Wars of the United States Is by No Means Limited to That of The

e G erman so to ier in

the war s o f the Unit ed

S t at e s .

UN IVERS IT Y OF ‘ ILL IN T 'ARY

URBA N rM PAIGN IL L. H IST . S URVEY

RUL E S

B oo ks m a b e e t tw o ee s and m a b e e ne e 1 . y k p w k y r w d o n e for the s a m e e i o e e t se en d a boo s m a a c p r d . xc p v y k . g - a z i nes a nd tw o w eek b oo ks wh i ch a re I n d em nd . A fi ne i be a e o n ea c boo i c I s not re 2 . w ll ch rg d h k wh h o N o oo turned a cc ord i ng to th e a b ve rul e . b k w i ll be i s sued to a ny pers o n i nc urri ng suc h a fi ne unti l it h as b een p a i d . l l i n i es to boo s b e o n ea so na b e ea a n 3 . A jur k y d r l w r d all l o s ses s h a ll be m a d e g oo d to th e s ati sfacti o n of the Li brari a n. Eac bo o e is h eld es po ns i b e fo r a ll boo 4 . h rr w r r l ks d aw on his ca d and forall f es a o n the a r n r in ccruing S m e.

’ ‘ o 1 886 R S EN A R EN G. O G I . C pyright , , by J . iin m innow

P H R E N G A R T E N A D OL G. O S ,

M a o 1 th P enns an a A nderson C a a r j r s ylv i ( ) v l y ,

B O R N I N P I L A D E L P H I A D E E M B ER 2 1 8 8 KI L L E D N B A T T L E A T T O N E H , C 9 , 3 ; I S

R I E R T E N N E S E E D E E M B E R 2 1 862 . V , S , C 9 ,

P R E F A T R Y N T E O O .

T H E substance of the following pages was read before the Pionier Verein at the hall of the German

2 1 1 88 . Society , in Philadelphia , A pril , 5 It was printed with some changes i n the United S ervice

Magazine of New York , in the numbers for June ,

1 88 July , and August, 5, and it was translated and

’ N eém sé a T rzézm e printed in German in ful l in the ,

20 th i n successive issues , between J une and October

2 1 88 — 7 , 5, the last n umber being a supplementary article by the translator , Fr . Schnake , on the German

Soldiers of the Border States . It was subsequently

- published in a pamphlet of forty nine pages by J .

o B . Lippincott C mpany , Philadelphia , for the Pionier

Verein . That edition is exhausted , and i n reply to numerous applications , showi ng interest i n the subj ect , it is now reprinted with many corrections 1* 5 A 6 P R EF TOR Y N O T E .

l and considerab e additions . For these the author

18 i ndebted most of all to the D eutseize P ionier of -

' the edito r A Cincinnati and to , H . . Ratterman , the best authority on all subjects concerning the Germans — of the United States , and among others to M r . F .

' D eutse/ze Zeztzm Melchers , of the g , Charleston , South

. Germ a n D em o Carolina ; Mr Herman D ieck , of the ew t e , Philadelphia ; General L wis Merrill ,

Colonel Joh n P . Nicholson , Dr . J . de B . W . Gardiner ,

Prof. O . Seidensticker , of the University of

e P nnsylvania , and Mr . George M . Abbot , of the — Philadelphia Library , his Bibliography of the Civil War in the United States is indispensabl e for a student of our m ilita ry history . Whatever there is of

, merit or i nterest i n these pages is largely due to the assistance thus liberally given . With further aid i n the way either of corrections or additions , which

will be gladly received and gratefully acknowledged , the author of this sketch hopes that he may here after be enabled to make it better worth the interest of the reader and the i mportance of the subject .

G. R . J .

H D E P H A 2 1 1 886 P ILA L IA , pril , ,

2 WA L N UT S R E E 53 T T . T H E GERMA N S OL DI ER

I N T H E

WARS OF T H E UNI T ED ST AT ES .

T H E share of the Germans in the wars of the United States is by no means limited to that of the

Rebellion . From the very outset of their settlement i n the country they always stood ready to take their place i n its defence . On the borders of what was then the West , the early German immigrants were steady in their support of the British ﬂag against their hereditary enemies , the French . This was natural enough , for many of the Germans who ﬁrst came to this country did so i n order to seek refuge

- from the French invaders , who rode rough shod over their h umble homes i n the districts of Ger

o many devastated by French soldiers . Even am ng 8 T H E GERM A N S OLD I ER I N T H E

those who came here to ﬁnd a new home i n which h they could wors ip God in thei r own way , while they sympathized with the Q uakers i n their doctri ne

i arm s vol untaril of not bearing y, the German blood did not easily accom modate itself to the doctri ne

- of non resistance , and when they could not make

friends of the Indians by peaceful means , the German settlers did not hesitate to take up arms i n defence

of their homes . The Germans of Pennsylvania and New York responded freely to the su m mons to de fend their new country against the French and their

allies , the Indians . They gave freely of their men and their means to the cause of liberty in the war ’

of the Revol ution . They took a full share i n the

1 8 1 2 a . war of , and i n the Mexic n war Finally ,

wherever the Germans were strongest i n number, they were represented in even more than propor

tio nate strength in the forces raised for the defence

of the Union . From New York and Pennsylvania they went forth in great strength i n regi ments and

; individually They saved Missouri to the Union , and Ohio and Illinois and Indiana and Wisconsin and Kansas may well point with pride to the i r

German citizens as forem o st in doing their duty

i n war and in peace . The story of thei r achieve WA R H E A S S OF T UNITED S T TE . 9 ments i n war i s a subject on which little has hitherto been said . The Germans from the Palatinate had been scat tered on the frontier, facing the In dians and the N French i n ew York and Pennsylvania . The early settlers in South and North Carolina and Georgia

were also largely recruited from the Germans , and

they , too , had stil l another hostile force to meet , that of the Spanish troops and Indians , whose masters were u nwilling to see their territory threat ened and diminished . The good Moravians gave up their settlements in Georgia rather than ﬁght, and thus l o st the fruits of some years of labor in their schools and ch urches . The sturdy Protestants from the Palatinate were not afraid to take up arms in defence of thei r own homes , and i n a very short t time the British government , which had brough

o them here as an act of benevolence , found a g od return in the services rendered by the German

settlers as peacemakers with the Indians , and when necessary , as soldiers against the French and the

Spanish and their native allies . There was , indeed , quite a characteristic j eal o usy of them on the part

o of their unwarl ike neighb rs in Pennsylvania , and not a little of the hostility which marked the T H E GERMA N SOLDIER I N T H E treatment of the early German settlers i n New York f was due to their sturdy indif erence to those , both

- D utch and English , the great land owners , who would have controlled them and used them as feudal serfs . They acknowledged their allegiance to the crown , and gladly served it . They refused to subm it to the tyranny of great landlords , and on that account soon left New York to ﬁnd per manent homes under the k indlier sway of the Penns . Pennsylvania made Conrad Weiser colonel of a

regiment of volunteers from the county of Berks ,

M 1 and Governor orris , in 755, gave hi m command over the second battalion of the Pennsylvania regi

ment , consisting of nine companies . In the defence

' I ndians and of the borders against the the French , forts were bu ilt by the German settlers above

Harrisbu rg , at the forks of the Schuylkill , on the

“ Lehigh , and on the Upper Delaware . The Hon .

' D aniel E rm entro ut , in his address at the German

1 8 6 Centennial Jubilee in Reading in June , 7 , de

T ul ehock en 1 scribes the p massacre in 755, j ust

’ after Braddock s defeat , the barbarities perpetrated

1 6 in Northampton County in 75 , and the attack

' on the settlements near Reading in 1 763. Against these forays the Germans under Schneider and WA RS OF T H E UNITED STA TES. I I

1 1 1 Hiester made a stout resistance . As early as 7 a Germ an battalion , mainly natives of the Palatinate ,

was part of the force , a thousand strong , which was to take part i n the expedition to Q uebec . While the Q uakers of Pennsylvania kept the government from exerting its full strength , the Germans , i n spite of thei r peace principles , stood up stoutly for their own

homesteads . Berks , Bucks , Lancaster , York , and

Northampton were then the frontier cou nties , and from them came the men w ho filled the German regiments and battal ions of the Revolutionary war . The sufferings inflicted on the German settlers were not without their influence i n inspiring their de scendants with the patriotism which made them good soldiers both in the Revol ution and i n the war of the Rebellion .

