTAL 15,161.57 4,046.10 11,104.98 536,314 2,391,920 PERCENTAGE (%) 27% 73% 18% 82%

48

(The above image shows the population at risk in Kadapa district due to heat wave temperatures)

49

4.3.5. Droughts In recent years, drought and other natural calamities have adversely the state of Andhra Pradesh. As per the “Memorandum on Draught in AP 2014”, out of 51 blocks of the district, 1 block experienced mild draught, 28 blocks experienced moderate drought and 22 blocks experienced severe draught. The following table provides block-wise draught index for Kadapa as given in Memorandum on Draught in AP 2014”.

MANDAL DROUGHT INDEX KONDAPURAM Severe drought MYLAVARAM Moderate Drought PEDDAMUDIUM Moderate Drought RAJU PALEM Severe drought DUVVUR Severe drought S MYDUKUR Moderate Drought BRAHMAMGARIMATTAM Moderate Drought B KODUR Severe drought KALASAPADU Moderate Drought PORUMAMILLA Moderate Drought BADVEL Severe drought GOPAVARAM Moderate Drought KHAJIPET Moderate Drought CHAPAD Moderate Drought PRODDUTUR Moderate Drought JAMMALAMADUGU Moderate Drought MUDDANUR Moderate Drought SIMHADRIPURAM Severe drought LINGALA Severe drought PULIVENDLA Severe drought VEMULA Severe drought THANDUR Severe drought VEERAPUNAYUNIPALLE Severe drought YERRAGUNTLA Severe drought KAMALAPURAM Severe drought VALLUR Moderate Drought CHENNUR Moderate Drought ATLUR Moderate Drought VONTIMITTA Severe drought SIDHOUT Severe drought CUDDAPAH Moderate Drought CHINTHA KOMMADINNE Moderate Drought PENDLIMARRI Moderate Drought VEMPALLE Severe drought CHAKNAYAPET Moderate Drought LAKKIREDDIPALLE Moderate Drought RAMAPURAM Severe drought VEERABALLE Moderate Drought 50

RAJAMPET Severe drought NANDALUR Moderate Drought PENAGALURU Severe drought CHITVEL Moderate Drought KODUR Moderate Drought OBULAVARIPALLE Milddrought PULLAMPETA Moderate Drought T SUNDUPALLE Moderate Drought SAMBEPALLE Severe drought CHINNAMANDEM Severe drought RAYACHOTI Moderate Drought GALIVEEDU Severe drought NARSAPUR Moderate Drought

51