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ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract ...... ii Acknowledgements ...... iii Table of Contents ...... iv General Introduction ...... 1 Chapter 1- The Influences that shaped Pope Francis ...... 5 Introduction ...... 5 1.1 The influences in the upbringing of Jorge Mario Bergoglio ...... 5 1.1.1 Sister Dolores Tortolo ...... 6 1.1.2 Grandmother Rosa Vassallo ...... 6 1.1.3 Esther Ballestrino de Careaga ...... 7 1.1.4 Peronism ...... 7 1.1.5 Fr Enrico Pozzoli ...... 9 1.1.6 Ignatian Spirituality ...... 9 1.2 Argentine liberation Theology ...... 11 1.2.1 The Theology of the People (Teología del pueblo) ...... 12 1.2.2 Lucio Gera ...... 13 1.2.3 Rafael Tello ...... 14 1.2.4 Juan Carlos Scannone ...... 17 1.2.5 Pope Paul VI ...... 19 1.2.6 The Aparecida Document ...... 21 1.3 Intellectual Influences ...... 24 1.3.1 Fr Gaston Fessard ...... 24 1.3.2 Alberto Methol Ferré ...... 25 1.3.3 Amelia Podetti ...... 26 1.3.4 Romano Guardini ...... 26 1.3.5 Hans Urs von Balthasar ...... 27 1.3.6 Fr Luigi Giussani ...... 28 1.3.7 Other notable Influences ...... 30 1.4 Conclusion ...... 31 Chapter 2- Hope and Joy in the Pastoral Vision of Francis ...... 33 2.0 Introduction ...... 33
iv
2.1 Towards a Right Understanding of Hope ...... 34 2.2 The Resurrection of Jesus: The foundation of hope ...... 35 2.2.1 The Scriptural foundations of Hope ...... 37 2.3 Virtues related to Christian Hope ...... 39 2.3.1 Magnanimity ...... 39 2.3.2 Humility ...... 41 2.3.3 Fortitude ...... 42 2.4 Icons and Metaphors of Hope ...... 43 2.4.1 Agile Feet ...... 44 2.4.2 A Woman in Labour ...... 44 2.4.3 A Steadfast Anchor ...... 45 2.4.4 A Sail as a Driving Force ...... 46 2.4.5 A Helmet of Hope ...... 47 2.4.6 Pandora's Box ...... 48 2.4.7 The Three Sisters ...... 48 2.5 The Enemies of Hope and Joy ...... 49 2.6 The Support which Hope requires ...... 51 2.6.1 The Communal Dimension of Hope and the Role of Young People ...... 51 2.6.2 Hope and the Sacraments ...... 54 2.6.3 Hope and the Liturgical Seasons ...... 60 2.7 Christian Joy: The Hallmark of the Disciple ...... 62 2.7.1 The Centrality of Joy in the Scriptures ...... 63 2.7.2 Welcoming Joy ...... 64 2.7.3 Poverty and Joy ...... 65 2.7.4 Preaching with Joy ...... 66 2.7.5 Joy in the Various States of Life ...... 67 2.7.6 Encountering Joy through Beauty and Suffering ...... 68 2.8 Conclusion ...... 69 Chapter 3- Implications of Hope and Joy in Praxis ...... 72 3.0 Introduction ...... 72 3.1 St Francis: A Man of Poverty ...... 72 3.1.1 Background ...... 73 3.1.2 New Forms of Poverty ...... 77
v
3.1.3 The Response of the Church: Pope Francis’ Messages for the World Day of Migrants and Refugees ...... 79 3.2 St Francis: A Man of Peace ...... 86 3.2.1 Principles that guide towards peace ...... 87 3.2.2 Social Dialogue ...... 90 3.2.3 The Church’s Response: Pope Francis’ World Day of Peace Messages ...... 93 3.2.4 Practical Gestures of Peace ...... 98 3.3 St Francis of Assisi: A lover of Creation ...... 99 3.3.1 A Background to Pope Francis’ Option in Favour of Creation ...... 101 3.3.2 Transformational Awareness: Identifying the Causes...... 105 3.3.3 Having a Transformed Awareness ...... 106 3.4 The Prophetic Gestures of Pope Francis ...... 111 3.4.1 Solidarity with Migrants and Refugees ...... 111 3.4.2 Solidarity with the Sufferings of Workers ...... 115 3.4.3 Solidarity with those suffering from Civil War ...... 115 3.4.4 Solidarity with those on the Existential Peripheries ...... 118 3.5 Concluding Remarks ...... 120 General Conclusion ...... 123 Bibliography ...... 128
vi
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
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CHAPTER 1- THE INFLUENCES THAT SHAPED POPE FRANCIS
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1 Pope Paul VI, Evangelii Nuntiandi, 8 December 1975, http://w2.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/en/apost_exhortations/documents/hf_p- vi_exh_19751208_evangelii-nuntiandi.html, n.80. 5
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2 Austen Ivereigh, The Great Reformer: Francis and the Making of a Radical Pope, (London: Allen & Unwin, 2014), 12. 3 Ibid., 49 4 Ibid., 13. 5 Salvatore Cernuzio, “Pope’s Nephew: Francis Was Always an ‘Attentive and Thoughtful’ Uncle,” 11 August 2015, accessed 9 October 2018, https://zenit.org/articles/pope- s-nephew-francis-was-always-an-attentive-and-thoughtful-uncle/ 6 Mark K. Shriver, Pilgrimage: My Search for the Real Pope Francis, accessed on 2 October 2018, https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/pilgrimage-my-search-for- the/9780812987553-item.html. 6
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12 Allan Figueroa Deck, Francis, Bishop of Rome: The Gospel for the Third Millennium, (New York: Paulist Press, 2016), 13-14. 13 Ibid., 13. 14 Andrew West, “Pope Francis: how Buenos Aires made the man,” 13 March 2014, accessed 19 October 2018, https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/religionandethicsreport/5317996 15Samuel Gregg, "Understanding Pope Francis: Argentina, Economic Failure, and the Teología Del Pueblo.” Independent Review 21/3 (Winter, 2017): 361-374. https://search- proquest-com.ejournals.um.edu.mt/docview/ 1848785312?accountid=27934 16 Deck, Francis, Bishop of Rome, 14. 8
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17 Dr. Federico Colautti, “Pope Francis: Understanding His Language and Mission,” 1 October 2015, accessed 17 October 2018, https://iti.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Pope_Francis_Language_and_Mission.pdf. 18 Ivereigh, The Great Reformer, 10. 19 Ibid, 38. 20 Ibid, 50. 21 Matthew Ashley, "Pope Francis as Interpreter of Ignatius’s Spiritual Exercises," Spiritus: A Journal of Christian Spirituality 17, no. 2 (2017): 165-179, accessed 7 October 2018, https://muse.jhu.edu/. 9
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INFLUENCES :HVKDOOQRZGHDOZLWKWKHWKRXJKWWKDWKDVVKDSHG%HUJRJOLRWRZKDWKHLVWRGD\ DQG ZKDW VKDSHV KLV 3HWULQH PLQLVWU\ $FFRUGLQJ WR 0DVVLPR %RUJKHVL LQ UHVSRQVH WR KLV TXHVWLRQV WKH 3RSH UHVSRQGHG WKURXJK UHFRUGHG DXGLR ILOHV LQ ZKLFK KH VKDUHG PRUH GHWDLOV RQ KLV LQWHOOHFWXDO IRUPDWLRQ +H OLVWHG VL[ LQWHOOHFWXDOVZKRKDYHLQIOXHQFHGKLPDWGLIIHUHQWWLPHVLQKLVOLIH )UHQFK-HVXLW )DWKHU *DVWRQ )HVVDUG $UJHQWLQH SKLORVRSKHU $PHOLD 3RGHWWL 8UXJXD\DQ KLVWRULDQ 0HWKRO )HUUp 3ROLVK*HUPDQ -HVXLW )DWKHU (ULFK 3U]\ZDUD ,WDOLDQ *HUPDQ )DWKHU 5RPDQR *XDUGLQL DQG 6ZLVV WKHRORJLDQ )DWKHU +DQV 8UV YRQ %DOWKDVDU2QH PD\ QRWH RQ WKH YDULHG LQIOXHQFHV ERWK (XURSHDQ DQG /DWLQ $PHULFDQWKDWKDYHVKDSHG)UDQFLV:HVKDOOORRNDWWKHPEULHIO\WRVKRZZKDW VSHFLILFLQIOXHQFHWKH\KDYHKDGRQ%HUJRJOLR¶VOLIH 1.3.1 Fr Gaston Fessard )UHQFK-HVXLW*DVWRQ)HVVDUG ZDVDSURPLQHQWPHPEHURIWKH)UHQFK 5HVLVWDQFHGXULQJ:RUOG:DU,,6RPHEHOLHYHKHWULHGWRJLYHD&KULVWLDQUHDGLQJ WRWKHWKLQNLQJRIWKH WKFHQWXU\*HUPDQSKLORVRSKHU*HRUJH:LOKHOP)ULHGULFK +HJHO ZKR VDZ 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The Mind of Pope Francis, 6-10. 24 1.3.2 Alberto Methol Ferré 0HWKRO)HUUp ± D8UXJXD\DQIURP0RQWHYLGHRZDVUDLVHGWKHVRQRI DQDJQRVWLF$WWKHDJHRIQLQHWHHQKHFRQYHUWHGWR&KULVWLDQLW\WKDQNVWRWKH LQIOXHQFH RI WKH ZULWLQJV RI *. &KHVWHUWRQ +H WKHQ WDXJKW ERWK KLVWRU\ DQG SKLORVRSK\+HGLHGDWWKHDJHRI+HKDVEHHQFRQVLGHUHGDVWKHPRVWRULJLQDO /DWLQ$PHULFDQOD\&DWKROLFWKLQNHURIWKHVHFRQGKDOIRIWKHWZHQWLHWKFHQWXU\ DQGWKHGDZQRIWKHWZHQW\ILUVW 0HWKRO)HUUpSOD\HGDQLPSRUWDQWUROHLQWKH/DWLQ$PHULFDQ(SLVFRSDO&RXQFLO &(/$0 ZKHUH KH ZRUNHG GXULQJ WKH V DQG WKH V 7KLV SRVLWLRQ DOORZHG KLP WR WUDYHO WKURXJKRXW /DWLQ $PHULFD DQG PDNH KLPVHOI NQRZQ LQ LQWHOOHFWXDO DQG UHOLJLRXV FLUFOHV +H KDG D NH\ UROH LQ WKH 7KLUG *HQHUDO &RQIHUHQFHRIWKH/DWLQ$PHULFDQ(SLVFRSDWHKHOGLQ3XHEODLQ ,WZDV GXULQJWKHSUHSDUDWRU\ZRUNIRUWKH3XHEODFRQIHUHQFHLQ WKDW%HUJRJOLRDQG )HUUpFDPHWRNQRZHDFKRWKHU%HUJRJOLRDGPLWVKDYLQJOLNHGUHDGLQJ)HUUpDQG DVVLPLODWLQJ WKLQJV IURP WKRVH ZULWLQJV WKLQJV VXFK DV WKH GLDOHFWLF WKRXJKW EHWZHHQ ILQLWH DQG LQILQLWH SDUWLFXODU DQG XQLYHUVDO ZKLFK DUH FRQVLGHUHG DV IRXQGDWLRQRI)HUUp¶VWKRXJKW 78 Ibid., 85. 79 Bárbara Díaz & Ramiro Podetti, “Catholicism and the building of Latin American culture: The reflections of Alberto Methol Ferré”, 13 October 2017. https://doi-org.ejournals. um.edu.mt/10.1111/rec3.12239. 80 Borghesi, Massimo. The Mind of Pope Francis, 86. 81 Ibid, 88. 25 1.3.3 Amelia Podetti 7KHWKRXJKWRI$PHOLD3RGHWWL GHDQRISKLORVRSK\DWWKH-HVXLWV¶ 6DOYDGRU8QLYHUVLW\ 86$/ DVSHFLDOLVWLQ+HJHOZKRGLHG\RXQJKDVLQIOXHQFHG %HUJRJOLR6KHZDVSDUWRIDJURXSRIWKLQNHUVOLNH$OEHUWR0HWKRO)HUUpZKRVDZ WKH&KXUFKDVNH\WRWKHHPHUJHQFHRID/DWLQ$PHULFDQFRQVFLRXVQHVVZKLFK FRXOGWDNHSODFHLQWKHPRGHUQZRUOGDQGEHFRPHDQLPSRUWDQWLQIOXHQFHRQLW %HUJRJOLRDFNQRZOHGJHVWDNLQJWKHLQWXLWLRQRIWKH³SHULSKHULHV´IURPKHU7KLV RQHGLVFRYHUVLVEHLQJPHQWLRQHGLQ(YDQJHOLL*DXGLXP7KRXJKDVSHFLDOLVWLQ +HJHOVKHKHUVHOIZDVQRW+HJHOLDQDQG%HUJRJOLRDEVRUEHGVRPHWKLQJRIWKH ³GLDOHFWLFLQDQDQWL+HJHOLDQIRUP´IURPKHU 1.3.4 Romano Guardini %HUJRJOLR KDV ORQJ DGPLUHG *XDUGLQL ± KDYLQJ NHSW D FRS\ RI *XDUGLQL¶VERRN7KH/RUGRQKLVVKHOIDVD\RXQJ-HVXLWVHPLQDULDQLQWKH V 7KHUHDUHVRPHVLPLODULWLHVRQHILQGVLQWKHLUEDFNJURXQG ERWKPHQZHUHWKH VRQVRI,WDOLDQPLJUDQWVERWKDQVZHUHGFDOOVWRWKHSULHVWKRRGDQGERWKVSHQWWLPH VWXG\LQJFKHPLVWU\ ,Q DIWHU KLV RSSRQHQWV JDLQHG FRQWURO RI WKH $UJHQWLQH -HVXLW SURYLQFH )UDQFLV PRYHG WR *HUPDQ\ ZLWK WKH LQWHQWLRQ RI ZULWLQJ D WKHVLV RQ DQ HDUO\ *XDUGLQLZRUN&RQWUDVWV7KHWKHVLVZDVQHYHUZULWWHQEXWDFFRUGLQJWR0DWWKHZ 6FKPLW]WKHHQF\FOLFDO/DXGDWR6L¶SURYLGHVXVZLWK)UDQFLV¶IXOOHVWDWWHPSWWR DSSO\*XDUGLQL¶VWKRXJKW%LVKRS5REHUW%DUURQVHHVRQSUDFWLFDOO\HYHU\SDJH RIWKLVGRFXPHQWWKHLQIOXHQFHRI5RPDQR*XDUGLQLDQGKLVGLVWLQFWLYHWDNHRQ PRGHUQLW\ 82 Ivereigh, The Great Reformer, 106 83 Borghesi, The Mind of Pope Francis, 296. 84 Matthew Schmitz, “Who is the philosopher who holds so much influence over Pope Francis?”, 25 June 2015, accessed 30 October 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2015/06/25/who-is-the- philosopher-who-holds-so-much-influence-over-pope-francis/. 85 Robert Barron, “Laudato Si and Romano Guardini,” 23 June 2015, accessed 01 November 2018, https://www.wordonfire.org/resources/article/laudato-si-and-romano- guardini/4808/. 26 5RPDQR*XDUGLQL¶V7KH(QGRIWKH0RGHUQ:RUOGKDGPHQWLRQHGWKHWHFKQRFUDWLF SDUDGLJP,QWKLVUHGXFWLRQRIWKHKXPDQSHUVRQWRWKHDEVWUDFW%HUJRJOLRVHHV WKLVSURSKHF\EHLQJIXOILOOHG,QDVSHHFKKHJDYHDWDFRQIHUHQFHRI(8SROLWLFLDQV RQ5HWKLQNLQJ(XURSHKHPHQWLRQV ³7KHUHDUHQRFLWL]HQVRQO\YRWHV««WKHUHDUHQRPLJUDQWVRQO\TXRWDV7KHUH DUHQRZRUNHUVRQO\HFRQRPLFPDUNHUV7KHUHDUHQRSRRURQO\WKUHVKROGVRI SRYHUW\´ 2QH VKDOO GLVFRYHU PRUH RI 5RPDQR *XDUGLQL¶V LQIOXHQFH RQ )UDQFLV LQ WKH FKDSWHUVWRFRPH 1.3.5 Hans Urs von Balthasar %DOWKDVDU ±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usten Ivereigh, “In speech on Europe, Pope Francis lays out his own ‘Benedict option’”, October 30, 2017, accessed 29 November 2018, https://cruxnow.com/news- analysis/2017/10/30/speech-europe-pope-francis-lays-benedict-option/. 