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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 10, Issue 02, February 2019, pp. 561–570, Article ID: IJMET_10_02_058 Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJMET?Volume=10&Issue=2 ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359

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FABLES TO DIGITALISATION - SPECIAL FOCUS ON C. S. LEWIS' CHRONICLES OF

Elizabeth Biju PhD (EPT), Department of English, School of Social Sciences, VIT University, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India

Dr. K. Meenakshi Professor, Department of English, School of Social Sciences, VIT University, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India

ABSTRACT The present article highlights the popularity of Children’s literature, with a special focus on the works of C.S. Lewis, and how it serves as a tool of instruction, interaction and delight to the young minds. The main context of the article i.e. folktales and is discussed, taking into consideration the most important and novel of C.S. Lewis, The , the Witch and the Wardrobe. The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, though popularly considered as Children’s Literature is used to entertain children and young adults alike. It goes on to trace how the book was converted into its digitalized form as The Chronicles of Narnia. Thereafter, the article makes a concise analysis of the development of the themes as well as the symbols used in the movie followed by a discussion of the elements and style adopted in the movie which showcases how contemporary society adopts fables. The conclusion pictures the growth of fables to digitalization, the making of the movie, a brief history of the book adaptation, impact and reception of the book and movie, along with the identification of the positive and negative evaluation of the film. In addition to this, a comparison of the book and the movie is made. The plot of the novel has been analyzed in terms of its depiction of various linguistic patterns, correct usage of grammar and rhythmic arrangement of words with alluring nature. Furthermore, it is represented in the thesis how the fantasy elements developed by the author convincingly replaces true life by his measured strategies and creates an entirely new world for the target audience to revel in are discussed. The author creates such artistic worlds with such minute and accurate details that the real world gets obliterated in the reader’s mind at times.

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Key words: Children’s literature, C.S. Lewis, instruction, interaction and delight. Cite this Article: Elizabeth Biju, Dr. K. Meenakshi, Fables to Digitalisation- Special Focus on C. S. Lewis' Chronicles of Narnia, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology 10(2), 2019, pp. 561–570. http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJMET?Volume=10&Issue=2

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Folktales and Fables in India Folktale, also known as folklore consists of stories which are gathered from various cultures that are orally narrated and passed down generations. Folklore was the term that was coined by a British antiquaridelian, William John Thoms in 1846 and this term became popular all around the word and has also influenced many scholars. Folklore studies were introduced in many countries and was given a new coinage called folkloristic. The term ‘folk’ as such signifies a group that can either be small or big which comprise people with similar backgrounds with respect to region, state, city, village or ethnicity, race, religion, or occupation, etc. Groups can be formed by any particular set of people like the elite class, regional village group, musicians, writers, factory workers, corporate workers etc. whose day-to-day life, practices and beliefs can lend its background to a story. Dr. Praphulladatta Goswami was the first Indian folklorist to be invited as a visiting professor to the prestigious Indiana University in USA in 1963. The other Indian folklorists who contributed immensely to the study of folklore are Devendra Satyarthi, Krishnadev Upadhayaya, Jhaberchand Meghani, Praphulladutta Goswami, Ashutosh Bhattacharya, Kunja Bihari Dash, Chitrasen Pasayat, Somnath Dhar, Ramgarib Choube and Jagadish Chandra Trigunayan among others. Collection of folktales from Akbar Birbal, Vikram Betal, Singhassan Battisi and Tenali Raman series gives a cultural perspective and moral understanding to the readers. In the collection of stories featuring Akbar and Birbal, Akbar, the Mughal king had Birbal as his advisor. Instruction, interaction and delight have been embedded in all the tales of Akbar Birbal. In the story ‘The Pot of the Wit’ from the collection, King Akbar sends around a pot to all the villages, instructing the villagers to fill the pot with wit and if they fail to do so, they must fill the pot with diamonds and jewels. Only Birbal was able to meet this stipulation which he does by filling the pot by growing a watermelon. This story serves a dual purpose – the reader is able to experience delight in the witty interaction and the counter action between Akbar and Birbal. At the same time, a valuable moral lesson for life is also being doled out to the readers. Akbar’s hasty decision to send away Birbal is a mistake on his part which is rectified by Birbal’s wit and presence of mind.

