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Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association
journa l homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/pgeola
Bottom-up strategy for the use of geological heritage by
local communities: Approach in the “Litoral del Biobío”
Mining Geopark project (Chile)
a, b a c
Francesc Xavier Ferraro *, Manuel Enrique Schilling , Steve Baeza , Oriol Oms ,
d
Artur Abreu Sá
a
Departamento de Ingeniería Civil, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
b
Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
c
Departamento de Geología, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
d
Departamento de Geología y Polo del Centro de Geociencias (CGeo), Universidad de Trás-os-Montes Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados,
5000-801 Vila Real Portugal
A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T
Article history: Participatory Action Research (PAR) involving local communities and geological heritage were examined
Received 5 December 2019
in the framework of the ‘Litoral del Biobío’ Mining Geopark project (Chile). A broad spectrum of the
Received in revised form 9 June 2020
population was involved in testing the suitability of PAR methods to determine the sociological
Accepted 10 June 2020
perception of geology, geo-tourism and geoconservation, and thus to contribute to define future local
Available online xxx
development initiatives. Specifically, 56 workshops were realized on basic geological concepts, field
experiences in geosites, Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis and
Keywords:
identification of specific strategic plans. The study involved 637 participants, including local
Litoral del Biobío
administrators, private companies, chambers of commerce and tourism, social entities, the general
Geopark
public and Lafkenche indigenous communities. Participants considered important the workshops and
Territorial sustainable development
Geological heritage their learning about basic geological concepts. The main result of these workshops was the collection of
Participatory action research (PAR) information for the design of strategic plans for each of the communes and the empowerment of the local
community. This was ratified by letters of commitment from associations and participants to the Geopark
initiative. This research enabled the communities to identify four strategic areas: education; tourism;
heritage; and public-private coordination, which will be considered in the elaboration of specific
development plans.
This bottom-up strategy has allowed demonstration that geotourism has thepotential to contribute to the
sustainable developmentof the territory, and can benefit areas with very different socio-economic realities:
the indigenous peoples of the south, which are rural (sustained by agriculture and fishing) and those of the
north, which lives mainly in highly populated cities with high unemployment, where industrial
reconversion did not allow all of them to overcome the crisis after the closure of the mining industry.
© 2020 The Geologists' Association. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Contents
1. Introduction ...... 00
2. Background ...... 00
2.1. Community participation in Geoparks ...... 00
2.2. Geographic and socio-economic context of the “Litoral del Biobío” Mining Geopark project ...... 00
3. Participatory action research methodology (PAR) ...... 00
3.1. Strategic participatory workshops ...... 00
3.2. Data collection and analysis techniques ...... 00
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (F.X. Ferraro).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pgeola.2020.06.001
0016-7878/© 2020 The Geologists' Association. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Please cite this article in press as: F.X. Ferraro, et al., Bottom-up strategy for the use of geological heritage by local communities: Approach in
the “Litoral del Biobío” Mining Geopark project (Chile), Proc. Geol. Assoc. (2020), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pgeola.2020.06.001
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4. Results ...... 00
4.1. Workshop 1: Training in basic geological concepts ...... 00
4.2. Workshop 2: field experience in a geosite ...... 00
4.3. Workshop 3: SWOT analyses ...... 00
4.4. Workshop 4: priority areas and strategic plans ...... 00
4.5. Workshop 5: empowerment and community engagement ...... 00
5. Discussion ...... 00
5.1. Workshops 1 (basic geological concepts) and 2 (field experience in Geosites) ...... 00
5.2. Workshops 3 (SWOT analysis) and 4 (Priority areas and specific development plans) ...... 00
5.3. Workshop 5 (Community empowerment and participation) ...... 00
6. Conclusions ...... 00
Acknowledgements ...... 00
References ...... 00
1. Introduction articulation with networks and cooperation at local, national and
international levels (UNESCO, 2019).
For almost two decades, the territorial development model The holistic vision for the development of these territories
now called UNESCO Global Geoparks (UGGps) has been imple- requires management structures with an effective capacity to act
mented in different countries worldwide. These territories in the areas. This implies to have people involved and motivated to
highlight the value of geological heritage, in a holistic approach perform management functions and with the capacity to provide
that encompasses the remaining natural (biotic) and cultural useful tools for its implementation (Vázquez Barquero, 2007;
(tangible and intangible) heritage, in a sustainable development UNESCO, 2019).
strategy for the benefit of their communities (Zouros, 2016). The On the other hand, it is necessary to have planning and
objectives pursued by this international initiative include the development specific plans agreed by all partners that meet the
protection and conservation of the geological heritage of social and economic needs of local populations, while protecting
representative territories, the development of local communities and promoting the natural and cultural heritage of their territory.
based on geotourism and education promoting the knowledge of The master plan must consider governance, development,
the natural and cultural heritage. communication, protection, infrastructure, finance and partner-
This initiative was triggered in 2000 thanks to the cooperation ships (UNESCO, 2019). At this point, we make the following
and association of four European territories from Greece, France, research questions: what is the relationship between the
Spain and Germany (UNESCO, 2015). Subsequently, in 2004, 17 geological heritage of our territory and the people who live in
European and 8 Chinese geoparks joined to create the Global it? How can we study or analyse this relationship? What are the
Geoparks Network (GGN, 2017) under the auspices of UNESCO, to priorities of these communities, and how can the project
enable national initiatives to contribute to and benefit from empower them?