At the outbreak of the old French war, the

British government , under an act of Parliament passed for the purpose , organized the Royal Amer ican Regi ment for service in the colonies . This force was to consist of four battalions , of one f thousand men each . Fifty of the o ﬁcers were to

be foreign Protestants , while the enlisted men were to be raised principally from among the German

settlers i n America . The immediate commander , 1 2 T H E GERMAN SOLDIER I N T H E

General Bouquet, was a Swiss by birth , an English f o ﬁ cer by adoption , and a Pennsylvan ian by natu ral izati n o . This last distinction was conferred on him in compli ment, and as a reward for his ser vices in his campaigns in the western part of

Pennsylvania , where he and his Germans atoned for the inj uries that resulted from Braddock ’s defeat * i n the same border region .

The ﬁrst colonel of the regi ment w as Lord

Loudoun , and the four battalions were commanded

D uffeaux f by Stanwix , , Jef ereys , and Provost . Lord

1 Howe was com missioned colonel in 757, when he was ﬁrst ordered to Ameri ca . The regiment itself still exists as the Sixtieth of the line of the British 1 6 army . Bouquet himself died in 7 5, at Pensacola , j ust after he had received the thanks of the As sem bly of P ennsylvania for his Victory at Bushy

un 6 R in 1 7 3. It was to the Germans of his force that is due m uch of the credit of this action , mak

’ ing amends for the disaster of Braddock s defeat .

A chaplain of this regiment, who shared i n its

* One of the best evidences o f the intere st t aken in this organ ization is s o a s a a the erm n pre ched in Chri t Church , Phil delphi , by

t s of Rev D r. W a S w as a the . illi m mith , which printed the reque t

o o and ofﬁ s the c l nel cer .

14 T H E GERMAN SOLDIER I N T H E

1 i n the French War of 759 , describes at length the mission undertaken by Christian Frederick Post * as envoy to the hostile tribes on the distant Ohio .

a The Mor vians were apostles of peace , and they succeeded to a surprising degree in weaning their Indian converts from their ferocious instincts and warlike habits . Post boldly presented himself among those who were still savage , and his ﬁrst reception

was by a crowd of warriors , their faces distorted with rage , threatening to kill him . Soon after the f French of ered a great reward for his scalp , but

Post , undaunted , declared to the Indians the coming

of an army to drive off the French , and i n return received the promise o f the warlike savages to keep

the peace . After a conference at Easton , Post again went on a m ission of peace to the tribes of the Ohio . The small escort of soldiers that attended hi m as far as the Allegheny , was cut to pieces on its return

os w as a G a M o a a w ho as a as 1 6 1 Frederick P t erm n r vi n , , e rly 7 , s a is now T o s S a o o ettled in wh t Bethlehem wn hip , t rk C unty , Ohi ,

a o - o s and a a few a s of fo s where he built bl ck h u e cle red cre re t, and s a s a ss o s T he a of H eckew el der e t bli hed mi i n ettlement . f mily

o a s at Gnadenhiitten T s a a as j ined him there , but l ter ettled in u c r w

o T he s of f i a few a s f C unty . ite the ormer s m arked by rem in o

ol d o - o s the bl ck h u e . H T A E WA RS OF T E UNITED S T S . 1 5 by a band of the very warriors to whom he was carrying his offers of friendship . H is overtures

were accepted , and the Delawares , Shawnees , and

n es n M i g o ceased to be enemies . The E glish sol diers failed by force of arms to accomplish what the German missionary had successfully attained .

Thu s the work o f the Moravians i n their quiet home at Bethlehem had enabled their representa tive to gain the friendship and alliance of the I n

dians , and to weaken the force of the French and proportionately strengthen that of the English , and this was in no small degree an i mportant factor i n the ﬁnal overthrow of the French i n America . In Kapp ’s “ H istory of the Early German Settlers

o f of New York , we ﬁnd the names the ﬁrst Ger man soldiers , those who bore arms in defence of their hardly -won homesteads against the French and their allies , the Indians . Among them were the

Weisers , father and son . The elder , John Conrad ,

Wiirtem b er born in g , came to this country a few years after his native village was burned by the

1 6 French in their invasion in 9 3, and died i n Penn

1 6 sylvania in 74 , where he and other German settlers fo und refuge from the unfair treatment of the wealthy

- New York land owners . Conrad Wei ser , his son , 1 6 T H E GERMAN SOLDIER I A T H E

16 6 born in 9 i n Germany, came , with his father, as f a boy to New York , and a ter a brief experience of border-life with the German settlers west of the H ud son , l ived with the Indians long enough to be their

e fast friend , and to serve as th ir i ntermediary with

the whites , helping th us to preserve the peace i n the midst of hostile i nﬂuences . He died near Reading , i n

1 - 760 . As lieutenant colonel of a Pennsylvania regi ment he shared in the hardships of the old French

affec war, and secured from the allied Indians an

- tion and r respect which stood his fellow Germans i n good stead i n later years . H is daughter was the

wife of the elder M uhlenberg , the ﬁrst of that nam e to come to this country , and the mother of General

’

M uhlenberg of Revol utionary fame . As early as 1 7 1 1 the elder Weiser had led his

German countrymen in an expedition to Canada , in defence of the English against the French ; and the

1 younger Weiser, i n 737, boldly went out am ong the wild tribes of native Indians and successfully brought them to make peace with the new settlers . In 1 748 he penetrated the u nknown country west

and 1 as far as the Ohio , in 754 he united the friendly

Indians i n a strong alliance , which served very greatly to resist the French i ntrigues and invasions . E WARS OF T H UNITED STA TES. I 7

D uring the Revol utionary war , while many of the

Germans of New York were serving i n the army , their homes and those of their neighbors were exposed to the attacks of savage enemies , French and Indians rivalling one another i n cruelties . The German settlers and thei r families defended them selves with real courage , and the story of their heroic deeds well deserves the lasting record that Kapp has secured it i n his i nteresting volu me . The border warfare , of what was then Western New York , showed that among the Germans there were many stout hearts and strong hands ready to defend thei r lives and to protect thei r families . Each home was

- - a block house and every fort a gathering point , yet the English were as bitter i n repressing the liberty l o ving Germans as ever the French had been i n attacking them for their loyalty to England . Even when the war ended it was with a sacriﬁce of lives and property that fell heavily on the German settlers .

All this , however, was a training and experience that helped to make them devoted patriots , and earnest i n their readiness to sacriﬁce everything in defence of

- their newly acqu ired l iberty and independence . From the same counties came many regi ments into the army that helped to defe nd and preserve the 1 8 T H E GERMAN SOLDIER 'N T H E

i Union , and although the dist nctive German charac teristics were less marked i n New York than i n

Pennsylvania, still a military history of New York

w i n the Rebellion , whenever it is written , will sho

P fasl zers that the Germans , descendants of the early and Rhinelanders , who had settled in New York i n

the early part of the eighteenth century, were fully alive to the patriotic demand made upon them in the middle of the nineteenth century. 1 2 8 In 7 , the ﬁrst conﬂict in Pennsylvania took place between Germans and Indians at Manatawny .

’ 1 In 755, after Braddock s defeat , the Indians attacked the Moravian settlements , and all the frontier counties were ravaged by them . Franklin hi mself headed a

regi ment in defence of Pennsylvania , i n which many

Germans served , and he gave them hearty praise for

their bravery . When another outbreak occurred i n

1 6 7 3, Bouquet with his regiment of Royal Americans , o ﬂﬁ cered as well as manned by Germans , put it down .