2. ONSET OF DIGITALIZATION In our day-to-day life, technical advancement in the devices and digitalization has created huge impacts. In the present modern world, online presence is a must and newer technical devices are being developed continuously for improving the quality of life. In the past, children either read or listened to the stories in the textual format. These stories conjured up vivid pictures in their imagination and they created visual images of the story in their minds which allowed them to assimilate and arrive at the moral behind these stories. As the world started growing in a versatile way so did the concept of storytelling change drastically from year to year. At first, stories were printed in the papers and either the children themselves or their parents would read from it. Later, illustrations by skilled artists were included in the stories so that children were attracted towards reading the book. As technology started

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJMET 562 [email protected] Fables to Digitalisation- Special Focus on C. S. Lewis' Chronicles of Narnia advancing by leaps and bounds, the printing format was also improved. The pictures were no more black and white, but were multi-coloured. So many children started buying story books with illustrations. In the last stage of 20th century, animation came into being and all the existing stories got a facelift. The evolution of computer technology opened a new window by using graphics to illustrate the characters in these stories, which enabled children to enjoy immensely who are by nature attracted to colorful toys, . Hence, The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, a British American movie released in 2005 was an instant hit with adults and children alike. This movie was directed by . William Moseley, , and are the important casting members who played the role of Peter, Edmund, Susan and Lucy. This movie was co-produced by and . In early 1990s, producers Frank Marshall and Kathleen Kennedy got the idea of making the movie version of this book but it was difficult for them to find an appropriate place in British to shoot the movie in 1996 and the technology was quite weak then. In 2001, Walden media proclaimed that rights to produce the movie version of The Chronicles of Narnia has been obtained by them. Rhythm & Hues is an American visual effects and animation company which enabled the movie to be captured in a more realistic way. The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe had a huge character list with almost 67 unique characters to build on-screen. This movie turned out to be Rhythm and Hues’s largest creation of character sketches till date. From the beginning, it became evident that the technical team had to develop new software to simulate hair and to provide stiff hair and also to show hair – hair interaction. Hair-Hair interaction was an essential feature for simulating hair. If there is no hair-hair interaction, the hair would possibly loss its appealing features and it might move against each other in an unpleasant way, thus losing its feature. Spring model method is used for hair-hair simulation. Spring force is used for hair segmentation. When a particular hair is about to approach the other hair, spring force is applied which helps to repel the hairs close by that is coming together with some other hair. There are different criteria to measure the quantity of spring force like distance, velocity and strength of hair interaction. There are many scenes in the movie that have been shot under windy atmosphere and hence the next challenging task for them is controlling the wind movement. In some scenes, the motion of wind is satisfying like a breezy environment and some has inappropriate wind condition. So, this has to be controlled by using wind simulation. There are two methods for effective wind control. Firstly, the wind force is applied with some dynamic qualities to move the guide hairs. Secondly, ‘pelt wind’, a tool that has recently been developed provides a subtle motion to the hair. When comes out his tent, various simulation effects have been used. There are three types of simulation used for this scene. They are 1. hair simulation for Aslan’s mane 2. cloth simulation for curtain and 3. simulation of hair with grass dynamics. Simulation effects are also used for many other clothing like skirts, cape etc…cloth simulation and hair simulation are blended together to provide the desired output to the audience. In the final battle, the crowd contains more than 60 unique characters like , , , cheetahs, , horses, boars, ankle slicers, dwarfs, etc. Each and every character holds some properties like helmets, swords, shields, scabbards, flails, etc. to be animated and simulated. The visual complexity is simplified by using various tools and techniques. In the novel The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, instruction, interaction and delight are embedded effectively. The very first instruction in the novel was the one given by Mr. Tumnus when Lucy was captured by him in his house who stated that he was ordered by the Queen of Narnia, the that if he ever came across a human in the forest i.e. son of