membership of a global network of exchange and cooperation Our research focuses on analysing the participation and perception
(Zouros, 2016). On 17th November 2015, during the 38th General of the territory's actors concerning the identification and valuation of
Conference of UNESCO, the 195 Member States unanimously geological heritage. This analysis is based on preliminary Participatory
ratified the creation of the new designation "UNESCO Global Action Research (PAR), as well as on the evaluation of the degree of
Geoparks", as part of the new International Geoscience and satisfaction and community participation in the process carried up to
Geoparks Programme (IGGP). establish the ‘Litoral del Biobío’ Mining Geopark project.
Currently, this network comprises 147 UGGps in 41 different
countries, mostly concentrated in Europe and Asia. In Latin 2. Background
America, there are six countries with territories designated as
UGGps: i) Brazil, represented by Araripe UGGp since 2006; ii) 2.1. Community participation in Geoparks
Uruguay, with the Grutas del Palacio UGGp integrated into the
network in 2013; iii) Mexico, represented by the Mixteca Alta The involvement of local communities in geoconservation has
UGGp and the Comarca Minera UGGp, both of them recognized by developed widely in countries where social awareness of geologi-
UNESCO on 2015; and since 2019, iv) Chile, represented by the cal heritage is important (Gordon et al., 2012; Whiteley and
UGGp Kütralkura; v) Peru, with Colca and Volcanes de Andagua Browne, 2013; Miles, 2013). On the other hand, in rural areas of
UGGp, and vi) Ecuador, with the Imbabura UGGp (UNESCO, 2019). countries where the understanding of geological values is not so
These territories currently constitute the Network of Geoparks of developed, conflicts may arise (Popa, 2015). In the case of
Latin America and the Caribbean (GeoLAC). Other regional indigenous communities in Latin America (Walker Painemilla
networks are the European Geoparks Network (EGN) and the Asia et al., 2010; Corrigan and Hay-Edie, 2013) or other traditional
Pacific Geoparks Network (APGN), and all of them are promoted peoples (Beltrán, 2000; Fauzi and Misni, 2016), the general
and supported by the GGN Association. perception of conservation does not encompass geological
In the Chilean national context, in addition to the recent heritage, for those who, in Latin America, are isolated cases
designation of the Kütralkura UGGp, four territories are in the (Sánchez -Cortés et al., 2017).
project phase: Cajón del Maipo, Puchuncaví, Valle de Petorca, and The particularities, cultures and or management entities of each
Litoral del Biobío, with the latter being the focus of this research. native community or people, require diverse methodologies for the
Some of the requirements to be designated as UGGp are the establishment of geoparks. Despite this, certain features can be
following: i) to have a geological heritage of international value; ii) considered as standard. Such is the case of the existence of a
to have a structure for the integrated management of the territory competent governance or management body, the participation of
which implies from the beginning the participation of its communities in decision-making, or a bottom-up approach in the
communities with a bottom-up approach; iii) to have a high creation of the Geopark in question (Zeng, 2014; Zouros, 2016;
visibility of the Geopark brand in the region; and iv) to promote an Bergstrom, 2017).
Please cite this article in press as: F.X. Ferraro, et al., Bottom-up strategy for the use of geological heritage by local communities: Approach in
the “Litoral del Biobío” Mining Geopark project (Chile), Proc. Geol. Assoc. (2020), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pgeola.2020.06.001
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Currently, there are different methods used in community work public policies for social development and community empower-
to link territorial projects and their respective areas, which allow ment, among others (Guerrón et al., 2019).
the problems, hazards or risks of the community to be addressed Another example of the use of the PAR methodology in a
(Paskova, 2015,2017; Abbas et al., 2017). Geopark project can be found in the Ancon-Santa Elena Geopark
One method is PAR, based on knowledge on how to compre- project, also in Ecuador, applied in the first phase of the analysis
hend and how to transform the practice, since it allows for constant and diagnosis of the coastal river-aquifer system of ‘Manglaralto’,
interaction with the participants, for example, for the analysis of as a development engine for rural areas. The results of the three
processes information and the development and implementation workshops carried out allowed the cataloguing of this natural
of activities, as well projects that derive from different actors or system of high value by the community in different areas, from the
sources (Soliz and Maldonado, 2012; Arellano, 2018). cultural, tourist, protective/ecological and scientific/educational
The postmodern process of constructive thinking focused on point of views, and thus, considered within the Geopark project
being a comprehensive tool, capable of analysing a complex that is being developed (Herrera-Franco et al., 2018).
system, interweaving multidisciplinary teams to solve cross-
cutting problems. (Fish, 2013). 2.2. Geographic and socio-economic context of the “Litoral del Biobío”
There have been UGGps that adopted PAR methods in the Mining Geopark project
implementation of some of their processes. For example, the
Burren & Cliffs of Moher UGGp (Rep. Ireland), which funded a pilot The present study was performed in the coastal area of the
program called "Uisce Aille" (= Cliff Water) focused on the Biobío Region, which is known as the Arauco coalfield, in the
education of teachers in primary and secondary schools to train central-southern zone of Chile. The territory is integrated by
and provide more information about integrated watershed twelve Municipalities of the Biobío Region. Seven of them
management, in order to improve the use of their water resources. correspond to the province of Concepción (Tomé, Penco, Talca-
The result of this project was the promotion of a series of huano, San Pedro de la Paz, Hualpén, Coronel and Lota) and five to
educational tools to teachers, which they could use to teach their the province of Arauco (Arauco, Curanilahue, Lebu, Los Álamos and
students. In turn, they could become the carriers of the message to Cañete). Table 1 summarizes the area, population, the amount of
educate their community (Barron et al., 2017). indigenous communities and associations in each commune.