The Germans of Charleston , South Carolina , organ ized 1 i n 775 a Fusilier Company , which served through the Revol ution and is still in existence . In Georgia many of the early German settlers eu l isted u nder General Wayne i n the Revolutionary army . H E N WARS OF T U ITED STA TES. 19

The German soldier has gone through all the phases of history i n o ur brief experience of war .

b - In the Revol ution the Hessians became a y word , and yet they were rather the victims of pol itical evi ls than willing partisans . Not the least of Fried erich Kapp ’s great services to both the country of his adoption and that of his nativity, is his series of admirable works on the German soldiers of the Revo l ution , on the one side , his account of the dealings i n them as mercenaries , and on the other, his lives of

Steuben and De Kalb . M uch of his material has supplied that for later authors , notably Green and

El kin Lowell . Von g has furnished the story of

’ Riedesel s life , the commander of the German forces “ i n the British army . The Memoirs of Mme . von Riedesel ” will always be read with interest as a pic ture of the times of the Revolution , both i n Germany and in America . The material for a statistical accou nt of the Ger man forces e ngaged in America has been found in — the well -ordered and well preserved archives of the various German states from wh ich they came . Fo r our “ War of the Rebellion ” such data are not easily

o attainable . The story covers to vast a ﬁeld to be

0 0 brieﬂy told . The method of raising tr ps in the T H E GER/VAN SOLDIER I N T H E separate States obliges an inquirer to make an ex

n ami ation of the printed records of each State , and these are so volum i nous and so u nsystematic , that it is almost i mpossible to get at the facts of the nativity of the soldiers serving in thei r organizations .

Indeed , there still remains to be written a history of the part of New York in the war, and in those bulky volu mes of war records of States already printed it is hard to say which is the least satis

o u factory this point . The Seven Years ’ war made the name of Germany and its great leader, Frederick , popular throughout the colonies . Town , village , and wayside inn dis played the well - known sharp features and high “ shoulders as a sign , and the King of Prussia was a favorite name for taverns— then of m ore impor — tance than to -day ou all the high -roads between the great Steuben was one of Frederick ’s

own veterans , and as such he was heartily welcomed ,

S a G a o s 1 61 a a s a o uer, the erm nt wn printer, publi hed in 7 tr n l ti n

’ “ into Germ an of D ilworth s Life and H eroic D eeds of Frederick

” ’ G a a o of 2 8 a s Ra F ranck el s T a s 8 . the re t , v lume p ge bbi Berlin h nk

’ S o o u s o of D 1 w as re giving erm n the King Vict ry ecember 5, 757,

a a 1 6 a a s a o an o printed in Phil delphi in 7 3, in tr n l ti n by unkn wn

’ a H il deburn s I ss s of s a a ss N o . h nd ( ue the Penn ylv ni Pre ,

T H E GERMAN SOLDIER I N T H E thus hiring men against their consent was sharply denounced . Holland and Russia absol utely refused f to accept the tempting of ers of Great Britain . King

George , himself a German sovereign , mildly pro tested against thus using his Hanoverian troops . Frederick the Great sternly forbade the enl istment of any of his subj ects or permission to any of the petty German princes to take their soldiers throu gh his territories to ports of shipment to England for

Ameri ca . Schiller stigmatized the trade i n men in

” his Kabale und Liebe , while Kant went still further and embraced the cause of the American colonist with all the energy of his great intellect . Klop

al stock and Lessing spoke in the same strain ,

in though lower tones . Frederic Kapp puts the total of twenty-nine tho usand one hundred and sixty- six

- as the nu mber furnished by Brunswick , Hesse Cassel ,

H anan , Waldeck , Anspach , and Anhalt , and of these only seventeen thousand three hundred and thirteen returned to their native country . How many of the remainder stayed in their new home to become fathers of Am erican citizens cannot be easily ascer tained , yet it is m ore than a tradition that in Penn

sylvania , in Maryland , in Virginia , in North Caro

lina , wherever there were German settlers ready to E WARS OF T H UNITED STA TES. 2 3

aid the newcomers , the sick , the wou nded , the

stragglers , the deserters , all found protection and a welcome , which insured them prosperity and a better livelihood than they had left behind them . Their number has been roughly estimated at considerably over ten thousand . There were many Germans settled in the colonies before the Revolution , who cast their fortunes with the young republic and shared in the struggle which secured independence and union . The German Battalion was raised agreeably to a

2 2 1 6 resolve of Congress of May , 77 , fou r companies

r in Pennsylvania and four in Ma yland , to which was

1 added a ninth company by resolve of July 9 , 777.

f : - The o ﬁcers were Lieutenant Colonel , Ludwick

Wel tener B urckhart Maj or, Daniel ; Captains , Jacob

Baltzel Bunner , Peter Boyer, Charles , William Rice ,

Bernard H ubley , Christian Myers , M ichael Bayer ;

- Captain Lieutenant , Philip Schrauder ; Lieutenants ,

S u art Grem eth John Weidman , Martin g , Jacob , Jacob

Cramer, Godfrey Swartz , Marcus Young , David Mor

an S hru g ; Ensigns , John Weidman , Henry pp , Davi d

D esenderfer Rab oldt , Henry Spech , Jacob , Christian

Glichn r e P rux . , William , Henry Hehn An independent corps of one hundred and ﬁfty 24 T H E GERMAN SOLDIER I N T H E

1 6 men was raised by resolve of December 5, 77 , of

fﬁ : which the o cers were Captains , John Paul Schott ,

Anthony Selim . In Henry ’s account of Arnold ’s campaign against

1 A Q uebec , 775 ( lbany , M unsell , is a reference to the company of riﬂ em en com manded by Captain

’ William Hendricks , from Cumberland County , Penn “ sylvania, an excellent body of men , formed by na

ture as the stamina of an army , ﬁtted for a tough and tight defence of the liberties of their country . “ counte Hendricks was tall , of a mild and beautiful nance , his soul was animated by a genuine spark

’ of heroism . He was killed at Q uebec , in the same

I st attack i n which General Montgomery fell , on the

1 6 e of January , 77 , and the two h roes were buried side by side . Provost Smith , i n his oration on Mont

P enns l gomery , speaks with unstinted praise of the y

riﬂ em en vania . Thei r funeral was marked by the

British ofﬁcers with every mark of honor . Of Hen

’ dricks s company , raised on the west side of the Sus

uehanna q , scarcely a dozen names have been res cued from oblivion . Of the ﬂower of the country ,

brave , ardent , and patriotic , and nowise daunted by ff the su erings of the Arnold campaign , nearly all of those who returned safely from it served again i n the N I WARS OF T H E U TED STA TES. 2 5

o Rev lution . He i s spoken of with equal praise by Thayer i n his Journal of the Invasion of Canada i n

edited by Stone , published in Providence , 6 1 8 . Rhode Island , i n 7 In Harris ’s “ Biographical H istory of Lancaster

” County (Lancaster , there are many names of its German settlers and their descendants who served

as soldiers , with honor to themselves and credit to

. he . .t. race whence they sprang

’ “ H am ersl s In y Dictionary of the Army , and on

1 8 the register of the army for 7 4, there are the

- familiar names of General Steuben , i nspector general ,

- - and his aide de camp , Maj or William North , and that

of Major Continental Artillery , Sebastian Bau man ,

captain New York Continental Artillery Company ,

6 - 1 1 8 . 77 , brevet lieutenant colonel , 7 7 The following hitherto unprinted letter of De

Kalb , from the unrivalled collection of Ferdinand

D reer E s J . , q , of Philadelphia , is so characteristic

of that hero , i n its manly refusal to accept military

precedence to Lafayette , that it i s wel l worth publica

aS ' show in tion , g the noble nature of the man

B ET H L E H EM 1 8 ' 1 , Sept . 777.

S I R -I I , have been ever since had the favou r

you r letter by M r. Secretary Thomson , in a very 26 T H E GERMAN SOLDIER I N T H E

i be uncertain and ﬂuctuat ng Situation of mind ,

tween the desire of serving i n your Army , and the apprehension of blame from home . But Congress

and you r Esteem do me too m uch Honou r , not to accept you r late proposals , i f they will grant me Several points I think essential to my tranquillity

I st. and entire satisfaction . That I may be at Lib erty to give up my Com mission if i n answer to the account I will send to France of my proceedings here and my behaviour towards those ofﬁ cers that came over with me , in case they were to exclaim

hurtful l against my stay , i n anyway that could be to my reputation and honour .