87 “Hans Urs von Balthasar”, Wikipedia, assessed 03 December 2018, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar. 27 +HKDVEHHQLQIOXHQWLDOLQWKHSDSDFLHVRI-RKQ3DXO,,DQG%HQHGLFW;9,DQG OLNHZLVHZLWKWKHSUHVHQWSRQWLII+HZDVFRQFHUQHGDERXWWKHVHFXODUL]DWLRQRI WKHPRGHUQZRUOGDQGVSRNHHORTXHQWO\DERXWEHDXW\DQGWUXWKDQGDXWKHQWLFLW\ DV ZD\V WR FRPPXQH ZLWK *RG DQG ZLWQHVV WKH *RVSHO 2QH GLVFRYHUV LQ %DOWKDVDU¶VZULWLQJVWKHQHHGIRUWKH&KXUFKWRVKHGVRPHRIWKHULFKHVWKDWWHQG WREHPRUHRIDEXUGHQWKDQDZLWQHVVZKLOHGUDZLQJDWWHQWLRQWRWKHVLPSOLFLW\RI KROLQHVV 'U 7KDQK +D 7X FLWHV 3HWHU &DVHUHOOD¶V UHPDUNV WKDW ³WKHUH V D FRQQHFWLRQEHWZHHQYRQ%DOWKDVDU VHPSKDVLVRQWKHDWWUDFWLYHQHVVRI-HVXV&KULVW DQGWKHVHJHVWXUHVRI3RSH)UDQFLVDERXWDZD\RIOLIHWKDW VVLPSOHDQGKXPEOH WKDWFDQEHDWWUDFWLYH«´ 1.3.6 Fr Luigi Giussani *LXVVDQL ± ZDVDQ,WDOLDQSULHVWZKRJUHZXSLQWKH0LODQDUHDDQG IRXQGHGWKH&RPPXQLRQDQG/LEHUDWLRQ0RYHPHQW ³&RPXQLRQHH/LEHUD]LRQH´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³IRUPDO JHVWXUH RI SURWRFRO´ RU ³GHPRQVWUDWLQJPHUHO\DVFKRODUO\LQWHUHVW´EXWDV³DGXWLIXODFWRIJUDWLWXGH´ ,QKLVDGGUHVVWRWKHPRYHPHQWLQ3RSH)UDQFLVPHQWLRQVZLWKJUDWLWXGHWKH LQIOXHQFHRI*LXVVDQLLQKLVSULHVWO\OLIH +HPHQWLRQVWZRUHDVRQVZKHUHKHKDV 88 Tu, Thanh Ha. 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The Globe and Mail, 29 March 2013, accessed 10 November 2018, https://search-proquest- com.ejournals.um.edu.mt/ docview/1321321415?accountid=27934. 89 YouTube video [23:30], “EWTN Bookmark - 2013-06-23- Robert Moynihan- Pray for Me....” 24 June 2013, accessed 16 November 2018, c. 90 Borghesi, The Mind of Pope Francis, 276. 91 Pope Francis, Address, To the Communion and Liberation Movement, 7 March 2015, https://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/speeches/2015/march/documents/papa- francesco_20150307_comunione-liberazione.html. 28 VHHPLQJO\EHHQLQIOXHQFHG ILUVWO\RQWKHSHUVRQDOGLPHQVLRQ,QGHHGKHVWDWHV ³WKHJRRGWKHPDQKDVGRQHIRUPHLQP\OLIHDVDSULHVW´6HFRQGO\KHDIILUPV ³,DPFRQYLQFHGWKDWKLVWKRXJKWLVSURIRXQGO\KXPDQDQGUHDFKHVWKHKXPDQ SHUVRQ¶VPRVWSURIRXQGGHVLUHV´ 7KHWKHPHVRIHQFRXQWHUDZHH[SHULHQFHPHWKRGWKHHQFRXQWHURI-HVXVZLWK -RKQDQG$QGUHZDVDSDUDGLJPDUHLQVRPHZD\ VLJQLILFDQWFDWHJRULHVRIWKH IRUPDWLRQDOYLVLRQRI)DWKHU*LXVVDQLDFFRUGLQJWR%RUJKHVL 7KLVLVYLVLEOHLQ ZKDW*LXVVDQLZULWHVLQ7KH5HOLJLRXV6HQVH 2QHWLPHZKLOH,ZDVWHDFKLQJLQDKLJKVFKRRO,DVNHG ³6RWKHQDFFRUGLQJWR \RXZKDWGRHV³HYLGHQFH´PHDQ"&DQRQHRI\RXGHILQHLW"´2QHER\WRWKH ULJKWRIP\FKDLUDIWHUDYHU\ORQJDQGHPEDUUDVVHGVLOHQFHRQWKHSDUWRIWKH VWXGHQWVH[FODLPHG ³%XWWKHQHYLGHQFHLVDQLQH[RUDEOHSUHVHQFH´%HFRPLQJ DZDUHRIDQLQH[RUDEOHSUHVHQFH,RSHQP\H\HVWRWKLVUHDOLW\ZKLFKLPSRVHV LWVHOIXSRQPHZKLFKGRHVQRWGHSHQGXSRQPHEXWXSRQZKLFK,GHSHQG LWLV WKHJUHDWFRQGLWLRQLQJRIP\H[LVWHQFH±LI\RXOLNHWKHJLYHQ,WLVWKLVDZHZKLFK DZDNHQV WKH XOWLPDWH TXHVWLRQ ZLWKLQ XV QRW DV D FROG REVHUYDWLRQ EXW DV D ZRQGHUSUHJQDQWZLWKDQDWWUDFWLRQDOPRVWDSDVVLYLW\LQZKLFKVLPXOWDQHRXVO\ LVFRQFHLYHGDQDWWUDFWLRQ +HILQGVLQWKHUHIOHFWLRQVE\'RQ*LXVVDQLD³SKHQRPHQRORJ\RIQRVWDOJLD´WKH IHHOLQJRIEHLQJFDOOHGKRPHEHLQJDWWUDFWHGWRZKDWLVSDUWLFXODUO\RXURZQWR ZKDWLVPRVWLQNHHSLQJZLWKRXUEHLQJ 7KLVG\QDPLFRI³HQFRXQWHULQJ&KULVW´LVVRPHWKLQJ%HUJRJOLRFDQUHODWHWR$VD \RXQJWHHQDJHUZKRORYHGWRGDQFHKHZDVRQWKHZD\WRDVFKRROSLFQLFRQHGD\ ZKHQKHFKDQFHGWRHQWHUWKHIDPLO\&KXUFKWRVD\DSUD\HUDQGKHHQFRXQWHUHGD QHZSULHVWKHKDGQHYHUPHWEHIRUH$VNLQJWRKDYHKLVFRQIHVVLRQKHDUGOHGWRD VLJQLILFDQWHQFRXQWHUZLWK*RGIRUKLP+HIRXQG*RGVHHNLQJKLPDV9DOOHO\ VWDWHV ³+H VDZ KLP WKURXJK WKH H\HV RI PHUF\ DQG FKRVH KLP´ %HUJRJOLR UHDOL]HG WKDW *RG ZDV LQGHHG LQYLWLQJ KLP WR ORRN XSRQ RWKHUV ZLWK PXFK FRPSDVVLRQDVLIKHZDVFKRRVLQJWKHPRQEHKDOIRIWKH/RUGDQGQRWH[FOXGLQJ 92 Borghesi, The Mind of Pope Francis, 277. 93 Ibid., 299. 94 Luigi Giussani, The Religious Sense, trans. John Zucchi (Montreal & Kingston: McGill- Queen’s University Press, 1997), 101. 95 Borghesi, The Mind of Pope Francis, 277. 96 Vallely, Pope Francis, 20-21 29 DQ\RQHDVDOODUHEHLQJFKRVHQE\*RG,WZDVDGHILQLQJH[SHULHQFHIRUKLPWKDW SXWKLPRQWKHSDWKRISXUVXLQJWKHSULHVWKRRG)RU,YHUHLJKLWLVWKLVFKDUDFWHULVWLF RI*RGZKRWDNHVWKHLQLWLDWLYHZKRFRPHVWRILQGXVDQGVXUSULVHVXVZLWKKLV IRUJLYHQHVVWKDW%HUJRJOLRKDVLQVLVWHGRQDOOKLVOLIH 7KLVHQFRXQWHUKDVFDUULHGRQDQGVKDSHVKLVSRQWLILFDWHZKLFKLVWRVKRZ*RG¶V PHUF\HVSHFLDOO\DVKHLQYLWHVYLVLWRUVWR5RPHWRYLVLWWKH&KXUFKRI6W/RXLVRI )UDQFHDQGWKHUHWRFRQWHPSODWHWKHSDLQWLQJRIµ7KH&DOOLQJRI6W0DWWKHZ¶E\ &DUDYDJJLR7KLVOLQHRIWKRXJKWLVLQFRQWLQXDWLRQZLWKZKDWSUHYLRXVSRSHVKDYH VDLG)RULQVWDQFHRQHILQGVLQ3RSH%HQHGLFW;9,¶V'HXV&DULWDV(VWWKLVDVSHFW RQWKHHQFRXQWHURI*RGZLWKWKHSHUVRQLQ+HKDGVWDWHGWKDWZHPXVWDOOVWDUW DJDLQIURP&KULVWUHFRJQL]LQJWKDW³EHLQJ&KULVWLDQLVQRWWKHUHVXOWRIDQHWKLFDO FKRLFHRUDORIW\LGHDEXWWKHHQFRXQWHUZLWKDQHYHQWDSHUVRQZKLFKJLYHVOLIH DQHZKRUL]RQDQGDGHFLVLYHGLUHFWLRQ´ 1.3.7 Other notable Influences 7KHUHDUHVWLOOVRPHRWKHUQRWDEOHLQIOXHQFHVWKDWRQHFRQVLGHUVLQWKLVVHFWLRQVXFK DV3HGUR$UUXSH 97 Ivereigh, The Great Reformer, 12-13. 98 Pope Benedict XVI, Deus Caritas Est, 25 December 2005, http://w2.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben- xvi_enc_20051225_deus-caritas-est.html, n. 1. 99 Ivereigh, The Great Reformer, 92. 100 Ibid., 193. 30 )DOVH5HIRUPLQWKH&KXUFK,QWKLVWH[W&RQJDUDIILUPVWKDWWUXHUHIRUPLQWKH &KXUFKLVFRQFHUQHGZLWKSDVWRUDOLVVXHVWKDWSHUWDLQWRRUGLQDU\IDLWKIXOSHRSOH 5HIRUP WKXV FRQVLVWHG LQ DVSHFWV VXFK DV UHVWRULQJ WKH &KXUFK WR LWV SRYHUW\ KROLQHVVPLVVLRQDU\IRFXVREHGLHQFHWRWKHSRSHDQGXQLW\7UXHUHIRUPLQ &RQJDU¶VYLVLRQRIWHQFRPHVIURPRXWVLGHUVDQGWKRVHIDUIURPWKHFHQWUHRIWKH &KXUFKDQGFDQUHTXLUHQHZVWUXFWXUHV )URP,YHUHLJK¶VELRJUDSK\RQHQRWHVWKDW%HUJRJOLRVHHPVWRKDYHWDNHQRYHU IURP RQH RI KLV SUHGHFHVVRUV LQ $UJHQWLQD &DUGLQDO (GXDUGR 3LURQLR ZKRVH PLVVLRQZDVWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRI9DWLFDQ,,LQ/DWLQ$PHULFD$FFRUGLQJWR ,YHUHLJK 3LURQLR DOLHQDWHG QRW MXVW WKH FRQVHUYDWLYHV ZLWK KLV FRPPLWPHQW WR VRFLDO MXVWLFH EXW DOVR WKH /HIW E\ IDLOLQJ WR HQGRUVH WKH 0DU[LVW YHUVLRQ RI OLEHUDWLRQWKHRORJ\+LVSDVWRUDOVWUDWHJ\SULRULWL]HGWKHSRRU2QHREVHUYHVD VLPLODUDSSURDFKZLWK3RSH)UDQFLV 1.4 CONCLUSION 7KLVFKDSWHUKDVIRFXVHGRQVRPHLQIOXHQFHVRQ%HUJRJOLR¶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µD SRRUFKXUFKIRUWKHSRRU¶LVQRWPHUHO\HPSW\UKHWRULFEXWZLWQHVVHGWKURXJKKLV DXVWHUHOLIHVW\OHDQGJHVWXUHVRIFRPSDVVLRQWRWKHOHVVHUSULYLOHJHGRQHV,QKLP 101 Ibid., 93-94. 102 Ibid., 122-123. 31 RQHREVHUYHVDEHDXWLIXOOLYLQJPRGHORIWKHZRUGVRIRXU/RUG ³,KDYHQRWFRPH WREHVHUYHGEXWWRVHUYH´ 0W 7KLVJLYHVRQHVRPHEDFNJURXQGRQ3RSH )UDQFLVDVZHPRYHLQWRWKHFKDSWHUVDKHDG 32 CHAPTER 2- HOPE AND JOY IN THE PASTORAL VISION OF FRANCIS 2.0 INTRODUCTION 7KHWKUHHWKHRORJLFDOYLUWXHV±IDLWKKRSHDQGFKDULW\±DUHFHQWUDOWRWKH&KULVWLDQ VSLULWXDOOLIH)DLWKLVWKHIRXQGDWLRQDORQHDQGFKDULW\±µDOZD\VSDWLHQWDQGNLQG QHYHUMHDORXV¶ &RU ±LVVHHQDVWKHJUHDWHVWRIWKHWKUHH%XWKRSHWRRLV HVVHQWLDODQGLVDSUHFLRXVVSLULWXDOJLIW+RSHKDVEHHQWHUPHGWKHIRUJRWWHQYLUWXHRI RXUWLPHWKRXJKRQHFRXOGVHHLWDVDQLPSRUWDQWYLUWXHWKDWEXLOGVDEULGJHEHWZHHQ IDLWKDQGFKDULW\ :ULWLQJ QHDUO\ IRUW\ \HDUV DJR WKH $UJHQWLQH &DUGLQDO 3LURQLR VWDWHG WKDW WKH FRQWHPSRUDU\ZRUOGQHHGHGWKHGDLO\ZLWQHVVRIVRXOVWRFRPPXQLFDWHWRPHQDQG ZRPHQWKHMR\RIVDOYDWLRQDQGWKHKRSHRIWKHNLQJGRPDOUHDG\EHJXQHVSHFLDOO\LQ DZRUOGSDUDO\]HGE\SHVVLPLVPDQGVRUURZ7R³EHMR\IXOLQKRSH´LVDQLQYLWDWLRQ IRUDOOWKHEDSWL]HG,WLVSDVVLQJRQWKHMR\RIWKHNLQJGRPWRDOODQGWREHIHUYHQW SURSKHWVRIKRSH 2QHGRHVREVHUYHDVHQVHRIWXUPRLOQRWMXVWLQWKHZRUOGDURXQGEXWZLWKLQWKH&KXUFK LWVHOI:KLOHEHJLQQLQJKLVVHULHVRIFDWHFKHVLVRQWKHWRSLFRIKRSHLQ'HFHPEHU )UDQFLVDIILUPHGWKDWLWLVLPSHUDWLYHWRDGGUHVVWKLVVXEMHFWLQWKHFRQWHPSRUDU\GDUN VLWXDWLRQLQZKLFKDQRWLFHDEOHQXPEHURISHUVRQVVRPHWLPHVIHHOGLVRULHQWHGDWWKH VXUURXQGLQJHYLODQGYLROHQFHDQGDUHGLVWUHVVHG$ORQJVLGHWKLVFDWHFKHVLVRQKRSH ZH VKDOO GHOYH LQWR RWKHU DGGUHVVHV RI )UDQFLV QDPHO\ KLV YDULRXV :HGQHVGD\ *HQHUDO$XGLHQFHVKLVKRPLOLHVDQGWKHDSRVWROLFH[KRUWDWLRQVWRWDNHVWRFNRIZKDW KHKDVVDLGDQGZULWWHQ7KRXJKZHVKDOOORRNDWWKHDVSHFWRIMR\WRRLWLVJRRGWR QRWHWKDWLWLVDQLPSRUWDQWFRUROODU\WRWKHWKHPHRIKRSHDQGFRQVLGHUHGWREHRQHRI WKHKDOOPDUNVRI)UDQFLV¶SDSDF\ 1 Eduardo Pironio, Tr. Ken White, Joyful in Hope, (Rome: St Paul’s Publications, 1979), 10- 11. 2 Pope Francis, General Audience, 7 December 2016. 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4Pope Francis, Apostolic Letter Misericordia et Misera, 20 November 2016, accessed 14 January 2019, https://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/apost_letters/documents/papa- francesco-lettera-ap_20161120_misericordia-et-misera.html, n.3 34 DUHSHRSOHZLWKDQH[WUDSLHFHRIKHDYHQRYHURXUKHDGVDFFRPSDQLHGE\DSUHVHQFH ZKLFKVRPHDUHQRWHYHQDEOHWRVHQVH´ $FFRUGLQJ WR $QWKRQ\ .HOO\ KRSH VHHPV WR KDYH EHFRPH D ³QRQUHQHZDEOH UHVRXUFH´$FRPPRQPLVXQGHUVWDQGLQJLVWKDWRIFRQIXVLQJKRSHZLWKRSWLPLVP .HOO\ZULWHVWKDWRSWLPLVPLVQRWDEDGWKLQJLQLWVHOIDQGVHHPVILQHZLWKLQDV\VWHP WKDWLVUHDVRQDEO\SUHGLFWDEOH%XWJHQXLQHKRSHDFFRUGLQJWR.HOO\LV³DJDLQVWKRSH´ PHDQLQJLWVWLUVZKHQWKH³VHFXUHV\VWHPVKRZVVLJQVRIEUHDNLQJGRZQ´+RSHUHOLHV RQ ³VRPHWKLQJ WKDW FRPHV IURP RXWVLGH WKH V\VWHP´ DFFRUGLQJ WR KLP+RSH LV FRQVLGHUHGWRWKULYHLQEDGFLUFXPVWDQFHVDQGLQWLPHVRIWULDOV)XUWKHUPRUHKRSHLV QRWDPHUHZLVKIRUVRPHWKLQJPRUHEXWDYLUWXHWKHFDSDFLW\WRDFWZHOODQGZKLFK LQVSLUHVDFWLRQ)RUD&KULVWLDQWKLVDULVHVIURP*RGZKRJUDQWVWKLVJLIWDV-RVHI 3LHSHUZULWHVZKHQKHVWDWHVWKDWKRSHFDQQRWH[LVWH[FHSWWKURXJKDQGLQ&KULVW 2.2 THE RESURRECTION OF JESUS: THE FOUNDATION OF HOPE 'UDZLQJIURPFKDSWHURI6W3DXO¶VILUVWOHWWHUWRWKH&RULQWKLDQVLQKLVFDWHFKHVLV RQKRSH)UDQFLVWDONVRI-HVXV¶UHVXUUHFWLRQDVSLYRWDOWRH[SHULHQFLQJOLIHDQGMR\ &KULVWLDQLW\ EHJLQV QRW DV D SKLORVRSKLFDO V\VWHP EXW LQ WKH JUDFHG HYHQW RI D UHVXUUHFWLRQWRZKLFKWKHUHZHUHPDQ\ZLWQHVVHV &RU ³'HDWKWKXVEHLQJ GHIHDWHGEULQJVDVPLOHWRRQH¶VIDFH´DFFRUGLQJWR)UDQFLV 7KHULVHQ/RUGLVWKH EDVLVIRUDQXQIDLOLQJKRSHWKDWQHYHUGLVDSSRLQWV$&KULVWLDQ¶VKRSHLVVWURQJVDIH DQG VRXQG RQ WKH HDUWK ZKHUH *RG KDV FDOOHG KLP RU KHU WR ZDON DQG LW KDV DQ RSHQQHVVWRHWHUQLW\EHFDXVHLWLVIRXQGHGRQ*RGZKRLVDOZD\VIDLWKIXO 5 Pope Francis, General Audience, 4 October 2017, accessed 19 January 2019, https://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/audiences/2017/documents/papa- francesco_20171004_udienza-generale.html. 6 Anthony Kelly, Eschatology and Hope, (New York: Orbis Books, 2006), 1. 7 Ibid., 5. 8 Josef Pieper, Tr. by Mary Frances McCarthy, On Hope, [San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1986], 36. 