The Mixteca Alta UGGp is another clear example of the The selection of the territory for the present study was based on
effectiveness of the PAR, given its use in the processes carried three intrinsic characteristics:
out with communities for the implementation of UNESCO's Global First, the history of the coal mining industry in this region has
Geopark initiative. This approach enabled empowering marginal- more than 150 years, from the mid-19th century to the end of the
ized rural communities, in trying to provide them with the 20th century. This industrial development generated an economic
knowledge to improve their living conditions (Park, 1992, cit. in boom in the territory, sustained by poor working conditions for
Rosado and Ramirez, 2017). miners, which converged in the creation of the first workers'
One principal conclusion of this research highlights the need for unions in Chile. The bad employment terms triggered countless
the local population to participate in the management of the strikes in defence of their working conditions. An example of this
territory and the Geopark project to have continuity and was the strike of 1920, which lasted almost a hundred days
permanence in time. The communities themselves permanently (Cáceres, 2013), as well as that of 1960, when a 96-day strike was
make use of their land according to their traditions, situation of interrupted by an earthquake (Ulloa, 2018). The closure of the coal
importance for territories with indigenous communities (Rosado industry in 1997, and the subsequent closure of the national coal
and Ramirez, 2017), that is the case of the present study. company (ENACAR) in 2006, culminated the region's coal history,
The Imbabura UGGp, is another geopark that has mixed a having unemployed more than 16,000 miners (Santa-Cruz, 2018).
quantitative and qualitative results analysis methodology and the The absence of effective reconversion plans resulted in high values
PAR, through which results were obtained by i) the implementa- of unemployment which have been permanently above the
tion of a strategy for rural development, ii) an articulation between national and regional average, since 1994 and are following the
the geopark's management committee and other community same trend today (see Fig. 1, in Ferraro et al. 2020). This situation is
organizations or associations linked to the project's development, recognized by the society's perception until today (Grosser, 2018),
and iii) an analysis of the geo-tourism potential of the territory and and the records of the National Institute of Statistics (INE) that
Table 1
Population, areal extension, density of population, Lafkenches communities and associations by communties and provinces, in the “Litoral del Biobío” Mining Geopark
project. (source: INE according to census, 2017).
2
Comunes People Sup. (km ) People density % Native Peoples Lafkenches Lafkenches
(hab./km2) communities associations
Arauco province Arauco 36,257 956 38 17% 37 24
Cañete 34,537 760.4 45 36% 82 41
Curanilahue 32,288 994 32 15 % 0 6
Lebu 25,522 562.9 45 29% 18 25
Los Álamos 21,035 599.1 35 28% 26 22
Concepción province Coronel 116,262 279 417 12% 2 5
Hualpén 91,773 53.5 1715 9% 0 2
Lota 43,535 136 320 12% 0 1
Penco 47,367 107.6 440 9% 0 1
San Pedro de la Paz 181,808 112.5 1616 10 % 1 8
Talcahuano 151,749 92.3 1644 8% 0 2
Tomé 54946 494.5 111 7% 0 2
total/average 837,079 5147.8 538 16% 166 139
Please cite this article in press as: F.X. Ferraro, et al., Bottom-up strategy for the use of geological heritage by local communities: Approach in
the “Litoral del Biobío” Mining Geopark project (Chile), Proc. Geol. Assoc. (2020), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pgeola.2020.06.001
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Fig. 1. Geographic map and sites of geological interest of the ‘Litoral del Biobío’ Mining Geopark Project (Source: Own elaboration with adaptation of layers and web forms
from the “Ministerio de Bienes Nacionales”).
Please cite this article in press as: F.X. Ferraro, et al., Bottom-up strategy for the use of geological heritage by local communities: Approach in
the “Litoral del Biobío” Mining Geopark project (Chile), Proc. Geol. Assoc. (2020), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pgeola.2020.06.001
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show the high unemployment percentages of some of the coalfield empowerment of the communities involved for their own benefit
communities. (Baum et al., 2006). Under this approach, PAR starts with the
A second intrinsic and historical character of the interior of the assumption that minority communities can and should benefit
1
territory is the presence of Lafkenches communities. The data in from such research (Davis and Reid, 1999), as well as be part of the
Table 1 show the huge difference between the province of Arauco solution to their problems (Martínez, 2004).
and that of Concepción in terms of population, communities and Green (1995) defined the PAR as "systematic research, with the
Lafkenche associations. While in the province of Concepción the collaboration of those affected by the subject under study, for the
2
population density is 918 hab./km , in the Arauco province does purpose of education and action or change". Recently, participatory
2
not exceed 37 hab./km . Conversely, while in the province of research has been described as research conducted with the full
Concepción the Lafkenches communities and associations do not and equal participation, at all levels and all stages, of scientists and
exceed 2% and 15 %, respectively, in the province of Arauco the representatives of the intervention population (DeCambra et al.,
percentages are greater than 90 %. 1992).