2 nd f . As to the of er made to me by the Ministry m of Mr . Thomson to have my Co mission done of

’ an older date than Marquiss de la Fayette s . I would decline it and have my Co mm ission of the same day with his . That it may be i n my power to show my regard for his friendship to me , i n giving him the Seniority over me in America , i n order, too , not to disgust him .

rd 3 . That Congress will be pleased to grant to

D ub u ss n o . Chev . y , a Commission as Lt Colonel with

M . only the pay as a aj or, or as my aid de Camp “ th 4 . That they will please to make provision for H E WARS OF T UNITED STA TES. 2 7

D ub u sson said Chev . y of having the assurance of a Pension of 1 20 0 Livres French money or ﬁfty Louis d ’ors to be paid i n France for li fe if he serves

this and next Campaign , and which they will aug ment at pleasure if he serves longer and they are satisﬁed with his having done his duty according to time and circumstances . h 5t . That if Congress are disposed to do any thing of that kind for myself it shall be done at thei r own terms and pleasure . The only thing I

could wish in that respect , would be to have the favou r bestowed on my Lady and children in case I died i n the Continental Army or any other way while i n thei r service . “ On said Conditions I am ready to j oin the army as soon as possible and to go directly to P hil adel

o phia from Lancaster, where I will wait for a Res lve

D ub u sso n . of Congress , by Chev . y , bearer of this “ Another observation I think necessary i n regard to the im mediate Com mand of a Division . General Washi ngton has perhaps friends or deserving ofﬁcers

u to whom he would give the preference , in s ch a case I sh o uld be sorry my c o ming in did in the least cross or prevent his dispositions i n this and

any other respects . I will gladly and entirely 2 8 T H E GERMAN SOLDIER 'N T H E

submit to his Commands and to be employed as he shall think most convenient for the good of the

Service . If my second aid de Camp I am to chuse ,

chanced to be a foreigner , I should be glad some

provision was made for hi m after leaving the service ,

i n proportion to his rank as a Maj or . “ I depend for the Settling of all these matters to f the Satis action of all parties , on the friendship you

are so kind to profess for me , and of which I have already so many proofs . These new obligations c annot increase the respect and high Esteem with which I have the H onour to be , “ Sir,

n Your most obedie t , r H umble Se vant , “ A RON D E A L B B K .

COL ON E L RI C H A RD H E N RY L EE ,

“ ” Member of Congress . This is endorsed Com d to B d War

1 8th 8: 2 d 1 . 3 Sept 777, acted upon

From the same treasure-house of original material for history comes the letter from Steuben , written in

w French , from wh ich the follo ing is an extract

30 T H E GERMAN SOLDIER I N T H E

city , but my friends come to see me i n my cottage .

I receive visits from European Grandees , such as

Guim ené the Pri nce de , of the house of Rohan , who clai m to be next after the Bourbons i n France .

D ue The de Lauzun , the Comte de Gillon , have both been here too . Our American Grandees are f too busy with great af airs to pay visits , but I have no pretensions , for I have paid no visit except to

the President of Congress , nor will I . Yesterday I was at a supper and ball given by M . de la Luzerne to the newly married Major Moore and his wife , there were eighty persons , and among them many

pretty My fate is not yet decided . I have j ust written to Congress to demand a Com m ittee t m , o which I can submit y uncomfortable

situation . I get no pay , rations or forage , and I live on money I borrow to pay my marketing . My

‘ ’ b e — I case is one of to be or not to , am ready for anything . The Secretary of War will ﬁnd it no

- harder to replace me than the Adj utant General , whose position he offered to several persons of my

‘ ’ acquaintance . Let hi m go is the favorite phrase

u of o r Secretaries nowadays . I saw Robert Morris

— he f yesterday , seems more af ected by the conditions of the army than anybody . I hope that after the T H E WARS OF UNITED STA TES. 31

I st of January , not only will the subsistence of the

in ofﬁcers be regularly paid , but that it may be

t creased . Say to them tha no matter what happens , nothing can prevent me from being their advocate .

I cannot deal with Lincoln , he has done me

’ more harm than he thinks , but I don t want to be

’ anybody s enemy , not even his . There are some

people who are dangerous only as friends , and he i s one of them , so it is prudent for me to treat hi m f with indif erence . I was not the aggressor , I sought

his friendship , and if he had honored me with his conﬁdence , my advice would have been better for him than that of his friend Cornel . The Prince de Guim ené wants to make the acquaintance of the

— he General in chief, said so to me , and if my A l ﬁnances do not prevent, I will go with him . though he is only a Midshipman on the Frigate , he

‘ a o un is y g m an of the highest nobility i n France , a grandson of the Prince de Soubise , who is Mar

shal of France . I give you warning , so that in case

’ ‘ o a l zztl e w il d bo he comes , his air f y may not prevent you showing hi m the consideration due to his birth .

But what nonsense to talk this way in a Republic .

My respects to the General . E BEN ST U . BEL I S A R I US H ALL . ” N ov. the 2 6th . T H E GER/VAN SOL DI ER I N T H E

1 8 The register for 7 9 gives , captain Fi rst Infantry , David Ziegler (late captai n First Pennsylvania Conti n u b e tal Infantry) . In the Indian border warfare e

1 88 1 tween 7 and 79 5, a leading ﬁgure was that of

David Ziegler , whose story is typical of that of many of o ur early German soldiers . Born i n Heidel

in 1 8 berg 74 , he served in the Russian campaign against the Turks u nder Catharine , u nti l the con

o f quest the Crimea brought peace . He settled in

1 Lancaster, Pennsylvania , i n 775, and as adj utant of

a Pennsylvania regiment , m ore than half made up of — Germans , the second to enlist under Washington — for the war, and as senior captain of the First Penn

' s l vania Co ntinental y Regi ment , he won great praise . Later on he raised a company for war against the

’ ex e Indians i n the West , and took part in Clark s p

1 0 dition , and was with General Harmar i n 79 , and

1 1 with St . Clair i n 79 , in command of a battalion of regulars . He was made maj or and temporarily

assigned command of the army , for six weeks , but was led to resign , and was the ﬁrst mayor of Cin

i fo r c innat 1 8 1 1 . , where he died i n The army list

1 80 —6 5 has , Captain Artillery , Michael Kalteisen , who had been distinguished in connection with the

Charleston (South Carolina) German company . T H E N WARS OF U ITED STA TES. 33

o Wachtel sheim M ichael Kalteisen was b rn at ,

W urtem b er 1 8 1 2 1 62 g , on the th of June , 7 9 ; i n 7

o he was established in busi ness i n Charleston , S uth

Carolina , where a large German popu lation had

1 66 already gathered . In 7 , with ﬁfteen of his cou n tr m en y , he established the German Friendly Society

of that city, and by the time of the Revol ution it

counted a hundred members , and was well enough off to advance two thousand pounds to the State

f 1 2 th for de ence against the Crown . On the of July ,

1 775, he set on foot the plan of a German military organization , wh ich u nder the name of the German

1 6 Fusiliers , by 77 , counted over a h undred Germans

i n its ranks . Its captain was Alexander Gillon , ﬁrst lieutenant Peter Bouquet (brother of the general of that name) , second lieutenant Kalteisen , ensign

Gideon Dupont . From the day of their organiza

tion they proved themselves true and ardent patriots . In 1 779 it took part with the Continental forces under Lincoln and the French squadron under

’ D E stain g , in the siege of Savannah , having its cap tain , Scheppert , killed in the same assault i n which t Pulaski fell . The ﬁrst cap ain , Gillon , had been

o f o 1 made captain the South Car lina ﬂeet i n 779 , and sent to France to buy three frigates . The 34 T H E GER/VAN SOLDIER I N T H E

him fo r Prince of Luxemb urg gave one three years , on a guarantee of its safe return and a fourth share

al l of prize money . H e ﬁnally led a squadron of

eighty sail , and took the Bahamas . He left a son

1 8 1 who , in 7, was a member of the Fusiliers . Kal

1 80 teisen died i n 7, and the hall of the German

Society , with its tablet in his m emory , was destroyed

1 86 by ﬁre in 4. The Fusiliers , however, still exist , and the German Society still perpetuates the useful charity set on foot by hi m .

Of the general ofﬁcers of the Continental army , the

Germans were John De Kalb , F . von de Woedtke ,

F . W . A . Steuben .