9 Pope Francis, General Audience, 7 December 2016, accessed 20 January 2019, https://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/audiences/2016/documents/papa- francesco_20161207_udienza-generale.html. 10 Pope Francis, General Audience, 10 April 2013, accessed 29 January 2019, https://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/audiences/2013/documents/papa-francesco_ 20130410_udienza-generale.html. 35 )UDQFLVDVNVWKDWZHUHPLQGRQHDQRWKHURQWKHDQJHOV¶DGPRQLWLRQDWWKHVLWHRIWKH HPSW\WRPE ³:K\GR\RXVHHNWKHOLYLQJDPRQJWKHGHDG"´+HPHQWLRQVWKDWWKLVLV DTXHVWLRQRQHQHHGVWRDVNRQHVHOI'RLQJVRZRXOGKHOSWKHKHDUHUVOHDYHEHKLQG WKHLUHPSW\VDGQHVVDQGRSHQWKHPWRWKHKRUL]RQVRIMR\DQGKRSH7KLVLVWKHNLQG RIKRSHZKLFKUROOVEDFNWKHVWRQHVIURPWRPEVDQGHQFRXUDJHVRQHWRSURFODLPWKH *RRG1HZVJHQHUDWLQJQHZOLIHIRURWKHUV7KLVWUXHDQGGHHSMR\WKDWRQHKDVLV IRXQGHGRQWKHFHUWDLQW\WKDWWKHULVHQ&KULVWVKDOOQHYHUGLHDJDLQ UDWKHUKHLVDOLYH DQGDWZRUNLQWKH&KXUFKDQGLQWKHZRUOG7KLVFHUWDLQW\IRU)UDQFLVKDVDELGHGLQ 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7KHHQFRXQWHUZLWKWKHULVHQ-HVXVPDUNHGO\WUDQVIRUPHGWKHHDUO\ZLWQHVVHVWRWKH 11 Pope Francis, General Audience, 23 April 2014, accessed 30 January 2019, https://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/audiences/2014/documents/papa- francesco_20140423_udienza-generale.html. 12 Ibid. 13 Pope Francis, General Audience,1 April 2015, accessed 2 February 2019, https://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/audiences/2014/documents/papa- francesco_20140423_udienza-generale.html. 14 Pope Francis, General Audience, 22 February 2017, accessed 4 February 2019, https://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/audiences/2017/documents/papa- francesco_20170222_udienza-generale.html. 36 DSSHDUDQFHV RIWKH ULVHQ/RUG7KLV LQYLWDWLRQ WRDUHQHZHG HQFRXQWHULVRQHWKDW )UDQFLVLQYLWHVDOOWR 2.2.1 The Scriptural foundations of Hope )UDQFLVKLJKOLJKWVDORQJVLGHWKHFHQWUDOLW\RIWKHSHUVRQRI&KULVWDOVRWKHVFULSWXUHV LQRUGHUWRKDYHKRSH2QHUHFDOOVIURPWKHOHWWHUWRWKH5RPDQV ³)RUZKDWHYHUZDV 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DQG7KRPDV $TXLQDV ,, ,, -RVHI3LHSHUFRQVLGHUVPDJQDQLPLW\DVWKHMHZHORIDOOYLUWXHVDVDWDQ\JLYHQ 24 Pope Francis, Encyclical, Lumen Fidei, 29 June 2013, accessed 29 May 2019. http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/encyclicals/documents/papa- francesco_20130629_enciclica-lumen-fidei.html. 25 Pope Francis, General Audience, 20 September 2017, accessed 15 March 2019, https://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/audiences/2017/documents/papa- francesco_20170920_udienza-generale.html. 26 Kevin Spinale, “The Intellectual Pedigree of the Virtue of Magnanimity in the Jesuit Constitutions,” Journal of Jesuit Studies, 2/3 (June 2015), accessed January 10,2019, https://doi. org/10.1163/22141332-00203004. 40 PRPHQWLWGHFLGHVLQIDYRXURI³WKHJUHDWHUSRVVLELOLW\RIWKHKXPDQSRWHQWLDOLW\IRU EHLQJ´ 2.3.2 Humility :HILQGWKLVHOHPHQWLQ)UDQFLV¶VSHHFKHVDQGZULWLQJVRQYDULRXVRFFDVLRQV)RU LQVWDQFH ZH HQFRXQWHU KLP VWDWLQJ ³KRSH LV QRW D YLUWXH IRU SHRSOH ZLWK D IXOO 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28. 28 Pope Francis, General Audience, 27 September 2017, accessed 12 March 2019, https://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/audiences/2017/documents/papa- francesco_20170927_udienza-generale.html. 29 Catholic News Agency, “Be humble 'from head to toe,' Pope Francis says”, 14 June 2013, accessed 28 February 2019, https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/be-humble-from-head-to- toe-pope-francis-says. 30 Pope Francis, General Audience, 20 September 2017, accessed 23 March 2019, https://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/audiences/2017/documents/papa- francesco_20170920_udienza-generale.html. 31 Pieper, On Hope, 28. 32 Ibid., 29. 33 Mary M. Keys, “Humility and Greatness of Soul”, Perspectives on Political Science, 37/4(2008), 217-222, DOI: 10.3200/PPSC.37.4.217-222. 34 John M. Templeton, The Humble Approach: Scientists discover God, (New York: Continuum, 1995), 35. 41 4XRWLQJ&KULVW¶VZRUGV³+HZKRORYHVKLVOLIHORVHVLW´ -Q )UDQFLVVWDWHV WKDWWKRVHZLWKVHOILQWHUHVWRQO\VZHOOZLWKSULGHEXWWKRVHZKRVHUYHEHFRPH³VHHGV RIKRSH´IRUWKHZRUOG&KULVWKXPEOHGKLPVHOIWRGLHRQDFURVV³(DUWKO\KRSH´ GLIIHUVIURPWKHKRSHERUQIURPWKHFURVV7KLVLVOLNHDJUDLQWKDWGLHVLQWKHVRLOWKDW HYHQWXDOO\UHVXOWVLQDSODQWEHDULQJIUXLW7KLVLQGHHGLVDPDUNRIJHQXLQHKXPLOLW\ DV WKH HYRFDWLYH K\PQ LQ WKH OHWWHU WR WKH 3KLOLSSLDQV DIILUPV RI &KULVW KXPEOLQJ KLPVHOIWRWDNHKXPDQIRUPIRUWKHVDNHRIKXPDQEHLQJV 3KLO 2QHFDQILQG WKDWKXPLOLW\LVWKDWZKLFKPDNHVURRPIRUSURJUHVV,QDZD\LWVD\VWKHEHVWLV\HWWR FRPH2QHPLJKWVD\LWLVJLYLQJ*RGKLVGXHUHPHPEHULQJWKDWDV ILQLWHKXPDQ EHLQJVODFNLQJFRPSOHWHNQRZOHGJHRIWKLQJVRQHLVSURQHWRPDNHPLVWDNHV 2.3.3 Fortitude 2QHFRQVLGHUVDQRWKHUDVSHFWWKDWRIIRUWLWXGH7RKLJKOLJKWDSHUVRQZKRWKURXJK KHU FRXUDJHRXV OHDGHUVKLS JLYHV KRSH WR WKH SHRSOH )UDQFLV WDNHV XS WKH ELEOLFDO FKDUDFWHU -XGLWK DQG KHU HQFRXQWHU ZLWK *HQHUDO 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January 2017, accessed 25 March 2019, https://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/audiences/2017/documents/papa- francesco_20170125_udienza-generale.html. 42 2IWHQKRSHLVGDUNEXWLWLVWKHQWKDWKRSHFDUULHV\RXIRUZDUG´,WLVWKHFRXUDJHWR EHEROGLQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSZLWK*RGWKDWJRHVEH\RQGWKHQDWXUDORUGHURIWKLQJV $FFRPSDQ\LQJWKLVYLUWXHRIFRXUDJHLVDVHQVHRIFRQILGHQFHE\ZKLFKRQHLVDOVR DEOHWRERDVW,QWKHOHWWHUWRWKH5RPDQV 5RP WKHUHDUHWZRLQVWDQFHVZKHUH 3DXOH[KRUWVRQHWRERDVW7KHILUVWLQVWDQFHLV³WRERDVWRIWKHDEXQGDQFHRIWKHJUDFH ZLWKZKLFKZHDUHSHUPHDWHGLQ-HVXV&KULVW´7KHEDVLVRIWKLVDWWLWXGHLVLQVHHLQJ WKDWHYHU\WKLQJRQHSRVVHVVHVLVDJLIWIURP*RG7KHVHFRQGLQVWDQFH3DXOPHQWLRQV LVWR³ERDVWHYHQLQWULEXODWLRQ´ ,WLVZKHQGXULQJOLIH¶VKDUGDQGFKDOOHQJLQJWLPHV RQH EHFRPHV DZDUH RI *RG¶V PHUF\ DQG JRRGQHVV DFFRPSDQ\LQJ RQH RQ OLIH¶V MRXUQH\7KLVFHUWDLQW\RI*RG¶VORYHLQVSLWHRIRQH¶VIDLOXUHVDQGVKRUWFRPLQJVDUH ZKDW)UDQFLVFRQVLGHUVDVWKH³URRWRIKRSH´ 7KH FHUWLWXGH RI KRSH LV EDVHG RQ WKH H[SHULHQFH RI *RG¶V ORYH IRU RQHVHOI 7KH 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39 Ibid. 40 Ibid. 41 Pope Francis, The Church of Mercy: A Vision for the Church, (Chicago: Loyola Press: 2014), 4. 42 Francis, The Church of Mercy, 5 43 LQFODVVLFDOZRUNVIURPOLWHUDWXUHDQGFXOWXUH2QHPD\VHHLWZRUWKZKLOHWRSRQGHU RYHUWKHVHLPDJHVVRDVWRJDLQVRPHLQVLJKWLQWRWKHVXEMHFWXQGHUFRQVLGHUDWLRQ 2.4.1 Agile Feet )UDQFLVIRFXVHVRQWKHµIHHW¶LQWKHWH[WIURPSURSKHW,VDLDK ³+RZEHDXWLIXOXSRQWKH PRXQWDLQV DUH WKH IHHW RI KLP ZKR EULQJV JRRG WLGLQJV«´ ,VD 'HVSLWH QHJDWLYLWLHV WKDW DERXQG RU WKH SUHYDOHQFH RI VLQ WKH LPDJHV RI ³VZLIW IHHW´ LV VRPHWKLQJ WKDW HQVXUHV *RG¶V FRPLQJ WR HVWDEOLVK D NLQJGRP RI SHDFH 7KLV IRU )UDQFLVLVDQLQYLWDWLRQIRUDOOWR³UXQOLNHWKHPHVVHQJHURQWKHPRXQWDLQVEHFDXVH WKHZRUOGFDQQRWZDLWKXPDQLW\LVKXQJU\DQGWKLUVW\IRUMXVWLFHWUXWKSHDFH´ 2QH LV DOVR UHPLQGHG RI WKH H[DPSOH RI WKH /RUG ZKR ZDV GULYHQ WR JR RQ LQ SURFODLPLQJWKH*RRG1HZV+HVD\V ³/HWXVJRRQWRWKHQH[WWRZQVWKDW,PD\ SUHDFKWKHUHDOVRIRUWKDWLVZK\,FDPHRXW´ 0N 2QFHWKHVHHGKDVEHHQVRZQ 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https://twitter.com/samim/status/989081583813611520. 44 DGGV³WKHZRPDQLQODERXULVLQSDLQEHFDXVHWKHWLPHKDVFRPH EXWZKHQKHUFKLOG LVERUQVKHQRORQJHUUHPHPEHUVWKHVXIIHULQJ´ 7DNLQJWKHVDPHLPDJHRIWKHSUHJQDQWZRPDQRQDQRWKHURFFDVLRQ)UDQFLVREVHUYHV 6RPHWKLQJFRPHVWRPLQGZKHQ,WKLQNRIKRSHDQLPDJH DSUHJQDQWZRPDQD ZRPDQH[SHFWLQJDFKLOG6KHJRHVWRWKHGRFWRU VKHVHHVWKHXOWUDVRXQG>,VVKH LQGLIIHUHQW"'RHVVKHVD\@³2KORRNDEDE\2N´1R6KHUHMRLFHV$QGHYHU\GD\ VKH WRXFKHV KHU EHOO\ WR FDUHVV WKDW FKLOG LQ DQWLFLSDWLRQ RI WKDW FKLOG OLYLQJ LQ DQWLFLSDWLRQRIWKDWVRQ7KLVLPDJHFDQKHOSXVXQGHUVWDQGZKDWKRSHLVOLYLQJIRU WKDWHQFRXQWHU7KDWZRPDQLPDJLQHVZKDWKHUVRQ¶VH\HVZLOOEHOLNHZKDWKLVVPLOH ZLOOEHOLNHZKHWKHUKH¶OOEHEORQGHRUGDUNKDLUHG«EXWVKHLPDJLQHVPHHWLQJKHU VRQ6KHLPDJLQHVPHHWLQJKHUVRQ ,QVSLWHRIGLIILFXOWLHVRQHVHHVWKHRXWFRPHDVVRPHWKLQJSRVLWLYH7KHUHLVDMR\IXO RXWFRPHWRVRPHWKLQJWKDWVHHPVYHU\SDLQIXO7KXVWKLVGHPRQVWUDWHVWKDWKRSHLV QRWRXWGRQHE\WKHSUHVHQFHRISDLQDQGFKDOOHQJHV7KRXJKWKHUHPD\EHWKHFURVV 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http://asianews.it/news-en/Pope:- Christian-hope-is-not-abstract,-but-waiting-for-a-concrete-encounter-with-Jesus-45280.html. 48 Pope Francis, General Audience, 12 April 2017, accessed 4 April 2019, https://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/audiences/2017/documents/papa- francesco_20170412_udienza-generale.html. 45 KDVSURPLVHGXVDQGDFFRPSOLVKHGLQ-HVXV&KULVW´6LQFHWKHDQFKRULVRQ³KHDYHQ¶V VKRUH´WKHSHRSOHRI*RGFDQZDONZLWKFRQILGHQFHZLWKKRSH+DYLQJDQFKRUHG RQH¶VOLIHLQKHDYHQRQHKDVWRKROGIDVWWRWKHURSHZKLFKLVDOZD\VSUHVHQW 2QH FRXOGREVHUYHWKDWWKLVUHVRQDWHVZLWKWKHDWWULEXWHVRIFRQILGHQFHDQGDVVXUDQFHRQH KDVREVHUYHGHDUOLHU 2.4.4 A Sail as a Driving Force ³7KURZ RSHQ WKH ZLQGRZV RI WKH FKXUFK DQG OHW WKH IUHVK DLU RI WKH VSLULW EORZ WKURXJK ´WKLVLVDVWDWHPHQWIDPRXVO\DWWULEXWHGWR6W-RKQ;;,,,DVKHLQYRNHG WKH RSHQLQJ RI WKH 6HFRQG 9DWLFDQ &RXQFLO RQ -DQXDU\ 0DQ\ KDYH FRQVLGHUHGWKLVDVDVLJQLILFDQWPRPHQWLQWKHOLIHRIWKH&KXUFK7RKDUQHVVWKHSRZHU RIWKHZLQGLQPRYLQJDKHDGDVDLOLVNH\,Q)UDQFLV¶ZRUGV ³+RSHLVWUXO\OLNHD VDLO 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Accessed 4 April 2019, https://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/audiences/2017/documents/papa- francesco_20170426_udienza-generale.html. 50 Cedric Prakash, “Pope John XXIII: Windows Opener,” 11 October 2017, accessed on 21 March 2019, https://indiancatholicmatters.org/pope-john-xxiii-windows-opener/. 51 Pope Francis, General Audience, 31 May 2017. Accessed on 21 April 2019, https://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/audiences/2017/documents/papa- francesco_20170531_udienza-generale.html. 52 Pope Francis, Address during the Meeting on The Family, 4 October 2014, accessed 16 April 2019, http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/speeches/2014/october/documents/papa- francesco_20141004_incontro-per-la-famiglia.html. 46 DQDORJ\WKDWKRSHLVWKDWZKLFKPDNHVRQHPRYHDORQJIXUWKHU,WLVDV3HWHU.UHHIW ZULWHV³DUHDVRQWRJHWRXWRIEHGLQWKHPRUQLQJDUHDVRQIRUGRLQJDQ\WKLQJ´ 2.4.5 A Helmet of Hope :HILQGDUHIHUHQFHLQVFULSWXUHWRWKHLPDJHRIWKHKHOPHWLQWKHGHVFULSWLYHSDVVDJH RQWKHVSLULWXDODUPRXULQ(SKHVLDQV³KHOPHWRIVDOYDWLRQ (SK 2QHHQFRXQWHUV WKHVDPHLPDJHLQWKH2OG7HVWDPHQWERRNRI,VDLDK ,VD )UDQFLVQRWHVIURP 3DXO¶V ILUVW OHWWHU WR WKH 7KHVVDORQLDQV 7KHVV WKDW WKLV FRPPXQLW\ UHDGLO\ SURIHVVHG LWV EHOLHI LQ WKH UHVXUUHFWLRQ RI -HVXV EXW HQFRXQWHUHG GLIILFXOWLHV LQ EHOLHYLQJLQWKHUHVXUUHFWLRQRIWKHGHDGHVSHFLDOO\WKHRQHVGHDUWRWKHP,QWKDW FRQWH[W6W3DXOKDGXUJHGWKHFRPPXQLW\WRZHDUWKHKHOPHWZKLFKLVWKHµKRSHRI VDOYDWLRQ¶ ,QUHIOHFWLQJRQKRSHIURPWKLVSHUVSHFWLYH)UDQFLVVWDWHVWKDWWRKRSHLVQRWEHLQJ PHUHO\ KRSHIXO OLNH WKH ZHDWKHU RQH KRSHV PD\ WXUQ RXW WR EH IDYRXUDEOH RQ WKH PRUURZEXWWROLYHLQH[SHFWDWLRQRIWKDWZKLFKKDVEHHQREMHFWLYHO\IXOILOOHGDQG ZLOOWDNHSODFHDVFRQYLQFLQJO\DIILUPHGE\WKH$SRVWOH³:HVKDOODOZD\VEHZLWK WKH/RUG´ 7KHVV ,WGRHVKRZHYHUUHTXLUHDSHULRGRIZDLWLQJIRUZKLFKD GLVSRVLWLRQRIKXPLOLW\LVQHFHVVDU\³7RKRSHPHDQVDQGHQWDLOVDKXPEOHKHDUWD SRRU KHDUW 2QO\ D SRRU PDQ NQRZV KRZ WR ZDLW 7KRVH ZKR DUH DOUHDG\ IXOO RI WKHPVHOYHVDQGRIWKHLUDFKLHYHPHQWVDUHQRWDEOHWRSODFHWKHLUWUXVWLQDQ\RQHRWKHU WKDQWKHPVHOYHV´7KLVPD\VHHPFRXQWHUFXOWXUDOLQDZRUOGZKHUHZHVHHNLQVWDQW DQVZHUV DQG JUDWLILFDWLRQV +RZHYHU KRSH UHOLHV RQ WKH FHUWLWXGH RI WKH VDOYDWLRQ DFFRPSOLVKHGE\&KULVW ,QKLVHSLFSRHP3DUDGLVH/RVW-RKQ0LOWRQFRPSRVHGWKHOLQHV³7KHPLQGLVLWV RZQSODFHDQGLQLWVHOIFDQPDNHDKHDYHQRIKHOODKHOORIKHDYHQ´,WEULQJVWRWKH IRUHWKHSULPDF\RIRQH¶VWKRXJKWV,QWKHIDFHRIPDQ\SKLORVRSKLHVDQGLGHRORJLHV RQHLVFRQVWDQWO\FKDOOHQJHGZLWKDVDIHJXDUGLVWKHULJKWXQGHUVWDQGLQJIRUWKHEDVLV 53 Peter Kreeft, “Hope”, Accessed 28 February 2019, https://www.catholiceducation.org/en/religion-and-philosophy/apologetics/hope.html. 54 Pope Francis, General Audience, 1 February 2017. Accessed 15 April 2019, https://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/audiences/2017/documents/papa- francesco_20170201_udienza-generale.html. 47 RIRQH¶VIDLWK7KHLPDJHU\RIWKHKHOPHWGRHVVHHPDQDSSURSULDWHLPDJHLQWKDW UHJDUG 2.4.6 Pandora's Box :KLOHVSHDNLQJRQWKHHQHPLHVRIKRSH)UDQFLVRQFHPDGHUHIHUHQFHWR³3DQGRUD¶V ER[´ZKHUHDIWHUDOOWKHHYLOVFRQWDLQHGLQWKHER[ZHUHUHOHDVHGRQO\KRSHZDV OHIWEHKLQG$FFRUGLQJWRDQLQWHUSUHWDWLRQE\'U-RKQ*0HVVHUO\WKHER[MDU² ZKLOHLWRULJLQDOO\VHUYHGDVDSULVRQIRUWKHHYLOVOLNHSDLQDQGVXIIHULQJ²DOVRVHUYHV DVDUHVLGHQFHIRUWKLVJRRGKRSH,WLVDVLIKRSHVHSDUDWHGIURPHYLOWDNHVRQDQHZ FKDUDFWHU²LWEHFRPHVDJRRG%XWKDGKRSHEHHQUHOHDVHGLQWRWKHZRUOGZLWKWKH RWKHUHYLOVLWZRXOGKDYHEHHQDQRWKHUHYLODEDGNLQGRIKRSH 2.4.7 The Three Sisters 3RSH)UDQFLVTXRWHVD)UHQFKSRHW&KDUOHV3pJX\ ZKRLQDSRHP/H 3RUFKHGX0\VWqUHGHOD'HX[LqPH9HUWX FRPPRQO\WUDQVODWHGDVµ7KH3RUWDORIWKH 0\VWHU\RI+RSH¶ FRPSRVHGDVRQJLQKRQRXURIKRSH,QWKLVSRHPWKHSRHWDIILUPV WKDW*RGLVQRWVRPXFKIDVFLQDWHGE\WKHYLUWXHVRIIDLWKDQGFKDULW\DVPXFKDVKRSH 7KLVODWWHUYLUWXHVKLQHVIRUWKLQWKHSRRURQHVZKRGHVSLWHWKHPDQ\KDUGVKLSVIDFHG EHOLHYHWKHQH[WPRUQLQJZLOOEHEHWWHU,WLVWKRVHZKRKDYHXQGHUJRQHPDQ\WULDOV DQGZKRKDYH³IRXJKWIRUWKHLUFKLOGUHQ´WRKDYHDPRUHVHUHQHOLIH $ORQJVLGHZKDWZHFRQVLGHUWKHLPSRUWDQWWKHRORJLFDOYLUWXHVRIIDLWKDQGORYHKRSH RFFXSLHV DQ LPSRUWDQW SODFH %LVKRS 0DULR *UHFK FLWHV WKH )UHQFK SRHW &KDUOHV 3pJX\ZKROLNHQVWKHVHWKUHHYLUWXHVWRWKUHHPDLGHQVZKRDOZD\VJRRXWWRJHWKHU 55 In Greek mythology, Pandora was the first human woman created by the gods. Zeus ordered her to be moulded out of earth as part of humanity’s punishment for Prometheus’ theft of the secret of fire. According to the myth, Pandora opened a jar (in modern accounts often mistranslated as “Pandora’s box “) releasing all the evils that visit humanity like pain and suffering, leaving only hope (expectation) inside, once she had closed it again. The Pandora myth is a theodicy—an attempt to explain why there is evil in the world. 