English Colonizaon

1600 – 1660 Company of London of

Chartered colonies: The Crown grants a charter to a private company to found or plant a colony. The Crown has no financial or polical obligaons for the administraon of the colony. Governance of a chartered colony was le to the owners of the company.

The Virginia Company of London, owned by London Merchants, was chartered by King James I & VI to found a colony in the Chesapeake region.

The Virginia Company of Plymouth, owned by Plymouth [] merchants, was chartered by King James I & VI to found a colony in the region. They aempt to plant a colony in modern-day .

Map legend: Q Québec (French) R Port-Royal (French) Po Popham Colony (English) J Jamestown (English) SA San Augusn (Spanish)

Capt. John Smith Pocahontas 1580 – 1631 (Rebecca Rolfe) c. 1595 – 1617

In April 1607, 104 colonists arrive in Virginia to establish a colony. The colony was governed by a council of seven. The colony suffered from internal strife, poor relaons with the Powhatan, and a poor locaon – a swamp. One-third of the ‘colonists’ were ‘gentlemen’ while others wsere skilled labourers rather than farmers.

Jamestown Founded 1607 Chief Powhatan Powhatan Confederacy a.k.a. Wahunsenacawh c. 1545 – c. 1618 The Powhatan were an Algonquian people located on the western side of the Chesapeake Bay. The Confederacy was collecon of chiefdoms that were subservient to the Powhatan chiefdom under Chief Wahunsenacawh who expanded his control from six to more than 30 tribes by 1607. The area covered 20,000 square km. with 15,000 – 20,000 people. Jamestown The first few years of the colony were difficult. Mortality was high because the selers were not equipped for farming or living in a new environment. The English chose a poor site for the selement as it was located on swampy island with no fresh water. The winter of 1608-09 was brutal; the selers lacked sufficient food. They ate what was available: acorns, roots, dogs, cats, a wife, etc. Nearly 80% of the selers died. Yet, Jamestown had nearby ferle land and abundant fish. By 1616 out of 2259 selers from England, only 350 were sll living. By 1640 out of 23,950 selers, only 8100 were sll living. Thomas West 1577 – 1618

3rd Baron De La Warr 1602 – 1618

Governor of Virginia 1610 – 1611

The Anglo-Powhatan relaons were not good. Governor Lord De la Warr took a hard line with the Powhatan. He started the First Anglo-Powhatan War (1610 – 1614) by making demands on Wahunsenacawh who ignored De la Warr. The governor ordered aacks on Powhatan villages, burning them, slaughtering the people, and capturing a royal wife and children of the Paspahegh. On the voyage to Jamestown, the royal children were thrown overboard and shot to death. The queen was slayed in Jamestown. In December 1613, Wahunsenacawh’s daughter Pocahontas was captured. Peace came in 1614 when Pocahontas married John Rolfe. Tobacco the cash crop of colonial Virginia and Introduced in 1614 by John Rolfe, West Indies tobacco which was superior to nave tobacco, saved the colony. BY 1617, 50,000 lbs. of tobacco were sent to England. Virginia found its economy, but too late to save the Virginia Colony from bankruptcy. In 1624, Virginia became a Royal colony under James I & VI. Nicoana tabacum 1622 Massacre: The Second Anglo-Powhatan War In 1621 Chief Opechancanough of the Powhatan, successor to Wahunsenacawh, decided to rid the Powhatan lands of the English. He gave the impression of wanng peaceful relaons. He planted his subjects among the English and aacked on 22 March 1621 (OS), three days before New Year’s. One-third of the colonists were killed; the Powhatan withdrew thinking the English would abandon the colony or submit. Instead, the English retaliated and during peace negoaons in 1623, massacred the Powhatan negoators. War lasted unl 1632. Sir George Calvert Proprietary colony: The colony is owned by one person 1579 – 1632 or a group of people. The owner arranges for st selement and governance. 1 Baron Balmore 1625 – 1632 The Ferryland colony in Newfoundland was established Proprietary Governor of in “Avalon” in 1621. The colony lasted unl 1629 and Newfoundland was abandoned due to climate. A few selers remained 1627 – 1629 unl France destroyed the selement in November 1696.