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Adam or daughter of , he was supposed to capture them and hand them over to the Queen. The most significant instruction was the prophecy that when two sons of Adam and two daughters of Eve were crowned as Kings and Queens of Narnia in the four thrones of Cair Paravel, the rule of the White Witch will come to an end. The major interaction was between Edmund and the White Witch when she finds out all about his siblings and how his younger sister Lucy was the first person who found Narnia and she managed to entice him by giving him his favorite Turkish Delight. Another significant interaction was between Mr. & Mrs. Beaver and the Pevensie siblings about the arrest of Mr. Tumnus, Aslan and the prophecy of Narnian kingdom while the Pevensie siblings were hitherto unaware of the prophecy and Aslan. There are many delightful panoramic occurrences in this novel, the first of which is when Lucy sets sight of Narnia for the first time. Another delightful phenomenon is when winter starts fading away slowly to indicate Aslan’s presence as everyone in Narnia are enchanted by this circumstance. Initially, the book The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe did not receive a favourable attention. It formed a part of Children’s Literature which did not sit well with the adult readers. But slowly the scenario underwent a favourable change. When his second book, (1951), a sequel to The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe hit the stands, it received a lot of positive reviews because its prequel had by then become the most sought after children’s book in the market and the author had earned a prominent place in the annals of Children’s Literature. The complete audio track of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was released in 2000 during its fiftieth anniversary and received a positive review in Publishers Weekly of November 20th of 2000. Because of the reputation gained by The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe the reviewers had started focusing on the work done by British actor Michael York which they called an enchanting and nimble performance and that its unflagging sense of excitement and wonder has captivated a wide range of listeners. The movie The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe received both positive and negative feedback among the audience especially the children and young adults. The essential theme of the story was about religious belief and faith and religious perspective was the factor that remains in the minds the audience. The series of books and movies which are based on Narnia follow the principles and beliefs of . Thus it was considered as a tool for popularizing the ideas of Christianity and it was regarded at times, even as a tool for converting one’s religion. Narnia is regarded as an unexpected composition of magic, fantasy, and religious belief that are illustrated in a grandiose imaginative way but it also has some illogical, unethical and sycophantic features. Narnia also obtained responses from non-Christians like , who was a successful fantasy novelist famous for one of his fantasy trilogies . He considered himself an atheist. Secularism and humanism were the most important factors that he strongly believed and admired. He had a strong disregard for the Narnia series. Even though the Narnia series had many critics from popular Christian authors, several non- Christian authors and literary critics and the Neo-pagans had the book in their reading list. Disney had made a notable contribution by making a wonderful rendition of the book. The movie begins with a heart-rending scene as the people in seek shelter because of the sudden Nazi attack over their country and the four Pevensie children are being sent over to a safe house by their mother showcasing the effects of the Second World War. Disney has begun to popularize themes and faiths about Christianity, through this movie with a strong conviction. The British churches have started spreading Christian ideologies acting as an evangelist. Even radio stations that follow Christian beliefs and themes were forcing churches