56 Pope Francis, General Audience, 27 September 2017. Accessed 30 March 2019, https://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/audiences/2017/documents/papa- francesco_20170927_udienza-generale.html. 57 John G. Messerly, “Hope and Pandora’s Box”, 11 March 2017, Accessed March 28, 2019, https://reasonandmeaning.com/2017/03/11/hope-and-pandoras-box/ 58 Pope Francis, General Audience, 27 September 2017, accessed 20 April 2019, https://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/audiences/2017/documents/papa- francesco_20170927_udienza-generale.html. 48 KROGLQJKDQGV WKHWZRDGXOWVLVWHUV IDLWKDQGORYH KROGWKHKDQGVRIWKHLU\RXQJHU VLVWHU KRSH $FFRUGLQJWR3pJX\LWLVQRWWKHDGXOWVZKRJXLGHWKHOLWWOHRQHEXWLW LVWKHOLWWOHJLUOZKRSXOOVWKHHOGHUVLVWHUVEHKLQGKHU,IVKH KRSH VWRSVWKHRWKHU WZRDOVRVWRS±LIVKHLVH[WLQJXLVKHGHYHU\WKLQJFRPHVWRDQHQG 7HUHVD:KLWHLQUHIOHFWLQJRQWKHWKHRORJLFDOYLUWXHVIURPZLWKLQWKHSRHPZULWHV )DLWKVHHVZKDWLVLQWLPHDQGLQHWHUQLW\ KRSHVHHVZKDWQRW\HWLVDQGZKDWZLOO EHLQWLPHDQGLQHWHUQLW\&KDULW\ORYHVZKDWLVLQWLPHDQGLQHWHUQLW\ KRSHORYHV ZKDWQRW\HWLVDQGZKDWZLOOEHLQWLPHDQGLQHWHUQLW\3p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³WKH QRRQGD\ GHYLO´ 2QH ILQGV )UDQFLV PHQWLRQLQJWKDWSUHFLVHO\ZKHQWKHVXQLVVKLQLQJKLJKLQWKHVN\RQHLVWHPSWHGWR EUHDNRQH¶VOLIHRIFRPPLWPHQW)UDQFLVPHQWLRQVVRPHRIWKHV\PSWRPVVXFKDV ZKHQWKHGD\VEHFRPHPRQRWRQRXVDQGERULQJDQGWKHUHLVQRDLPLQOLIH)DWLJXH 59 Mario Grech, “Pastoral Letter on the occasion of the Solemnity of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary 2017”, 11 August 2017, accessed 15 February 2019, http://gozodiocese.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/55-2017-for-hope-to-blossom.pdf. 60 Teresa White, “The Mystery of Hope”, 7 December 2016, accessed 15 May 2019, https://www.thinkingfaith.org/articles/mystery-hope. 61 Evangelii Gaudium, n. 86. 49 WKHQGRPLQDWHVRQH¶VOLIH7KLVLVWKHVLQRIVORWK7KH*UHHNZRUGIRUWKLVLVDFHGLD PHDQLQJLQGLIIHUHQFHRUQHJOLJHQFH6W7KRPDV$TXLQDVVSHDNVRIVORWKDVWKHVRUURZ IRU VSLULWXDO JRRG %\ LW RQH VKXQV VSLULWXDO JRRG DV LW VHHPV WRLOVRPH 7KH &DWHFKLVPRIWKH&DWKROLF&KXUFKPHQWLRQV³DFHGLDRUVSLULWXDOVORWKDVWKDWZKLFK UHIXVHVWKHMR\WKDWFRPHVIURP*RGDQGLVUHSHOOHGE\GLYLQHJRRGQHVV´ $QRWKHU HQHP\ WR KRSH DQG MR\ LV D ODFN RI JUDWLWXGH WKDW PDQLIHVWV LWVHOI LQ FRPSODLQWV&RPSODLQLQJ³LVEDG´WKH3RSHVDLGEHFDXVH³LWGRHVDZD\ZLWKKRSH´ +HXUJHVWKDWRQHUHVLVWVWKH³JDPHRIOLYLQJLQFRPSODLQW´ $QRWKHUWHUP)UDQFLVPDNHVXVHRILVµVSLULWXDOGHVHUWLILFDWLRQ¶WRGHVFULEHWKHGHPLVH RIKRSH+HUHPDUNVRQWKHH[SHULHQFHVZKHUHLQVRPH SODFHV&KULVWLDQURRWVDUH EHLQJ HOLPLQDWHGZKLOHLQ RWKHUSODFHV &KULVWLDQLW\IDFHV YLROHQW RSSRVLWLRQ7KLV GHVHUWLILFDWLRQFDQDOVREHSUHVHQWPXFKFORVHUDVLQRQH¶VZRUNSODFHRUIDPLO\ZKHUH IDLWKGRHVQRWVHHPWREHSUHVHUYHGDQGFRPPXQLFDWHG7KLVLVDFOLPDWHZKLFK DIIRUGVYHU\OLWWOHSRVVLELOLW\IRUKRSH 62 Pope Francis, General Audience, 27 September 2017. 63 Charles Pope, “What is Sloth? It’s a bit more subtle than laziness” 21 March 2012, accessed March 27,2019, http://blog.adw.org/2012/03/what-is-sloth-its-a-bit-more-subtle-than- laziness/. 64 Catechism of the Catholic Church, http://www.scborromeo.org/ccc/para/2094.htm, para 2094. 65 Pope Francis, Morning meditation, 3 April 2013, accessed 27 March 2019, http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/cotidie/2013/documents/papa-francesco- cotidie_20130403_complaining.html. 66 Francis, Evangelii Gaudium, n. 86 67 General Audience, 11 January 2017. Accessed 15 March 2019, http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/audiences/2017/documents/papa- francesco_20170111_udienza-generale.html. 50 LV D IRUP RI LGRODWU\ ,GROV DFFRUGLQJ WR KLP PD\ QRW EH PHUHO\ LQ WKH PDWHULDOSK\VLFDOVHQVHEXWDOVRLQRQH¶VPLQGVVRPXFKVRWKDW*RGLVPDGHWRILWLQ PDQ¶VLPDJH2QHVHHPVKDSSLHUWXUQLQJWRLGROVDQGSODFLQJRQH¶VKRSHLQWKHPDQG HQGLQJXSE\EHFRPLQJOLNHWKHP,QFRQWUDVWWRWKHUHDOGDQJHURIEHLQJVXFNHGXS LQZRUOGOLQHVVWKHDQWLGRWHLVWREHIRXQGLQJHQXLQHKRSHLQ*RGDV)UDQFLVVWDWHV «LQWUXVWLQJLQWKH/RUGZHEHFRPHOLNHKLP+LVEOHVVLQJWUDQVIRUPVXVLQWRKLV FKLOGUHQZKRVKDUHLQKLVOLIH+RSHLQ*RGDOORZVXVWRHQWHUVRWRVSHDNZLWKLQ WKHUDQJHRIKLVUHPHPEUDQFHRIKLVPHPRU\WKDWEOHVVHVXVDQGVDYHVXV $QWKRQ\.HOO\ZULWHV³*HQXLQHKRSHKDVQRXVHIRULGROV´ ,WLVRQWKLVLGRODWU\WKDW )UDQFLVKDVHQFRXUDJHGSHRSOHWRWDNHRQWKHULJKWW\SHRIKRSH 2.6 THE SUPPORT WHICH HOPE REQUIRES +DYLQJORRNHGDQGJDLQHGVRPHJURXQGLQJRQZKDWWKHYLUWXHRIKRSHLVRQHFDQQRZ DWWHPSWWRVHHZKLFKDUHWKHIDFWRUVWKDWHQDEOHDQGKHOSWKLVYLUWXHWKULYH:KDWDUH VRPHRIWKH H[SUHVVLRQVRIKRSH DQGMR\ WKDW DUHPDQLIHVWHG"7KHVH ZLOO QRZEH FRQVLGHUHG 2.6.1 The Communal Dimension of Hope and the Role of Young People ,Q 6SH 6DOYL %HQHGLFW ;9, SRVHV WKH TXHVWLRQ ZKHWKHU &KULVWLDQ KRSH LV LQGLYLGXDOLVWLF+HJRHVRQWRDQVZHUE\ZULWLQJWKDW³VLQLVXQGHUVWRRGE\WKH)DWKHUV DV WKH GHVWUXFWLRQ RI WKH XQLW\ RI WKH KXPDQ UDFH DV IUDJPHQWDWLRQ DQG GLYLVLRQ %DEHOWKHSODFHZKHUHODQJXDJHVZHUHFRQIXVHGWKHSODFHRIVHSDUDWLRQLVVHHQWR EHDQH[SUHVVLRQRIZKDWVLQIXQGDPHQWDOO\LV+HQFHµUHGHPSWLRQ¶DSSHDUVDVWKH UHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIXQLW\LQZKLFKZHFRPHWRJHWKHURQFHPRUHLQDXQLRQWKDWEHJLQV WRWDNHVKDSHLQWKHZRUOGFRPPXQLW\RIEHOLHYHUV´ 1HLO3HPEURNHZULWHVWKDWQXUWXULQJKRSHLVIXQGDPHQWDOO\DFRPPXQDOHQGHDYRXU ZHZLWQHVVWRKRSHWRJHWKHU7KLVFRPHVDFURVVHVSHFLDOO\LQWKH-HZLVKDQG&KULVWLDQ 68 Ibid. 69 Kelly, Eschatology and Hope 5. 70 Benedict XVI, Spe Salvi, http://w2.vatican.va/content/benedict- xvi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xvi_enc_20071130_spe-salvi.html, n.14 51 WUDGLWLRQV,QDVLPLODUPDQQHURQHILQGV)UDQFLVKLJKOLJKWLQJWKHIDFWWKDW&KULVWLDQ KRSHKDVDFRPPXQLWDULDQDQGHFFOHVLDOGLPHQVLRQ,QKLVYLHZRQHGRHVQRWKRSH DORQHEXWGRHVVRLQWKHFRQWH[WRIDFRPPXQLW\ZKHUHKRSHLVQRXULVKHGSDUWLFXODUO\ WKURXJKWKHZLWQHVVRIWKRVHH[SHULHQFLQJWULDOVDQGVWDQGLQJILUPLQWKHLUWUXVWLQWKH /RUG7RWKHTXHVWLRQRIZKDWFRQVWLWXWHVWKLVFRPPXQDOGLPHQVLRQ)UDQFLVUHSOLHV ³,QWKHFDVHRI&KULVWLDQKRSHWKLVERG\LVWKH&KXUFKZKLOHWKHYLWDOEUHDWKWKHVRXO RIWKLVKRSHLVWKH+RO\6SLULW:LWKRXWWKH+RO\6SLULWRQHFDQQRWKDYHKRSH´ :KDWLVWKHPLVVLRQRIWKLVHFFOHVLDOFRPPXQLW\",WLVWREHDSODFHRI³*RG¶VPHUF\ DQGKRSHZKHUHDOOIHHOZHOFRPHGORYHGIRUJLYHQDQGHQFRXUDJHGWROLYHDFFRUGLQJ WRWKHJRRGOLIHRIWKH*RVSHO$QGWRPDNHRWKHUVIHHOZHOFRPHGORYHGIRUJLYHQ DQGHQFRXUDJHGWKH&KXUFKPXVWEHZLWKGRRUVZLGHRSHQVRWKDWDOOPD\HQWHU$QG ZHPXVWJRRXWWKURXJKWKHVHGRRUVDQGSURFODLPWKH*RVSHO´7KXVRQHILQGVD GHILQLWHOLQNEHWZHHQKRSHDQGFRPPXQLW\ 3RSH)UDQFLVVHHVWKHPDQ\FKDOOHQJHVRIWRGD\¶V\RXQJSHRSOHDQGWKHGLIILFXOWLHV RI\RXWKPLQLVWU\%XWKHDOVRUHDOL]HVWKDW³\RXQJSHRSOHFDOOXVWRDUHQHZHGDQG H[SDQVLYHKRSHIRUWKH\UHSUHVHQWQHZGLUHFWLRQVIRUKXPDQLW\DQGRSHQXVXSWRWKH IXWXUHOHVW ZHFOLQJWRDQRVWDOJLDIRUVWUXFWXUHV DQGFXVWRPV ZKLFKDFFRUGLQJWR )UDQFLVDUHQRORQJHUOLIHJLYLQJLQWRGD\¶VZRUOG´ 7KH :RUOG 71 Neil Pembroke, “Witnessing to Hope in the Christian Community Through Irony”, Pastoral Psychology 58 (2009):433–443, 434, accessed March 21, 2019, DOI 10.1007/s11089-008- 0192-4. 72 Pope Francis, General audience, 8 February 2017, accessed 20 March 2019, http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/audiences/2017/documents/papa- francesco_20170208_udienza-generale.html. 73 General audience, 12 June 2013, accessed 23 March 2019, http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/audiences/2013/documents/papa- francesco_20130612_udienza-generale.html. 74 Francis, Evangelii Gaudium, n.105-6. 75 Ibid., n.108. 52 SHRSOHDUHXQLWHG,WLVDVLJQRIKRSH$WWKH:<'LQ.UDNRZLQ)UDQFLVQRWHG VRPHWKLQJYHU\VWULNLQJZKHQORRNLQJDWWKHH[SDQVHRIPXOWLFRORXUHGIODJVZDYHG E\WKH\RXQJSHRSOH+HVWDWHGWKDWWKHIODJVRIQDWLRQVDWZDUZLWKHDFKRWKHUZHUH EHLQJZDYHGLQYHU\FORVHSUR[LPLW\7KLVLPDJHDQGFRQVHTXHQWO\WKHH[SHULHQFH RIIUDWHUQLW\ZLWQHVVHGDW:<'LVDEHDFRQRIKRSHIRU)UDQFLV 7KLV FROOHFWLYH VHQVH RI KRSH LV DOVR WR EH UHDOL]HG LQGLYLGXDOO\ IRU HDFK SHUVRQ )UDQFLVFKDOOHQJHGWKH\RXQJSHRSOHDWWKH:<'LQ5LRGH-DQHLUR «DER\DJLUOZKRLQWKHH\HVRIWKHZRUOGFRXQWVIRUOLWWOHRUQRWKLQJLQ*RG¶V H\HVLVDQDSRVWOHRIWKH.LQJGRPLVDKRSHIRU*RG,ZRXOGOLNHWRDVNDOO\RXQJ SHRSOHIRUFHIXOO\EXW,GRQ¶WNQRZLIWKHUHDUHDQ\\RXQJSHRSOHLQWKH6TXDUHWRGD\ $UHWKHUHDQ\\RXQJSHRSOHLQWKH6TXDUH"7KHUHDUHDIHZ,ZRXOGOLNHWRDVNDOO RI\RXIRUFHIXOO\ GR\RXZDQWWREHDKRSHIRU*RG"'R\RX\RXUVHOYHVZDQWWREH DKRSH"> 7KHUHVHHPVWREHDORW)UDQFLVH[SHFWVIURPWKH\RXQJHVSHFLDOO\WKHLUKRSHIRUD EHWWHUZRUOG5HIOHFWLQJXSRQWKH:<'WKHPHIRU5XDQH5HP\ZULWHVWKDWKRSH LVDWWKHKHDUWRIWKHVHHFFOHVLDOJDWKHULQJVWKHKRSHWKDWHYHU\SLOJULPZLOOEHILOOHG ZLWK&KULVWDQGDSHUVRQDOPLVVLRQWR³JRDQGPDNHGLVFLSOHVRIDOOQDWLRQV´,QWKH PLGVWRIDFXOWXUHRILQGLYLGXDOLVPWKDWVHHNVRQH¶VRZQLQWHUHVWVWREHDOWUXLVWLFDQG VKDUH&KULVW¶VORYHZLWKDOOLVDVLJQRIJHQXLQHKRSH7KURXJKWKLVRQHXQGHUOLQHV WKHLPSRUWDQFHRIJDWKHULQJ WKH\RXQJDQGHQDEOLQJWKHPWRIXOILOO WKHLUSRWHQWLDO WKURXJKOLVWHQLQJWRWKHP7KLVHQDEOHVWKHPWRH[SHULHQFHSURSHUJXLGDQFHDWYDULRXV VWDJHVLQWKHLUOLYHVDQGWRGLVFRYHUDQGIXOILOOWKHLU*RGJLYHQSRWHQWLDO 76 General Audience, 3 August 2016, accessed 23 March 2019, http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/audiences/2016/documents/papa- francesco_20160803_udienza-generale.html. 77 General Audience, 4 September 2013, accessed 15 March 2019, http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/audiences/2013/documents/papa- francesco_20130904_udienza-generale.html. 78 Ruane Remy, “Francis just the leader we need”, accessed March 11, 2019, http://www.catholicregister.org/digital/2013/wydspecial/CRDWYD073013.pdf. 53 2.6.2 Hope and the Sacraments 2QHPD\QRZFRQVLGHUKRZKRSHLVIDFLOLWDWHGLQWKHFKXUFK¶VVDFUDPHQWDOOLIHDVWKLV VHFWLRQH[SORUHV 2.6.2.1 Baptism %DSWLVP WKH ILUVW DQG IXQGDPHQWDO VDFUDPHQW LV WKH JDWH WR WKH RWKHU VDFUDPHQWV 7KURXJKEDSWLVPQHZIDLWKIXODUHJDWKHUHGLQWRWKH3HRSOHRI*RG%DSWLVPLVVR 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http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/speeches/2013/september/documents/papa- francesco_20130922_giovani-cagliari.html 82 Ibid. 83 Ibid. 84 Pope Francis, Homily, Holy Mass and Conferral of The Sacrament of Confirmation, St Peter’s Square, 28 April 2013, accessed 12 May 2019, http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/homilies/2013/documents/papa- francesco_20130428_omelia-cresime.html. 55 2QHPD\PDNHUHFRXUVHWRD³ILUPKRSHLQWKH/RUG´ZKLFKLVWKHVHFUHWWKURXJKWKH MRXUQH\RIIDLWKWKDWOHQGVFRXUDJHWRRQHVZLPPLQJDJDLQVWWKHWLGH2QHLVDEOHWR GRVREHFDXVHDV)UDQFLVVWDWHV³*RGJUDQWVVWUHQJWKWRRXUZHDNQHVVULFKHVWRRXU SRYHUW\FRQYHUVLRQDQGIRUJLYHQHVVWRRXUVLQIXOQHVV7KH/RUGLVVRULFKLQPHUF\ HYHU\WLPHLIZHJRWRKLPKHIRUJLYHVXV7KHWUXHHIIHFWVRIZKDWWKHVDFUDPHQW GLVSRVHVRQHVHOIWRLVWKDW³&KULVWPDNHVKLPVHOISUHVHQWLQXVDQGWDNHVVKDSHLQRXU OLYHV WKURXJKXVLWZLOOEHKH²&KULVWKLPVHOI²ZKRSUD\VIRUJLYHVJLYHVKRSH DQGFRQVRODWLRQ´ 7KHDVSHFWRIKRSHLQWKLVVDFUDPHQWLVREVHUYHGZKHQRQHVHHVLWLQWKHODUJHUFRQWH[W 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Francis, Audience, Saint Peter's Square, 29 January 2014, accessed 12 May 2019, http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/audiences/2014/documents/papa- francesco_20140129_udienza-generale.html. 87 Pope Francis, Audience, St Peter's Square, 6 June 2018, accessed 12 May 2019, http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/audiences/2018/documents/papa- francesco_20180606_udienza-generale.html. 88 Sacraments of Baptism and Confirmation, Thesis, accessed 20 May 2019, http://theologie.fr/Thesis%2010c.