In the pages of that excellent and useful j ournal ,

D er D er/ melee P ionier Of es , the organ the society tabl ished under that name to preserve everything that relates to the history of the German settlers i n this country , are found many records of the Germans who served the cause of American lib ert y, both i n the Revolutionary war and i n that

of the Rebellion . Herki mer in New York , and

M uhlenberg in Pennsylvania , are names that will l o ng preserve the memory of the services o f the ﬁrst German soldiers i n defence of their adopted country . The records of the Continental army show T H E WARS OF UNITED STA TES. 35

a that in almost every regiment there were Germ ns ,

o and in those of Pennsylvania , wh le regiments , bat

ofﬁ cered talions , and companies organized , , and ﬁlled

with Germans , who did good servi ce for their coun t ry. In the then western wilderness of Kentucky , D aniel Boone , with others like himself of German bi rth or descent , did their share in securing Amer

i a . c n liberty i n their new home In Virginia , North and South Carolina , and Georgia , there were many m Ger an settlers , and from their number many went

- into the patriot army , sharing its hardships and contented with helping to secu re the ﬁnal establish ment of American independence as their full re

’ “ KOrner s ward . In Gustav Das D eutsche Element

1 880 i n den Vereinigten Staaten , Cincinnati , , there is a graphic accou nt of the Germans from 1 8 1 8 to

1 8 8 4 , with frequent reference to the earlier, as well

as the later , Germans who took a distinguished place among the soldiers of the young republic i n its

ﬁrst Revol ution , an d i n its subsequent wars . Her kimer , Lutterloh , and Weissenfels in New York ,

e in M uhlenb rg Pennsylvania , M ichael Kalteisen and his associates i n the German Fusilier Company of

o r Charleston , South Carolina , the oldest m ilitary

anization 1 g of the country , establ ished in 775, are 36 T H E GERMA N SOLDIER I N T H E

am o ng those who were the ﬁrst German citizens by

thei r sacriﬁces and their services to secure the right

to a place i n the home of their adoption . Friedrich Heinrich Baron von Weissenfels was the

o friend and compani n of Washington , Steuben , and m De Kalb , and his name deserves to be rescued fro t . o oblivion Born i n Elbing , Prussia , i n succession a line of ” soldiers (his father was major i n the

unOer Swedish army) , he served i n the Silesian war

c Frederi k the Great , and , like Steuben , won at the hands of that royal soldier his dec o ration and order ; in 1 756 he entered the English service to take part

c in the old French war , was made an ofﬁ er i n the

e Royal American , the Sixtieth of the lin , took part

and in the attack on Fort Ticonderoga , the capture of

6 2 h e Havana in 1 7 . He was at t e side of Wolfe when

e he fell at Q uebec , an d serv d i n the same regi ment

as St . Clair . Put on half pay at the close of the war, he settled in New York , married a widow Bogart there , and had Steuben and Van Courtland as his groomsmen . As soon as the colonies began the

Revol ution , casting aside all thought of his own f i nterest , he of ered h is services to the Continental

Congress ; was made captain of a regiment organized

1 a - i n New York i n 775, and was brig de major at

T H E GERMA N SOL DIER I N T H E

f o . Colonel Nicholas Fish , New York

Colonel Frederick von Weissenfels , of the Second

New York Regi ment .

1 80 Major Sebastian Baumann , died 3, of the Sec ond New York Artillery Regi ment .

1 82 6 Captain Henry Tichout , died , Fi rst New

York Regiment .

S tez Captain George y , First New York Regi ment .

Lieutenant Peter Anspach , Second New York

Artillery Regiment .

o o Lieutenant Henry Demler , Sec nd New Y rk

Artillery Regi ment .

Lieutenant Joseph Freilich , Second New York

Regiment .

Lieutenant Michael Wetzel , Second New York

Regiment .

Furm ann Lieutenant Joh n , First New York Regi ment .

Lieutenant Carl Fr . Weissenfels , Second New

York Regiment .

- N esl ett Captain Lieutenant Peter , New York Ar tillery .

- aul m ann Captain Lieutenant Peter J , Sappers and

1 8 . Mi ners , died 35 WA R S ' F T H E O UNITED STA TES. 39

This l ist is of the German members of the Society of the Cincinnati i n New York alone , and n o doubt on the rolls of the Society in other States there will be found many other Germans whose names belong to the roll of soldiers distinguished for their services i n the war of the Revol ution . I n Seidensticker ’s adm i rable and exhaustive H is ” tory of the German Society of Pennsylvania , there is a brief mention of the services of the Germans of

1 6 Philadelphia i n the patriot cause . In May , 77 ,

Congress organized a German regi ment , of com

anies — p from Pennsylvania and Maryland , the Penn sylvania companies were ﬁve in number, and those from Maryland four . One of the Philadelphia com

Wo el er panics was commanded by Colonel David pp , an old soldier, for he had served in Germany under

Frederick the Great, and in the old French war under Washington . The German regiment was ﬁrst

H ause er commanded by g g , and it served with credit

’ i n M uhlenberg s brigade throughout the Revol ution .

Other German companies were raised at that ti me , and m any Germans served i n various arms of the service The ﬁnes and penalties i mp o sed on the German citizens of well -known rebel pri nciples are

’ ho w all recited i n Seidensticker s history , showing 40 T H E GERMAN SOLDIER I N T H E

strongly the German element in and about Phila delphia adhered to the patriot cause even at the

ti me the British held the city . In M r . H . M . Jen

’ “ kins s H istory of Gwynedd , there is a similar collection of evidence as to the stout adhesion of the Germans of Montgomery County to the rebel h side . He tells the story of one of t eir nu mber who was charged with the serious offence of giving

r t information to the enemy, and escaped ﬁnally seve e i punishment on the merci ful ground that he was a

W — a eak politician , plea that would cover many f a of ences i n ou r own day and gener tion .

John Paul Schott , the commander of a battalion in

’ 1 Armand s legion , was born in Prussia in 744 , t served as a cadet , became adj utan of Prince Fer dinand 1 6 of Brunswick , came to America i n 77 , was authorized to raise an independent company of Ger

’ man dragoons , led the right wing of Hand s brigade

’ 1 i n Sullivan s army , i n 779 , i n the attack on the Five

Nations , and commanded the forts i n Wyoming Val ley to the close of the war . He ﬁlled a variety of f civil o ﬁces afterwards , dying in Philadelphia i n

1 829 .

’ Washington s mounted body- guard was led by

Maj or Barth . van Heer, and consisted of fourteen WARS OF T H E UNITED STA TES. 4 1

ﬁi e s f - o c r ﬁ t . and y three men , nearly all Germans The First Continental Regiment of Pennsylvania was

commanded by Colonel John Philipp de Haas , who

1 1 0 en was born in 735, came to America i n 75 , was

in - sign the French war, became a brigadier general

1 i n 777, took part in the expedition to Canada , and

served with credit to the close of the war . Among the French allied army sent to the help

of the struggling colonies were many Germans , and

the investigation of H . A . Ratterman , editor of the

P ionier . , attests both their n umber and inﬂuence It

will be found i n volu me xiii . of that j ournal

1 60 20 . at pages 3 7, 3 , and 4 Colonel Esebeck com

“ ” m anded Zw eib riic k en a regi ment , (the German

’ equivalent for the French Deux Po nts In Force s

Arch ives many of the details of others are given . At the time it was a matter of arrangement b e

tween neighboring and friendly princes , how many of the men of one country should enlist i n the

army of another . France had troops from the

Wiirtem b er Rhi ne Provinces , Baden , Bavaria , g , Ans

pach , and Switzerland in its service . With the

Zw eib riick en Regiment came the two princes of

the name , Maj or Esebeck i n command , and Captain

’ Haake . A battalion from Trier served in Custine s 4x 42 T H E GERMAN S OLDIER I N T H E

El ssass regiment , one from , i n the Bourbonnais , a

’ L auz un s large nu mber were i n cavalry regi ment , and an Anhalt regiment assisted in the siege of Savannah . Among the German ofﬁ cers in the French service

o f were Count Fersen , chief staff of Rochambeau ,

besides his adj utant, Von Closen , and his chief of

tedin k . S artillery, Gau Count von g commanded the

and b e Anhalt regiment , , like his friend Fersen , longed to the old Pomeranian nobility, although both afterwards died in the Swedish service . At Yorktown the Germans in the American army fought for a time against the Germans u nder the

