Catalog of Israeli Russian-language publications in the Harvard Library

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Citation Berlin, Charles, Evgeny Soshkin, and Elizabeth Vernon. 2013. Catalog of Israeli Russian-language publications in the Harvard Library. Harvard Library Bulletin 24 (1), Spring 2013: 1-26.

Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:42669189

Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Catalog of Israeli Russian-Language Publications in the Harvard Library

Edited by Charles Berlin and Elizabeth Vernon Introduction by Evgeny Soshkin

[HLB Editor’s Note. Tough Harvard Library Bulletin rarely reprints articles that have appeared elsewhere, we are happy to share with our readers, with permission, selections from Catalog of Israeli Russian-Language Publications in the Harvard Library (2011). Te original publication documents in full an impressive, wide-ranging achievement in collection-building in the Judaica Division of the Harvard Library, and Evgeny Soshkin’s introductory essay gives an historical context for the undertaking. Dr. Charles Berlin and Elizabeth Vernon have provided a special headnote for this reprinting of their preface, Soshkin’s introduction, and some sample pages of the catalog, both author/title listings and subject listings. Taken together, these selections give a strong sense of the size and range of this still-growing collection and its variety of formats. Tese materials also demonstrate how much a new initiative in collection- building can accomplish in just a few years, thanks in no small part to the imaginative and innovative strategies outlined in the original preface.]

Headnote to Harvard Library Bulletin Reprinting

n November 2011, the Judaica Division of the Harvard Library published a Catalog of Israeli Russian-Language Publications in the Harvard Library. Te collection Iof Israeli Russian-language publications described in this catalog includes both original Russian works as well as translations into Russian. Original Russian works include fction and poetry; memoirs and studies of Jewish life in the Former Soviet Union including the Holocaust; accounts of immigrant life in ; practical guides to adjusting to life in Israel; Russian-Hebrew/Hebrew-Russian dictionaries; textbooks for studying Hebrew; and political tracts including election materials. Translations into Russian include Jewish religious literature, primarily Russian translations in whole or in part of classical Hebrew texts such as the Bible, Mishnah, Talmud, Zohar, prayerbooks and their commentaries, as well as translations of key Rabbinic Hebrew works by Maimonides, Moshe Hayyim Luzzatto, and others. Tis category also includes

Charles Berlin and Elizabeth Vernon 1 translations of Hebrew works in the area of Jewish philosophy, ethics, customs and practices, Hasidism, and children’s religious literature. Tere are also translations of modern Hebrew and Yiddish literary works as well as translations of works in English and other languages dealing with Jewish history and Zionism. Te building of Harvard’s collection of Israeli Russian-language publications is in itself of interest as a case study in how a library can develop a research collection in a new subject area where published materials lack broad exposure, have limited distribution channels, are in a language not known to the majority of scholars in the overall feld to which it belongs (Jewish Studies), and in a unit with limited language (Russian) functionality in cataloging and processing the materials acquired. Tese obstacles were successfully overcome (see below) and the Judaica Division’s eforts yielded a “critical mass” of materials that refects the cultural life of one-ffh of the Jewish population of Israel, provides information on the years of silence of Jewish life in the Soviet Union, and documents aspects of the integration into Israeli life of a large group of immigrants coming from a very diferent political, social, and cultural environment and with little or no knowledge of Hebrew, with minimal knowledge of Jewish culture, and with limited resources. Te result of this successful efort is the comprehensive collection of Israeli Russian- language publications listed in this catalog which will be of interest to scholars in many disciplines and which, we hope, will stimulate research utilizing these materials. At the same time, cataloging these materials highlights a new and large cadre of authors, editors, and translators and introduces them into the bibliographic mainstream. Since the catalog is a highly specialized publication, issued in a limited edition, we are pleased to have the Catalog brought to the attention of a wider scholarly audience through the reprinting of the Catalog’s introductory materials in the Harvard Library Bulletin.

C.B. E.V.

2 Catalog of Israeli Russian-Language Publications in the Harvard Library Table of Contents

Preface ...... i Note to the Reader...... iii

Tables Books by Date of Publication ...... v Books by City of Publication...... v

Introduction: Israeli Books and Periodicals in Russian: A Brief History by Evgeny Soshkin ...... vii

Author/Title Listing...... AT-1 Books ...... AT-1 Computer Files ...... AT-240 Maps ...... AT-241 Scores...... AT-241 Serials...... AT-241 Sound Recordings ...... AT-253 Video Recordings...... AT-259

Subject Listing ...... S-1

Figure 1.2. Table of Contents. Catalog of Israeli Russian-Language Publications in the Harvard Library.