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJMET 564 [email protected] Fables to Digitalisation- Special Focus on C. S. Lewis' Chronicles of Narnia to conduct services that were related to Narnia. Nearly 10,000 Euro was invested for free movie tickets for single parents and their children. Lewis believed that through the story young children would be able to grasp the religious themes and values in a simple manner. Aslan who was depicted to be powerful, kind and pure stands as an icon of piety and his character is intended to be admired and loved by the audience especially young children. Young minds perceived Aslan as a symbol of everything positive and as someone who was capable of saving and guiding people in the right path, when they swerved to the negative path and so on. So it is evident that Aslan’s presence is essential for peaceful living. Without Aslan, leading a normal and peaceful life would be impossible. The magical component was mentioned with logical and ethical standards, so that the moral of the story would reach the audience in an effective manner. After some years, Chronicles and its author were criticized largely by the authors of fantasy fiction especially for the stereotypical gender roles. The best example for this scenario would be when Peter gets a sword while Lucy gets a dagger and a healing liquid. Majority of claims about opens up when Lewis, while describing in a chapter in wrote a line that Susan is no longer a friend of the Narnian world as she is busy with her invitations, lipsticks, and nylons. On the contrary, Philip Pullman stated that Narnian stories disparaged women greatly(Ezard, 2002). He has given his own interpretation of Susan’s character when he compares the character of Susan with Cinderella where she goes into her transition state from one phase into another but Lewis never approved of this in any of his books. In general, Lewis was criticized that he disliked women or sexuality which was reflected in the series of Narnia books. It was also argued that Lewis does not like the concept of growing up (Pullman, 2001). As the author C.S. Lewis believes in the values of Christianity, he illustrated many Christianity values that have been eloquently portrayed by the director Adamson. The values of forgiveness and sacrifice have been illustrated thoughtfully by the director. It is evident that Narnia is an adventurous fantasy land which includes talking animals and many mythological creatures. The screenplay of the movie reveals many mysterious plots and secrets and carries within it many twists. As the movie has to project more than 60 unique characters in the final battle, the structure of creatures and their costumes were very well executed that offers a delightful visual treat to the audience. For instance, the costume of the White Witch looks grandiose as she wears a big white coat with the snowy flakes spilling all over and the sledge used by her has been designed spectacularly that represents she is indeed a snowy ice woman. Soundtrack is a necessary component for a movie to convey the emotions of the scene like fear, joy, pride, jealousy, sorrow and happiness. The soundtrack of the movie is excellent that makes the audience empathize with the feelings of the characters. The movie is not without its own faults. Instead of an interesting and appealing opening, the initial scenes are dry with long-winding boring scenes. Even the first visit to Narnia by Lucy which is supposed to be a delightful and magical moment loses its flavor compared to the interesting visits of the other Pevensies. The clash between the different creatures in Narnia, one of the highlighting scenes in the movie, appears to be too long and merely inserted to prolong the duration of the movie instead of providing an interesting twist to the story. Yet the movie grabs the attention of the audience through a few strong and influential scenes like Aslan’s entry, when the massive and majestic lion is seen coming out of its tent and starts talking which amazes the audience. In this movie Aslan, the lion is the representation of as per Christian belief and ideology. Like Jesus, Aslan sacrificed his

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJMET 565 [email protected] Elizabeth Biju, Dr. K. Meenakshi life for the well being of others and was resurrected later. While Aslan represents Jesus, the White Witch is obviously compared to which has been portrayed remarkably by in the movie.. The child artists of the movie have given a tremendously awesome performance. More than that the cinematography and the visual effects and animation team has done fabulous work in projecting the lively experience of Narnia and other creatures like lion, centaurs, werewolves and beavers etc. The voice of Aslan is given by which turned out to be a commanding and strong voice that represents the power of the character of Aslan. The animated characters are beautifully synchronized and enhanced with human voices. These magical elements are loved and admired by the younger audience and that helps to sustain their attention to the movie. This movie has also been a source of inspiration to youngsters where the siblings tend to forgive the inappropriate behavior of others and when they display their willingness to sacrifice their life for the betterment of other fellow beings. The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe is a good adaptation of the book written by Lewis. Lewis initially, did not like the concept of making movies out of his books as he had envisioned that a man dressed like a lion would be portraying the character of Aslan. He never anticipated that the technological improvements would make it possible for such life like portrayal of the lion and the other creatures. There are so many similarities and dissimilarities between the book and the movie. The book begins with a mention of the Nazi attacks in London during the Second World War whereas the movie starts with the four siblings Peter, Edmund, Susan and Lucy along with their mother running towards shelter due to the Nazi’s bomb attack in London. The people living in London run hither and thither to save their lives while Edmund runs back to his house to get his father’s photograph which actually annoys Peter who is trying to escape the distressing situation. When the four siblings were invited to Beaver’s house, Edmund is found missing from there. In the book they realize that Edmund had betrayed them and leaves their place to rescue him from the White Witch whereas in the movie they climb mountains to try to stop him from going the Witch castle, and it becomes evident to them that they have been betrayed by Edmund only after entering the Witch’s castle. In the book the tunnel from beaver’s house does not lead to the dam but in the movie the tunnel leads them straight to the dam which enables them to save themselves from the wolves which were sent by the evil White Witch. In the book, the White Witch appears with long black hair and red lips and her crown is golden in color. In the movie, the witch has blonde hair with fair skin and wears a crown made of ice. When Edmund entered the Witch’s castle, he found Tumnus was being turned into a stone by the Witch and hence never gets an opportunity to meet him face to face until the end, but in the movie they both spend their time together in the Witch’s prison conversing about Lucy. Later Jadis, the evil White Witch enters the cell and proclaims that Tumnus was captured because of Edmund’s jealousy and presumptuous nature. In the book the White Witch turned many Narnians into statues by using her by way of retaliation when she got to know about the arrival of Father Christmas which indicated the fading away of winter and that she herself was losing her control over Narnia. But in the movie she turns the fox into a statue when Edmund informs her about Aslan getting ready with his army for the battle to defeat the Witch. As per the book, Aslan advises Peter to lead the army without his presence for the final battle of Beruna but in the movie Lucy and Susan send the to inform Peter and Edmund about the death of Aslan which makes Peter to lead the army without the presence of Aslan.

