ZIM CSWR Ovs F ; 791 .I N· w Me"!CP C7x Unlvers,ty 01 e rOM-lea no .. 61 oe Nuevo April 2004 Issue Nurribez- 61

I see here is the real thing. not for show. and worked With. as they shared their herttaqe Buck Ramsey Heritage Award a lJood deal of it Vincent found while with him , and he continued to do the same.' drivinq cattle or just traveling to work or "Does anyone know how many years in home by horseback.' a row Vincent Crisp has ridd en in the Fourth Presented to I. V. "Vince" Crisp "In the early forties. Vincent and Irene of July parade? (He has ridd en in the beqan drivinq a school bus route for the Clayton parade every year since he was a Clayton Publi c School District. an teenager). Vincent and Wallace Bebb made occupation the y continued for 30 years. He a pact when they were young men to ride a subsidized his small ranch by driving to bronc on their 60th birthday. Vincent has town as a bus driver. workinlJ all day as a ridden well past his 60th and 70th birthdays. carpenter or body shop man. th en Now in his 80s, he is still active with his returning to home in the country to milk. Herford cattle and continues to ride his ~ard en and care for his herd of Herford horses on the ranch. cows. In the summer. he would do day "Stories about Vincent's exploits would work the neighbors. Vincent made being a fiII a library. One is about the time Vincent cowboy possible for himself and his family called some trail ride/dude ranch outfi t out with his off-the-ranch work. of Chama wantinc to SJo on a cattle drive "In the mid -fifties. Jim Jordan of the throuqh the hilJh country. He was wi lling to Panhandle decided to relo cate pay. but not the $1,500 they asked. One day to Clayton. He had a herd of about 20 at a rodeo in Cimarron. Vincent was visitinSJ buffalo and a larqe antique collection. with a ~roup of men. some he knew and which he wanted to display to a Iarqer some he didn't. He told the story of the audience. He hired B.P. Froman to build overpriced cattl e drive. When he finished . fort Jordan on the Raton hiSJhway north of one of the men spoke up . 'Vincent. that's my Clayton. Because there was no other cattl e drive and you can come 160 with us feasible way to move the buffalo herd. anytime you want - free of charge.' Jordan enSJalJed several cowboys to drive ''Vincent has been activ e as a workinlJ them for a distance of about 100 miles . His cowboy. chuchwaqon cook and poetry top drovers were Vincent Crisp. Wallace entertainer. He is very kind . conservative in Nara Visa Cowboy Poetry and Song Gathering. September 20.2003. Bebb and Bill Sutton. a black cowboy who, his lifestyle. and loves to visit". [Durins;! the Jesse Swagerty III. LV. "Vince" Crisp. recipient of the Buck Ramsey incidentally. for awhil e lived seven miles Saturday niqht program at Nara Visa. Heritage Award , and Harry Hopson west of Nara Visa on the Lockney Road. Bill Vincent sanlJ Zebra Dunn and Pun chin' the Emery was the camp cook for the buffalo Dough and recalled that in 1937 he helped Vince Crisp. well-known Union County "Ultimately. there were a total of 11 drive . lJather about 1500 head of cattle. in pouring cowboy. was presented the Buck Ramsey children in the Crisp family. They attended "The trail drive included a chuck down rain. Ioadtnq them on train cars at Heritage Award during the 2003 Nara Visa one-room schools in Thomas and Mansker. walJon and campfires at niqht with sonqs, Nara Visa to be shipped to wheat fields in Cowboy Poetry and Sonq Gath erlng held in The family lived there until the mid-thirti es. stori es and tall tales . Amarillo television Kansas.] Narc Visa. . September 19-21. at which time they relocated to the Otto broadcast seqments of the trail drive and its Vincent Crisp exemplifies the irnaq e of The late Buck Ramsey. Phil Martin and co mmunity west of Clayton. proqress was res;;!ularly reported on the the honest. stalwart. story-tellinq cowboy Andy Wilkinson founded the Gatherinq in "At the aSJe of 13. Vincent Crisp left 'Cotton John' proqrarn. Photographer Bill and is very deserving of the honor he was 1993 at Nara Visa. a small ranch town about home without telling his parents. He joined Rhew extensively documented the event lJiven during the Nara Visa Cowboy Poetry 60 miles south of Clayton. Barely inside the up with a IJroup of cowboys who were lJoinSJ and several articles were published in and Sonq Gatherinq. (Above information New Mexico state line . Nara Visa is just west to drive a herd of horses to the famous 101 newspapers and maqaztnes. The day the from Union County Leader. Clayton. New of what was the western border of the Ranch in northern Oklahoma. While there. buffalo arrived in Clayton was cause for a Mexico. September 23.2003). In 1987. Vince leSJendary XIT Ranch. The Gathering he went to Chandler. Oklahoma, to see his festive celebration. as the drovers herded and his wife Irene were named Old Timers stresses fellowship and conqenialiry and is SJrandparents. A local resident asked if he the buffalo , along with two lead Brahma of the Year during the fourth of July conducted according to the old-time could help the youngster. and Vince said. steers. down Main Street. Fort Jordan celebration in Clayton. Clayton and Union Chautauqua format. It is one of the best­ 'I'm loo hinq for my IJrandfather. Abe operated for several years and was an County. New Mexico. are proud to claim staged. pure cowboy shows in America . In Cardwell. who is she riff here.' The Good important tourist attraction for the town. him as one of their own. 2002, a new feature wa s added to the Samaritan took him to his IJrandparents. "Vincent worked for years penning A portrait of Vincent. painted by New program. the Buck Ramsey Heritage Award, whereby they notified his parents as to his cattle at Five States Livestock Auction and Mexican artis t Mona Tanzola, on loan from to be presented to an individual, family or whereabouts. Vincent had been ~one two was also a brand inspector. He knew the Dr. Hal and Flossie Hopson, is on display at ranch. which reflects the "Spirit of the West." weeks before his parents knew where he small ran chers of the area needed a SJood the Gila ReSJional Medical Center in Silver Criteria and SJuidelines for choosing the had been . market for their cattle and he helped in any City. New Mexico. recipient include: someone from northeast "People who lived through the Dust way he could. In addition. Vince helped New Mexico or northwest ; family Bowl and Depression of the 1930s have many families find a lJood SJentle pony for (Editorial no te: LV. "Vince'' Crisp passed homesteaded in the area; Io nq-terrn interesting memories. Union County. as their young children . away on February 13. 