Charles Berlin and Elizabeth Vernon 3 Preface

he mission of the Harvard Judaica Collection is to document Jewish life in all periods, places, languages, and formats. Accordingly, the Harvard Library’s TJudaica Division has been systematically collecting Russian-language imprints published in Israel, chiefy by Jews from the former Soviet Union who immigrated to Israel primarily in the past two decades (of course, earlier imprints including pre-1948 have been collected as well). Te result is a collection that today numbers 4,039 items: 3,613 books, 274 serials, 3 scores, 2 maps, 85 sound recordings, 57 video recordings and 5 computer fles. Acquiring this literature was challenging. Initially a few of these publications were acquired by the Library’s Slavic Division incidental to its primary focus on European Russian publications. At the same time the Judaica Division attempted to acquire Israeli Russian imprints from its regular suppliers of Israeli materials. Neither method fully succeeded. Given the Slavic Division’s responsibility for covering European Russian publications, that Division understandably did not have the resources to acquire these materials systematically, while the Judaica Division’s regular Israeli sources had neither the needed fuency in Russian nor the knowledge of the Israeli Russian publishing scene. Fortunately the Judaica Division in 2005 came into contact with Evgeny Soshkin, an Israeli Russian immigrant who had established an agency to supply Israeli Russian imprints. Because of Soshkin’s own Russian literary activity in Israel as a poet and scholar, he was very well-acquainted with the Russian Jewish cultural scene in Israel. Soshkin’s mandate is to supply all Israeli Russian publications—current and retrospective—with Jewish or Israeli content or that are otherwise refective of the life, cultural activity and interests of the Russian Jewish population in Israel. Tis catalog is an indication of the success of that arrangement. Cataloging the materials acquired was also challenging, since none of the Judaica Division’s staf knew Russian. Initially, the Judaica Division availed itself of the services of the Slavic Division, especially Luba Dyky, Library Assistant in that Division, who created provisional romanized catalog records which were upgraded by the Judaica Division with her assistance and that of others, in particular Lev Chaban, Slavic Librarian in the Slavic Division. Subsequently the Judaica Division was fortunate to

4 Catalog of Israeli Russian-Language Publications in the Harvard Library have among its Judaica Library Student Assistants some who were fuent in Russian and who created provisional romanized catalog records which were then upgraded by the Judaica Division, again with input from these students regarding subject headings. Two years ago, Elizabeth Vernon, Lee M. Friedman Judaica Technical Services Librarian, worked with Evgeny Soshkin to develop a vendor records program whereby he provided romanized machine-readable catalog records, as well as information regarding content to assist with subject headings. Cataloging was also facilitated by the large number of translations into Russian both of classical Hebrew texts as well as of modern Judaica in other languages, particularly Hebrew. Here, too, the work of the Judaica Division’s Russian-speaking student assistants was very helpful. Our pragmatic approach to cataloging these publications has been successful and has enabled the Judaica Division to catalog these materials upon receipt, with immediate access for readers. Te Division welcomes corrections that more knowledgeable readers may wish to call to our attention. As the Library’s collection of Israeli Russian imprints grew substantially, it became increasingly clear that a catalog of these materials would be useful to scholars. Although all these publications are listed in Harvard’s online catalog HOLLIS, they are scattered widely throughout this vast bibliographic database by author, title, and subject headings. Bringing together that data in a concentrated form in a printed catalog draws attention to this “critical mass” of literature and creates opportunities for research. In addition, a catalog overcomes to a limited extent the language barrier and acquaints non-Russian speakers with the cultural activity of the Israeli Russian community. Finally, a catalog is a useful collection development tool that assists librarians and scholars in developing collections of these materials and incorporating them into the universe of Judaica bibliographic resources. Tis catalog is being issued in conjunction with a conference scheduled for November 13–15, 2011, sponsored by Harvard’s Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies: “Te Contemporary Russian-Speaking Jewish Diaspora.”

It is a pleasure to express our gratitude to those whose eforts have made possible the publication of this catalog: Evgeny Soshkin, who has supplied approximately three- quarters of the publications listed in this catalog and who has provided an informative brief history of Israeli Russian publications as the introduction to this catalog; Kenneth E. Carpenter, former editor of the Harvard Library Bulletin, who edited the introduction; Lev Chaban, Slavic Librarian in the Library’s Slavic Division, who was responsible for the fnal review of the bibliographic data in this catalog; our Judaica Student Library Assistants, who assisted in the preparation and revision of the catalog records: Elizabeth Piligromova and Aznavur Dustmamatov; the translators into English

Charles Berlin and Elizabeth Vernon 5 of the original Russian text of Mr. Soshkin’s introduction: Aznavur Dustmamatov (initial translation) and Julia Shell (initial revisions); and Sherman H. Starr ’46, who provided the Library with the Sherman H. Starr Judaica Library Publication Fund which has made publication of this catalog possible.

Charles Berlin Lee M. Friedman Bibliographer in Judaica; Head, Judaica Division Harvard Library

Elizabeth Vernon Lee M. Friedman Judaica Technical Services Librarian Harvard Library

May 19, 2011 Cambridge, Massachusetts

Figure 1.3. Keren Pevzner. Supersikhon: ragovornik ivrita. Tel' Aviv: SeferIsrael, 2006. Oblong: 10 x 14.5 cm. Catalog, p. 135.