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Aslan along with Lucy and Susan goes to the Witch’s palace and rescues all the creatures that have been turned into stone and the big helps to break the gate of the White Witch’s castle with its big gates and courtyards but in the movie the character of the giant was not shown. Only after Aslan’s entry into the battle field the war begins but in the movie almost half the war was over when Aslan arrives at the battle field. When Edmund was almost killed by the White Witch, Lucy wants to be with her brother until he recovers but Aslan advises Lucy to help others. But in the movie Edmund recovers instantly and Lucy goes to help others.

3. CONCLUSIONS Right from birth, certain moral values regarding life, happiness, and liberty are inculcated in human beings through philosophies, ideologies, and religions but adopting them in their lives is a massive task which many fail to do. According to Jurgen Habermas, a philosopher has the ability to clear the initial ethical doubts arising in a person’s mind with respect to their success or failure in life while Kierkegaard employs the concept of being able-to-be-oneself and deals with the individual’s right to justice, equality, life etc. which enables them to cultivate their well being by overcoming their weaker points. The visionaries who have encountered a cultural crisis and having been disillusioned with the past, envision a new world rid of the evils of the past. Lewis displayed a similar vision. He dreamt of an ideal world which would be devoid of all evils or at least a world inhabited by people who fight against these evils and be released from it. He revolted against the evil things which were conveyed through his stories. It is evident that even in the present generation many questions from the stories would help the common people to know the core value of the human existence in the past. This is the reason for the emotional connection between story/history and the humans who seek the meaning and reason for living as individuals or in groups. The Narnia series answers many questions that arises in the minds of the younger generation of today with their diverse questions and illusions about life values. This novel taken for study falls under the category of the literary genre called magical realism. Magical realism is a genre that broadly includes literature, painting, film and theatre. It revolves around the co-existence of the variant concepts of real world entities with the elements of magic. The element of Magical realism element is carried on throughout the book The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. It begins with Lucy’s transportation to the world of Narnia through the wardrobe and continues along with the Pevensie siblings as they travel through the magical world of Narnia where they come across a lot of mysterious creatures , centaurs, dwarfs, , Beaver, , gryphon, hag, Man headed bull, etc. The existence of the talking animals astounds them initially but as they come across more of them slowly come to accept their presence as a matter of fact. The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe is a fantasy novel which comes under Children’s Literature. The essential purpose of Children’s Literature is to provide entertainment and inculcate moral values like courage, hope, affection, love and happiness in them while motivating them simultaneously. Violence and adultery contents are inappropriate for children and hence these emotions are avoided in Children’s Literature. Happy ending, colorful cover and scenic pictorial representation will attract and allure the children to read more. Long before the precise genre of children literature originated, stories were passed on to children and young adults through oral narration. In olden days, there were no proper novels or books meant solely for children, so all the classical stories and epics were conveyed to children through oral narration by adults. Children’s Literature became popular only after the mid nineteenth century. After the British invasion of India, English Language