English ﬂag , and the commands were given on both sides i n German . A detachment of Germans placed the French ﬂag on the walls of Yorktown after its

o capture . Among the pris ners were countrymen of

the troops put over them as a guard , and many of ‘ o l d friends them met as and neighbors . When

Tarleton tried to force his way out of the lines , it was with the German cavalry under Ewald , and they were met and repulsed by the Germans u nder

’ Ratterm an s Armand . estimate that eleven thou sand German s o ldiers remained in this country after

o the war , may well be credited with recruits fr m both sides . With the Germans i n the Pennsylvania T H E WARS OF UNITED STA TES. 43 brigade of M uhlenberg and the Maryland brigade of Gist, the soldiers of the German regi ments i n the English service soon made friends an d found new

homes . Indeed , the Anspach regiment , two days f after the capitulation , of ered their services as a body . E lking gives a l ist of t w enty-eight ofﬁcers of the

Brunswick regiment who either remained or re turned here after the war to settle . In the H istory of the Early Settlement and In

” dian Wars of Western Vi rginia , by Wills de Hass ,

(Wheeling and Philadelphia , at page 344, is a

brief biographical sketch of Lewis Wetzel , a typical borderer , a brave and successful Indian ﬁghter, and the right arm of the settlers in their al most ceaseless war with the natives . H is father was one of the

ﬁrst settlers on Wheeling Creek , and was killed i n

1 8 7 7 by Indians , sacriﬁcing his own life to save that of his comrades . From that ti me the son , then

- w ell almost twenty three years of age , and already

trained by his father , devoted hi mself to avenging

- ﬁ ve his life . At twenty he enlisted under General a Harmar , commanding at Mariett , and , while i n the

army , he shot an Indian , was arrested , escaped , and

reached home , in spite of prison , guard , and fetters . An attempt to recapture him was given up out of 44 T H E GER/VAN SOLDIER I N T H E

fear of a counter- rebellion against the United States

troops , and when he did get into their hands , General

Harmar promptly released h im . He went to New

Orleans , was there arrested , was released a broken

man , yet he was long active in leading new set tl ers and purchasers thr o ugh the trackless forests of

1 8 80 . Western Virginia , until his death i n The

name is perpetuated in Wetzel County , West Vir

e ginia , although the early German name se ms to have — passed through nu merous variations , Whetzell ,

Whitzel l W atzel — , , and Wetzel , but of its German

derivation there can , of cou rse , be no doubt . The

Poes , too , who ﬁgure i n this border history , were

sons of German settlers , from Frederick County , k Maryland , and the elder Frederic Poe , wh o moved

1 1 8 0 - west i n 774, and died i n 4 at the age of ninety 0

three , was , like his younger brother , Andrew , a back

woodsman i n every sense of the word . Shrewd ,

active , and courageous , they ﬁxed their abode on

the frontier of civilization , determined to contest i nch by inch with the native Indians thei r right to

the soil and thei r privilege to live . Their hairbreadth escapes and bold adventures remain even now among

the legends of their early homes , and fortunately are

preserved i n the pages of the local historian . As

46 T H E GERM A N S OLDI ER I N T H E

for his performance at the battle of Dettingen , served

with Colonel Henry Bouquet in Flanders , came with

hi m as lieutenant in his Royal American Regiment ,

and served with it i n the old French war , in the cap

du ture of Fort Q uesne , and in the campaign against

the Indians . The war over , he settled i n Fredericks

burg , Virginia , then largely populated by Germans , and when the Revolution broke out became captai n and later on lieutenant - colonel of the Third Vi rginia

M ilitia , colonel of the First Virginia Continental , and

2 1 - ﬁnally , on February 4, 777, brigadier general , taking a leading part i n the battles of Brandywine and Germantown ; he left the service for a time , then

1 80 re- i n 7 entered it under Muhlenberg , and com m anded the Virgin ia militia at the siege of York town . Arma ’nd ’s legion was origi nally organized by

Ottendo rff Nicholas Dietri ch Freiherr von , a Saxon

o n bleman , lieutenant under Frederick the Great , who

came to this country with Kosci uszko , and became maj or, commanding an independent corps of light i nfantry . It was subsequently reorganized as cavalry

Ottendo rff - u nder Armand , became lieutenant colonel ,

H ow el m an and his adj utant , , a Hanoverian nobleman , fﬁ together with the o cers of the companies , were all I D S A WA R T H E N T S . S OF U TE TE 47 — advanced in grade , the names are given i n full i n

P ionie 6 the eighth volume of the r ( 1 876 p . 43 . O f the Pennsylvania Germans who were soldiers in the Revol ution the H iesters were prominent ex

omcerS ' amples . Four sons of one family were

Daniel , the eldest , colonel , 'ohn and Gabriel , ma

n j ors , and William , the youngest , captain ; a cousi , “ ” n Joseph , was in the Flyi g Camp , became colonel ,

- later maj or general of militia , a member of Congress , and a leader of his party in Berks Cou nty down to

1 8 2 his death i n 3 , in his eightieth year . John and

- Daniel , too , became major generals of militia , and

they , too , were also sent to Congress , one from

Pennsylvania and the other from Maryland , where he made his home .

The knowledge of the early Germans , and thei r

share in our history , will no longer be hidden i n the records of scattered local periodicals . In the series “ Geschichtsblatter M ittheil un en of , Bilder u . g aus

heraus e e dem Leben der Deutschen in Amerika , g g ” ben von Carl Schurz , published i n New York by

co ntribu Steiger , we have the promise of a valuable tion to our slender stock of available information as to the Germans in the United States . The ﬁrst vol ume of this series is a reprint of Kapp ’s Die Deut 48 T H E GERM A N S OLDI ER 'N T H E

schen im Staate New York wahrend des 1 8ten Jahr

” hunderts N ew , originally published in Leipsic and

1 86 1 2 6 York , i n 7. At page there is a list of the o fﬁcers of the four battalions organized i n Schoharie

r 1 Valley by Ge mans , in 775, to take part in the war

of independence . All fou r colonels were Germans ,

: H erchheim er viz . Nicholas , First Battalion , Canajo

barie ; Jacob Kloch , Second Battalion , the Pfalz ;

H an ost Friedrich Fischer, Third Battalion , Mohawk ; j

H erchheim er , Fourth Battalion , German Flats . The

H erchheim ers were the sons of an early German set

N ew tler i n Western York , who had won distinction by his gallant defence against Indian attacks i n the

H erchheim er old French war . General Nicholas , who fell in battle in 1 777 i n defence of the liberties of his

country , was honored with the praise of Washington , and by a modest monu ment which perpetuates his

services and sacriﬁce . One of his soldiers , born i n

1 8 6 . . , 3 , Germany , J A Hartmann survived until when

- he died at the age of ni nety two , after an old age of

poverty, borne with fortitude , and his name is now best remembered i n his old home , where he lived at

the public expense , as an example of the tardy grati tude of the republic he too had aided to establish . — H erchheim er is the type of the well -to do settlers WA RS I I UN I D S A S . OF T E TE T TE 49

of German descent , Hartmann of the poor emigrant , but both did their d uty manfully i n the struggle for

exani l e independence , and thus set an p freely fol lowed by others , Germans both by birth and descent , who fought for the Union . Among the leading German soldiers of the Revo l utionar y war from New York , was Hermann von

Zedw itz , major of the Fi rst Regiment ; his life is

h in 8 S c iick . . 1 sketched by Alfred g i n vol u me iii , p 5,

P ionier of the . The comm and of Montreal was given

Witzem a to Colonel Rudolph of the same regiment , an old ofﬁcer in the Royal Colonial army, who left the Continental army under a cloud , returned to

1 80 . England , and died there i n 3 The share of the Germans as oﬁicers and soldiers on the patriot side in the war of the Revolution won them the conﬁdence and gratitude of Washington .