6 Catalog of Israeli Russian-Language Publications in the Harvard Library Note to the Reader

he entries in this catalog are romanized according to the Library of Congress transliteration system for Russian (Cyrillic). Entries are provided in brief Tbibliographic form (author, title, imprint). Full bibliographic information will be found in the Harvard online catalog: http://hollisclassic.harvard.edu, including entries for editors and translators. Te Author (and Title where there is no author) listing is divided into sections by format: Books, Computer Files, Maps, Scores, Serials, Sound Recordings, Video Recordings, and then subsorted by author (or title if there is no author). Te Subject listing is sorted by subject, subsorted by format and then sorted by author (or title if there is no author). Each item is preceded by a format code (bk: book, cf: computer fle, mp: map, sc: score, se: serial, sr: sound recording, vr: video recording). Because this catalog is an extract from the much larger Harvard online catalog with its millions of entries, some similar subject headings may seem duplicative because they fle one afer another; in the Harvard online catalog, interfled with many other records, these subject headings are far apart. Note that in some cases there may seem to be duplication of certain serial records; this is because they are diferent publications which are not distinguishable from one another in the brief format of this printed catalog entry, but are clearly distinguished in the fuller entry in the online catalog. Te Israeli Russian publications were acquired and cataloged over a long period of time and accordingly refect a variety of cataloging styles. Assignment of subject headings over the years has not been entirely consistent. In addition, about a quarter of the entries were found to have no subject headings. Tis was especially so in the case of belles lettres, since such works ofen receive no subject heading. In order to make this catalog as useful as possible, subject headings were assigned to these publications, particularly Israeli literature (Russian) and Israeli poetry (Russian) for literary works written by Russian-speaking Israelis. We very much appreciate Evgeny Soshkin’s extraordinary help in this efort, as well as the additional assistance provided by Lev Chaban and Luba Dyky of the Library’s Slavic Division. Although a review of the access points of all entries was done in the course of preparing this catalog, given the volume of entries, it was not possible to revise the full catalog record of each item. If readers identify any errors in this catalog or in the online catalog record, we would appreciate having them called to our attention so that we may correct them. If a later edition of this catalog is warranted, we hope that it will be possible to include the full descriptive catalog record (including pagination) together with additional points of access (such as translators and editors) that for technical reasons

Charles Berlin and Elizabeth Vernon 7 could not be included in this publication, but that are present in the Library’s online catalog. Te catalog also includes statistical tables of Israeli Russian publications by date of publication and by city of publication.

Israeli Russian Books by Date and City of Publication (Total No. of Books = 3,613) No. of No. of No. of Date Books Date Books Date Books Percentage 1903 1 1982 44 Pre-1960 13 0.4% 1921 1 1983 35 1960s 30 0.8% 1930 1 1984 37 1970s 280 7.7% 1943 1 1985 36 1980s 448 12.4% 1944 1 1986 30 1990s 1,221 33.8% 1946 1 1987 52 2000s 1,559 43.1% 1948 1 1988 49 2010–2011 62 1.7% 1949 1 1989 59 1955 1 198u 8 1958 3 1990 96 1959 1 1991 158 No. of 1960 3 1992 97 City Books 1961 3 1993 88 Afulah 1 1962 1 1994 65 Arad 11 1964 2 1995 107 Ariel 4 1965 2 1996 145 5 1966 3 1997 136 Ashdod/ 1 1967 1 1998 140 9 1968 4 1999 150 11 1969 11 199u 39 Beer Yaakov 4 1970 25 2000 201 21 1971 12 2001 177 Ben Shemen 2 1972 12 2002 160 Bene Berak 16 1973 22 2003 174 Bet El 2 1974 17 2004 165 Bet Shemesh 1 1975 27 2005 170 Elat 1 1976 42 2006 126 Elon Moreh 1 1977 47 2007 111 Ginot Shomron 2 1978 35 2008 122 Givat Zeev 3 1979 30 2009 84 1 197u 11 200u 69 Haderah 1 1980 54 2010 56 54 1981 44 2011 6 Hebron 1

8 Catalog of Israeli Russian-Language Publications in the Harvard Library No. of No. of City Books City Books Hertseliyah 67 Lohame ha-getaot 1 Hertseliyah/ 1 Maalot 1 10 Mevaseret Tsiyon 1 Jerusalem 2,109 Modiin 2 Jerusalem/Tel Aviv 4 Nahariyah 1 Karmel 1 Natsrat Ilit 2 Karmiel 2 Nes Tsiyonah 2 Karne Shomron 1 Netanyah 4 Kedumim 2 Neve Menahem 1 Kefar Habad 5 1 Kefar Saba 8 Petah Tikvah 4 Kiron 1 Raananah 1 Kiryat Arba 6 Ramat Aviv/Jerusalem 1 Kiryat Arba/Hebron 31 21 Kiryat Arba/Jerusalem 4 Ramat Gan/Jerusalem 1 1 Ramleh 1 Kiryat Byalik 1 7 /Jerusalem 44 Rehovot/Jerusalem 1 Kiryat Malakhi 3 Rekhasim 1 Kiryat Sedeh Boker 1 Rishon le-Tsiyon 13 Kiryat Shemonah 1 Rosh ha-Ayin 1 Kiryat Tivon 2 Tel Aviv 964 1 Tsefat 2 Lehavot ha-Bashan 1 Yavneh 1 1 Unknown 118

Books Published Jointly in Israel and: Canada 2 Latvia 1 Russia 384 Russia and Estonia 1 Russia and Ukraine 2 Russia and United States 1 Russia and Poland 1 Sweden 1 Ukraine 12 Ukraine and Canada 2 United States 23

Charles Berlin and Elizabeth Vernon 9 10 Catalog of Israeli Russian-Language Publications in the Harvard Library Figure 1.4. Bible. O.T. Pentateuch. Russian and Hebrew. With Rashi's Commentary. Ierusalim: Shvut Ami, 2005. 23.5 cm. Catalog, p. 17.

Charles Berlin and Elizabeth Vernon 11 Figure 1.5. Kol' a-Sharon, no. 368 (2010). 23 cm. Catalog, p. 246.