%20Baptism%20and%20Confirmation%20_www.dogmatique.net _.pdf. 56 ZLWK-HVXV7KHJUHDWSRZHUWKLV6DFUDPHQWKDVLQ&KULVWLDQOLIHPXVWQRWEHIRUJRWWHQ KHDGGVDVLWHQDEOHVRQHWRJURZLQXQLRQZLWK*RGDQGOHWVRQHUHDFTXLUHORVWMR\ DQGH[SHULHQFHWKHFRPIRUWRIIHHOLQJSHUVRQDOO\KHOGLQ*RG¶VPHUFLIXOHPEUDFH $FFRUGLQJWR)UDQFLVWKHFRQIHVVLRQDOLVQRWDWRUWXUHFKDPEHUEXWWKHSODFHLQZKLFK WKH/RUG¶VPHUF\PRWLYDWHVRQHWRGREHWWHU 7KLVLVLQGHHGDVLJQRIKRSH7KHDFW RIJRLQJWRFRQIHVVLRQOLNHWKHDFWRIUHDGLQJLVDSUDFWLFHRIKRSHLQZKLFKWKHUHLV 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0DVVZKLFKLVWKHVRXUFHDQGVXPPLWRI&KULVWLDQOLIH 89 Homily, Third Sunday of Lent, 7 March 2015, accessed 15 May 2019, http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/ en/homilies/2015/documents/papa- francesco_20150307_omelia-parrocchia-ognissanti.html. 90 Spadaro, “A Big Heart Open to God”, America, 30 September 2013, 26. 91 Graham Ward, “Narrative and Ethics: The Structures of Believing and the Practices of Hope,” Literature and Theology, 20/4, (December 2006), Pages 438–461, accessed 13 March 2019, https://doi-org.ejournals.um.edu.mt/10.1093/litthe/frl057. 92 General Audience, 12 February 2014, accessed 14 April 2019, http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/audiences/2014/documents/papa- francesco_20140212_udienza-generale.html. 93 General Audience, 5 February 2014, accessed 15 April 2018, http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/audiences/2014/documents/papa- francesco_20140205_udienza-generale.html. 57 2.6.2.5 The Sacrament of the Anointing of the Sick 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may be Complete, (New York: New City Press: 1994), 13. 62 ZKR KDV DXWKRUHG D ERRN RQ WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI MR\ KXPRXU DQG ODXJKWHU LQ WKH VSLULWXDOOLIHZULWHVWKDW ³8QOLNHKDSSLQHVVMR\LVQRWVLPSO\DIOHHWLQJIHHOLQJRUDQHYDQHVFHQWHPRWLRQLW LVDSHUPDQHQWUHVXOWRIRQH¶VFRQQHFWLRQWR*RG:KLOHWKHPRUHVHFXODUGHILQLWLRQ RIMR\PD\EHVLPSO\DQLQWHQVHIRUPRIKDSSLQHVVUHOLJLRXVMR\LVDOZD\VDERXWD UHODWLRQVKLS-R\KDVDQREMHFWDQGWKDWREMHFWLV*RG7KHXOWLPDWHUHVSRQVHWRWKH JRRG QHZV LV MR\ RQH WKDW LV ODVWLQJ DQG FDQ HQGXUH HYHQ LQ WKH PLGVW RI GLIILFXOWLHV´ ,QWDNLQJWKHQDPHRIKLVQDPHVDNH6W)UDQFLVRI$VVLVL)UDQFLVGHVLUHVWRPDNHMR\ RQHRIWKHKDOOPDUNVRIKLVSDSDF\7KHWHUPµMR\¶DSSHDUVFORVHWRILIW\WLPHVLQWKH ILUVWFKDSWHURI(YDQJHOLL*DXGLXP)UDQFLVVLJQDOVXQDPELJXRXVO\KLVFRQYLFWLRQWKDW µMR\¶ WKH MR\ GHULYHG IURP NQRZLQJ WKH SUHVHQFH RI *RG LV WR XQGHUSLQ HYHU\ H[SUHVVLRQRIHYHU\&KULVWLDQDQGWKH&KXUFK¶VOLIH 2.7.1 The Centrality of Joy in the Scriptures 7KH3VDOWHULVILOOHGZLWKYHUVHVH[SUHVVLQJDUHOLJLRXVMR\2QHILQGVIRUH[DPSOHDW 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Houdek, Pope Francis and Our Call to Joy, (Cincinnati: Franciscan Media, 2014), ix. 115 Gaudete et Exsultate, 126. 64 +RZHYHUDV)UDQFLVREVHUYHVWKHUHDOLW\RQHLVIDFHGZLWKLVIDUIURPLGHDO7KLVLV LQGHHGDJUHDWFKDOOHQJH 7KHUHDUH&KULVWLDQVZKRVHOLYHVVHHPOLNH/HQWZLWKRXW(DVWHU,UHDOL]HRIFRXUVH WKDWMR\LVQRWH[SUHVVHGWKHVDPHZD\DWDOOWLPHVLQOLIHHVSHFLDOO\DWPRPHQWVRI JUHDWGLIILFXOW\-R\DGDSWVDQGFKDQJHVEXWLWDOZD\VHQGXUHVHYHQDVDIOLFNHURI OLJKWERUQRIRXUSHUVRQDOFHUWDLQW\WKDWZKHQHYHU\WKLQJLVVDLGDQGGRQHZHDUH LQILQLWHO\ORYHG 7KHUHIRUH)UDQFLVZLOODGGWKDW³DQHYDQJHOL]HUPXVWQHYHUORRNOLNHVRPHRQHZKR KDV MXVW FRPH EDFN IURP D IXQHUDO´ 8QOHVV &KULVWLDQV FDQ PRGHO WKH WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ WKDW WKH *RVSHO RIIHUV QR RQH ZLOO EHOLHYH WKHP +HQFH HYHU\ &KULVWLDQQHHGVWREHHYDQJHOL]HGFRQVWDQWO\DQGEHWUDQVIRUPHGE\WKHMR\RIWKH *RVSHO7KXVWKHLQYLWDWLRQWRGLVFRYHUMR\RXJKWQRWWREHWDNHQIRUJUDQWHGEXW QHHGV WR EH SXUVXHG DQG UHVSRQGHG WR DV EHVW DV RQH FDQ VR WKDW WKH ZRUGV RI 6FULSWXUH³WKHMR\RIWKH/RUGLVP\VWUHQJWK´ 1HKHPLDK PD\EHUHDOL]HG 2.7.3 Poverty 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A Letter to Consecrated Men and Women, 2 February 2014, Accessed 12 May 2019, http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccscrlife/documents/rc_con_ccscrlife_doc_201 40202_rallegratevi-lettera-consacrati_en.html. 67 DFFRPSOLVKHSLFIHDWVRUWRSURFODLPKLJKVRXQGLQJZRUGV´QRQHWKHOHVVWKHZLWQHVV DULVLQJIURPWKHWUXWKWKDWEHLQJORYHGDQGRIEHLQJVDYHGLVRIHVVHQFHWRWKHZRUOG ODFNLQJLQMR\ 2.7.6 Encountering Joy through Beauty and Suffering $IDPRXVTXRWHIURP'RVWR\HYVN\¶VQRYHOHQWLWOHG7KH,GLRWLV ³EHDXW\ZLOOVDYHWKH ZRUOG´ 2QDVLPLODUQRWHWKH(QJOLVKSRHW-RKQ.HDWVZURWH³$WKLQJRIEHDXW\ LVDMR\IRUHYHU´ 2QHGLVFRYHUVDFORVHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHDVSHFWVRIMR\DQGEHDXW\IURPDOHWWHU E\%HQHGLFW;9,DGGUHVVHGWRDUWLVWVZKHUHKHVWDWHGWKDW DXWKHQWLFEHDXW\>KRZHYHU@XQORFNVWKH\HDUQLQJRIWKHKXPDQKHDUWWKHSURIRXQG GHVLUHWRNQRZWRORYHWRJRWRZDUGVWKH2WKHUWRUHDFKIRUWKH%H\RQG,IZH DFNQRZOHGJHWKDWEHDXW\WRXFKHVXVLQWLPDWHO\WKDWLWZRXQGVXVWKDWLWRSHQVRXU H\HV WKHQ ZH UHGLVFRYHU WKH MR\ RI VHHLQJ RI EHLQJ DEOH WR JUDVS WKH SURIRXQG 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https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/23671-a-thing-of-beauty-is-a-joy-forever. 131 Benedict XVI, Meeting with Artists, 21 November 2009, accessed 3 May 2019, http://w2.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/speeches/2009/november/documents/hf_ben- xvi_spe_20091121_artisti.html. 132 Evangelii Gaudium, n. 167. 133 Ibid. 68 LPSRYHULVKHG DQG VR MR\ IDGHV´ 0XFK HDUOLHU RQH GLVFRYHUV %HQHGLFW ;9, DIILUPLQJWKDW³EHDXW\LVWKHH[SHULPHQWDOSURRIWKDWLQFDUQDWLRQLVSRVVLEOH)RUWKLV UHDVRQDOODUWRIWKHILUVWRUGHULVE\LWVQDWXUHUHOLJLRXV´ 7KHLQYLWDWLRQ)UDQFLVH[WHQGVLVWREHEROGWRXVHGLIIHUHQWIRUPVRIEHDXW\WRWUDQVPLW WKH IDLWK 2QH PD\ WKXV LQIHU WKDW WKH SUHVHQFH RI EHDXW\ LV FRQGXFLYH WR H[SHULHQFLQJMR\ZKLFKULJKWO\KDYLQJLWVVRXUFHLQ*RGRXJKWWRXOWLPDWHO\OHDGWR KLP :LWK UHJDUG WR ILQGLQJ MR\ LQ WKH IDFH RI VXIIHULQJV RQH ILQGV 3RSH )UDQFLV KDV VRPHWKLQJWRRIIHU+HGRHVQRWGRZQSOD\RULJQRUHWKHVRUURZVDQGVXIIHULQJVRQH PD\IDFH,QIDFWRQHILQGVKLPDIILUPLQJWKDW³QRWDOORI&KULVWLDQOLIHLVDSDUW\´,Q *DXGHWHHW([VXOWDWHKHVWDWHV 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http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/cotidie/2014/documents/papa-francesco- cotidie_20140523_sadness-joy.html. 139 Evangelii Gaudium, n.275. 69 WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ:HDUHRIIHUHGMR\LQWKLVOLIHDQGLQWKHOLIHWRFRPH-HVXVWUXO\ OLYHV &KULVWXV YLYLW LV LQGHHG WKH WLWOH RI WKH SRVWV\QRGDO $SRVWROLF ([KRUWDWLRQ SXEOLVKHGLQ$SULO :HKDYHGHOYHGSDUWLFXODUO\LQWKLVFKDSWHURQWKHWKHPHRIKRSHDQGMR\DVVHHQLQ WKHZULWLQJVDQGVSHHFKHVRI)UDQFLV+LVPDQQHULVFRQVSLFXRXVO\GRZQWRHDUWKDQG VWUDLJKWIRUZDUGDVLWUHYHDOVDSDVWRU¶VKHDUWDQGµDVKHSKHUGZKRKDVWKHVPHOORIWKH VKHHS¶7KURXJKWKHPDQ\LPDJHVDQGPHWDSKRUVKHHPSOR\VKHDWWHPSWVWRUHDFK RXW ZLWK WKH *RVSHO PHVVDJH WR DV PDQ\ DV KH SRVVLEO\ FDQ DQG LQ WKH PRVW FRQYLQFLQJZD\V +RSHLVHVVHQWLDOIRURQHFDQQRWOLYHZLWKRXWKRSHZKLFKJXLGHVRQHRQWKHHDUWKO\ SLOJULPDJHDQGLVDVRXUFHRIHQFRXUDJHPHQWWRNHHSJRLQJHVSHFLDOO\ZKHQWKHJRLQJ JHWV WRXJK %XW WKLV MRXUQH\ RXJKW QRW WR EH GUHDU\ EXW UDWKHU MR\ILOOHG )UDQFLV DIILUPV,QGRLQJVRRQHLVDEOHWREHFRPHWKH³VDOWRIWKHHDUWKDQGOLJKWWRWKHZRUOG´ 0W 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Billy, “Gospel Joy: Pope Francis and the New Evangelization (Edited Version)”, accessed 2 March 2019, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DUZNUvbjG6U. 141 Pope Francis, Homily at Chrism Mass, St Peter’s Basilica, 28 March 2013, Accessed 2 May 2019, http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/homilies/2013/documents/papa- francesco_20130328_messa-crismale.html. 142 Pope Francis, Homily, Madison Square Garden, New York, 25 September 2015, accessed 15 May 2019, http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/homilies/2015/documents/papa- francesco_20150925_usa-omelia-nyc.html. 70 RIVPRJ´+RZWKLVH[SUHVVHVLWVHOIZLWKLQWKHFKDOOHQJHVRQHHQFRXQWHUVWRGD\LQ GLIIHUHQW VLWXDWLRQV QDPHO\ WKH SROLWLFDO DUHQD LQ WKH FRQWH[W RI WKH PDQLIROG GLPHQVLRQV RI OLIH LQ FRQWHPSRUDU\ VRFLHW\ DQG LQ WKH PLGVW RI WKRVH ZKR IDFH VXIIHULQJLVH[SORUHGLQWKHQH[WFKDSWHU 143 Ibid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¶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ope Francis Audience with the Diplomatic Corps Accredited to The Holy See, Sala Regia, 22 March 2013, accessed 10 May 2019, http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/speeches/2013/march/documents/papa- francesco_20130322_corpo-diplomatico.html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ackground :KDWGRHVJRVSHOSRYHUW\HQWDLO"RIXWPRVWLPSRUWDQFHIRUD&KULVWLDQLWLVWRIROORZ WKHH[DPSOHRI&KULVW+RZGRHV)UDQFLVLQWHQGWROLYHRXWWKLVLPLWDWLRQRI&KULVWLQ D SHUVRQDO DQG FROOHFWLYH PDQQHU" 2QH PD\ ORRN DW WKHVH LQ WKH VXEVHFWLRQV WKDW IROORZ x -HVXV $0RGHO3DU([FHOOHQFH 3RSH)UDQFLVFRXOGEHVHHQDVRQHZKRKDVIRUJHGDGHHSLQWLPDF\ZLWK-HVXVDQGKDV EHHQVKDSHGWKURXJKWKDWUHODWLRQVKLS,Q(YDQJHOLL*DXGLXPKHZULWHVWKDWRQH¶VIDLWK LQ&KULVWZKRZDVSRRUDQGDVVRFLDWHGKLPVHOIZLWKWKHSRRUDQGRXWFDVWLVWKHEDVLV IRUVHHNLQJWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHOHVVHUSULYLOHJHGRQHVRIVRFLHW\-HVXVZDVERUQ LQDPDQJHULQWKHPLGVWRIDQLPDOV+HZDVSUHVHQWHGLQWKHWHPSOHZLWKWZRWXUWOH GRYHVWKHRIIHULQJPDGHE\WKRVHZKRFRXOGQRWDIIRUGDODPE KHZDVUDLVHGLQD KRPHRIRUGLQDU\ZRUNHUVDQGZRUNHGZLWKKLVRZQKDQGVWRHDUQKLVEUHDG+HWRRN KLVPLVVLRQWKHSUHDFKLQJRIWKHJRRGQHZVWRWKHSRRU+HVDLG ³%OHVVHGDUH\RX SRRU \RXUV LV WKH NLQJGRP RI *RG´ /N &RPPHQWLQJ RQ WKLV EHDWLWXGH LQ *DXGHWHHW([VXOWDWH)UDQFLVVWDWHV /XNHGRHVQRWVSHDNRISRYHUW\³RIVSLULW´EXWVLPSO\RIWKRVHZKRDUH³SRRU´ FI /N ,QWKLVZD\KHWRRLQYLWHVXVWROLYHDSODLQDQGDXVWHUHOLIH+HFDOOVXVWR 2 Leonardo Boff, Tr. 