2004. While workinlJ commitment or active participation in part of the five-state area encompassing "At an y opportunity. Vincent can be on his ranch. he suffered a stroke. Born on ranching and the livestock industry; has . Kansas. Oklahoma, Texas and counted on to tell the story of an old -timer. May 2. 191 7. Vincent would hav e been 87 retained many "cowboy" or "western" New Mexico, happened to be one of the or an old-time way of doinq sornethinq. years old on May 2, 2004. He will be SJreatly traditions and culture; he lps promote hardest hit by the Dust Bowl. which Considered by a friend as 'the best educated missed by his family and many fricnds.) tradition to upcoming lJenerations; multi ­ included roller black clouds which blocked engineer I ever met; he Imows lots of ways lJenerational involvement in ranching. out the sun. When dust clouds were the to enqineer projects from Iencinq. Nomina tions for the Buck Ramse y Heritage Award ca n community involvement; neiqhborty, most severe. people soaked sheets and wtndrnillinq. workinlJ cattle. ranqe be submitted to Nara Visa COWboy Music & Poetr y Gath erin q. 54 l Railroad Avenue. Nara Visa. NM 88430. alJricultural producer; responsible in part towels in wat er and hunq them at the doors management or whatever around a ranch. for rangeland management. and Windows in an attempt to keep the dirt He just learned from the older folks he Jesse Swaqerty III. formerly of Clayton, from coming through the cracks. 10nlJ acquainted with the IJreSJarious "Vlncent tells of workinlJ for 50 cents a • •• cowboy. nominated Vince for the day at various jobs. At one time . he was prestiqious award, as did Harr y Hopson of hired by the local bank to travel throuqhout Historical Society of New Mexico Annual the Trianqle Ranch near Mosquero and Joe the Union County area to SJather up Flores. a rancher from Union County. abandoned stray livesto ck. especially cattle. Conference Los Alamos, New Mexico Renee Rinestine presented the award to One incident involved being so thirsty that Vince. with these remarks: he drank brackish water from a lake where Apri122-25, 2004 "In about 1908. Ira Nain Crisp left a Iarqe flock of sheep had just drunk. He Chandler. Oklahoma. and journeyed to was so dehydrated that drinkinSJ after the The Annual Conference of the the central historic district of Los Alamos. Union County, New Mexico, wh ere he sheep did not concern him in the least. Historical Society of New Mexico is co­ The tour will beSJin at the Los Alamos looked for a homestead. He decided on the "Vincent met Irene Christian. whose sponsored by University of New Mexico ­ Historical Museum where participants may Thomas community, south of Clayton, and family had homesteaded in the Otto Los Alamos and the Los Alamos Historical see exhibits representing life on the Pajarito in 1910 brought his wife Minnie and their community around 1911. They married in Soci ety. The Op ening Reception will be at Plateau through the centuries. from early two oldest children by way of train to 1939. worked the Leon Ranch for a few the historic Fuller Lodge in Los Alamos from Indian civilizations to homesteadinq days Texline . Texas. with all their household yea rs. moved to a dugout for a brief period 4:00 to 7:00 p.m. on Thursday. April 22. and through the Ranch School and lJoods in a boxcar. At first. the family lived and later bought 160 acres south of the Historical Society of New Mexico members Manhattan Project periods. The tour in a duqout. improved their homestead and Perico Creek . In the early fifties, they are invit ed to a memorial dinner that continues with fuller Lodge, Romero Cabin . also acquired an additional 160 acres moved to their place on the Sprlnqer evening at Las Colores Restaurant honoring from the homesteading era; Pajarito ruins; nearby. hiSJhway. where they started their cu rrent the 100th birthday of J. Robe rt the Memorial Rose Garden and the houses "They planted field crops and a truck 'Echoing Hoof Ranch.' When the old Oppenheimer. of Bathtub Row. Other tours will include lJarden. Over the years they sold their lJarden elementary school in Clayton was In addition to the sessions on the Bradbury Science Museum, Atomic City produce. milk and butter to families in demolished (now the site of Ranch Market) . Friday and Saturday. there will be several Drlvinq Tour, Bandelier Canyon and the Clayton. One of the main crops in the Thomas Vincent recycled the scrap lumber and brick tours of Los Alamos and the surrounding historic Bandelier CCC Works. area was broomcorn. Vincent and his sibltngs to fashion a museum/home. Inside and out. area on Saturday afternoon. Longtime For further information about the often recall those days of hard work in the the house is a testimony to the history of resident and Los Alamos Historical Soci ety Conference in Los Alamos. please view our fields.especially pulling broomcorn. ranch life. According Swaqerty 'What you Docent Helene Suydam will lead a tour of website: www.hsnrn .orq The East Boundary Line of New Mexico - The Confluence of the Land Claims of Settlers from the American East and from the Mexican West and South By Kendyl K. Monroe

land claims of Mexico and formerly Spain part of the compro mise. was formally all the way west to the Rio Grande for the orqanized as a terri tory (but not a state, as entire length of tha t river from the Gulf of California was). endinq the military Mexico to its headwaters in present ~overnment that had been in effect since Colorado Colorado. thence north on the 106th the Mexican-American War. New Mexico to the Adams -Onis line on the Third. the east boundary of New Mexico 42nd meridian. thence east Iollowing the extende d north on the 103rd meridian Adams-Onis line to the 94th meridian. A beyond the north end of the Texas treaty that was s i ~ n e d in 1836 by the panhandle to the 38th parallel. just south of Mexican dictator Santa Anna . while he was the Arkansas River (which had been the a captive of the Texans . provided only that Adams -Oms treaty line). thence west on the the border. wh ich was to be established later. 38th parallel to the Continental Divide. .'(f.t it would not extend beyond the Rio Grande. thence south alone the Divide to the 37th