12 Catalog of Israeli Russian-Language Publications in the Harvard Library Israeli Books and Periodicals in Russian: A Brief History

Evgeny Soshkin

ome six years ago the Judaica Division of the Harvard Library began to systematically collect books and periodicals in Russian published in Israel. SPrinted materials ranging from academic monographs to advertising fyers, from luxurious gif productions to family chronicles are being added to Harvard’s shelves. Fiction, poetry, dictionaries, textbooks, original works or translations, secular or religious publications, books aimed at a broad audience or at a highly specifc readership—all genres are being acquired on an equal footing. Newspapers, both national and regional, plus periodicals, whether thick or thin, serious or glossy, are also being acquired. So are audiovisual materials. Moreover, older as well as new publications are being purchased. Tis comprehensive approach is resulting in an extraordinary collection that has now grown sufciently to warrant a catalogue to introduce it to the scholarly community. Publishing in Russian began in Palestine early in the twentieth century. During what can be termed the early period, which lasted up through the 1930s, there were several dozen publications. Some were addressed to Orthodox congregations and pilgrims; others related to the Zionist movement and the life of Jewish settlements. Not all, however, were religious or political. A few poetry collections and sheet music albums also appeared. In the 1940s and 1950s, books in Russian were still rarely published, but their subject matter changed dramatically. Tey were primarily publications of organized bodies, such as the Jewish Agency for Palestine, the World Jewish Congress, the trade union Histadrut, the Ministry of Labor, and the youth organization Betar. To be sure, Hebrew textbooks appeared, as did publications relating to the establishment of the State of Israel. Only infrequently did poetry, fction, and polemical journalism appear. Te Russian-Israeli literary bond in the frst half of the twentieth century must, however, be measured by more than the quantity of Russian publications brought out in Palestine. Such founders of contemporary Israeli literature as Saul Tchernichovsky (1875–1943), Abraham Shlonsky (1900–1972), and Leah Goldberg (1911–1970), although they wrote in Hebrew, were raised on the Russian classics and strongly infuenced by Russian modernism. Shlonsky and Goldberg also translated into Hebrew major works of Russian literature. Other authors, such as Alexander Penn (1906–1972), wrote

Evgeny Soshkin 13 professionally in Russian before switching to Hebrew. Tere were also notable members of the Zionist movement who wrote in Russian: Abraham (Yair) Shtern (1907–1942), the future leader of the anti-British underground organization Lehi, who wrote poetry in several languages, including Russian, and Leva Shneerson (b. 1888), a former activist of the anti-Turkish underground organization Nili, who was published in Tel-Aviv. Moreover, some Russian Zionist writers lived in or visited Palestine in the 1920s and the 1930s—Zinaida Veinshal (1900–1952), Dovid Knut (1900–1955), the novelist Abraham Vysotskii (1883–1949), though their works were published outside Palestine—in Berlin, Paris, or Riga. Mark Egart (1901–1956), disappointed by the Zionist ideology, returned from Palestine to the USSR, where he published in 1932 a novel about the ruin of the Zionist dream, Opalennaia zemlia (Burnt land). In a few cases, a work came out in Palestine. Samuil Kruglikov’s play V krasnykh tiskakh (In the red clutches) appeared in 1927 in Tel-Aviv, and the novel of Sarah Marchevsky-Golubchik, Doch’ professora (Te professor’s daughter, 1934) had a double place of publication: Tel-Aviv—Riga. Te prolifc literary activity of Vladimir Jabotinsky (1880–1940), the leader of the Revisonists-Zionists, mostly took place outside of Palestine. In the 1920s and the 1930s, Jabotinsky and his followers published, f rst in Berlin, and later in Paris, an infuential social, political, and literary weekly, Rassvet (Dawn). Prominent for his role as a political activist and a Russian-Jewish publicist, Jabotinsky is less well-known for his literary works, such as the poetic drama Chuzhbina (Foreign land, 1908), the novels Samson Nazorei (Samson the Nazarite, 1927) and Piatero (Te Five, 1936); but in his dual role as a Russian writer and a Jewish ideologist, Jabotinsky had a major infuence on some individuals in the immigrant repatriate1 literary bohemia of the late 1970s. He inspired them to take up the concept of a literature that was Israeli but in the Russian language, separate and distinct from Russian literature, nationally and geographically. Tat idea of an Israeli literature that was in Russian was opposed by Israeli ofcials responsible for furthering cultural projects, primarily for an ideological reason. Newcomers were expected to break completely with the culture of the diaspora; they were to forget the language of the former homeland and to speak only Hebrew, both within and outside the home. Tis linguistic utopianism, paradoxically, coexisted with Israeli society’s adoration of the Soviets and Stalin, with the cult of the Soviet song reigning over the kibbutz movement, and the alignment in many spheres of public life with communist aesthetics and rhetoric. Since the repatriates from the Soviet Union emphasized the crimes of the communist regime, they were out of step with a populace raised in the tradition of genuine admiration for this regime. So much the more remarkable is a gesture of

1 Te term repatriates is a translation of the Russian term that is used in the Zionist sense to refer to Jews born outside Palestine or Israel who returned to the Holy Land of their ancestors. It is the equivalent of the Hebrew olim.