The Hessians under Riedesel , who surrendered with

Burgoyne , were sent to Virginia, where they lived ff near Je erson , who thus learned to know them , gave them the use of his library, and enj oyed their

m usi c .

’ The second vol ume of Schurz s series , Bilder aus

P enns l vanischen der Deutsch y Geschichte , is from k the pen of Professor Oswald Seidenstic er, whose 50 T H E GERM A N S OLD I ER I N T H E

services i n the cause of ou r local German history have received general acknowledgment for thei r

a thoroughness and accuracy . He describes in det il the part taken by the Germans of Pennsylvania in both the Continental army under Washington and

the Provincial or State militia , and gives the names f of the o ﬁ cers of the German Battalion , and thei r

share in the war of independence . In the Second ,

Third , Fifth , Sixth , and Eighth Pennsylvania Regi ments were many Germans . The Second was com m anded by Colonel Philippe de Haas ; the lieutenant colonel of the Third was Robert Bunner, who fell at

1 8 M ent es Mon mouth , in 77 ; and g of the Fifth and

Becker of the Sixth were also Germans . Many of these were members of the German Society , and

Colonel Farmer, ﬁrst captain of a company of sharp

- shooters , and later com missary general , was four times president of the German Society after the

w ar.

H iesters Reading sent three , and York many Ger mans , in the regi ments that served i n the Revolution . Pennsylvania Germans were nu merous in Armand ’s

’ ’ legion , i n Schott s dragoons , and i n Van Heer s cavalry brigade . Quakers , Mennonites , D unkers , and H errnhiiters sacriﬁced their religious tenets WA RS T H E UN I D S A S . OF TE T TE 51

and associations to serve their cou ntry, while the Lutherans and others who had no conscientious

w e scruples against bearing arms , were ell repres nted in the ﬁeld . Foremost among these was General

1 6 M uhlenberg , born i n Montgomery County in 74 , the son of the oldest clergyman of the Lutheran

Church in Pennsylvania , who destined all his three sons to follow hi m i n the chu rch , educated at Halle ,

1 2 settled in 77 in Virginia , as pastor of a German

Lutheran congregation i n the Shenandoah Valley . He there became a friend of Patrick Henry and Wash in to n g . Earnestly supporting the cause of Ameri can i ndependence , he became colonel of the Eighth

Virginia , with Abraham Bowman and Peter Helfen

ﬁ el d-ofﬁ cers 1 6 stein as his . In January, 77 , he

o preached his last serm n , u rging on his hearers the duty of patriotic devotion to the cause of the

country, and then , throwing aside the clerical gown ,

a o showed his milit ry unif rm , and i nstantly over three hundred of his listeners followed his example and j oined his regiment . Congress soon made him a

- brigadier general , and throughout the war his zeal , his courage , his energy, were appreciated by Wash in to n g and Lafayette , and the other leaders of the

Revolution . H is part i n the ﬁnal su rrender of Corn 52 T H E GERM A N S OLD I ER I N T H E

- wallis at Yorktown made hi m a major general , and yet so modest was he that when peace retu rned his old parishioners would gladly have made hi m once

more their pastor . Seven years of war had , how

o f ever, changed the current his thoughts , and set

- tling i n Philadelphia , he became vice president of the

’ State , under Franklin , and , owi ng to Franklin s age

inﬁ rm ities and , was practically the head of the gov

ernm ent 1 88 . In 7 he and h is brother worked ener

g etical ly to secure the adoption of the Constitutio n

of 1 8 7 9 , and under it he sat i n the First Congress ,

as well as i n the Second and the Sixth , always a stout

advocate of the Democratic party ; he was three

times president of the German Society . His de

scendants , and those of his venerable father, have

served the state and the church i n many ways , and

always with honor to thei r German blood . H is

statue stands i n the Capitol at Washington , as the representative man chosen by Pennsylvania to take

a place among the hero es gathered there from all

parts of the cou ntry . His name and his fame are part of the inheritance which the German population of Pennsylvania transmits to future generations to show

tho ro u hl the how g y _ German element has done its

duty alike i n war and in peace , and how well it

54 T H E GERM A N S OL D I ER I N T H E

r 1 . co unt y in 79 5 The father was a strong , deter

a mi ned man , with high notion of his own impor tance , who showed a will of his own not u nlike that of the son . The elder Q uitman left Schoharie to

Rheinbeck become pastor of the church in , where 8 1 8 2 . 1 he died i n 3 His son was born there i n 79 ,

’ and educated by his father s successor . As a young

man he went South , became a distinguished lawyer and member of Congress from his new hom e i n

Natchez , Mississippi , took a leading place among the general ofﬁcers of vol unteers in the Mexican war, was prominent i n urging on the people of

’ the South the extreme doctrines of States rights ,

ﬁ re- rej oicing i n the name of eater , and was generally looked on as the intellectual l eader ' o f the agitation

1 86 1 which ﬁnally ended i n the Rebellion of . H is

1 8 8 death , i n 5 , saved him from sharing in the de vastation his theories had brought over the section which accepted hi m as their representative . In the Revol ution there were adherents of Whigs and Tories even in the same family , and this was as tru e of the Germans as of the other nationalities settled in the colonies ; but i n the Rebellion the m i nority in either of the two great sections into which the country was divided had little power or inﬂuence WA RS T H E UN I D S T A S . OF TE TE 55 to stem the tide that ﬁnally led to the success of the Union . Still , the Germans were found on both

- e sides , for the self reliant , i ndepend nt character of the German leads him to choose his own course , and to adhere to it in spite of popular opposition .

Klin elhoffer In Arkansas , g , son of the founder of a fﬁ German colony at Little Rock , became an o cer of the Confederate army . The registers and rolls of the regular army of the United States bear the names of many distinguished soldiers of German birth and descent , and not a few of them brought to the service of their new father land the training and experience acquired in their native country . In the exhaustive dictionaries of the army by Gardiner and Henry and Hamersly , and i n the i nvaluable pages of General George W .

’ ” C ul l um s Record of the Graduates of West Point ,

' are found many exam pl es o f the German soldier i n

exam l e de the army of the United States . One p serves special mention .

John Baptiste de Barth , Baron de Walbach , brig adier-general and colonel commanding Fourth Ar

tillery , was the third son of Count Joseph

R o hm er H e de Barth and Marie Therese de . was

S t. born in M unster, Valley of Gregory, Upper 56 T H E GER M A N S OLDI ER I N T H E

a d 1 66 Rhine , Germ ny , on the 3 day of October, 7 , and was educated at the military school at Stras

1 2 bourg . In December, 79 , he entered as a cadet b the company commanded y Baron de Wald , Regi

ment of Royal Alsace , Pri nce Maximillian of D eux

Ponts colonel and proprietor, i n the service of the

King of France . He was promoted and served in

1 8 the same regi ment as ensign until October, 7 3, and then u ntil November as gentleman vol unteer i n m the hussars , General Baron de Kellerman co mand

in 1 8 1 8 g . From January , 7 3, until January 9 , 7 4,

he served in the Regiment of Luzern H ussars , when he received the appointment of sub -lieutenant m in (co et) , and contin ued to serve the successive

g rades , second lieutenant , ﬁrst lieutenant , until May,

1 2 . 79 , and captai n Declining the commission of

captain , he left France to j oi n the armies of the I XV . Prince , brother of King Louis He served

o n i n this army as gentleman volunteer, horseback ,

at his own expense , u nder Colonel Count de Pes

tal ozzi . , his former colonel of the Luzern H ussars With this corps he made the campaign in Cham

1 2 pagne , i n 79 , in the advance of the Prussian army ,

M estrich until it was disbanded at a . He then left

Liege , passed through the French lines to Treves, H E N I D WA RS T U S A S . OF TE T TE 57

and brought back his sister , Mme . Blondeau , and

placed her , with their three children , under the care

- o l of her husband , lieutenant colonel , f rmer y maj or ,

Ro cham of artillery, who had served in the army of beau in America . He then went to Germany , took

6 1 part i n the attack on Frankfort , January , 79 3,

- and later joined the Sixty second Company , First é Battalion of the Austrian Chasseurs of Cond ,

1 serving , during the campaign of 79 3, i n attacks

Yo rkheim on the French lines at Germersheim , ,

L an enkardet W eissem b o ur g , and g , where the Aus

' trians captured one hundred and ﬁ fty-ﬁ ve pieces of cannon ; the losses in both armies being estimated

- at twenty two thousand men . He then accepted a captaincy from the Prince de Rohan , and covered the retreat of the unfortunate army of the D uke of

York northward to Holland and Germany . Finally he embarked with his regiment , the Hussars of

Rohan , for the British West Indies , on the promise of the British Government that they should always serve on horseback , and that at the end of fou r years they were to be returned to their homes .