( ... That treaty was imm ediately repudiated by parallel. thence west on that parallel. That . " ':: I '~ ~' t: (I n 'J, Mexico . and later by Santa Anna after he had two very interesting consequences -, Texas was freed in 1837. and it never became when the Kansas- Act was enacted ··

" that the treaty was a formal recoqnition of By 1854 the pressures for allowing white its claim to the Rio Grande. settlem ent and the buildinq of railroads to In 1841 Texas sent a trade caravan. California in the unorganized "Indian which may also hav e been a disquised Territory" led to the enactment of the military expedition (that is disputed). to Kansas-Nebraska Act. which created the Santa fe to support its claims. but the Territories of Nebraska and Kansas and expedition was thwarted by i~norance and reduced the Indian Territory to the area dtsaqreernents about the route to be taken. south of what was desiqnated as the south Indian raids. and the ultimate arrest of the border of the Kansas. north of Texas. west of few Texans who manaqed to reach New Arkansas and Missouri. and east of the 100th Mexico and their i~nominious exile to meridian - in short. what is presently East Boundary Line of New Mexico Mexico City. Oklahoma without the panhandle. The In 1846 the annexed Texas south border of Kansa s was initially and initially supported Texas's territorial proposed to be 36 degrees 30 minutes to The history of the east boundary line of ced ed to En~land its claims to all of claims to the Rio Grande in the ensuing war conform with the north border of the Texas New Mexico is an outstandinq example of and all the area in the present United States with Mexico. That war was initially panhandle and the boundary between how political boundaries are more the east of the Mississippi, and france ceded to precipitated by the United States providing Missouri and Arkansas. but it was changed product of practical political and social Spain its claims to all the area west of the military support for Texas's claim that its in the final Iegislation to the 37th parallel for forces than abstract theories of ideal Mississippi, wh ich became known as the sou thern boundary was the Rio Grande. not reasons that are obscure but are thought to ~overnmentjurisdictions or of map-making. Louisiana Territory. In 1800, Spain ceded the Nueces River furth er north. The 1848 relate to an erroneous understandinq of As we will see, the line theoretically lies on the Louisiana Territory back to france in Treaty of Guadalupe-Hildalgo made Texas's where the boundary between the Osage and the 103rd meridian. but the Texas part of the order to provide a buffer between the newly claim to the Rio Grande as its western Cherokee reservations was at the eastern line is in fact about 2-1/2 to 3 miles west of indep endent and expansionist United States boundary moot vis-a-vis Mexico because end of that line. In any event. designating that meridian due to a number of surveyor's and Spain's claims to the area southwest of Mexico ceded to the United States all of New the 37th parallel as the south border of the errors. By all evidence, they were honest Louisiana. The United states had acquired Mexico (which then included Arizona). as Territory of Kansas (which included the part errors, but nevertheless errors that had in the Revolutionary War all of Enqlend's well as California and Utah. of present Colorado east of the Rocky important practical consequences, which claims to the area east of the Mississippi, In 1848Texas passed l e~islation creating Mountains that had not been included in were recognized and protected when the because west of the Appalachian Mountains the "County of Santa Fe" out of what is now New Mexico in the 1850 Compromise) line with Texas was finally and officially the Revolutionary War had actually been a most of eastern New Mexico. and sent created a corner in that border at the 103rd established in 1913. To understand and war of conquest by the American Colonists commissioners to Santa fe in that year and meridian. That corner existed from 1854 appreciate fully why the 103rd meridian alJainst En16land which the Americans won. al6ain in 1850 to organize a SJovernrnem of until the Territory of Colorado was created became the east boundary of New Mexico, In a classic diplomatic double-cross. two the county. but the commissioners were in 1861 in part out of the portion of Kansas and then was moved 2-1/2 to 3 miles west to years after Spa in ceded Louisiana to France refused recoqnition by two successive U.S. that was west of the 102nd meridian and the accommodate Texas but not Oklahoma. it is to protect Spain's southwest claims from the military lJovernors of New Mexico. portion of New Mexico that was north of the necessary to 160 back to the earliest days of United States. Franc e. needing money for The Compromise of 1850 defined the 37th parallel. the Spanish, french. and later American another war. sold Louisiana to the United boundaries of Texas. which had not been Desiqnatinq the 37th parallel as the exploration and settlement of the area west States. specifically defined when Texas was south border of Kansas also created a 30­ of the Mississippi River. The Louisiana Purchase treaty didn't admitted to the Union in 1846 as a slave deqree wide area between the north end of The l03rd Meridian Boundary establish boundaries. but Jefferson claimed state. and those definitions had a number of the Texas panhandle and the south end of The Spanish settlements in New Mexico that the western boundary extended to the very interesting conseque nces. First. the Kansas east of the New Mexico border and were confined lar~ely to the Rio Grande Rio Grande. which clearly conflicted with north border of the Texas panhandle was west of the 100th meridian - the area that is valley. b elJinnin~ with Onate's pion eering Spain's claims and its lon~ occupation of the limited to the 36 degree 30 minute North now the Ok lahoma panhandle. That area colony in 1598. and be~innin~ a~ain with Rio Grande valley. Some unofficial maps latitude. which was the historic Mason ­ was not part of any orqanized territorial the Spanish reconquest in 1693 after the show the southern boundary of the Dixon line of the 1820Missouri Compromise ~overnment before the Territory of 1680 Pueblo Revolt had