14 Israeli Books and Periodicals in Russian: A Brief History solidarity with oppressed Soviet Jewry on the part of the Israeli literary and political establishment. In 1962, the Tel-Aviv publishing house Am Oved published Pridet vesna moia: Stikhi sovetskogo evreia (My spring will come: Poems of a Soviet Jew) both in the original Russian and in Hebrew translation. A group of poets did the translations, and Abraham Shlonsky, himself a leading Israeli poet, edited this volume, along with Moshe Sharett (1894–1965), who had recently been prime minister of Israel. Te Soviet Jew who authored these poems, was Mikhail Baital’sky (1903–1978), who had served several terms in the Stalinist camps on charges of Trotskyism. In order to protect him from prosecution, the book was published under the pseudonym D. Seter.2 Besides this, there were few other Israeli works of literature in the 1960s. Most publications had a functional, non-literary purpose, although some periodicals of general content existed. Vestnik Izrailia, 1959–1963, 37 issues,3 was replaced by the less frequent magazine Shalom, 1963–1967, 19 issues, and the periodical Ariel’, published from 1962 in diferent languages by the Ministry of Foreign Afairs, came out annually in Russian up through 1966.4 Te numbers of publications grew signifcantly in the 1970s, thanks to the dramatically increased fow of immigrants from the Soviet Union in the late 1960s and early 1970s. About ffy books were published in 1970 alone, a signifcant proportion of them written by newly arrived professionals. In 1973, Russian- language books numbered nearly one hundred, dipped somewhat in 1974, but then stayed at about a hundred or more for the rest of the decade. Tese included academic publications (a number were in semiotics); facsimiles of Russian pamphlets, mostly political, from the frst two decades of the twentieth century, brought out by the secondhand bookseller Yakov Tversky under the trademark of his bookstore, and later by his established publishing house Aticot); and literature exposing crimes of the Soviet regime, issued by MAOZ, the publishing house of Obshchestvo bor’by za osvobozhdenie evreistva iz Sovetskogo Soiuza (Soviet Jewry Relief Society) founded in 1958. In 1968 the all-Israel weekly Nasha strana, a periodical in newspaper format, started publication, and a more politically independent one, Tribuna, began a year earlier. In the 1980s, the aliyah from the USSR dramatically declined, but the book industry remained on the same level until with the massive aliyah of the 1990s, it grew several times larger. Some of the notable publishing houses of these twenty years were Moskva—Ierusalim, Cherikover, Krug, Panorama, Vremia i my, Bumerang

2 Five years earlier, a selection of Baital’sky’s poems (under the initials M.D.) had constituted the bulk of a thin collection Izbrannye stikhotvoreniia: Iz evreiskogo narodnogo tvorchestva (Selected poems: From Jewish folk literature), Jerusalem, 1957. 3 A double issue is counted as one throughout this essay. 4 Te discontinuation of both periodicals followed the Soviet breaking of of diplomatic relations with Israel on June 10, 1967; the Russian version of Ariel’ resumed in the 1970s.

Evgeny Soshkin 15 (later renamed Izdatel’stvo Iakova Vaiskopfa), Kakhol’-Lavan, R. Portnoi, Iakov-Press, Maler Publications, Tarbut, Moriia, and Leksikon. Many were based on a periodical or a particular subject focus, and the range of publishing interests included the Zionist movement; the history of Israel and contemporary Israeli society; the Jewish diaspora and Jewish-Slavic cultural relations; the Holocaust; the crimes of the Soviet regime and the struggle against it; Judaism and biblical history; the difculties of absorption and how to overcome them; plus the study of Hebrew. Some houses, beginning in the 1970s, produced books in series, and these collections have been occupying an important place in Israeli-Russian book publishing. Particularly multifaceted is the series Biblioteka Aliia (Aliyah Library), which has included both fction and non-fction. By the end of the 1980s, the total number of books in this series exceeded 150, and it is hard to overestimate its value. Also worth mentioning is the series Evrei i evreiskii narod (Jews and the Jewish people), more than 150 volumes, published since 1960 by the Center for Research and Documentation of East European Jewry; the academic journal Jews & Slavs (1993–) and other publications of the Center for the Study of Slavic Languages and Literatures at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem; the series of biographies Evrei v mirovoi kul’ture (Jews in world culture) (1986–) the series Russkoe evreistvo v zarubezh’e (Russian Jewry abroad) (1992–); and the multivolume series of textbooks of the Open University, covering various periods of Jewish history and spiritual life (since the mid-1990s). It is important also to mention the monumental Kratkaia evreiskaia entsiklopediia (Brief Jewish Encyclopedia); work on it over thirty years (1976–2005) has resulted in 11 volumes and 3 volumes of supplements. Remarkable as a publishing phenomenon are the hundreds of volumes of memoirs and literature that Russian-speaking immigrants have published, ofen at their own expense though sometimes with fnancial assistance from governmental and other funding sources, such as the Union of Russian-Language Writers of Israel, established in 1971, with support from the Ministry of Culture (the Union subsidizes the frst book by an author). Tese publications began in the 1960s, reached enormous proportions in the 1990s, and continue coming out. Indeed, the Union of Russian-Language Writers continues to stimulate such publications through fostering writing groups, holding conferences, and overseeing regional quarterlies. Actual production is through frms specializing in design and printing services for individual customers (Alphabet and Philobiblon have done notable work), and the author gets the entire print run, which is usually not more than three hundred copies. Only a few make their way into the market, for the authors have neither the knowledge nor the means to efectively distribute their books. Tey do not have access to the market through bookstores selling new books, since the large jobbers who supply new Russian books to the countless bookstores throughout the country and efectively determine what is considered full-fedged merchandise, do not stock self-published books. Tey