Finally, in 2014 the province of Arauco was integrated into the For Davis and Reid (1999), "participatory research recognises the
2
pilot plan of the Territorial Management Program for “Rezago ” benefits of the association between those with scientific and technical
Areas, according the Supreme Regulations establishing the knowledge and those with equally valuable personal and cultural
National Policy on Socially Lagging areas published in official knowledge of the problems being studied by the research project".
journal by Undersecretariat for Regional Development. The Furthermore, for Eizagirre and Zabala (2006), the purpose of the
objective of this public politics is "to promote equal access to PAR is to change reality and to address the problems of a
opportunities among people, regardless of where they live, population-based on its resources and participation.
focusing resources on those territories that present the greatest This vision arises from conceiving the PAR as a new science of
gaps in their social development". the paradigm and understanding that the observer or researcher
Moreover, considering the 14.8 % poverty rate and 24 % rurality influences the environment that is being under study. At the same
rate, the Biobío Regional Government is considering today (May time contributes to knowledge and a series of values that will affect
2020), in accordance with the Plan Región Biobío (2018) the need the study. This paradigm differs from the old or positivist model, in
of urgent measures for the province of Arauco. In addition to this which that reality is one and only one that can only be measured by
situation of rurality, there is also the multicultural nature of the objective scientists, where there is control over the variables to be
territory, through the presence of the Lafkenches communities, measured, in such a way that different causal relationships can be
which resort to their ancestral customs in their internal gover- established (Baum et al., 2006). PAR resorts to the paradigms of
nance organization, around the head of the town council called critical theory and constructivism and can use a variety of
3
"lonco ", which is the main authority recognized by them. qualitative and quantitative methods. For example, a participatory
This situation, in specific periods, enters in conflict, since these needs assessment would include broad engagement with local
communities live and must be governed by the national laws. This, communities and could include a survey of residents who are less
in turn, upholds the treaty of agreement 169 of the International involved in the participatory process (Baum et al., 2006).
Labour Organization (ILO), to which Chile adhered voluntarily on In this framework, the PAR allows us to focus on the action of
February 27th, 1989, having to fulfil the agreements established. the research as its purpose, for the collection of data and its
This implies an indigenous consultation whenever it is going to subsequent reflective analysis. The iteration of this process with
intervene in territories of the communities or original towns, in those involved produces its continuous improvement. Selener
order to ratify previously the agreement of these communities to (1993) identifies action research in community development and
validate this process of intervention. its organizations as two of the four focuses in which participatory
In this context, the study here presented aims to investigate action research can be carried out, to empower and serve social
whether the development of the ‘Litoral del Biobío’ Mining change. Participatory research seeks to improve the quality of life
Geopark project is a potentially useful tool to reduce the socio- of the people involved (Park, 1993), a vision shared by the
economic asymmetries in the territory. The approach to economic UNESCO's Global Geoparks (UNESCO, 2015).
development and the narrowing of social gaps can go hand in hand For our case study, the PAR was used to empower the
with the enhancement, rescue, and conservation of the mining community, conceiving the participants as crucial research
heritage. This is composed of more than 12 historical monuments contributors in the whole process, which will have a degree of
and three typical areas, as well as the geological heritage of the effectiveness, depending on the proactivity of those involved in the
territory, represented by 21 sites of geological interest (see Fig. 1) research process.
that describe the geological history of the Arauco coalfield (Castillo
et al., 2018). The identified mining and geological heritage has been 3.1. Strategic participatory workshops
the starting point for the design of our research trial, being put at
the service of the community. The PAR process was developed through the implementation of
five participatory workshops involving people from the local
3. Participatory action research methodology (PAR) communities (see, Fig. 2). The general objectives defined for the
different seminars were focused on (1) training the community in
Our research aims to quantify the usefulness of PAR methodol- basic geological concepts, (2) identifying strategic development
ogy applied to the local sustainable development based on areas for the territory, and (3) empowering the communities in the
geological heritage in depressed territories characterized by the co-creation of ‘Litoral del Biobío’ Mining Geopark project.
presence of indigenous communities. These results should In the opening phase, workshops 1 and 2 were performed,
demonstrate the potential of the education, tourism, and whose objective was to empower the community through an
intervention focused on activating people's learning by discovery
through a constructivist vision (Antunes, 2011). Given that, the
1 focus of the workshop 1 and 2 was learning through development,
These are the Mapuche communities, linked to the coastal areas.
2 the participation of the community were more limited to questions
Term used for a lagging territory. In our specific case, it means a socio-economic
to learn and acquire new knowledge of their territory, than to delay concerning the other provinces at the national level in Chile.