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJMET 567 [email protected] Elizabeth Biju, Dr. K. Meenakshi influenced Indian society. Gradually people started reading ; similarly Children’s Literature was alluring to the young adults and children because of the magical and fantasy elements. Indian writers understood the necessity of literature from which cultural and regional values can be taught to the children. Few audiences prefer books over plays, stage shows and movies as they can derive the essence of emotion and enchantment through writings. The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe is a novel from Children’s Literature which is used to entertain children and young adults alike. This book was adapted into its present form of digitalization when it was released as a British American movie in 2005. Andrew Adamson was the director of the movie who portrayed the story in a phenomenal way with help of visual and animation effects. The main credit goes to the visual and animation effects team which made it possible for the audience to experience the new world, Narnia. More than 60 unique characters were animated and simulated by Rhythm and Hues, the visual and animation company in America. The climatic condition of the first half of the movie was winter where the whole land is covered with ice and snowflakes and the second half deals with spring where land is tilted with trees and flowers. The movie itself was shot in New Zealand. Through this movie moral values like courage, forgiveness, sacrifice and belief can be taught to children and young adults. People were indirectly influenced by the beliefs and themes of Christianity which were subtly hinted at by the writer. Various churches and schools promoted the ideals of Christianity by singing songs from this movie and Disney, the promoter and producer of the movie played a significant role in popularizing Christian principles and values. People, especially younger audience preferred the movie as it contains many magical fantasy elements which was represented in a natural form by using visual and animation effects. Overall this research paper highlights on how digitalisation unveils the fantasy elements that were hidden behind the words in C.S. Lewis’ The Chronicles of Narnia. It also inspired many children and young adults to explore the magical land of Narnia and experience many fanciful elements that were incorporated in the story. Even though his books were written before many decades, it is popular even today as his writings can reach out to the audience belonging to all generations. He also helps the reader to travel from one realm to the other through his writings by exhibiting his spiritual belief. Through Christianity he also conveys the relevance of human values like courage, hope and love to readers which will lead them to the path of victory. C.S. Lewis, the author gave such a special story like Chronicles of Narnia weaving a tale of challenges, healings, and inspirations which increase the energy of the viewers. The Chronicles of Narnia encourages the readers to find their hidden inner powers, challenging them at every turn and making new human beings out of them. Along with this, in terms of global view, the concept of supporting the economic and ecological system is strongly emphasized through the story. The world is experiencing changes by leaps and bounds in every sphere of life like industry, politics, art, culture, health, religion, technology, science, warfare, law, and politics. The boundaries were modified, the institutional relationships and constitutive ideas were redefined, and many similar identities were modified in the processes of techno-scientific transformation where this leads to a broad spectrum of cultural and structural turmoil which were unparalleled in both magnitude and quality. Particularly in terms of modern literary education, there exists a connection between the text and real life. From the perspective of literature, the religious themes of The Chronicles of Narnia story are almost similar to the sociological themes of Ibsen and the moral themes of Dickens. Also, they can be considered as a part of self-understanding which is an effective tool for

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJMET 568 [email protected] Fables to Digitalisation- Special Focus on C. S. Lewis' Chronicles of Narnia communicating and directing the perennial truths, values in terms of both spiritual and ethical areas. In a nutshell, The Chronicles of Narnia though assigned to be a part of Children’s Literature does not indicate that this literature opposes audience of adult age. Since there is only one way thrown open for the humans to come and experience the truths and values of life and these and fables are the only available way of communicating the values and truths to the people without putting them off, Across the globe, the fictional story of The Chronicles of Narnia with its multiple layers of truths enables the children to experience the wonders of the world of Narnia while discovering the power, presence and importance of Aslan in terms of historical and worldly existence (VDT 188). In this aspect, Chronicles of Narnia while changing from its initial textual format with a potential readership of a few people into its current format of digitalization has thrown open the experience of magical powers to a larger audience enabling the children to create a separate and special room for God in their hearts.

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