expelled the Louisiana Purchase as following a line just north of which slavery was not permitted in Oklahoma was organized in 1890 by Spanish. (That. incidentally. was the only south of the Red River (which presumably the Louisiana Territory other than in cornbininq the area with what remained of successful expulsion by Native Americans of included the areas drained by that river's Missouri. The territory north and east of the the Indian Territory to the east. which European settlers in the history of the tributaries) all the way to that river's Texas panhandle as thus defined belonged initially was not contiguous. That's why European settlement of the United Star es.) headwaters in the area of present-da y to the United States as part of the Louisiana after 1854 and before 1890 the area was Spain's territorial claims to the wider areas Amarillo. Texas. thence to the Rocky Purchase. but it had no territorial popularly called "No-Man's Land ." although that it explored both east and west of the Rio Mountains and northward from there. That ~overnment because it had been reserved as the official name was the Public Land Strip. Grande. starting with Coronado's boundary question was settl ed . at least "Indian Territory" for Native Americans from Its west boundary was the 103red meridian­ exploration of the eastern plains as early as temporarily. in the 1819 Adams -Onis Treaty both the east and west side of the Mississippi the New Mexico border - and its east 1540. were not clearly defined before the where. in exchange for Spain ceding to the River. and white settlement was forbidden boundary was the 100th meridian north of french beqan infiltrat inq from the east via United States all of Spain's claims to Florida, but was actually be~innin~ to occur by 1850. the Texas panhandle and south of the the Mississippi River and its western the United Stat es ceded to Spain all of the I'll have more to say abo ut that shortly. Kansas border. tributaries. United States' claims southwest of a line Second. and now at last I'm ~ett in~ to Why the Texas-New Mexico Boundary is La Salle discovered the Ohio River in wh ich followed the Sabine River north to the specific topic of this talk but you 'll 2-1/2 to 3 Miles West of the l03rd 1669. but there is no evidence that he went the 94th meridian. thence north on that readily see why the fore~oin~ history is Meridian down the Mississippi at that time as he later meridian to the Red River. thence west on hi~hly relevant. the Compromise of 1850 Now the surveyors start to play their claimed. Joliet traveled down most but not tha t river (the present north boundary of created the Territory of New Mexico (which role in this history. In 1857 Lt. Col. Joseph E. all of the Mississippi in 1672. and Marquette east Texas) to the 100th meridian. thence included Arizona until 1863)and established Johnson of the first Calvary of the U.S. founded Kaskaskia at the confluence of the north on that meridian (the present east the 103rd meridian as the boundary Army surveyed the southern border of the Illinois and the Mississippi Rivers in 1673. boundary of the Texas panhandle) to the between New Mexico and Texas. That was Kansas Territory. and located and Most important. in 1682 La Salle made it to Arkansas River. thence west on that river to the first and final official designatton of the monumented the corner at the intersection the mouth of the Mississippi. and the 105th meridian. thence north on that boundary between the land claims of the of the 37th parallel with the 103rd meridian. ceremoniously proclaimed all the lands meridian to the 42nd parallel. thence west two quite different sources of European Meridians were especially difficult (in drained by the Mississippi and its tributaries on that parallel to the Pacific Ocean alonq settlement of the southwest - the Americans comparison with parallels) to identify as the "country of Louisiana" in the name of what later became the north boundaries of from the east and the Mexicans and Spanish precisely with the technology that was the French Kinq Louis XIv. A subsequent Utah. Nevada . and California. from the west and south. It was a pure available at that time. which consisted French charter to colonizers described the In 1821 Mexico became independent political compromise. New Mexico had primarily of observinq sun. moon. and star west boundary of Louisiana as "New from Spain and opened commerce with the claim ed in a statehood constitution adopted elevations at precise times of precise dat es Mexico" without defining that boundary. United States. which Spain had previously by a convention in the summer of 1850 that and usinq charts of predicted positions. The and described the south boundary as the forbidden. That led immediately and the boundary should be the 100th meridian, earliest surveyors also had vast "Rio Grande del Norte ." New Orleans was directly to the development of the Santa fe but New Mexico was not well represented in unpopulated and urunvltinq areas to cover. founded as the capital of Louisiana in about Trail as a trade route. the neqotiatlons of the 1850 Compromise so it is not surprising that Joh nson's 1720. In 1835-1837. the Republic of Texas because it had a military ~overnment and monument was later determined to be Spain. which had settled Florida as well became independent from Mexico. didn't have a representative in Conqress. about 2-1/2 miles west of the 103rd as New Mexico. of course disputed France's Although the territory of the Republic which for a ~reein~ to the 103rd meridian. Texas meridian. Due to a similar surveyor's error. claims. In 1762, at the end of the war that was recognized by the United States was the was paid $10 million by the United States to the boundary between Colorado and was called the French and Indian War in area in east Texas that had been settled (at enable Texas to pay the debts it had incurred Kansas is about three miles west of the and the Seven Years War in the invitation of Mexico) by Austin and as an independent Republic in the Texas 102nd meridian. which was stated to be the Europe. and which some historians consider other American colonizers. the Republic Revolution and the Mexican-American War. boundary in the 1861 le~islation creatinq to be the first truly world-wide war, france itself claimed that it was the successor to the New Mexico (which included Arizona). as its the Territory of Colorado.