16 Israeli Books and Periodicals in Russian: A Brief History immediately fall into the category of used books where they are lost among the millions of old books that had come to Israel along with the aliyah of the 1990s. Although these self-published books can be found only by chance, they have obvious value for scholars. Historians can fnd in them enormous factual material about Soviet Jewry—on the front, in prisons and concentration camps, and, generally, detailed depictions of domestic and state anti-Semitism. At the same time students of Israeli culture can fnd in this mass recourse to the printing press the materials for studying the process of integrating the Russian-language community into Israeli society. Compared to this food of output by amateurs, the corpus of books by professionals was modest in scope. “Professionals” is not used in the sense of authors making a living from books, but rather of individuals who saw themselves as writers, as part of a literary community, even if they supported themselves with newspaper jobs or lived a bohemian lifestyle. It was journals of literary criticism and almanacs, that is, one-time or irregularly published collections, that enabled these writers to come into contact with each other and to see themselves as part of a literary world, even one that extended beyond Israel. Tus, the almanac Ami, published irregularly in the period 1970 to 1973, brought out in its third issue the celebrated “Moscow-Petushki,” a poem in prose of Venedict Erofeev (1938–1990), who was not able to publish it in his native Russia. Te Israeli independent Russian journal Sion (1972–1979, 1982, 33 issues) for a long time lef its cover page blank, so as to facilitate smuggling into the USSR. Tere were many other journals, and they have been a central part of Russian Israeli publishing. Dvadtsat’ dva, an ofshoot of Sion in 1978, became the central literary and intellectual publication of the secular Russian Israeli until the early 1990s. From 1975 to 1980, the infuential monthly journal Vremia i my was published in Israel and then relocated to the United States. Tree issues of Leviafan, an illustrated avant- garde newspaper-like journal, came out between 1975 and 1980 in Jerusalem. In 1979 and 1990 two issues of the Scopus anthology of the Russian Israeli prose and poetry were published as a part of the Biblioteka Aliia series. A unique place in the history of Israeli periodicals belongs to the Slavonic journal Slavica Hierosolymitana (1977– 1985, 6 issues). Its concentration on advanced scholarship in philology and linguistics made it a legendary academic journal. Few new literary journals began publication in the 1980s, but exceptions are the journal of Jewish culture Narod i zemlia (1984– 1988, 8 issues), and the social-political and literary journal Kinor (1983–1985, 5 issues). Tere was also the exquisite almanac Salamandra (1987, 1989). Ten, in 1993, the digest Zerkalo became an independent journal with an emphasis on modern culture; it continued coming out in this format through 1995 (issues 100–135), afer which it became a substantial semiannual journal. In 1991, three thin issues of the amusing and elegant magazine Obitaemyi ostrov of the Jerusalem Literary Club were released. In the early nineties the intellectual journal Stranitsy (1992–1993, 2 issues) was launched

Evgeny Soshkin 17 but soon ceased publication, a fate that also befell the Jerusalem journal of culture Slog (1993–1994, 3 issues) and the Israeli magazine of contemporary science fction Miry (1995, 2 issues). In 1995, the journal Dvoetochie frst appeared, and it survived by turning into an online journal. Te literary humanitarian journal Solnechnoe spletenie was published from 1998 to 2004 (18 issues). It, along with Dvoetochie, at the time when it was a print journal, paid unprecedented attention to graphic design and the selection of illustrations. Some signifcant almanacs were published as onetime events: Shamir (1976), Ierusalimskii poeticheskii al’manakh (1993), Poety bol’shogo Tel’-Aviva (1996), Simurg (1997), Nishtiak: Proza russkogo literaturnogo podpol’ia (1997), ONO (1998), Dvoetochie: Poeticheskaia antologiia (2000), Orientatsiia na mestnosti (2001), Antologiia poezii. Izrail’ 2005 (2005), and some others. Notable recent publications are the literary journalistic Nota Bene (2004–2006, 18 issues), the purely journalistic journal Vremya iskat’ (1998–2006, 13 issues), and the three issues of the almanac Ierusalimskii bibliofl (1999, 2003, 2006). Te publications enumerated here have never been commercial. Tus, their irregularity and short duration can be explained not by loss of interest on the part of readers or publishers but by reduced or discontinued funding, although some, such as Zerkalo, Dvadtsat’ dva, and Ierusalimskii zhurnal are still being published, thanks to ongoing sponsorship. Beyond the above list, there have been many amateur journals and anthologies, mostly published by municipal clubs, literary studios, and cultural centers. Student magazines are another category, with Golem (1975; 2 issues) and Nash Skopus (1992– 2000, 19 issues) published at Hebrew University. Similar to the self-published books are the numerous samizdat literary journals, produced with the aid of a copier and stapler and distributed to a small number of readers known personally by the editor/publisher. Tese publications of long-since- disbanded bohemian communities, are seemingly marginal, but without these communities the history of Russian literature in Israel would have been entirely diferent; and without collections of their publications the atmosphere of the communities would be irretrievable. Tese samizdat publications include Situatsiia (1982–1989, 4 issues), Chernaia kuritsa (1985?, 2 issues), I.O. (1994–1995, 6 issues), and the children’s magazine Tochka tochka zapiataia (1997, 6 issues). A diferent kind of community is represented by Khomer (1994–1996, 25 issues), an extremely expressive magazine of the anarchist youth. Few newspapers came out in the 1970s and 1980s, but news periodicals in the form of thin social-political and cultural-entertainment magazines were characteristic of that period. Among them were Zemliaki (1979–1981) of the Union of Soviet Emigrants (Soiuz zemliachestv vykhodtsev iz SSSR); Uzy (1980–1983); My (1971–1975) of the party Mapam; the journal Doma (1972–1973) which lately became the weekly Nedelia and later Nedelia v Izraile (1974–1977); Klub (1974–1977), later renamed Krug (1977–1992); Kino- iskusstvo (1975–1980); Izrail’ segodniia (1978–1992); Rodina (1981–1983); Press-biulleten’