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FRLQFLGHGZLWKWKHODUJHVW QXPEHURI IRUFLEO\GLVSODFHGSHRSOHHYHUUHFRUGHG+HWDONVRILWDVEHLQJDQRSHQZRXQGRQWKH ERG\RIFRQWHPSRUDU\VRFLHW\DVFRXUJHXSRQWKHERG\RI&KULVWDQGDFULPHDJDLQVW KXPDQLW\2QHPD\ORRNEULHIO\LQWKLVVHFWLRQRQWKHDGGUHVVHVWRKLJKOLJKWVRPH WKHPHVPDGHE\KLPGXULQJKLVSRQWLILFDWH x 0LJUDWLRQDQG3RYHUW\ 2QHILQGVDFORVHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQPLJUDWLRQDQGSRYHUW\ZKHQRQHFRQVLGHUVWKH YDULRXVUHDVRQVWKDWJLYHULVHWRWKLVSKHQRPHQRQ ³IOHHLQJIURPVLWXDWLRQVRIH[WUHPH SRYHUW\RUSHUVHFXWLRQLQWKHKRSHRIDEHWWHUIXWXUHRUVLPSO\WRVDYHWKHLURZQOLYHV 22 Alette Latorre, “The Movement of Peoples”, accessed April 22, 2019, https://rscj.org/system/files/heart_magazine_spring_2011.pdf, 17. 23 Pope Francis, “To Participants in The International Conference on Combating Human Trafficking, "Casina Pio IV", Lecture Hall of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, 10 April 2014, accessed 4 May 2019, http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/speeches/2014/april/documents/papa- francesco_20140410_tratta-persone-umane.html. 79 PLOOLRQV RI SHUVRQV FKRRVH WR PLJUDWH´ ,Q WKH HOHPHQWV WKDW FRQVWLWXWH PLJUDWRU\ PRYHPHQWVRQHGRHVQRWILQGLWGLIILFXOWWRREVHUYHWKDWSRYHUW\LVSUHVHQWLQGLIIHUHQW IRUPV 7KH FKDOOHQJHV HQFRXQWHUHG DUH PDQLIROG VXFK DV ³YLROHQFH H[SORLWDWLRQ GLVFULPLQDWLRQ PDUJLQDOL]DWLRQ UHVWULFWLYH DSSURDFKHV WR IXQGDPHQWDO IUHHGRPV ZKHWKHURILQGLYLGXDOVRURIJURXSV´ :KDW DSSURDFK VKDOO RQH WDNH WR FRPEDW WKLV SKHQRPHQRQ" 2QH EHJLQV E\ ILUVW DWWHPSWLQJWRHOLPLQDWHSUHMXGLFHVDQGSUHVXSSRVLWLRQVLQWKHDSSURDFKWRPLJUDWLRQ )UDQFLVZULWHVRQDFHUWDLQQHJDWLYLW\WKDWSUHYDLOVLQWKLVUHJDUGVRWKDW³WKHDUULYDO RIPLJUDQWVGLVSODFHGSHUVRQVDV\OXPVHHNHUVDQGUHIXJHHVJLYHVULVHWRVXVSLFLRQ DQGKRVWLOLW\7KHUHLVDIHDUWKDWVRFLHW\ZLOOEHFRPHOHVVVHFXUHWKDWRQH¶VLGHQWLW\ DQGFXOWXUHZLOOEHORVWWKDWFRPSHWLWLRQIRUMREVZLOOEHFRPHVWLIIHUDQGHYHQWKDW FULPLQDODFWLYLW\ZLOOLQFUHDVH´ :KDWPD\FRQVWLWXWHDSRVVLEOHVROXWLRQWRPLJUDWLRQ")UDQFLVVXJJHVWVWKDWRQHFRXOG GRVRE\OHDYLQJEHKLQGDWKURZDZD\FXOWXUH±LHPRYLQJDZD\IURPDWWLWXGHVRI GHIHQVLYHQHVV DQG IHDU LQGLIIHUHQFH DQG PDUJLQDOL]DWLRQ DQG HPEUDFLQJ RQH RI HQFRXQWHUDQGDFFHSWDQFH2QHGLVFRYHUVLQWKHXVHRIIRXUNH\YHUEVZKDW)UDQFLV RIIHUVLQVKDSLQJRQH¶VUHVSRQVHWRWKHVLWXDWLRQ WRZHOFRPHWRSURWHFWWRSURPRWH DQGWRLQWHJUDWH´7KHVHZHUHVWDWHGLQVXEVHTXHQWPHVVDJHVLQDQGUHDIILUPHG LQ(DFKRIWKHVHIRXUYHUEVLVLPSRUWDQWLQHQDEOLQJRQHWRGLVFRYHUZKDW )UDQFLVPHDQVE\WKHP 24 Francis, Message for The World Day of Migrants and Refugees (2014), 5 August 2013, accessed 26 April 2019, https://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/messages/migration/documents/papa- francesco_20130805_world-migrants-day.html. 25Ibid. 26 Ibid. 27 Pope Francis, To participants in the International Forum on "Migration and Peace", 21 February 2017, http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/speeches/2017/february/documents/papa- francesco_20170221_forum-migrazioni-pace.html. 28 Pope Francis, Message for the 104th World Day of Migrants and Refugees 2018, 14 January 2018, accessed 29 April 2019, http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/messages/migration/documents/papa- francesco_20170815_world-migrants-day-2018.html. 80 x :HOFRPLQJ 7KHILUVWDVSHFWLVRQHRIZHOFRPLQJ7KHUHVSRQVHRIKRZWRGHDOZLWKWKHSOLJKWRI UHIXJHHVDQGPLJUDQWVLVE\WDNLQJRQDPHUFLIXODWWLWXGHRQHWKDWIDFLOLWDWHVDµFXOWXUH RIHQFRXQWHU¶DQGZKLFKEXLOGVVROLGDULW\)UDQFLVKLJKOLJKWVWKHVHDVSHFWVLQKLV PHVVDJH0HUF\ILUVWO\DULVHVIURPHQFRXQWHULQJRQH¶VUHGHPSWLRQWKURXJK&KULVW¶V EORRG 7KH QDWXUDO DWWLWXGH LV RQH RI ³MR\IXO JUDWLWXGH´ IRU WKLV HQFRXQWHU DQG ³VWUHQJWKHQVVROLGDULW\WRZDUGVRWKHUV´E\HOLFLWLQJLQRQHUHVSRQVLELOLW\IRURQH¶V QHLJKERXU VHHQ DV D EURWKHU DQG VLVWHU QR PDWWHU ZKHUH WKH\ KDSSHQ WR OLYH %\ HOLPLQDWLQJSUHMXGLFHV)UDQFLVDGGVWKDWLQIDFLOLWDWLQJD³FXOWXUHRIHQFRXQWHU´RQH QRWRQO\H[WHQGVKRVSLWDOLW\WRWKHRWKHUEXWLVDOVRDEHQHILFLDU\IURPGRLQJVR 7KHULJKWWROLYHLQGLJQLW\IRUHDFKKXPDQSHUVRQLVVRPHWKLQJIXQGDPHQWDODQGWKLV GLJQLW\ LV ZKDW )UDQFLV VWDWHV LV EHLQJ FKDOOHQJHG WKURXJK QHZ IRUPV RI VODYHU\ LPSRVHGE\FULPLQDORUJDQL]DWLRQVWKDWIRULQVWDQFHEX\DQGVHOOPHQZRPHQDQG 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YLUWXHRIPDJQDQLPLW\FRQVLGHUHGHDUOLHUDVDKRSHEDVHGYLUWXHLVDFDOOLQJRXWWR ³VWUHWFKIRUWKWKHPLQGWRJUHDWWKLQJV´7KLVGRHVHQWDLOH[WHQGLQJRQH¶VKRUL]RQVWR DFFHSWWKHRWKHULQVSLWHRIDGLIIHUHQWHWKQLFLW\UDFHODQJXDJHRUVNLQ FRORXU,Q H[HUFLVLQJWKLVYLUWXHRQHHQFRXQWHUV&KULVWLQWKHVXIIHULQJDQGKDVDQRSSRUWXQLW\ WROLYHE\WKH*UHDW&RPPLVVLRQRQWKHEDVLVRQZKLFKRQHLVMXGJHGE\WKH/RUG x 3URWHFWLQJ 7KHVHFRQGHOHPHQWRISURWHFWLQJGHDOVZLWKWKHVWHSVLQWHQGHGWRGHIHQGWKHULJKWV DQGGLJQLW\RIPLJUDQWVDQGUHIXJHHV WKLVLQFOXGHVYDULRXVDVSHFWVOLNHVDIHW\IURP 32 General Audience, 4 September 2013, accessed 12 May 2019, http://w2.vatican.va/ content/francesco/en/audiences/2013/documents/papa-francesco_20130904_udienza- generale.html. 33 Francis, Message for the 101st World Day of Migrants and Refugees (2015), 3 September 2014, accessed 3 May 2019, http://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/messages/migration/documents/papa- francesco_20140903_world-migrants-day-2015.html. 34 Ibid. 82 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en/messages/migration/documents/papa-francesco_20160908_world-migrants-day-2017.html. 83 SHUVRQ6LQFHDFFRUGLQJWR)UDQFLV³ZRUNE\LWVQDWXUHLVPHDQWWRXQLWHSHRSOHV´ KHGHVLUHVWRPRYHWRZDUGVDPRUH³VRFLDODQGSURIHVVLRQDOLQFOXVLRQRIPLJUDQWVDQG UHIXJHHV´,QKLVPHVVDJH)UDQFLVDIILUPVWKHLQWHJUDOSURPRWLRQRIWKHKXPDQ SHUVRQVXFKWKDW³GHYHORSPHQWFDQQRWEHUHGXFHGWRHFRQRPLFJURZWKDORQH ´IRUD EHWWHU ZRUOG WR EH UHDOL]HG DWWHQWLRQ QHHGV WR EH SDLG WR LQGLYLGXDOV DQG WKHLU DVSLUDWLRQV LWLQYROYHVDFFHSWDQFHHYHQRIWKRVHZKRPD\QRWEHDEOHWRFRQWULEXWH PXFKHFRQRPLFDOO\DQGWKXVGRLQJDZD\ZLWKD³WKURZDZD\FXOWXUH´ 2XUKHDUWVGRGHVLUHVRPHWKLQJ³PRUH´%H\RQGJUHDWHUNQRZOHGJHRUSRVVHVVLRQV WKH\ZDQWWR³EH´PRUH'HYHORSPHQWFDQQRWEHUHGXFHGWRHFRQRPLFJURZWKDORQH RIWHQDWWDLQHGZLWKRXWDWKRXJKWIRUWKHSRRUDQGWKHYXOQHUDEOH$EHWWHUZRUOGZLOO FRPH DERXW RQO\ LI DWWHQWLRQ LV ILUVW SDLG WR LQGLYLGXDOV LI KXPDQ SURPRWLRQ LV LQWHJUDOWDNLQJDFFRXQWRIHYHU\GLPHQVLRQRIWKHSHUVRQLQFOXGLQJWKHVSLULWXDO LI QRRQHLVQHJOHFWHGLQFOXGLQJWKHSRRUWKHVLFNSULVRQHUVWKHQHHG\DQGWKHVWUDQJHU 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1 May 2013, accessed 5 May 2013, http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/cotidie/2013/documents/papa-francesco- cotidie_20130501_slave-labour.html. 42 Antoine d’Abbundo. Immigrants a boon for the American economy. 7 February 2017. accessed 30 May 2019, https://international.la-croix.com/news/immigrants-a-boon-for-the- american-economy/4635. 84 7KHYLUWXHRIKXPLOLW\LVKHOSIXOLQWKLVUHJDUGZKHUHRQHDSSUHFLDWHVQRWRQO\RQH¶V JLIWV EXW DOVR WKDW WKH RWKHU EULQJV LQ PDQ\ SRVLWLYH DVSHFWV GHULYHG IURP RQH¶V XSEULQJLQJ DQGHYHQSURIHVVLRQDO TXDOLILFDWLRQ:HKDGDORRN DW WKLV KRSHEDVHG YLUWXHLQWKHSUHYLRXVFKDSWHU,WLVWKHUHFRJQLWLRQWKDWWKHJLYHURIDOOJLIWVLV*RG ZKR JLYHV JHQHURXVO\ WR DOO 2QH GRHV ZHOO WR FRRSHUDWH LQ KHOSLQJ WRZDUGV WKH IORXULVKLQJRIWKHVHJLIWV x ,QWHJUDWLQJ )LQDOO\RQHQRWLFHVKHUHDQHHGIRUDFXOWXUHRIPHHWLQJWKDWDV)UDQFLVVWDWHVRFFXUV ³E\ LQFUHDVLQJ RSSRUWXQLWLHV IRU LQWHUFXOWXUDO H[FKDQJH GRFXPHQWLQJ DQG GLVVHPLQDWLQJEHVWSUDFWLFHVRILQWHJUDWLRQDQGGHYHORSLQJSURJUDPPHVWRSUHSDUH ORFDOFRPPXQLWLHVIRULQWHJUDWLRQSURFHVVHV´7KLVKHUHDVRQVRXWLVJHDUHGLQRUGHU WRVKDSHVRFLHW\WRUHIOHFWPRUHWKH³PXOWLIDFHWHGJLIWVRI*RGWRKXPDQEHLQJV´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¶VZHOOEHLQJ+HQFHWKHQHHGWRLQWHJUDWHDQGEXLOGERQGVRIVROLGDULW\ZLWK WKRVHIRUHLJQHUVFRPLQJLQWRDQHZODQG7KHUHRXJKWWREHPHDVXUHVWDNHQIRUDQ LQWHJUDWLRQLQWRDQHZFXOWXUHZKLOHUHVSHFWLQJWKHLUGLIIHUHQFHVDQGVRGRLQJRQH¶V EHVWIRUDPXWXDOO\HQULFKLQJHQFRXQWHU 43 Pope Francis, 104th World Day of Migrants and Refugees 2018, 14 January 2018, accessed 29 April 2019. http://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/messages/migration/documents/papa- francesco_20170815_world-migrants-day-2018.html. 44 Francis, Message for the World Day of Migrants and Refugees 2017. 45 Ibid. 85 ,QFRQFOXVLRQWKURXJKWKHUHDFKLQJRXWWRWKHSRRUDQGHVSHFLDOO\LQWRGD\¶VVRFLHW\ WKHPLJUDQWVUHIXJHHVSURWHFWLQJWKRVHEHLQJWUDIILFNHG)UDQFLVDWWHPSWVWREULQJRXW D PHUFLIXO IDFH RI WKH &KXUFK DQG WKXV SRUWUD\ KRSH ³, ZDV D VWUDQJHU DQG \RX ZHOFRPHG PH´ 0W LV D SDUWLFXODU VFULSWXUDO YHUVH WKDW )UDQFLV ZDQWV WKH &KXUFKWRSD\DWWHQWLRQWR,QZHOFRPLQJWKHSRRUDQGWHQGLQJWRWKHLUQHHGVRQH IDFLOLWDWHVDFXOWXUHRIHQFRXQWHUDQGLVWKHUHE\LQFOXVLYH)UDQFLVUHIXVHV³WKHYLVLRQ RI]HURVXPFXOWXUDOFRPSHWLWLRQDQGDIILUPVLQVWHDGWKDWFXOWXUDOGLYHUVLW\WKHPDQ\ IDPLOLHVZLWKLQWKHRQHIDPLO\RI*RGLVWKHVHHGEHGRIUHQHZDOUHFUHDWLRQDQGQHZ ELUWK)RU)UDQFLVWKH\KDYHPXFKWRWHDFKDQGWKXVRQHFRXOGKRSHWROHDUQDORWLI RQHZHUHRSHQDQGKXPEOHHQRXJK,QWXUQRQHPD\YHU\ZHOOEHUHPLQGHGRIDQRWKHU YHUVH³,WLVPRUHEOHVVHGWRJLYHWKDQWRUHFHLYH´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¶VDYLQJORYHIRUDOOWKH6XOWDQZDVQRWGUDZQDZD\ IURPKLVRZQIDLWKDQGFRQYLFWLRQV 46 Leo J. O'Donovan, "Here's Why Every Child at the Border Belongs to all of Us." 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7KH\DUH WLPHLVJUHDWHUWKDQVSDFH XQLW\ SUHYDLOVRYHUFRQIOLFW UHDOLWLHVDUHPRUHLPSRUWDQWWKDQLGHDV WKHZKROHLV JUHDWHUWKDQWKHSDUW7KHVHIRXUFULWHULDDUHIURPDFKDSWHURIDQXQFRPSOHWHG GRFWRUDO WKHVLV E\ ILIW\\HDUROG %HUJRJOLR DERXW WKH ,WDOLDQ*HUPDQ WKHRORJLDQ5RPDQR*XDUGLQLZULWWHQLQWKHIHZPRQWKVKHVSHQWLQ)UDQNIXUW *HUPDQ\LQ *XDUGLQLLVLQIDFWFLWHGLQWKHH[KRUWDWLRQDQGZHKDYH FRQVLGHUHGKLVLQIOXHQFHRQ)UDQFLVLQWKHILUVWFKDSWHU/HWXVORRNDWHDFKRI WKHPEULHIO\ x 7LPHLVJUHDWHUWKDQ6SDFH 7KHUHH[LVWVDWHQVLRQEHWZHHQ³IXOOQHVVDQGOLPLWDWLRQ´7KHUHLVDWHQVLRQ EHWZHHQKRSLQJIRUFRQWLQXHGLPSURYHPHQWDORQJWKHIXWXUHKRUL]RQLHWLPH DQG WKH WHQGHQF\ WR KROG RQWR DOUHDG\ HVWDEOLVKHG SULYLOHJHV SRZHUV RU 47 Jack Wintz, “Friar Jack on Christian/Muslim Dialogue,” accessed 20 April 2019, https://www.franciscanmedia.org/friar-jack-on-christianmuslim-dialogue/. 48 Hans-Ulrich Stoldt, “The Life of Pope Francis' Namesake”, 15 March 2013, accessed 12 April 2019, https://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/a-profile-of-the-saint-who-inspired- pope-francis-a-889156.html. 49 Evangelii Gaudium, n. 221. 87 LQVWLWXWLRQDOUHVSRQVHVLQWKHSUHVHQWPRPHQWLHVSDFH,QVSHOOLQJRXWWKLV D[LRP)UDQFLVZULWHVWKDWRQHVKRXOGSUHIHU³SURFHVVHV´RYHU³VSDFHV´VLQFH LWLV³WLPH´WKDWJRYHUQVDQGLOOXPLQHV³VSDFHV´2QHREVHUYHVLWLVWRDFWE\ LQLWLDWLQJQHZSURFHVVHVZLWKDSDWLHQWH\HWRZDUGWKHIXWXUHLQDFFRUGDQFH ZLWKWKHREMHFWLYHFULWHULDIRUDFKLHYLQJWUXHKXPDQIORXULVKLQJ x 8QLW\SUHYDLOVRYHUFRQIOLFW $PLGVWFRQIOLFW)UDQFLVZULWHVWKDWRQHFDQORVHRQH¶VVHQVHRIWKHSURIRXQGXQLW\RI UHDOLW\$FRQIOLFWPD\EHKDQGOHGILUVWE\VLPSO\LJQRULQJWKHSUREOHP VHFRQGLI RQHLVLPSULVRQHGE\LW DQGDWKLUGDQGVXJJHVWHGZD\LVWRIDFHLWKHDGRQUHVROYH LWDQGWRPDNHLWDOLQNLQWKHFKDLQRIDQHZSURFHVV%XLOGLQJFRPPXQLRQDPLG GLVDJUHHPHQW FDQ EH PDGH SRVVLEOH DVVHUWV )UDQFLV RQO\ E\ EHLQJ ZLOOLQJ WR JR ³EH\RQGWKHVXUIDFHRIWKHFRQIOLFW´DQGORRNLQJDWRWKHUVLQ³WKHLUGHHSHVWGLJQLW\´ ,WEHFRPHVSRVVLEOHWRUHVROYHWKLQJVDWDKLJKHUSODQHDQGDFKLHYH³DGLYHUVLILHGDQG OLIHJLYLQJXQLW\´ x 5HDOWLHVDUHJUHDWHUWKDQ,GHDV 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Howe, The Miracle of Dialogue, [Edinburgh: The Saint Andrew Press, 1963], 3. 60 Evangelii Gaudium 239. 61 Stoyan Zaimov, “Pope Francis says Door of Dialogue with ISIS should never close; warns fighting terrorism leads to deaths of innocents”, in Christian Post, 26 November 2014, accessed 24 April 2019, www.christianpost.com/news/pope-francis-says-door-of-dialogue-with-isis-should- never-close-warnsfighting-terrorism-leads-to-deaths-of-innocents-130277/. 