continued on paqe 3 2 In 1858 the United States appointed lonqitude to the thirty-second parallel .. . to Ehud N. Darling. field Notes of the Survey Mexico. House Report 1883. 61st Conq .. 3d John H. Clark and Texas appointed William the point marked by said Clark as the of the 37th Parallel of North Latitude. So far Sess. (January 11, 1911). UCHS R. Scurry as Commissioners to survey the southeast corner of New Mexico: and as it Constitutes the North Boundary of New Texas-New Mexico border. They started at thence west with the thirty-second deqree of Mexico. Commencing at the 103Degree and JOint Resolution of Congress Reaffirminq the intersection of the Rio Grande with the north latitude as determined by said Clark Terrntnannq at the 109 Degree of West the Boundary Line Between Texas and the 32nd parallel. and surveyed and marked the to the Rio Grande." That Resolution also from Greenwich (1868). U.S. Territory of New Mexico. 61st Cong .. 3d 32nd parallel to a point that they authorized the appointment of General Land Office "Old Case 'F' file" Sess. (enacted February 16.1911). UCHS determined was the 103rd meridian. which Commissioners to remark the boundary. Records. Item 74. point was later determined to be about 3 and where no survey had been made by Joint Resolution of Congress to Admit the miles in error. also to the west like Johnson's Clark (which the Commissioners Ehud N. Darlins. field Notes. Computations. Territories of New Mexico and Arizona as error. At about that time Scurry withdrew determined was between the 33rd and 34th and final Results of Astronomical Work States into the Union upon an Equal footing from the survey. and Clark alone surveyed parallels) directed the Commissioners to run Made for the Establishment of the 37th with the Original States. 61st Conq .. 3d Sess. and marked a line north from that point to a straight line between the nearest points Parallel of North Latitude So far as It (August 21. 191 1). Reproduced in Richard about the 33rd parallel. where he that had been determined by Clark . The Constitutes the North Boundary of New N. EIIis. ed. . New MexiCO Historical abandoned the survey "for lack of water." In Joint Resolution adopted by Congress on Mexico from the 103 Decree to 109 Degree Documents (1975). p. 87. MC 1859 Clark and a newly -appointed Texas August 21, 1911 . to admit New Mexico and of West Longitude from Greenwich (1868). Commissioner proceeded to the northwest Arizona as states specifically conditioned U.S. General Land Office "Old Case 'F' file" Estimate of Appropriations, Texas-New corner of Texas. which Clark sited on the the admission of New Mexico on its Records. Item 75. Mexico Boundary Line. House Document 103rd meridian at its intersection with 36 acceptance of the terms and conditions of 726. 62nd Conq .. 2d Sess. (May 2. 1912). delJrees 30 minutes by extending a line 30 the february Joint Resolution. The August John J. Major. Astronomical Observations UCHS minutes south from the Johnson monument Resolution is reproduced in a book titled and Computations and field Notes of the on the 37th parallel with its built-in 2-1/2 New Mexico Historic Documents (1975). Survey of That Portion of the Southern 1. Evetts Haley. The XIT Ranch of Texas (1921. mile westward error. Clark may have been edited by Richard N. Ellis. which is in the Boundary of Colorado Territory Included new edition 1953). MC familiar with that monument because an Monroe Collection at the Thompson Public Between the 25th Meridian West from astronomer with the Johnson survey was Library in Clayton. New Mexico . Washinqton and the 103rd Meridian West P.M. Baldwin. "A Historical Note on the named ''J.H. Clark." who may have been the The resurvey of the Texas-New Mexico from Greenwich. Also of that Portion of the Boundaries of New Mexico." V. New Mexico same Clark . Clark and the Texas boundary was made by francis M. Cockrell. Eastern Boundary of the Territory of New Historical Review 117 (April 1930). MC Commissioner then surveyed south from Commissioner on the part of the United Mexico lying between the 36 Degree 30 that corner to the 34th parallel. where the States. and Sam R. Scott. Commissioner on Minute and 37 Decree Parallel of North Geo . W Martin. "The Boundary Lines of survey was abandoned due alJain to lack of the part of Texas. commencing on April 11. Latitude (1873), U.S. General Land Office Kansas." XL Collections of the Kansas State water. and also to impassable sand hills and 1911. and completed on September 26. "Old Case 'F File" Records. Item 19. Historical Society 53 (1910). UCHS "troublesome" Indians. 1911. and their report was prepared in In 1862. with the Civil War in full sway. triplicate; the oriqlnal was for the U.S. Richard O. Chaney and William W Smith. Nyle H. MiIIer. "Surveying the Southern Clark's work was terminated after he had General Land Office in Washington D.C.. field Notes of the Survey of the Public Boundary Line of Kansas: From the Private filed several partial reports but no complete and the duplicate and triplicate copies were Lands Lying Between 36 Degrees 30 Minutes Journal of Col. Joseph E. Johnson." 1. The report. and the Texas Commissioner filed no for the Governors of Texas and New Mexico. and 37 Degrees North Latitude and 100 Kansas Historical Quarterly 104 (1932). report at all - the Clark survey was therefore The Report states that the surveyors were Deqrees and 103 Degrees West Loncitude. UCHS not officially accepted by the United States "frequently under conditions and Known as the "Public Land Strip" (1881-2) and Texas lJovernments as the lelJislation circumstances unpleasant and (14 vols.), U.S. General Land Office "Old fred floyd. " Boundaries of the Panhandle authorizlnq the survey had provided for. disagreeable." Many of the Clark Case 'f' File" Records. Item 104. of Oklahoma." in John W Morris. ed .. But portions of the Clark line were referred monuments were difficult to find because Boundaries of Oklahoma (1980). UCHS to in Congressional legislation in 1891 they were not at regular intervals and were F.P Levenworth. Astronomical Observations defining the boundaries of the Public Land made of stone or earth. The diagonal line and Calculations for the Determination of francis Parkman. france and England in Strip which was included in the Territory of between the points on the 33rd and 34th the 103 Deqrees West Longitude from North America (2 vols.. Literary Classics of Oklahoma. and in surveys made by various parallels that Clark hadn't surveyed - those Greenwich. made near Las Animas. Bent the United States reprint 1983). MC surveyors other than Clark in 1872. 