3
Also known as “lonko” or “cacique”, he is the head of the Mapuche communities contribute from their experience. Similarly, the outdoor field
Please cite this article in press as: F.X. Ferraro, et al., Bottom-up strategy for the use of geological heritage by local communities: Approach in
the “Litoral del Biobío” Mining Geopark project (Chile), Proc. Geol. Assoc. (2020), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pgeola.2020.06.001
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Fig. 2. Stages of PAR implementation process, in the case of this? investigation (Adapted from Martí, 2017).
experience (workshop number 2), was developed with an 4.1. Workshop 1: Training in basic geological concepts
educational perspective, considering that educate in the field
provides more active learning (Chevallard, 1991). In addition, The quantitative results refer to the number of sessions
Abbas et al. (2017) described a comparable example applied to implemented, the number of people attended, the percentages
changes in the socio-ecological landscape in a mountain environ- of satisfaction, as well as the learning of basic geological concepts
ment, as well as a SWOT analysis of the territory, to investigate how (see Table 2 in Ferraro et al.2020). Similarly, the main quantitative
geo-environmental variables intervene on socio-cultural ecosys- and qualitative results are described for the priority geological
tems in urban planning processes. concepts with the most significant impact on participants (see
In the closing phase, which comprises sessions 3, 4 and 5, the Table 3 in Ferraro et al. 2020).
community participation became more active, where they
contribute their experience and knowledge of the territory to 4.2. Workshop 2: field experience in a geosite
the data collection and analysis. Each of the workshops was held
independently in the 12 communes of the territory, between The quantitative results obtained in this workshop (see Table 4
April 2017 and June 2018, considering the different times, in Ferraro et al., 2020) and refer only to the number of field
situations, logistics and bureaucracy of each municipality. The experiences implemented, the number of participants per
characteristics of each activity and workshops carried out, as well commune, as well as the percentage of satisfaction of the people
as their specific objectives can be seen in Table 1 by Ferraro et al. who carried out the activity.
(2020).
4.3. Workshop 3: SWOT analyses
3.2. Data collection and analysis techniques
One of the main qualitative results refers to the SWOT analysis
After the design of the intervention for this research, the carried out in each commune. The summary of the communities
techniques and tools for data collection were defined. These were SWOTs is illustrated in Table 3. In addition, the quantitative results
focused on collecting data, both from a quantitative perspective about this workshop are shown in Table 5 in Ferraro et al. (2020),
(percentages of satisfaction, number of visitors, etc.) and a through the number of seminars carried out, the number of
qualitative one (geological learning results, priority areas and participants by commune, as well as the percentages of satisfaction
strategic plans of the geopark). The different techniques and of the assistants to this workshop.
strategies are shown in Table 2.
The design of the questions for the satisfaction survey consider 4.4. Workshop 4: priority areas and strategic plans
three requirements: i) to be of short duration, ii) to be easy to
answer, by means of a closed response in a certain range (Likert Based on the results of the SWOT analysis of workshop 3 in each
scale with a graduation of 1–5), and iii) to be easy to understand. commune, this workshop was developed to analyse the informa-
This questionnaire was applied to the participants of the work- tion and determine the priority areas to be developed in each
shops, both in person and online, once all the workshops had been municipality. Table 4 shows the four established priority areas that
completed (see Fig. 3, in Ferraro et al., 2020). cut across all the communes and the different strategic develop-
ment plans. Table 5 shows the implementation of each of the
4. Results plans by commune, and the quantitative summary of results,
respectively.
In this section are presented the different qualitative and Data on attendance and satisfaction rates by commune (see
quantitative results obtained by each workshop. Table 8 in Ferraro et al. 2020).
Please cite this article in press as: F.X. Ferraro, et al., Bottom-up strategy for the use of geological heritage by local communities: Approach in
the “Litoral del Biobío” Mining Geopark project (Chile), Proc. Geol. Assoc. (2020), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pgeola.2020.06.001
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Table 2
Definition of the techniques and instruments used for the evaluation typology of the different workshops.
Evaluation Techniques Instruments
Quantitative Satisfaction survey (Arias, 2012) Questionnaire
Workshops Attendance list
Qualitative Focus groups (Mella, 2000; Hamui-Sutton and Varela-Ruiz, 2013; Buss et al., 2013) Dialogues and registration boxes
Analysis SWOT (Ballesteros et al., 2010; Villagómez Cortés et al., 2014)
Table 3
Summary of the concepts that emerged in the twelve workshops 3 (SWOT's) executed in the different communities.
STRENGTHS OPPORTUNITIES
Identification of 21 geosites in the territory of the Biobio Coastal Mining Generate tourist activity on each Geosite, propose geological, historical,
Geopark (12 communes) archaeological and biodiversity routes, etc.
Community participation in the identification of cultural landmarks in each Promotion of education and learning of Earth sciences
commune
Commitment of the authorities of the communities to participate in the Identification and enhancement of the tangible and intangible heritage of
activities that mean highlighting the value of their environment the territories
Support from regional authorities to promote the Geopark and its Generation of employment in productive activities, services and
commitment to conservation and heritage value, by supporting proposals administration of the tourist routes of each Geosite
for activities
a
Articulation of RDS Objectives with PLADECOS and ODS Promoting land use and planning for the sustainable development of the
territory
WEAKNESSES Promote a governance model based on participatory work with
communities
Scarce development of the heritage value of the routes associated with the Promotion of the positioning of the Geopark at community, regional,
geosites national and international levels
No training offer in natural heritage (Geodiversity and biodiversity) Trail management for geosites
Little information on transport routes associated with geosites (signage) THREATS
There is no funding for tourism, educational and other programs associated No project funding for the Geopark
with the Geopark.