90 3HDFH FI,V -HVXV>ZKR@GRHVQRWGUDZDVZRUG LQVWHDGKHDVNVKLVGLVFLSOHV WRSXWLWEDFNLQLWVVKHDWK FI-Q ´ 2QHILQGV)UDQFLVEHLQJUHDOLVWLFZLWKWKHFKDOOHQJHVLQYROYHGLQZRUNLQJIRUSHDFH 7KLVGRHVUHTXLUHSHUVHYHUDQFHOLNHKHVWDWHV ,WWRRPXVWEHFXOWLYDWHGLQWKHSDUFKHGVRLORIFRQIOLFWDQGGLVFRUGEHFDXVHWRGD\ LQVSLWHRIHYHU\WKLQJWKHUHLVQRUHDODOWHUQDWLYHWRSHDFHPDNLQJ7UXFHVPDLQWDLQHG E\ZDOOVDQGGLVSOD\VRISRZHUZLOOQRWOHDGWRSHDFHEXWRQO\WKHFRQFUHWHGHVLUH WROLVWHQDQGWRHQJDJHLQGLDORJXH:HFRPPLWRXUVHOYHVWRZDONLQJSUD\LQJDQG 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EXWVKRZDQRSHQQHVVPDNHVWKHH[SHULHQFHRIGLDORJXHZHOFRPLQJDQGIUXLWIXO7KLV 64 Francis, Address to participants in the international meeting for peace sponsored by the community of "Sant' Egidio, 30 September 2013, accessed 12 May 2019, http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/speeches/2013/september/documents/papa- francesco_20130930_incontro-pace-s-egidio.html. 65 Pope Francis, To Students and Teachers from the Seibu Gakuen Bunri junior high school of Saitama, Tokyo (Japan), 21 August 2013, Accessed 2 May 2019, http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/speeches/2013/august/documents/papa- francesco_20130821_collegio-saitama-giappone.html. 66 Jose Mario Bergoglio – Abraham Skorka, On Heaven and Earth, Alejandro Bermudez and Howard Goodman Tr., {New York: Image 2013], xiv. 92 VWHPVIURPWKHGLJQLW\RISHUVRQVZKRDUHZRUWK\WREHUHVSHFWHGLQWKHGLDORJLFDO SURFHVV7KXVWKHSURFHVVRIGLDORJXLQJLVLQVWUXPHQWDOLQWKHEXLOGLQJRISHDFH x 7KH$WWULEXWHRIDSHDFHPDNHU 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PLJUDWLRQVDQGHQRUPRXVVXIIHULQJEHFDXVHYDVWDPRXQWVRIUHVRXUFHVDUHGLYHUWHG WRPLOLWDU\HQGVDQGDZD\IURPWKHHYHU\GD\QHHGVRIWKHSHRSOHZKRUHTXLUHWKHP 2QHVHHVWKDWLIRQH¶VIXQGDPHQWDOQHHGVVXFKDVWKHULJKWWRIRRGZDWHUKHDOWKFDUH 71 Francis, Message for 52nd World Day of Peace, 1 January 2019, accessed 4 May 2019, http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/messages/peace/documents/papa- francesco_20181208_messaggio-52giornatamondiale-pace2019.html. 72 Pope Francis, Message for 49th World Day of Peace 1 January 2016, 8 December 2015, accessed 4 May 2019, https://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/messages/peace/documents/papa- francesco_20151208_messaggio-xlix-giornata-mondiale-pace-2016.html. 73 Francis, Message for Fiftieth World Day of Peace 1 January 2017, 8 December 2016, 03 May 2019, https://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/messages/peace/documents/papa- francesco_20161208_messaggio-l-giornata-mondiale-pace-2017.html. 95 RUHPSOR\PHQWDUHGHQLHGWKH\DUHWHPSWHGWRREWDLQWKHPE\IRUFHDV (YDQJHOLL *DXGLXP Q 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(Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018), 51. 78 Pope Francis, Invocation for Peace, Vatican Gardens, 8 June 2014, accessed 1 June 2019, http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/speeches/2014/june/documents/papa- francesco_20140608_invocazione-pace.html. 98 7KRXJKRQHPD\QRWLFHREVWDFOHVLQSHDFHEXLOGLQJ)UDQFLVJLYHVKRSHWRWKHSHDFH SURFHVVLQWKH+RO\/DQGE\WDNLQJUHFRXUVHWRQHJRWLDWLRQVUHVSHFWLQJDJUHHPHQWV EHLQJVLQFHUHDIILUPLQJGLDORJXH±DOORIZKLFKDUHHOHPHQWVRIDFXOWXUHRIHQFRXQWHU $PRUHUHFHQWV\PEROLFJHVWXUHZDVKDGRQ$SULO 2QWKLVGD\3RSH)UDQFLV NLVVHGWKHIHHWRIULYDO6RXWK6XGDQOHDGHUV+HILUVWNLVVHGWKHIHHWRI3UHVLGHQW6DOYD .LLU 0D\DUGLW DQG WKHQ PRYHG RQ WR 9LFH 3UHVLGHQWVGHVLJQDWH 5LHN 0DFKDU DQG 5HEHFFD1\DQGHQJGH0DELRUZKRZHUHLQWKH9DWLFDQIRUDQXQSUHFHGHQWHGWZR GD\VSLULWXDOUHWUHDW3RSH)UDQFLVDVNHGWKHPDVDEURWKHUWR³VWD\LQSHDFH´+HZHQW WRDGG ,¶PDVNLQJ\RXZLWKP\KHDUW OHWXVJRIRUZDUG«*RDKHDGJRIRUZDUGDQG UHVROYHWKHSUREOHPV 7KLVJHVWXUHLIQRWKLQJHOVHFDQRXJKWWRFRQYLQFHHYHQWKHKDUGHVWFULWLFWKDWWKH 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2QHGRHVVHHQRWRQO\WKHWUXWKRIWKHSODQHWEHLQJH[SORLWHGEXWDOVRWKHHPSKDVLV PDGHE\-RKQ3DXO,,RQXQGHUVWDQGLQJRQH¶VSODFHLQWKHRUGHURIFUHDWLRQ/DWHU %HQHGLFW;9,LQ&DULWDVLQ9HULWDWHKLJKOLJKWHGWKDWWKHJUHDWHVWFKDOOHQJHIDFLQJWKH HFRQRP\LVWRDFKLHYHWKHPRVWHIILFLHQWXVHDQGQRWDEXVHRIQDWXUDOUHVRXUFHV +H H[WHQGV DQ LQYLWDWLRQ IRU RQH¶V SHUVRQDO UHIOHFWLRQ E\ DGGLQJ WKDW ³WKH ZD\ KXPDQLW\WUHDWVWKHHQYLURQPHQWLQIOXHQFHVWKHZD\LWWUHDWVLWVHOIDQGYLFHYHUVD 7KLVLQYLWHVFRQWHPSRUDU\VRFLHW\WRDVHULRXVUHYLHZRILWVOLIHVW\OHZKLFKLQPDQ\ 80 Pope John Paul II, Message for World Day of Peace, 1 January 1990, accessed 31 May 2019, http://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/messages/peace/documents/hf_jp- ii_mes_19891208_xxiii-world-day-for-peace.html. 81 John Paul II, Encyclical, Redemptor Hominis, http://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul- ii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_04031979_redemptor-hominis.html, 15. 82 Ibid, 15. 83 Benedict XVI, Encyclical, Caritas in Veritate, http://w2.vatican.va/content/benedict- xvi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xvi_enc_20090629_caritas-in-veritate.html, n. 50. 100 SDUWVRIWKHZRUOGLVSURQHWRKHGRQLVPDQGFRQVXPHULVPUHJDUGOHVVRIWKHLUKDUPIXO FRQVHTXHQFHV´ 3.3.1 A Background to Pope Francis’ Option in Favour of Creation 2QHILQGVLQWKHHQF\FOLFDO/DXGDWR6L¶WKDWGLIIHUHQWVDLQWVDFFRPSDQ\XVRQWKLV MRXUQH\ 6W %HQHGLFW 6W 7HUHVD GH /LVLHX[ DQG %OHVVHG &KDUOHV GH )RXFDXOG DUH PHQWLRQHGLQWKHHQF\FOLFDO%XWPRUHWKDQWKHPLWLV6W)UDQFLVRI$VVLVLZKRLVFLWHG VHYHUDOWLPHVDV³WKHH[DPSOHSDUH[FHOOHQFHRIFDUHIRUWKHYXOQHUDEOHDQGRIDQ LQWHJUDO HFRORJ\ OLYHG RXW MR\IXOO\ DQG DXWKHQWLFDOO\´ +H LV WKH PRGHO RI ³WKH LQVHSDUDEOHERQGEHWZHHQFRQFHUQIRUQDWXUHMXVWLFHIRUWKHSRRUFRPPLWPHQWWR VRFLHW\DQGLQWHULRUSHDFH´+DLOLQJWKHOLIHRI6W)UDQFLVRI$VVLVLWKH3RSHZULWHV ³+HZDVDP\VWLFDQGDSLOJULPZKROLYHGLQVLPSOLFLW\DQGLQZRQGHUIXOKDUPRQ\ ZLWK*RGZLWKRWKHUVZLWKQDWXUHDQGZLWKKLPVHOI´ 2QHGLVFRYHUVDV=KDQJZULWHVWKDW3RSH)UDQFLVWDNHVWKHWZRNH\VRIµUHVWRULQJ¶ DQGµUHSDLULQJ¶WKHFKXUFKIURPWKHFRQYHUVLRQH[SHULHQFHRI6W)UDQFLVDQGDSSOLHV WKHP 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Gaudium, n. 216. 91 Spadaro, Open to God: Open to the World, 104. 101 FRQIURQW WKH FXOWXUH RI GLVFDUGLQJ SHRSOH DQG VHHV WKH VRFLDO LPSDFW WKDW HQYLURQPHQWDO HYHQWV FDQ KDYH :KLOH SUHYLRXV SRSHV KDYH DWWHPSWHG WR UDLVH HQYLURQPHQWDO FRQFHUQV EHIRUH RQH GLVFRYHUV WKDW )UDQFLV KDV HOHYDWHG WKH LPSRUWDQFHRIHFRORJLFDOHWKLFVE\LQWHJUDWLQJHFRORJ\LQWRWKHEURDGHUWUDGLWLRQRI &DWKROLFVRFLDOWHDFKLQJ ,Q KLV PHVVDJH RQ :RUOG (QYLURQPHQW 'D\ RQH ILQGV KLP WDNH WKH WHUP ³FXOWLYDWLQJ DQG FDULQJ´ WKDW LV IRXQG LQ WKH ERRN RI *HQHVLV 'UDZLQJ IURP KLV SUHGHFHVVRUV)UDQFLVDUJXHVWKDWWKLVWHUPLVQRWPHUHO\DQLQVWUXFWLRQJLYHQE\*RG DWWKHEHJLQQLQJRIFUHDWLRQEXWLVJLYHQWRWKHFRQWHPSRUDU\PDQDQGZRPDQWRR +RZHYHU KH ZDUQV WKDW WKH GDQJHU RI SRVVHVVLQJ GRPLQDWLQJ PDQLSXODWLQJ DQG H[SORLWLQJVHHPPRUHWKHRUGHURIWKHGD\ 2QHRIWKHFRQVHTXHQFHVRIWKLVWKDW )UDQFLVKLJKOLJKWVLVRQWKHUHDOLW\RI³WKHGHVHUWLILFDWLRQRIWKHVRLO>VHHQ@DOPRVWDV DSK\VLFDODLOPHQWDQGWKHH[WLQFWLRQRIDVSHFLHVDVDSDLQIXOGLVILJXUHPHQW´ 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http://search.ebscohost.com.ejournals.um.edu.mt/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h& AN=110075316&site=ehost-live. 93 Francis, General Audience, 5 June 2013, accessed 25 May 2019, http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/audiences/2013/documents/papa- francesco_20130605_udienza-generale.html. 94 Pope Francis, Evangelii Gaudium, n.215. 102 HDUOLHUDQGUHVSRQGLQJLQDKRSHIXOPDQQHU2QHLVDOVRUHPLQGHGRIDTXRWHDWWULEXWHG WR(GPXQG%XUNHWKDW³WKHRQO\WKLQJQHFHVVDU\IRUWKHWULXPSKRIHYLOLVIRUJRRG PHQWRGRQRWKLQJ´2QHPD\QRZEHJLQWRORRNDWWKHFRQWHPSRUDU\FKDOOHQJHVWKH ZRUOGLVIDFLQJ 3DLQIXO$ZDUHQHVV 7KH&U\RIWKH(DUWK 7KURXJKWKHHQF\FOLFDO/DXGDWR6L¶3RSH)UDQFLVKRSHVWR³HQWHULQWRGLDORJXHZLWK DOOSHRSOHDERXWRXUFRPPRQKRPH´ +HVWDUWVWKHHQF\FOLFDOE\OLVWLQJRXWPDQ\ LVVXHVWKDWEULQJVIRUWKDSDLQIXODZDUHQHVVRIWKHVLWXDWLRQRQHLVIDFHGZLWK2QH PD\VHHHDFKRQHRIWKHVHEULHIO\ x 3ROOXWLRQ7KHHDUWKLVEHJLQQLQJWRORRNDFFRUGLQJWR)UDQFLVPRUHOLNHDQ ³LPPHQVHSLOHRIILOWK´ :LWKWRQVRIZDVWHJHQHUDWHGE\KRPHVDQGEXVLQHVVHV 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The Theological and Ecological Vision of Laudato Si’: Everything is Connected (London: Bloomsbury, 2017),162. 107 Laudato Si’, n.106. 108 Ibid., n.101. 109 Ibid., n.136. 105 RILQWHUYHQLQJLQQDWXUHZKHQFRQVLGHUHGIURPWKHHFRQRPLFVWDQGSRLQW7KXVLWLV DQ DSSURDFK RI KDYLQJ HIILFLHQF\ DQG SURGXFWLYLW\ HQWLUHO\ JHDUHG WR RQH¶V RZQ LQGLYLGXDO EHQHILW7KHUH VHHPV WKHQ WKH XQGHUO\LQJ UHDOLW\ WKDW HYHU\WKLQJ DQG HYHU\ERG\LVFRQVLGHUHGDVPHDQVWRRQH¶VHQGV)UDQFLVVWDWHV :KHQKXPDQEHLQJVSODFHWKHPVHOYHVDWWKHFHQWUHWKH\JLYHDEVROXWHSULRULW\WR LPPHGLDWH FRQYHQLHQFH DQG DOO HOVH EHFRPHV UHODWLYH +HQFH ZH VKRXOG QRW EH VXUSULVHGWRILQGLQFRQMXQFWLRQZLWKWKHRPQLSUHVHQWWHFKQRFUDWLFSDUDGLJPDQGWKH FXOWRIXQOLPLWHGKXPDQSRZHUWKHULVHRIDUHODWLYLVPZKLFKVHHVHYHU\WKLQJDV LUUHOHYDQWXQOHVVLWVHUYHVRQH¶VRZQLPPHGLDWHLQWHUHVWV 2QHDOVRQRWHV DFORVHUHODWLRQZLWKWKH³WKURZDZD\FXOWXUH´DWHUPWKDW)UDQFLV PHQWLRQVRIWHQLQ/DXGDWR6L¶DQGDOVRLQ(YDQJHOLL*DXGLXP$IXUWKHUGHJUDGDWLRQ RI KXPDQ EHLQJV PD\ EH REVHUYHG ZKHQ WKH PHPEHUV RI WKH H[SORLWHG RU WKH RSSUHVVHGFODVVDUHQRZFRQVLGHUHGDVRXWFDVWVDQGOHIWRYHUV7KLVDWWLWXGHLPSOLHV WKHVHQVHWKDWWKHUHDUHKXPDQSHUVRQVZKRDUHGLVSHQVDEOHDQDWWLWXGHWKDWGLVUHJDUGV WKHLQKHUHQWKXPDQGLJQLW\WKDWRQHSRVVHVVHV 3.3.3 Having a Transformed Awareness $NH\DVSHFWRIWKHHQF\FOLFDOLVWKHDVSHFWRIµLQWHJUDOHFRORJ\¶WKDW)UDQFLVSXWV IRUZDUG :LWK WKH XVDJH RI ZRUGV VXFK DV FRQQHFWLRQ LQWHUUHODWLRQ XQLW\ UHODWLRQVKLS DQG KDUPRQ\ GR]HQV RI WLPHV WKURXJKRXW WKH HQF\FOLFDO WKH LGHD LV SURPRWHG2QHILQGVWKDWWKHIDFWRILQWHUUHODWHGQHVVLVQRWMXVWRIWKHSODQHWDQGWKH OLYLQJVSHFLHVLQLWEXWDOVRWKDWWKHJHQHWLFFRGHRIKXPDQEHLQJVLVVKDUHGE\PDQ\ RWKHUV$V)UDQFLVVWDWHV ³,WFDQQRWEHHPSKDVL]HGHQRXJKKRZHYHU\WKLQJLVLQWHUFRQQHFWHG7LPHDQGVSDFH DUHQRWLQGHSHQGHQWRIRQHDQRWKHUDQGQRWHYHQDWRPVRUVXEDWRPLFSDUWLFOHVFDQ EH FRQVLGHUHG LQ LVRODWLRQ -XVW DV WKH GLIIHUHQW DVSHFWV RIWKH SODQHW SK\VLFDO FKHPLFDODQGELRORJLFDODUHLQWHUUHODWHGVRWRROLYLQJVSHFLHVDUHSDUWRIDQHWZRUN ZKLFKZHZLOOQHYHUIXOO\H[SORUHDQGXQGHUVWDQG´ 110 Anthony Annett, 163. 111 Laudato Si’ n.159. 112 Ibid., n.122. 113 Evangelii Gaudium, n.53. 114 Laudato Si’ n.138. 115 Ibid., 138. 106 ,QWHJUDOHFRORJ\LVWKXVDEHOLHIWKDWHYHU\WKLQJLQWKHZRUOGLVLQWHUFRQQHFWHGDQGVR LQVSLUHVRQHWRVHHDQGVHHNWRXQGHUVWDQGWKHVHLQWHUFRQQHFWLRQV,WFRQVWLWXWHV ORRNLQJDWZKDWLVUHTXLUHGIRU³WKHOLIHDQGVXUYLYDORIVRFLHW\´DQGKDYLQJD³EURDGHU YLVLRQ RI UHDOLW\´ ZKLFK FRPSULVHV VRFLDO FXOWXUDO DQG HQYLURQPHQWDO DVSHFWV 7KHVH DUH NH\ LQ IDFLQJ WKH FKDOOHQJHV DV )UDQFLV RXWOLQHV LQ WKH HQF\FOLFDO 7KH LQWHUUHODWHGQHVV ZKLFK RQH PD\ EH XQDZDUH RI FDQ EH XQGHUVWRRG ZKHQ RQH IRU LQVWDQFHFRQVLGHUVHFRV\VWHPVDQGKRZWKH\³LQWHUDFWLQGLVSHUVLQJFDUERQGLR[LGH SXULI\LQJ ZDWHU FRQWUROOLQJ LOOQHVV DQG HSLGHPLFV IRUPLQJ VRLO EUHDNLQJ GRZQ ZDVWH7KHVHDUHWKLQJVZKLFKZHDVKXPDQEHLQJVRYHUORRNRUVLPSO\GRQRWNQRZ DERXW $Q LPSRUWDQW GLPHQVLRQ WKHQ LQ WKLV WUDQVIRUPDWLRQDO DZDUHQHVV LV IRU WKH UHDOL]DWLRQWKDW³ZHOLYHDQGDFWRQWKHEDVLVRIDUHDOLW\WKDWSUHFHGHVRXUH[LVWHQFH DQG RXU DELOLWLHV´ +HQFH WKH FRQVLGHUDWLRQ RI WKH ³UHJHQHUDWLYH DELOLW\´ ZKLOH WDONLQJDERXWVXVWDLQDELOLW\RIYDULRXVHFRV\VWHPVLVFUXFLDODQGYLWDOWRRQH¶VRZQ ZHOOEHLQJ $WDQRWKHUOHYHOVRFLDOLQVWLWXWLRQVDOVRKDYHDEHDULQJRQWKHHQYLURQPHQW7KHVH LQVWLWXWLRQVH[LVWDWGLIIHUHQWOHYHOVIRULQVWDQFHIDPLO\QDWLRQDODQGLQWHUQDWLRQDO OHYHOVDQGWKHVHH[LVWWRGHYHORSKXPDQUHODWLRQVKLSV:KHQWKHHIIHFWLYHQHVVRI WKHVHLQVWLWXWLRQVVXIIHUVWKHSHRSOHWKHUHDUHDIIHFWHG(YHQODZVPD\UHPDLQ³DGHDG OHWWHU´ZLWKIDLOXUHLQWKHLULPSOHPHQWDWLRQ$VLPSOHLOOXVWUDWLRQWKDW)UDQFLVRIIHUV LVWKDWRIWKHSUHYDOHQFHRIGUXJXVDJHLQDIIOXHQWVRFLHWLHVDQGLWVGHPDQG ZKLFK FUHDWHVSUREOHPVLQWKHSRRUHUUHJLRQVWKDWSURGXFHWKRVHGUXJVQDPHO\GHVWUR\LQJ OLYHVDQGGHWHULRUDWLQJWKHHQYLURQPHQW 116 Vincent Miller, “Integral Ecology: Francis’s spiritual and moral vision of interconnectedness” in The Theological and Ecological Vision of Laudato Si’: Everything is Connected, ed. Vincent Miller, (London: Bloomsbury, 2017), 18. 