1881. points would not have intersected in any County. Colorado (188I) . UCHS 1883. and 1892-99. event because the north line had a 2-1/2 Theodore Roosevelt. The Winninl1 of the Now the XIT Ranch enters the history of mile error and the south line had a 3 mile Howard B.Carpenter. Oriqlnal field Notes of West (4 vols.. 1889-96). MC the boundary line. The Texas Constitution error - is so slilJht that it is not visible on the Re-survey of the Boundary Line of 1876 provided for reserving 3.050.000 most maps of the present Texas-New Mexico Between the State of Colorado and the Ray Allen Billtnqton and Martin RidlJe. A acres of land to pay for constructing a State border. but it is plainly Visible on large scale Territories of New Mexico and Oklahoma History of the American frontier (5th Capitol building (50.000 acres were included maps. On July 25. 1913. President Taftwrote (1902). U.S. General Land Office "Old Case edition. 1982). MC to pay the architects' fees). The land was to the final chapter in the history of the Texas­ 'F' file" Records. Item 23. be granted to a group of Chicago investors New Mexico boundary by issuinq an Noel M. Loomis. The Texan-Santa Fe who organized the Capitol Company and Executive Order approving and establishing Howard B. Carpenter. Examination of the Pioneers (1958). MC agreed to pay the cost of constructlnq the the findings. conclusions. and acts or the Re-survey of the South Boundary of Capitol and to look for the return of their 1911 Commissioners "for the establishment Colorado...Also Notes of Observations and David J. Weber. The Soanish frontier in investment and any profit to come from anew and further demarcation of the Computations of Astronomical North America (1992). developing and selling the land as ranches. boundary line between New Mexico and Examination (1902-3) (two sets of notes in Texas leqislation in 1879 designated 5 Texas." one vol .), U.S. General Land Office "Old Richard White. Its Your Misfortune and million acres. starting at the northwest The New Mexico Archivist wasn't able to Case 'F' file" Records. Item 24. None of My Own: A New History of the corner of the panhandle and extendinq locate New Mexico's copy of the 1911 American West (1991). south for 200 miles adjacent to the New Commissioners Report. After tenacious AD. Kidder. Records Relating to the Mexico border. as the land from which the effort. a research assistant in the WashinlJton Northwest Boundaries of Texas (1902-3) (5 Martin Ridge. Atlas of American frontiers 3.050.000 acres were to be selected by the office of my former law firm located the U.S. records in one vol.). U.S. General Land (1993). Capitol Company. The land that was original of the Report in the dead storage Office "Old Case 'F file" Records. Item 109. selected included all or parts of eleven records of the National Archives and Alan Wexler. Atlas of Westward Expansion counties in Texas. which is recognized in the Records Administration in College Park . MD. A.D. Kidder. Report of the Astronomical (1995). name XIT - XI for eleven and T for Texas. It had a microfilm of the Report made at Investlqation of the Texas. New Mexico. and was surveyed in 1880 by J.T. Munson usinq considerable expense to me. and Oklahoma Boundary Lines (1903). UCHS Robert M. Utley. The Indian Frontier of the Clark's northwest corner as the startinq painstakingly made two paper copies of all American West 1846-1890 (1984). point. 807 paces of the Report. I have donated to AD . Kidder. Dlaqrams Showing Relative In 1881. Richard 0. Chaney and William the Herzstein Memorial Museum of the POSitions of True Corner Monuments and Ted Morgan, A Shovel of Stars: The Makin~ W Smith surveyed the Public Land Strip (No Union County Historical Society in Clayton. Meridians and Parallel Lines as Compared of the American West 1800 to the Present Man's Land) and determined that Clark's New Mexico. one paper copy of the Report. with Those Established in Previous Surveys (1995). northwest corner of Texas was about 2-1/2 a written copy of this talk. and copies of a of the Texas. New Mexico. and Oklahoma miles west and slilJhtly north of the correct number of the sources and references that Boundary Line (1902-3). UCHS Kendyl K. Monroe. SmaIl Worlds (1994). MC site. and that Johnson's monument on the are listed at the end of the written copy of former Kansas border (which by then had this talk. with the clear understandinq that AD. Kidder. Dtaqrem Attached to field KKM become the Colorado border and did not they will be carefully protected. preserved. Notes (1903). UCHS have any corner at the 103rd meridian. but and made appropriately accessible. I have continued west on the 37th parallel) donated the microfilm and the second francis M. Cockrell and Sam R. Scott. contained a comparable error. They placed paper copy of the 1911 Report to the New Report Upon the Resurvey and Location of Kendyl K. Monroe was born and raised in the Public Land Strip boundary with New Mexico State Archives . I have also donated the Boundary Line Between the State of Clayton. New Mexico. He received his Mexico correctly at the 103rd meridian. In a written copy of this talk to the Cimarron Texas and New Mexico (1911). U.S. General bachelor and law degrees from Stanford 1902-03. AD. Kidder resurveyed the north County (Oklahoma) Historical Society. Land Office "Old Case 'F' file" Records . Item University. then lived and worked in New border of the Texas panhandle and 110. UCHS York City for 34 years where