Ferryland today: Ferryland Naonal Historic Site Lieu historique naonal du Ferryland Cæcilius Calvert 1605 – 1675 nd 2 Baron Balmore Religious toleraon 1632 – 1675 Catholic colony Governor of Newfoundland Legislave Assembly 1629 – 1632 Tobacco economy Proprietor of Maryland 1632 – 1675

Modern flag of Maryland Heraldic Banner of Sir George Calvert

Leonard Calvert 1606 – 1647 1st Proprietary Governor of Maryland 1634 – 1647 Indentured Servitude

It was a means for a seler to secure passage to thecolonies in return for seven years of labour aer which you were given back your freedom. For owners, indentured servitude was a cheap way to secure labour in the colonies, especially in the early years when there was high mortality. It was cheaper to take indentured servants rather than invest in slaves. Slavery Slavery is involuntary servitude that lasts for life or unl set free. Unlike indentured servitude which is voluntary and for a set term, slavery is a closed system with no real hope for freedom. Slavery existed alongside indentured servitude.

Spain and Portugal used slavery in their American colonies. By the 1530s slavery was well established in Spanish and Portuguese America. The English start using slavery in their colonies in the early . Maryland had slave laws by 1639.

Slavery was for “Strangers” (non-Chrisan Foreigners). Strangers was a 17th and 18th century term for foreigners or people not from your own community.

By 1808, the end of the slave trade in the Atlanc about 523,000 slaves were imported to Brish / the out of 11,000,000 brought to the Americas. This represents 4.7% of all slaves brought to the Americas.

From 1500 to 1800 about 1,250,000 Europeans (95% of them men) were captured and enslaved North African Muslims. Most were captured at sea, but somemes Arab raiders aacked villages. Raids on land occurred as far north as Britain and Iceland. Paying a ransom could secure freedom. 1670 painng showing slaves working in the tobacco sheds of Virginia Arst unknown

Tobacco was the cash crop. It was labour intensive which made it perfect for slavery. Most slaves in the worked in the fields. There was some household slavery. Indentured servants oen worked alongside slaves under the same condions. Post-Independence American Church of England Colonial New England before 1691

Plymouth Colony, merged into the Prov. of Massachuses Bay 1620 - 1691 Massachuses Bay Colony, merged into the Prov. of Massachuses Bay 1630 - 1691 Province of Massachuses Bay 1691 - 1776 and Providence Plantaons 1636 - 1776 Province of , created from Massachuses Bay Colony 1691 – 1776 Conneccut Colony 1636 – 1776 1636 – 1665, merged into Conneccut 1629 – 1640s Part of Massachuses Bay Colony 1640s – 1673 Cornwall County, Prov. of 1673 – 1691, merged into the Prov. of Massachuses Bay as York County Pilgrims (Separasts) & Puritans

John Winthrop 1587/8 – 1649 The “Winthrop” Fleet Governor of Massachuses Bay 11 ships 1630 – 1634, 1637 – 1640, 1642 – 1643, abt 700 selers & 1646 - 1648 Great Migraon 1630 – 1640

About 20,000 selers arrive in Massachuses

Town Formaon in Massachuses Early Colonial Boston

Harvard College, chartered in 1636 by the General Court of Massachuses Bay Town Meeng Lawn Division and Ownership in Colonial New England

Paul S. Boyer, et al., The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People, Third Edion. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company) 1996, p. 60 Town Meeng: The Legislature of New England Towns Roger Williams and the Narraganses Rhode Island & Providence Plantaons

Anne Hutchinson 1591 – 1643 (family massacred in New Netherlands by Siwanoy First Naon) 1638 engraving of the aack on the Pequot Village in Conneccut

Undated engraving of the same aack Anglo-Dutch-Swedish North America, 1620s – 1660s