Lack of research programs associated with the geosites and their routes Persistence of social crisis leading to diversion of funds to other activities
Weak public-private articulation between territorial actors Short term vision for the Geopark project
Social Resilience Lack of inter-institutional collaboration (public and private) for the
management of the Geopark
Resistance to social innovation
a
Regional Development Strategy of Biobío (2015–2030).
4.5. Workshop 5: empowerment and community engagement
Table 4
Priority areas and development plans for each area.
Finally, the quantitative and qualitative results of this last
1. Tourism
workshop are detailed in Tables 9 and 10 (see Ferraro et al., 2020),
1.1. Tourism development plan based on historical and/or cultural tourism
respectively. This last table includes the names of the territorial
1.2. Tourism development plan based on tourism in natural areas.
representatives and associations that make up the necessary
1.3. Tourism development plan based on gastronomic tourism
management structure of the project in the territory.
1.4. Plan for the improvement of tourist services (accommodation, sports
events, etc.).
5. Discussion 1.5. Plan for the improvement of the diffusion of tourist attractions.
2. Heritage
2.1. Plan for the recovery of physical heritage spaces.
The participation of people from different communities in the
2.2. Plan for the enhancement of tangible and intangible heritage.
workshops realized are analysed here. The invitation to participate
2.3. Plan for the generation and implementation of information on the
in these workshops, which are also part of the development and territory's heritage.
3. Education
implementation of the Geopark project, was open to the whole
3.1. Educational plan in the face of natural disasters.
community for the Geopark territory that correspond to 837,039
3.2. Educational plan based on awareness of the conservation of the natural
inhabitants, according to the last census (INE, 2019). The record of
environment (biodiversity and geodiversity).
637 attendances to the workshops by 369 different participants 3.3. Educational plan based on territorial identity.
from all the communes, make necessary to analyse this data from a 4. Cooperation
4.1. Plan of articulation between the community and the municipality.
statistical perspective, considering the confidence level and the
4.2. Plan to strengthen the work of citizens in the communities.
error percentage assumed for our sample of 107 answers, in
accordance with the data collected by the questionnaire. This
analysis was carried out using equation 1 in Ferraro et al. (2020).
Considering that the statistically recommended confidence
levels are above 90 % and the margins of error below 10 %, the most It should be noted that the results obtained do not represent the
acceptable of the five viable alternatives to validate our statistical opinion of the entire population of the territory, but only that of the
data would be options 3 and 4 (see table 11 in Ferraro et al. 2020). participants surveyed in the workshops. Taking this into account
Statistically, for online surveys, a value in between 20 % and 30 % of and the design of the questionnaire it is possible to query whether
answers is considered very auspicious. The obtained result of 28.9 28.9 % of the answers obtained are a enough representation.
% of online and face-to-face answers, allow us to consider this as an However, this fact does not invalidate the analysis and the
acceptable rate. conclusions adopted since it is a question of measuring the degree
Please cite this article in press as: F.X. Ferraro, et al., Bottom-up strategy for the use of geological heritage by local communities: Approach in
the “Litoral del Biobío” Mining Geopark project (Chile), Proc. Geol. Assoc. (2020), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pgeola.2020.06.001
G Model
PGEOLA 840 No. of Pages 11
8 F.X. Ferraro et al. / Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association xxx (2019) xxx–xxx
Table 5
Identification of strategic plans to be developed in each municipalities by “Litoral del Biobío” Mining Geopark project.
PRIORITY AREA 1. Tourism 2. Heritage 3. Education 4. Cooperation
Development specific plans 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 2.1 2.2 2.3 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.1 4.2
priories by each commune.
Tomé X X X X X X X X X
Penco X X X X X X
Talcahuano X X X X X X
San Pedro de la Paz
Hualpén X X X X X X
Coronel X X X X X X X
Lota X X X X X X X X
Arauco X X X X X X X X
Curanilahue X X X X X X
Lebu X X X X X X X X
Los Álamos X X X X X X X X
Cañete X X X X X X
of satisfaction and the achievement of the objectives of the devoted to the Earth Sciences are taught in basic natural sciences
workshops by part of the participants. between 3rd and 6th grades.
Similarly, and to improve this indicator (number of people Another possible cause are the salary differences between
who answered the satisfaction questionnaire), it would have been professionals working as geologists in the mining industry
better to apply the satisfaction questionnaire at the end of compared to those employed in the educational sector (salaries
each workshop in each of the communes, to reduce the margin can be three times higher in the former case).
of error. The high values of geological concepts acquired by the
Some of the reasons that can explain the relatively low participants show, however, that field experience and discovery
participation in respect to the total population of the territory improve learning outcomes (Chevellard, 1996; Antunes, 2011).