he practiced confirmed the error of Clark's corner. Sources and References WaIl Street law. During this time . he So in 1910. when it had at last become Lee S. Miller. field Notes of the Re­ restored an 1866 smqle-Iarntly politically feasible for New Mexico to be Note: UCHS denotes that the document is establishment of Monument NO.1 on Clark's brownstone house in Greenwich ViIIage. admitted as a state of the United States. a available at the Herzstein Memorial Museum Thirty-second Parallel of North Latitude. In addition. Monroe chaired the Board of constitutional convention proposed to the of the Union County Historical Society in Formtnq the Boundary Between Texas and the Greenwich VilIalJe Society for Historic New Mexican voters a constitution that Clayton. New Mexico. and MC denotes that New Mexico (1911). U.S. General Land Preservation for many years. He also provided that New Mexico's eastern the document is available in the D.O. and Office "Old Case 'f' File" Records. Item 111. chaired a qroup that preserved 5.000 boundary was the 103rd meridian. That lJot Helen K. Monroe Collection at the Albert W UCHS acres of wilderness in the Adirondack the Texans excited. and especially the XIT Thompson Memorial Library in Clayton. Mountains. After retiring from his law Ranch which had sold land in the area that New Mexico. New Mexico Boundary Line. Senate Report practice in 1994. he and his Wife. the New Mexico disputed. and they persuaded ­ 940. 61st Conq .. 3d Sess. (December 19. former Barbara Sayre. built a Santa fe today we would say lobbied - President Index to the U.S. General Land Office "Old 1910). UCHS style home on the historic Sayre family William Howard Taft to lJet Conqress to pass Case 'f' file" Records in the U.S. National ranch 37 miles north of Clayton. They a Joint Resolution. which was enacted on Archives (1952). UCHS MessalJe from the President of the United acquired and restored the nearby historic february 16. 1911, declaring in a States to the Senate and House of El Valle Escondido Ranch. once the masterpiece of legislative double-talk that Records of the United States and Texas Representatives Transmitting a country home of Raymond Huff. the boundary would begin at the Boundary as Surveyed by John H. Clark. Communication Relating to the Boundary Superintendent of the Clayton Schools intersection of the 103rd meridian and 36 United States Commissioner. Under the Between New Mexico and Texas. H.R. Doc. from June 1920 through December 1950. deqrees 30 minutes "as determined and Provisions of the Act of Congress Approved 1076, 61st Cone.. 3d Sess. (December 21. Monroe currently serves as a member of fixed by John H. Clark," thence would run June 5. 1858 (5 vols.). U.S. General Land 1910). UCHS the board of directors of the New Mexico south "with the line run by said Clark for the Office "Old Case 'f' file" Records. Item 108. Heritaqe Preservation Alliance and is on said one hundred and third deqree of Boundary Line Between Texas and New the board of many other orqantzations.

3 • •

This Newspaper is published by Non-Profit Organization

HISTORICAL SOCIETY U.S. POSTAGE PAID Of La Crol1ica Sant a Fe, New Mexico NEW MEXICO 87501 Po. Box 1912 Nuevo Mexico Permit No. 95 Santa Fe. New Mexico 87504 oe Number 61 EDITOR John P. Conro n HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF NEW MEXICO ASSOCIATE EDITOR Carle en Lazzell Post Office Box 1912 OffiCERS Santa Fe, New Mexico 87504 Rick Hendri chs - President Richard Melzer - 1st Vice President Nancy Dimit Lopez - 2nd Vice President Joh n Port er Bloom - Secretary TO: Mic hael Stevenson - Treasur er

DIRECTORS Joh n P Conro n Austin Hoover Carleen Lazzell Estevan Rael-Galve z ~ n es a Reeve Andres J. Se!iiuw Ma\lQie Espin osa McDonald -Past Presid ent

The opi nions exp ressed in si~ ne d arti cles are not necessarily tho se of the Hlstor lcel SOC iety of New Mexi co . Mention of a produc t. service or professional in these columns is no t 10 be considered an endors eme nt of that produ ct. servi ce or profession by the Histor ical Society of New Mexico. www.hs'nrrr.org • • BOOK REVIEW: their cowboy tales . BOOK REVIEW: southeast New Mexico's most important Zimmer recently retired as Director of commercial and residential center. 'Cowboy Days: Stories of the New Mexico Philmont Museum. a position he had held Captain Joseph C. Lea. from Confederate The second half of this bOOR concentrates Ran!6e sinc e 1975. In addition to his newest bOOR . Guerilla to New Mexico Patriarch on Captain Lea's role in the Lincoln County By Stephen Zimmer he co-wrote Philmont: An Illustrated History By Elvis E. Flernlnq . War. his efforts at cattle ranching, and the Illustrated by Justin Wells (1988) and compiled and edited for Good (Las Cruces:Yucca Tree Press. 2002 ). 260 pp .. travails of the famous Lea Cattle Company. (Santa Fe: Zon International Publlshinq Co.. or Bad: People of the Cimarron Country photos. bibliography. index. $25 .00 cloth. Of inte rest to this reader is the apparent fact 2003) 144 pp .. 40 illustrations. (I 999). His short stories have also been Re\7iewed by Robert J. Torrez that either Lea was not very !600d at To ord er:($11. 