18 Israeli Books and Periodicals in Russian: A Brief History (1981–1982); Panorama Izrailia (1980–1992); Alef (since 1981); Sabra (1982–1996); and the aforementioned Zerkalo (1985–1993). By the early 1990s almost all these magazines had ceased publication, making the way for supplements (literary, comic, etc.) to major newspapers. What have been continuously multiplying are thin magazines and free bulletins aimed at a religious readership. Just as the commercialization of publishing in the 1970s and the 1980s afected periodicals, so did it shape book publishing. Publishers brought out entertainment literature in translation, such as detective and spy novels or erotic and intimate biographies. Publishing houses specializing in this category of books are Or-Press (with its series Biblioteka Danielia Amarilisa), Sova, Trubka mira, Tri bogatyria, King, Zolushka, Nadezhda, Nord, and Titaniia, among others. At the opposite end of the Russian-language book market are a number of religious publishing houses that emerged in the 1970s: Geulim, KhAMA, Amana, and Shamir. Many others would subsequently come into existence: Shvut Ami, Makhanaim, Tora Lishma, and Evreiskaia kniga. Some, not limiting themselves to the translation and publication of halachic and haggadic texts, dealt with the philosophy of Chabad, religious Zionism, and the interaction between Judaism and modern science. Te tendency towards the scientifc formulation of religious questions and the application of mathematical methods to the analysis of the sacred texts characterized two major journals, which came out at the same time: the quarterly Menora published by Amana since 1973, and the sporadically issued Vozrozhdenie published by Shamir. Tese journals refected the tendency of those intellectual Jewish immigrants of the 1970s and the 1980s, either mathematicians or physicists, who, in turning to religion, strove to reconcile religion with their veneration of exact knowledge. Te combination of these two attitudes should not be surprising: under the totalitarian conditions of the Soviet system, exact knowledge was, for intellectuals, a defense against ideological pressure, whereas religiosity allowed them to feel that they opposed the atheist doctrine of the party. Since Judaism was for dissident Jews only one of several possible religious options—Christianity was in fact the most popular—the choice of Judaism was inextricably linked to national self-consciousness and Zionism. In the 1990s, some religious publishing houses redirected their eforts towards serving the reader who had turned to Judaism for the opposite reason: for moral support in the face of the social and economic difculties of absorption in Israel. Tose publishers brought out books that further religious education, but also foster an alternative absorption.5 One feature of such publications was deliberate obfuscation

5 Normative absorption, supported and partially sponsored by the state, aims at familiarizing new repatriates with traditional Zionist values, but not religious ones. It sees absorption as a process of Jews from other countries adopting the social and cultural values of modern Israel. However, some repatriates choose a religious, alternative absorption, that denies Zionist values.

Evgeny Soshkin 19 of publication information. Tus, for example, the title on the cover or the spine may difer from that on the title page. To some extent this refected an instinctive desire to escape any relation to the secular world with its rules, authorities, and institutions. Such a practice served to position the religious community as a comprehensive alternative to secular society. In the 2000s, many books and materials in other media in Russian and other languages have been published by the International Academy of Kabbalah. Tese have found a large readership, which indicates that the economic and social insecurities of the previous decade have been largely overcome. Tis literature is shelved in bookstores under the category of Judaism, but it does not so much compete with orthodox publications as with popular books on astrology, the magic properties of precious stones, and other esoteric subjects. Another development of the 2000s, which actually began in the mid-1990s, is an increasing body of “how-to” books, with the subjects covering gardening, house renovations, investments, cooking with Israeli products, legal advice, travel guides, and entertainment advice. Tese serve a body of Russian readers who are obviously increasingly well-to-do. Te major publishers of this literature include Ivrus, Merkur, Isradon, and SeferIsrael, this last-named frm being also responsible for at least half of all Hebrew dictionaries and textbooks aimed at Russian readers. Although these books have a utilitarian purpose, they ofen are by a renowned author, thus resulting in a guidebook or cookbook that is elegantly and captivatingly written. Or, a book might serve the amateur but also the scientist, as in the case of an illustrated guide to the edible and poisonous mushrooms of Israel, written by the leading expert in this feld, a professor at Haifa University. (Most mushroom hunters in Israel speak Russian.) Just as the how-to literature is sometimes notable for its authorship, so is some political propaganda: the most famous Russian poet of Israel, Mikhail Gendelev (1950–2009), made a living copywriting for a Russian political party during its election campaign. In recent years, Russian-language publishing houses have also begun to produce mass-market entertainment. Before the fall of the Iron Curtain, many Western action novels that were prohibited or otherwise unavailable in the Soviet Union (from Eugene Sue to Ian Fleming) came out in Israel in Russian translation, but original detective fction was rare. Ten in the 1990s there were some attempts to construct detective novels set locally, but unwittingly the novels were presented as exotic and failed to obtain a mass market. By the frst decade of this century, that had changed; a local readership had been formed with a unifed system of subculture codes, and a small detective books factory is serving its needs. Among the numerous religious and secular publishing houses of the 1990s and the 2000s, the Moscow-Jerusalem publishing house Gesharim/Mosty kul’tury (Gesharim [Heb. Bridges]/Bridges of cultures) has played an exceptional role. Its name is completely justifed, for it publishes books of all genres and trends so long as they are broadly