117 Laudato Si’, n.138. 118 Ibid., n. 140. 119 Ibid., n.140. 120 Ibid., n.140. 121 Ibid., n.142. 122 Ibid., n.142. 107 &XOWXUDO HFRORJ\ LQYROYHV WUHDWLQJ FXOWXUDO WUHDVXUHV DV VRPHWKLQJ QRW PHUHO\ LQKHULWHGIURPWKHSDVW EXWDV³DOLYLQJG\QDPLFDQGSDUWLFLSDWRU\UHDOLW\´ZKLFK QHHGVFRQVLGHUDWLRQZKHQRQHGHDOVZLWKKXPDQEHLQJVDQGWKHHQYLURQPHQW x /RYLQJ$ZDUHQHVV $3RVLWLYH5HVSRQVHWRWKH&ULVLV +RZGRHVRQHUHVSRQGWRWKHVHFKDOOHQJHV"$FRXSOHRIWKLQJVRQHPD\LQIHUDUH ILUVWDPHWDQRLDRU³HFRORJLFDOFRQYHUVLRQ´LVQHHGHG LHDSURIRXQGFRQYHUVLRQLQ RXU WKRXJKW DQG DIIHFWLRQV DV )UDQFLV UHPLQGV XV WKDW FHUWDLQ PLQGVHWV PD\ QRW FRQWULEXWHWRDKHDOWK\EHKDYLRXU7KXVWKHUHQHHGVWREHRQHGLVFRYHUVDOHYHORI PRUDOKRQHVW\WRVHHWKHVRXUFHVRIVSLULWXDOHPSWLQHVVWKDWHQFRXUDJHDFRQVXPHULVW EHKDYLRXU DQG DOVR XQGHUPLQH RQH¶V FDSDFLW\ WR FDUH IRU WKH FRPPRQ JRRG´ 6HFRQGLVDSRVLWLYHQRWHZKHUH)UDQFLVLQYLWHVDOOWRD³ORYLQJDZDUHQHVV´WKDWZH DUHQRWGLVFRQQHFWHGIURPWKHUHVWRIFUHDWXUHVEXWMRLQHGLQDµVSOHQGLGDQGXQLYHUVDO FRPPXQLRQ¶ +RZ WKLV PD\ EH GRQH LV WKURXJK HPEUDFLQJ D OLIHVW\OH WKDW LV ³SURSKHWLFDQGFRQWHPSODWLYH´7KLVLVDFRPPLWPHQWWRDFRQWHPSODWLYHYLVLRQRI OLIH DV 'RXJODV &KULVWLH SXWV LW ZKLFK PHDQV WR ³RSHQ RQHVHOI WR DQ DELGLQJ FRPPLWPHQWWRVHHDQGUHVSRQGWRHYHU\OLYLQJFUHDWXUHZLWKFDUHDQGDWWHQWLRQ´ 2QHPD\WDNH6W)UDQFLV¶H[DPSOHRIKXPLOLW\ZKLFKWKHHQF\FOLFDOSURSRVHVZKHUH KHSUDLVHV*RGDORQJZLWK³%URWKHUDQWDQGVLVWHUILUH´DVDQLQYLWDWLRQWRVHHRWKHUV QRWPHUHO\DVFUHDWXUHVEXWDVEURWKHUVDQGVLVWHUV7ZRSUDFWLFDOGLPHQVLRQVRQH PD\VHHWDNLQJVKDSHDUHGHVFULEHGKHUHXQGHU x 6ORZQHVV ,QFRQWUDVWWRWKHFRQWLQXHGDFFHOHUDWLRQRIFKDQJHVDIIHFWLQJKXPDQLW\DQGWKHSODQHW DQGDODUJHVFDOH³UDSLGLILFDWLRQ´RQHGLVFRYHUV)UDQFLV¶LQYLWDWLRQWRVORZGRZQ7KH 123 Ibid., n.143. 124 Douglas E. Christie, “Becoming Painfully Aware” in The Theological and Ecological Vision of Laudato Si’: Everything is Connected, ed. Vincent Miller, (London: Bloomsbury, 2017), 121. 125 Francis, Laudato Si’ n. 220 126 Ibid., n. 222. 127 Douglas E. Christie, “Becoming Painfully Aware”, 124. 128 Vincent Miller, “Integral Ecology: Francis’s spiritual and moral vision of interconnectedness” in The Theological and Ecological Vision of Laudato Si’: Everything is Connected, ed. 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S 8/1 (2015), accessed 13 April 2017, URL: http://sapiens.revues.org/1704. 134 Catholic World News, Italian cardinal: Laudato Si’ comparable in importance to Rerum Novarum, 21 August 2015, Accessed 12 May 2019, https://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=25896. 135 Pope Francis, Letter of His Holiness Pope Francis For the Establishment of the "World Day of Prayer for The Care of Creation", 6 August 2015, accessed 4 May 2019, http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/letters/2015/documents/papa- francesco_20150806_lettera-giornata-cura-creato.html. 110 SHWLWLRQ GULYHV DQG SUD\HU VHUYLFHV DURXQG WKH WKHPHV RI WKH HQF\FOLFDO 7KH LQGLJHQRXVSHRSOHRI3XHUWR3ULQFHVD9LFDULDWHLQWKHVRXWKHUQ3KLOLSSLQHVLQVSLUHG E\/DXGDWR6L¶SODQWHGVRPHQHZWUHHVRQWKHLUODQG6RPHFRQFUHWHVWHSVLQ WKH8QLWHG6WDWHVUDQJHIURPWKHDUFKGLRFHVHLQ&KLFDJRZKHUHWKHUHZDVDSXVKIRU HQHUJ\HIILFLHQF\LQLWVEXLOGLQJVWR6DQ'LHJRZKLFKHQFRXUDJHGDOOSDULVKHVWR LQVWDOOVRODUSRZHUV\VWHPV&ORVHUKRPHWKH,ULVKELVKRSVKDGDQQRXQFHGDGHFLVLRQ WRGLYHVWIRVVLOIXHOV7KHVHDUHRQO\DIHZRIWKHPDQ\LQLWLDWLYHVWKDWKDYHEHHQ VSXUUHG RQ WKURXJK WKH LQVSLUDWLRQ RI 3RSH )UDQFLV¶ HQF\FOLFDO /DXGDWR 6L¶ 7KH GRFXPHQWLWVHOILVKRSHIXOWKDWZLWK*RGZHFDQEULQJDERXWDFKDQJHLQRXUDWWLWXGHV DQGZRUNDWPDNLQJWKLVKRPHRIRXUVPRUHEHDXWLIXOPRUHKDELWDEOH 3.4 THE PROPHETIC GESTURES OF POPE FRANCIS $QLPDJHRUJHVWXUHVSHDNVDORWDQGFDQEHPRUHLQVWUXFWLYH$JRRGDGDJHLVWKDW IDLWKLVPRUHHDVLO\FDXJKWWKDQWDXJKW+RZWKHQLVRQHWRLQWHUSUHWYDULRXVYLVLWVDQG DFWLRQVRI3RSH)UDQFLV"2QHQHHGVWRFRQVLGHUDWOHDVWDIHZRIWKHPEHIRUHRQHPD\ DQDO\]HWKHLUVLJQLILFDQFH 3.4.1 Solidarity with Migrants and Refugees D 6ROLGDULW\ZLWKWKHVXIIHULQJ /DPSHGXVD -XO\ /DPSHGXVDZDVWKHGHVWLQDWLRQRIWKH3RSHRQKLVILUVWSDVWRUDOYLVLWRXWVLGH5RPH VLQFHKLVHOHFWLRQLQ0DUFK,WLVDSODFHDERXWPLOHV NP IURP7XQLVLD DQGLVRQHRIWKHQHDUHVWJDWHZD\VWR(XURSHIRU$IULFDQVIOHHLQJSRYHUW\DQGFRQIOLFW 7KRXVDQGVRIPLJUDQWVKDYHPDGHWKHGDQJHURXVFURVVLQJLQUHFHQW\HDUVXVXDOO\ SDFNHGLQWRULFNHW\ZRRGHQERDWVH[SRVHGWRWKHHOHPHQWV7KLVYLVLWIRU)UDQFLVZDV ³OLNHDSDLQIXOWKRUQLQP\KHDUW´KHVDLGGXULQJWKHSHQLWHQWLDOOLWXUJ\KHFHOHEUDWHG LQ /DPSHGXVD +LV YLVLW WKHUH ZDV D VLJQ RI KLV FORVHQHVV %LVKRS 5REHUW : 0F(OUR\UHIOHFWLQJRQ)UDQFLV¶YLVLWWR/DPSHGXVDZULWHV 3RSH)UDQFLVDWWHVWHGSRLJQDQWO\WRWKHUHDOLW\DQGWKHLPSHUVRQDOLW\RIVWUXFWXUDOVLQ ZKHQ KH YLVLWHG /DPSHGXVDZKHUH KXQGUHGV RI XQGRFXPHQWHG LPPLJUDQWV GLHG LQ D 136 Francis, Homily during visit to Lampedusa, 8 July 2013, accessed 26 May 2019, http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/homilies/2013/documents/papa- francesco_20130708_omelia-lampedusa.html. 111 VKLSZUHFNZKLOHVHHNLQJDQHZOLIHLQ,WDO\³:KRLVUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHEORRGRIWKHVH EURWKHUVDQGVLVWHUVRIRXUV"´)UDQFLVDVNHG³1RERG\7KDWLVRXUDQVZHU,WLVQ¶WPH , GRQ¶WKDYHDQ\WKLQJWRGRZLWKLW LWPXVWEHVRPHRQHHOVHEXWFHUWDLQO\QRWPH 2QHILQGV)UDQFLVKLJKOLJKWLQJWKHIDFWWKDWDµJOREDOL]DWLRQRILQGLIIHUHQFH¶LVZKDW SODJXHVKXPDQLW\WRGD\7KLVLVPDQLIHVWHGDFFRUGLQJWRKLPLQEHLQJUREEHGRIWKH DELOLW\WRZHHSDQGWRH[SHULHQFHFRPSDVVLRQDQGDORVVRIDVHQVHRIUHVSRQVLELOLW\ IRURQH¶VEURWKHUVDQGVLVWHUV LWPHDQVEHLQJK\SRFULWLFDOOLNHWKHSULHVWDQGWKH/HYLWH LQWKHSDUDEOHRIWKH*RRG6DPDULWDQ'XULQJWKHKRPLO\GHOLYHUHGWKHUHRQHILQGV KLPDGGUHVVLQJWKLVLQGLIIHUHQFHE\FKDOOHQJLQJSHRSOH¶VFRQVFLHQFHV+HSUHDFKHG ³ZH KDYH EHFRPH XVHG WR WKH VXIIHULQJ RI RWKHUV LW GRHVQ¶W DIIHFW PH LW GRHVQ¶W FRQFHUQPH LW¶VQRQHRIP\EXVLQHVV´ E /HVERV $SULO /HVERVKDVEHHQDUHIXJHHDQGPLJUDQWLQIOX[WKDW¶VVHHQRYHUDPLOOLRQSHRSOHFURVV WR*UHHFHLQDQGDERXWLQHDUO\2YHUKDGGLHGGXULQJ ZKLOH DWWHPSWLQJ WR PDNH WKH FURVVLQJ $PLGVW WKH ULVH RI [HQRSKRELF SROLWLFDO GLVFRXUVHDFURVV(XURSHWKH3RSH¶V$SULOYLVLWWRWKH0zULDUHIXJHHFDPSRQ WKH*UHHNLVODQGRI/HVERVUHFHLYHGZLGHVSUHDGPHGLDFRYHUDJH:LWK(XURSHVHWWR IDFHRQHRILWVPRVWVHULRXVKXPDQLWDULDQFULVHVVLQFHWKHHQGRIWKH6HFRQG:RUOG :DU)UDQFLVFRPPHQWHGRQWKHVXIIHULQJFRQQHFWHGWRPLJUDWLRQ+HPDGHDKHDUWIHOW SOHDIRUUHVSRQVLELOLW\DQGVROLGDULW\LQWKHIDFHRIWKLVWUDJLFVLWXDWLRQ+LVJRDOLQ YLVLWLQJ/HVERVZDVWR³FDOOWKHDWWHQWLRQRIWKHZRUOGWRWKLVJUDYHKXPDQLWDULDQFULVLV DQGWRSOHDGIRULWVUHVROXWLRQ´ 7KHPHVVDJHKHZLVKHGWRLPSDUWZDVWRHQFRXUDJHWKHSHRSOHWRKRSH 137 Robert W. McElroy, “Pope Francis makes addressing poverty essential”, 8 October 2013, accessed 18 April 2019. https://www.americamagazine.org/church-poor. 138 Francis, Homily during Visit to Lampedusa, 8 July 2013. 139 Patrick Nicholson, ‘“You Are Not Alone”: Pope Francis In Lesbos’, 17 April 2016, accessed 25 May 2019, https://www.caritas.org/2016/04/not-alone-pope-francis-lesbos/. 140 Pope Francis, Visit to Refugees, Mòria Refugee Camp (Lesvos), 16 April 2016, accessed 29 April 2019, http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/speeches/2016/april/documents/papa- francesco_20160416_lesvos-rifugiati.html. 112 'RQRWORVHKRSH7KHJUHDWHVWJLIWZHFDQRIIHURQHDQRWKHULVORYH DPHUFLIXOORRN DUHDGLQHVVWROLVWHQDQGXQGHUVWDQGDZRUGRIHQFRXUDJHPHQWDSUD\HU0D\\RX VKDUHWKLVJLIWZLWKRQHDQRWKHU:H&KULVWLDQVORYHWRWHOOWKHVWRU\RIWKH*RRG 6DPDULWDQDIRUHLJQHUZKRVDZDPDQLQQHHGDQGLPPHGLDWHO\VWRSSHGWRKHOS)RU XVLWLVDVWRU\DERXW*RG¶VPHUF\ZKLFKLVPHDQWIRUHYHU\RQHIRU*RGLVWKH$OO 0HUFLIXO,WLVDOVRDVXPPRQVWRVKRZWKDWVDPHPHUF\WRWKRVHLQQHHG0D\DOO 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/HWXVWRJHWKHUDVNRXU*RGIRUWKHJLIWRIFRQYHUVLRQWKHJLIWRIWHDUVOHWXVDVNKLP WRJLYHXVRSHQKHDUWVOLNHWKH1LQHYLWHVRSHQWRKLVFDOOKHDUGLQWKHVXIIHULQJIDFHV RIFRXQWOHVVPHQDQGZRPHQ1RPRUHGHDWK1RPRUHH[SORLWDWLRQ7KHUHLVDOZD\V WLPHWRFKDQJHDOZD\VDZD\RXWDQGDOZD\VDQRSSRUWXQLW\WKHUHLVDOZD\VWKHWLPH WRLPSORUHWKHPHUF\RI*RG 2QHQRWHVWKHKRSHIXOPHVVDJHJLYHQKHUHGXHWRWKHH[SHULHQFHRI*RG¶VPHUF\,Q GLVSRVLQJRQHVHOIWRWKDWPHUF\FRQYHUVLRQLVSRVVLEOH7KHLPDJHRIWKH³KHOPHWRI KRSH´FRQVLGHUHGSUHYLRXVO\DVRQHRI)UDQFLV¶IDYRXULWHLPDJHVLVZKDWPD\EH 145 Pope Francis, Homily, Ciudad Juárez Fair Grounds (Mexico), 17 February 2016, http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/homilies/2016/documents/papa- francesco_20160217_omelia-messico-ciudad-jaurez.html. 146 Ibid. 147 Ibid. 114 JOLPSVHGKHUH7KHFHUWDLQW\RIDPHUFLIXO*RGHYHUUHDG\WREHVWRZJUDFHLIRQO\ RQHVKRXOGRSHQRQH¶VKHDUWLVDPHVVDJHWKDWGRHVQRWEHOLHKRSH 3.4.2 Solidarity with the Sufferings of Workers 7KHVHFRQGFLW\WKDW)UDQFLVYLVLWHGZDV&DJOLDUL6DUGLQLDRQ6HSWHPEHU+H 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https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/30/pope-francis-mosque-central-african-republic. 151 Pope Francis, “Administration of The Sacrament of Reconciliation and Beginning of The Vigil of Prayer with Young People”, Cathedral Square, Bangui (Central African Republic), 29 November 2015, accessed on 2 May 2019, http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/speeches/2015/november/documents/papa- francesco_20151129_repubblica-centrafricana-veglia-preghiera.html. 152 Vatican News, Central African Republic’s Khartoum Agreement: Optimism and challenges, 13 February 2019, accessed 15 May 2019, https://www.vaticannews.va/en/africa/news/2019-02/car-s-khartoum-agreement-optimism-and- challenges.html. 116 7KH 5RKLQJ\D DUH FRQVLGHUHG RQH RI WKH PRVW SHUVHFXWHG PLQRULWLHV LQ WKH ZRUOG WRGD\0RUHWKDQRQHPLOOLRQSHRSOHIURPWKHPDLQO\0XVOLPPLQRULW\JURXSOLYHG LQ0\DQPDUDWWKHVWDUWRIZLWKWKHPDMRULW\LQ5DNKLQH6WDWH6LQFH 0\DQPDU V DUPHG IRUFHV EHJDQ WR IRUFH 5RKLQJ\D LQWR UHIXJHH FDPSV ERWK LQ 5DNKLQH VWDWH DQG 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Gomez, “Lessons from The Peripheries: The Joy of The Gospel and Our Continental Mission”, 3 July 2017, accessed 2 June 2019, http://www.archbishopgomez.org/article/lessons-from-the-peripheries-the-joy-of-the-gospel-and- our-continental-mission-853. 157 Cindy Wooden, “Mercy Fridays give pope a year of stories, tears, hugs”, 11 November 2016, accessed 15 May 2015, https://www.catholicnews.com/services/englishnews/2016/mercy- fridays-give-pope-a-year-of-stories-tears-hugs.cfm. 118 WKHPDUHVWULNLQJ7KRVHZKRIRURQHUHDVRQRUDQRWKHUPD\KDYHIRXQGWKHPVHOYHV LQYDULRXVFKDOOHQJLQJVLWXDWLRQVZRXOGKDYHKDGKRSHLQVWLOOHGWKDWWKH\KDYHGLJQLW\ DQGWKDWWKH\DUHQRWIRUJRWWHQ:KLOHH[HUFLVLQJKXPLOLW\UHDFKLQJRXWWRWKHVRFDOOHG H[LVWHQWLDO SHULSKHULHV RQH QRWLFHV )UDQFLV EHFRPLQJ D ³VHHG RI KRSH´ IRU WKH YXOQHUDEOHDQGWKHPDUJLQDOL]HG$PHVVDJHRIKRSHLVFRQYH\HGE\KLVYHU\JHVWXUH RIYLVLWLQJWKHPDQGWKURXJKWKH³FXOWXUHRIHQFRXQWHU´EHLQJDEOHWRUDGLDWHMR\ 7KHVHDUHSURSKHWLFJHVWXUHVWKDWRQHILQGV7KH\RXJKWWREHHPXODWHGVRWKDWWKH 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