are mainly due to the motivation of the people themselves in the
project, given the lack of understanding of the terms or concepts 5.2. Workshops 3 (SWOT analysis) and 4 (Priority areas and specific
related with geological and geomorphological heritage (Zeng, development plans)
2014). Another factor may be the large number of people who live
in the territory, and that, to be able to cover it, more communica- The SWOT analysis allowed to collect a significant amount of
tion is needed, which in this case could not be implemented data from the participants in the workshops in a short period
considering the time restrictions established by funding institu- (understood as a maximum of 5 h per workshop) and without high
tions. It is also important to take into consideration the 24 % of economic costs. The collected data brought a general view of the
rurality in the Arauco province (Plan de la Región del Biobío, 2018), context and situation of each commune, concerning their internal
which meant an inefficiency in the transmission of information, for competencies (Strengths, Opportunities, Weaknesses and Threats).
technological reasons, resulting in the limited percentages of The methodology used also allowed participants to have more
participation in the workshops. information about their own communities. However, from the
In this context, for future studies that require the use of data collected, two variables have been further analysed, the
activities and workshops, it is necessary to: i) increase subjectivity and representativeness of the participants. The
management capacity in the territory, through links with variable on subjectivity was considered at the beginning of the
grassroots and social organizations, and ii) increase the amount research and was reported to all participants. The second variable,
and effectiveness of the information transmission, through the regarding representativeness, was beyond the control of the
use of more and better channels, both traditional and in social research, since it was decided not to control the number of
networks. participants in the workshops. This means that the data obtained
in the SWOT analysis may have limited content, considering only
5.1. Workshops 1 (basic geological concepts) and 2 (field experience in the areas of development or the knowledge of the participants. In
Geosites) addition, SWOT analysis requires a time component, so the results
only address the current situation, without considering future
The community learning outcomes on basic geological concepts projections.
(see Table 3 in Ferraro et al. 2020) on the question "had I learned The development plans obtained as result of the workshop 4
anything about geology?" indicates a significant lack of knowledge considered four thematic areas: tourism, education, heritage and
about geology before the workshops. This could be one of the main public-private association. UNESCO recognises these areas as
reasons for the low participation of the inhabitants, as mentioned essential for a holistic territorial development (UNESCO, 2015).
above. The reasons for the illiteracy about the geological heritage Although the fields and plans that emerged are very relevant and
concepts by the community is something that should be representative, they imply an excessive simplification of the
considered in future educational programs to be developed and contents, given that they are only the result of the vision and
implemented by the aspiring geopark. knowledge of the participants who attended the workshops, that
To some extent the lack of knowledge among primary and in some cases were not the same people who attended assisted all
secondary school teachers in earth sciences areas are a reflection of the previous workshops. Similarly, the strategic plans that have
o
the absence of specialization in these areas, given that Law N . emerged are only the title of the focus that these plans should have,
20,370 of 2009, which establishes the rights and duties of the and in no case are activities, indicators or objectives defined, given
members of the educational community, Article 46 letter g) states that in some cases the depth of the problems or the scope of the
that for preschool and primary education, only those who have the threats indicated is unknown.
professional title of education at the appropriate level may teach. It should be mentioned that no weighting was applied to the
However, this is incongruent with the fact that most of the content concepts that emerged during the SWOT analysis, which is why
Please cite this article in press as: F.X. Ferraro, et al., Bottom-up strategy for the use of geological heritage by local communities: Approach in
the “Litoral del Biobío” Mining Geopark project (Chile), Proc. Geol. Assoc. (2020), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pgeola.2020.06.001
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PGEOLA 840 No. of Pages 11
F.X. Ferraro et al. / Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association xxx (2019) xxx–xxx 9
the different plans also lack a prioritization for their implementa- (2017) states that the success of working groups requires
tion. Bearing in mind that resources are always finite, there would communities aware of their heritage, leverage their social capital
be a lack of criteria to define which are the areas to prioritize. In and ultimately be able to make decisions to educate stakeholders.
this case, the most probable thing would be to resort to the According to Gordon et al. (2012), it is also necessary to be able to
Communes Development Plan (by its Spanish acronym, PLADECO) communicate to public bodies and decision-makers, firmly and
of each commune. Future investigations could focus on the forcefully, that the consideration of geodiversity is essential for the
generation of the crossing of this information, between the plans development of the territory.
arisen from the community and the priorities of each one, as well Finally, currently and after the funding for the first stage of
as with the RSD 2015–2030 of the Regional Government or even development of the ‘Litoral del Biobío’ Mining Geopark project,
with the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) of the 2030 there are no sources of funding, even though the internationaliza-
Agenda. tion of the region, the promotion of products for tourism and
product innovation are central to RDS for Biobío region. Some of
5.3. Workshop 5 (Community empowerment and participation) the reasons that may have caused this lack of continuity is the
change of political mandates. The last one occurred on March 11th,
It is important to note that initially the participants did not 2018, being coincident with the last months of project implemen-
want to assume responsibilities regarding the management and tation. This fact raised doubts as to whether the long-term policies
coordination of Geopark meetings, due to the uncertainties over required for aspiring Geoparks projects are capable of consolidat-
the future of the Geopark project. In this sense, it was necessary to ing and generating a significant impact on the productive
get the support of the municipality and its officials, as well as the development of the territory. In this context, it is a challenge to
technical team of the Geopark project, composed of a multidisci- use the data of the present study in order to convince the current
plinary team of professionals from tourism, Earth Sciences and political leaderships of the virtues of the project.