95 plus $3. s/h) published in popular rnaqazines such as ranching or met with more than his share of Double Z Bar Ranch Western Horseman and Cowboy Ma!6azine. Seventeen of New Mexico's thirty-three ranchtnc misfortune. The vastness of his Rt. I. Box 51 Illustrator Justin Wells. a well known counties are named in honor of the famous enterprises may have ~iven the appearance Cimarron. NM 8771 4 western artist is a member of the Texas and infamous. Several of these. such as of success. but his Lea Cattle Company went (505) 483-5054 Cowboy Artist Association. His drawings Lincoln and Grant. are named for through an enormous amount of money. can be found in numerous publications presidents and other Widely admired and few of his financial backers saw any Stephen Zimme r's latest book. Cowboy including the cookboof Chuczwaqon national figures . Nine are named for local return on their investments. Days, is reminescent of stori es told by the Recipes (1994) and Western Horseman. New Mexico political or business leaders. However. Lea's life was much !6reater than late Col. Jack Potter aka "Lead Steer" Potter. Wells lives in Amarillo. Texas. where he EI\7is E. Fleming's ei~hth bOOR on the history his cattle enterprise. Flerninq reviews his Usin!6 colorful lan !6ua!6e to describe raises and trains Quarter Horses. of southeast New Mexico and west Texas. is more Jasttnq contributions. such as his role everyday events and real people. Zimmer's Cowboy Days is a bOOR that can be about the life and times of one of these in the establishment of Chaves County in depi ctions of New Mexico ranch life are enjoyed by people of all a~ es anr' all walks select ~fOup of men - Joseph E. Lea (1841 ­ 1889 and the naming of Roswell as the seat vivid. Col' Pott er wrote in the first person. as of life. not just fans of the "cowboy way of 1905). the "father of Roswell" and namesake of the new county. His family's role in the does Zimme r, which lends authenticity to life". CL of Lea County. established in 1917. establishment of the Goss Military Institute The subtitle of this bOOR. "from in 1891 and its subsequent development as Confederate Guerilla to New Mexico today's New Mexico Military Institute is Patriarch". describes only a portion of the fascinating reading. material presented here. fferntnc beqins Some portions of the bOOR may prove Joseph C. Lea's story. with a substantial confusing to readers as he wades though amount of bacR!6round on Lea's direct the back~round on many individuals who ancestors and the families of his th ree touched the life of Captain Joseph C. Lea. wives . The bOOR traces Lea's early life in However, this bacR~round often proves Tennessee and their move West to Missouri im portant to understanding the often in 1849. This move and the subsequent complicated personal and financial aspects Sectional Strife of the period shaped J. C. of Lea's life. There are also no footnotes. Lea's life for the following two decades. Instead. the au thor refers to his sources During the Civil War. Lea fought vi!6orously within the text (a nd lists th em in the on the side of the Confederacy. ridin~ with btbliocraphy). often utilizin~ the terms. William Clarke Cantrell and Joseph O. "accordlnq to" and ".. .[so and so] claims Sibley's Bri~ade . Towards the war's end. Lea that.. ." It tOOR this reader some time to ~et served with the Louisiana State Troops. used to this form of story telling . but others conducting raids on Union forces while may find it a refreshtns change from the dressed in federal uniforms. Among the more formal footnoting. individuals he rode with durinq his Captain Joseph C. Lea touched the lives of "IJueriIIa" phase. was Thomas "Cole" many individuals who played a role in the Younger. who may have been a distant history of territorial New Mexico. In one relative. chapter alone. Lea's relationship with men Lea moved to Colfax County in New such as J. 1. Hagerman. George Curry. Mexico territory in 1875 and tried his hand PatricR Garrett. and Charles B. Eddy are ••• at ranching there before maRin~ his mentioned in the opening paragraphs. Two fortuitous move to southeast New Mexico. of these men were subsequent ~overnors of By this time. Roswell had been founded New Mexico . Three of them had towns or Letters from Vietnam Sought nearly a decade earlier by Van e. Smi th. A counties names after them. and of co urse. si~nificant portion of this bOOR is devoted to we all Rnow the fame that Garrett achieved. New Mexicans who ser ved in the been liRe in a time and place that now seem reviewinq this apparent inconsistence in the Captain Lea certainly walked among many Vietnam War can playa role in an exciting 10n!6 ago and far awa y - except for those Roswell story J.e. Lea may be have come to of the ~iants of that time and place in our publi c project coming to the University of who served. be considered the "Father of Roswell.' but he history. Elvis Fleming provides us with a New Mexico campus in October 2004. Veterans and their families are was not the "founder" of the town. I'leminq comprehensive. although probably not Vietnam: Voices and Visions Unfiltered is a encouraged to 100R for these written does an admirable job of describing Sm ith's definitive. 100R at this Civil War !6uerilla. multi-component symposium that will memories and to send copies to project (as well as other individuals) contribution to rancher. entrepreneur. empire builder. provide a public history of the Vietnam War. director Brian McKinsey in Albuquerque. the early history of the Roswell area . Lea's husband and fath er. This is an important thirty years after the American withdrawal. McKinsey feels the written words from fame and contributions derive from the addition to our Rnowled~e and Organiz ed by veterans and funded in decades a~o will be embraced by new subsequent development of Roswell from a understanding of the history of southeast part by the New Mexico Endowment for the gen erations. stop alone the Goodnlqht-Loving Trail into New Mexico. RJT Humanities and private contributions. this McKinsey is hoping to collect the letters project is desiqned to provide insights into by July 1. If you have questions or want to the personal experiences of this war ­ Rnow more about the project. contact him insights that most people have never at (505) 344 -7383 or e-mail to encountered or have forgott en . [email protected]. One of the major components of the Vietnam: Voices and Visions Unfiltered symposium will be an exhibit of letters is scheduled in several venues at the writt en home by New Mexicans ser ving in University of New Mexico and in other Vietnam. Now bein ~ collected. thes e letters Albuquerque locations from October 15. will provide first-pers on accounts of the 200 4 through January 16. 2005 . Other fears . danqers and drudqeries of war. !6ivin~ components of the project include art and today's readers a sens e of what it must have photography exhibits. and much more. 4