20 Israeli Books and Periodicals in Russian: A Brief History related to Judaica. Among them are academic translations of Biblical texts, linguistic investigations into the language of the Tanakh, works on medieval Jewish philosophy and culture, fundamental monographs on Jewish mysticism, Jewish historiography, analytical books on the social and political system of Israel, fction translated from Hebrew or Yiddish, classics of Jewish children’s literature, poetry and prose of Russian- language Israeli authors, Russian-Jewish philological studies, books about the history of the Holocaust, and memoirs. Most of these publications are of high quality, both in their editing and printing. Until very recently, an Israeli place of publication, usually Jerusalem, for a Russian book was more than a mere geographical fact; it was taken to have cultural meaning. In the post-Soviet era, the most successful, or luckiest Israeli authors started to be published in Russia as professional writers, without having to pay for publication, even receiving fnancial compensation; and to have one’s work published with a Jerusalem imprint was seen to be a form of moral compensation for the failure to be published as a professional. Tis situation is now a thing of the past. Books published in Israel are no longer perceived by booksellers to be second-class products, and they cost no less than their Russian analogues. To some extent this came about through a seemingly insignifcant publishing practice pioneered by Gesharim/Mosty kul’tury. It listed both Moscow and Jerusalem in imprints, and now almost all books give the imprint as either Ierusalim—Moskva or Moskva—Ierusalim. Other publishing houses—Daat/ Znanie, Kniga-Sefer—have followed suit. Of course, this duality is not purely nominal: the aforementioned publishing houses are for economic and technological reasons actually based in two diferent cities. Te dual intercontinental place of publication, which is so commonplace in the Western publishing industry, contains, with regard to Russian-Israeli books, a clear symbolic message, which the bilingual names of all three publishing houses are meant to accentuate. Indeed, even many books of the last decade published by the Israelis at their own expense have a dual place of publication in the imprint. Clearly, the desire to blur geographical coordinates is part of the general consciousness fostered by the process of globalization as well as the development of the Internet and blogosphere. It is felt that state borders no longer create cultural barriers and that the former geographical categories of center and periphery do not exist in cultural space. In conclusion, it is necessary to say something about the importance of the Harvard collection of Russian books published in Israel. When it comes to translations, religious, esoteric, reference, technical, and educational books, the collection of Harvard University has no analogues in the West. But, more than that, when it comes to all other publications that lie at the intersection of the interests of Judaica and Slavistics, this collection is among the few that has maintained regular acquisitions since the collapse of the Soviet Union. During the Cold War, large Western libraries took special care to acquire Russian books published in Israel, but in the 1990s and the

Evgeny Soshkin 21 2000s, precisely when the fow of these books increased by several times, interest in them in America and Europe grew noticeably weaker. Te Israeli National Library has, of course, the mission to preserve all books published in Israel, without exception. A law, in force since 1953, requires publishers, distributors, printers or authors (in this particular descending order), having an Israeli address, to send two free copies to the National Library. Te same law requires that the imprint of a book be indicated on the cover. As the basis of a national bibliographic collection, this system is quite efcient, except for one thing: some books are not deposited, which is ofen the case for Russian-language books. Many are published at the expense of their authors, who, especially in smaller cities, may not be conscious of the National Library and the law requiring deposit. Some publishing houses simply do not respect the law, and the National Library’s options for legal recourse are limited. In reality, the problem lies even deeper. Israel remains in the grip of an old prejudice against the cultures of the Jewish diasporas that continue developing on its territory. Te paternalistic conception of the cultural ghetto is still prevalent, as indicated by the existence of only one department of Slavic Studies focused on literature and philology in a country where one-ffh of the Jewish population speaks Russian. Te result is that the cause of bringing attention to Russian books has fallen to enthusiasts, who, with fnancial support from the Russian government through its Russkii Mir Foundation, are creating a database recording all Israeli Russian books (http://www.isrusbook.com). In this context, the collection at Harvard, a great university strong in both Slavic and Judaic studies, promises to bring broader attention to the Russian-speaking community of Israel and its book culture. Tat is the hope behind this sketch of the history of Israeli Russian books.

I am grateful for information supplied by Masha Goldman of the National Library of Israel, and by Michael Vaiskopf and Sergej Shargorodsky.

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26 Catalog of Israeli Russian-Language Publications in the Harvard Library Contributors

Charles Berlin is Lee M. Friedman Bibliographer in Judaica and Head of the Judaica Division of the Harvard Library.

Caroline Duroselle-Melish is Assistant Curator in the Department of Printing and Graphic Arts at Houghton Library. She is currently at work on a monograph on another book collector, the Bolognese natural philosopher Ulisse Aldrovandi (1522– 1605). She is also collaborating with Roger Gaskell on a translation into English of parts of the frst treatise on woodcutting, written by the Frenchman Jean-Michel Papillon (1698–1776).

Meredith Quinn is a doctoral candidate in the History Department at Harvard University, where she studies books and readership in early modern Ottoman society.

Evgeny Soshkin, poet and philologist, is a PhD candidate at Te Hebrew University in Jerusalem. He has published articles on the theory of the detective genre, as well as on Pushkin, Gogol, Shklovsky, Bakhtin, and the Russian-speaking Israeli poets. From 1998 to 2004, he co-edited the literary humanitarian journal Te Solar Plexus. His other publications include a collection of essays co-edited with Y. Leving, Te Empire N: Nabokov and His Heirs (Moscow, 2006) and a book of poems, Te Summer of a Dormouse (Jerusalem; Moscow, 2011).

Elizabeth Vernon is Lee M. Friedman Judaica Technical Services Librarian in the Judaica Division of the Harvard Library.

Harvard Library Bulletin 65