Social Sciences basically, to ensure the participants from districts In general, the percentage of satisfaction in all the workshops
such as Arauco, Los Alamos and Coronel, to be involved in the carried out, calculated from the number of satisfactory answers
development of the ‘Litoral del Biobío’ Mining Geopark project. (within the range of the ‘good’ or ‘very good’ scale) allows for
In this context, all the communes signed the commitment evaluation of the strategy followed. Statistically, an evaluation is
letters for creating the Geopark's management board. This successful if the sum of the “good” and “very good” options exceeds
empowerment was much more accessible and feasible in the 60 % (Hair et al., 1999). In this work, the satisfaction percentages of
communities where there are a social and community organization the workshops are equal to or greater than 80 %. In this sense, these
working together with the municipality for the development of the values corroborate the successful development of the experience
area, since the work and meeting mechanics were already known carried out.
and regulated by the stakeholders involved.
A final aspect of this workshop refers to the suitability of 6. Conclusions
working local groups as tools for the management and protection
of the geological heritage of the territory. In this project, the The study and the interpretation and discussion of the results
working groups have been constituted in a voluntary basis as a obtained allow us to draw the following conclusions:
commitment by the residents of the communities.
However, they have operated without funding or legislative i) Bottom-up community work provides local communities
power, so their continuity and the effectiveness of their manage- with tools for the understanding and management of geo-
ment is a challenge. According to Bergstrom (2017), the success of diversity. It thus empowers them based on the knowledge of
the management committees requires elements that for now are the geological values of their territory that are a kind of ‘alien
scarce or even absent in the territory studied: proactivity, decision- content’ to them before the development of our intervention.
making power and the existence of financing. Our ideas on how to approach socio-economic development
In any case, the success of the development strategy of the are always biased. Therefore, it is essential to ask local
management committee of the ‘Litoral del Biobío’ Mining Geopark communities what their demands are;
project will be defined and formalized over time, taking into ii) The workshops on basic geological concepts (age and
account all the current territorial planning tools (PLADECOS) and formation of the Earth or rocks, minerals, fossils etc.) and
Estrategia Regional de Desarrollo (Gobierno Regional del Biobio, the field experiences in geosites, have allowed participants to
2017), as well as the proactivity and the degree of commitment of discover, understand and enhance previously unknown
the inhabitants that will integrate it. geological heritage;
Finally, the recognition, articulation and insertion of these iii) The workshop that developed a SWOT analysis for each
working groups within the public-private structure of the territory community allowed mapping of the entire territory of the
are aspects that have not been considered within this project but Geopark project. It showed evidence that natural and cultural
need to be considered in the mid-term. In other words, it is heritage is the main strength. The development of sustainable
necessary to find a solution, according to what is stipulated in the tourism is the foremost opportunity. Natural disasters, the
Chilean laws, that are representative of the socio-economic reality disorderly action of the forest enterprises and the uncertainty
of the territory, allowing balanced decisions of the wills and of some communities as the main threats. Finally, the lack of
legitimate aspirations of the inhabitants. Currently, one of the few cultural awareness and the lack of commitment between
instruments of mandatory community consultation is article 169 of public and private authorities are the main weaknesses of the
the International Labour Organization (ILO) Indigenous Consulta- territory;
tion, to which Chile acceded as a country in 2008 and which iv) The workshops on the identification of development plans led
entered into effectiveness in 2009. to the definition of four priority areas: education, tourism,
In a very different socio-economic contexts, successful com- heritage and public-private coordination. Different plans that
munity projects have been developed with little funding and based cut across the whole territory were recognized (cultural and
on community volunteering. Such was the case of the Community historical tourism, dissemination of tourist attractions,
Earth Heritage project developed in the counties of Herefordshire education in geodiversity and biodiversity) and other projects
and Worcestershire in England (Miles, 2013). Also, Bergstrom by individuals to one or more regions (education on natural
Please cite this article in press as: F.X. Ferraro, et al., Bottom-up strategy for the use of geological heritage by local communities: Approach in
the “Litoral del Biobío” Mining Geopark project (Chile), Proc. Geol. Assoc. (2020), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pgeola.2020.06.001
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PGEOLA 840 No. of Pages 11
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The authors declare that they have no known competing
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and executed by the Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción
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— –
The authors thank public and private actors, who have strongly geodiversity why it matters. Proceedings of Geologists Association 123 (1), 1
6. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pgeola.2011.08.002.
supported the project, particularly the “Seremi de Minería” of
Green, L.W., 1995. Royal society of Canada, & BC consortium for health promotion
Biobío Region, the “Servicio Nacional de Turismo” (SERNATUR) of
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This work was carried on under the auspices of the UNESCO
de Arauco en el último decenio: los casos del Plan Arauco, El Plan Arauco Avanza
Chair in "Geoparks, Sustainable Regional Development and y el Programa de Gestión Territorial para Zonas Rezagadas. Desafío del turismo y
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Please cite this article in press as: F.X. Ferraro, et al., Bottom-up strategy for the use of geological heritage by local communities: Approach in
the “Litoral del Biobío” Mining Geopark project (Chile), Proc. Geol. Assoc. (2020), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pgeola.2020.06.001