1 8 f re iﬁ . In 79 , being then the third o ﬁcer of the g ment , which had been reduced by yellow fever

o ne from twelve hu ndred to hundred and thirty , 58 T H E GER M A N S OL D I ER I N T H E

he obtained leave for six months to visit his father , who had come to America at the outbreak of the

w - French Revol ution . With t enty four other noble men he had agreed to buy forty thousand acres of land on the Scioto River, Ohio , paying half the

purchase -m o ney to Joel Barlow and William Play

ac fai r, agents in Paris of Colonel William Duer,

a f credited by letter from Thomas Jef erson . Count

de Barth sailed with three hundred emigrants , landed

1 0 i n Alexandria , Virginia , in March , 79 , and then proceeded to Marietta , Ohio , where he fou nd that

D uer had become a bankrupt . He returned to Phil

- —S rin ettsb ur adelphia , purchased a country seat, p g y l — Manor , Bush H il , a mansion with sixty acres , but

' 2 1 he died there September 4, 79 3, and was buried

’ P hil adel i n St . Mary s Roman Catholic Church i n phia . Bush H ill was occupied as a hospital during the yellow fever , and as there was n o one author ized to make the last payment , it was sold by the 8 f . 1 sheri f and passed from the family In 79 Colonel ,

then Maj or , Walbach , on his arrival , retained Messrs .

William Rawle , Jared Ingersoll , and James Heatly , but owing to the loss of documents could obtain no

M e redress . ajor Walbach th n resigned his com mission as maj or i n the H ussars of Rohan and A R H E I A W S T N S S . OF U TED T TE 59

i citizen became an adopted of the United States . In the autum n of 1798 he entered the army of the

United States on the i nvitation of Washington ,

M c H enr Hamilton , and y, as second lieutenant of

cavalry , and was appointed adj utant of a cavalry regiment , holding that post until the corps was

1 disbanded in June , 799 . He then was employed in the ofﬁ ce of the Adj utant -General of the United

States , General William North , who had been aid

1 to General Steuben . In December , 799 , he was employed to assist General Charles C . Pinckney in

preparing regulations for the cavalry , and later to assist General Hamilton i n preparing regulations

for the artillery , and afterwards he was ordered to report to General Washington , to take charge of

a detachment of dragoons . He was appointed , i n

1 80 1 , ﬁrst lieutenant in the First Regiment of Ar

1 80 2 tillery and Engineers , and in aid to General

1 80 Wilkinson ; i n 4, adj utant of artillery and mili

tary agent at Fort Constitution , New Hampshire ; i n

1 80 6 1 8 1 2 , captain of artillery ; in , assistant deputy

1 8 1 - quartermaster ; i n 3, assistant adj utant general with the rank of major , and assistant adjutant

o general with the rank of colonel , and brevet maj r,

’ for gallant conduct at the battle of Chrystl er s Fields ; 60 T H E GERM A N S OL DI ER I N T H E

1 8 1 in 5, maj or of artillery and brevet lieutenant

’ 1 8 0 colonel ; in 3 , brevet colonel for ten years further

- service , and lieutenant colonel i n the First Regi ment

1 8 2 of Artillery ; i n 4 , colonel of the Fourth Regi

ment of Artillery, and made commander at Fortress

Monroe and brevet brigadier- general ; and in 1 851 he was assigned to the command of the Depart

ment of the East . He died in Baltimore , Maryland ,

l oth 1 8 on the of June , 57, of disease contracted in

18 1 2 o the war of . A highly c mmendatory order was

- i ssued by General Scott , lieutenant general com

manding at the ti me of his death , reciting his long

military career , his distinguished services , and his

unwavering integrity, truth , and honor , strict atten

fo r tion to duty , and zeal the service , tempering the administration of an exact discipline by the

most elevated courtesies . General George W . Cul

lu m , in his Campaigns and Engineers of the War

1 8 1 2—1 168 of 5, at page , credits him with saving the ’ 8 artillery at Chrystl er s Fields in 1 1 3. His grand

son , John de Barth Walbach Gardiner , is an assist

~ in S tates arm . ant surgeon the United y His son ,

1 8 L . de B . Walbach , who died in 53, was a graduate

of West Point and a captain of ordnance . Another

son died an ofﬁ cer of the United States navy .

T H E GERM A N S OLD I ER I N T H E

General Ammen , who was distinguished during the

n Rebellion , was a ative of Virginia , a graduate of

1 8 1 West Point in 3 , had resigned to engage in teach

n i ng and e gineering , and , when the war broke out, re-entered the service as colonel of the Twenty

- fourth Ohio ; as a brigadier general , he served with great bravery in the West . Edmund Schriver and Alexander Shiras were grad

n 1 8 . ates of 33, and both were born in Pennsylvania Their services i n the Rebellion were highly appre i d c ate .

1 8 Herman Haupt , a graduate of 35, was born i n

Philadelphia , and , besides h is services in the ﬁeld , has been a pioneer i n the great b usiness of railroad build 6 1 8 . ing across the continent . His son graduated i n 7

Luther and Roland and Hagner, all of the class of

1 8 6 3 , bore good Pennsylvania German names .

The M uhlenbergs have had a representative , and f o ten m ore than one , i n the regular army since the time of the early Pennsylvania soldier down to our

own day, and all have done honor to a name that is

o n ﬁ ttin l looked . as one g y chosen as the type of the

Pennsylvania soldier and statesman . The M uhlen

bergs , six at least , ﬁll an honored place on the regis

ters of the regular army , in which they have a right WA R S T H E N S A S OF U I TED T TE . 6 3 by descent from patriot ancestors of the Revol u tion .

General S . P . Heintzelman , a veteran of the regular

a 1 80 . army, was born in L ncaster Cou nty i n 5 His grandfather, a native of Augsbu rg , was the ﬁrst white settler in Manheim , where his grandson was educated

826 until he went to West Point in 1 . He was pro moted and brevetted for his gallantry in the Mexican

war, and at the outbreak of the Rebellion became colonel of the Seventeenth United States Infantry .

At Bull Run he was wounded ; on the Peninsula he

commanded a corps , and throughout the war he was always on duty . Francis Lieber was born in Berlin i n 1 80 0 ; he grew up i n the midst of the earnest aspirations of

Germany for freedom from the French yoke , and at

e the age of ﬁfteen , following the exampl of h is elder

en brothers , and with the approval of his parents ,

in B her listed the Colberg Regi ment under liic . He began his short experience of war at Ligny , was wounded , and returned after the campaign of Water

- l oo to resume his work as a school boy . With the other young Turners , he followed Jahn in his plan for political as well as physical regeneration , and with his leader he was imprisoned for excess of patriotism . H G RM A N S D I R I N H E 64 T E E OL E T

H is four months ’ conﬁnement was not in itself a

great hardship , but it carried with it a prohibition to

study i n any Prussian university, and this i mplied his

excl usion from public employment . He studied at

- Jena , Halle , and Dresden , and then at twenty one

unsatis took part in the Greek struggle , with very

factory results .

Then , encouraged by Niebuh r, i n whose family he had been employed in Rome , he returned to Berlin , l on y to be again imprisoned , an enforced idleness which he used in the composition of a vol ume of poems of the merriest kind ; after trying i n vain to

un secu re a stable position , he freed h imself from the comfortable results of his early patriotism by com ing

1 82 . to America , where he arrived in 7 He estab l ished a swimming-school i n Boston after the model of those of Germany, but soon undertook a very — “ great work the preparation of the Encyclopaedia

’ B rockhaus s Americana , based on Conversations ” be Lexicon , published in Philadelphia , which then came the scene of his active literary labors . He pre pared an elaborate scheme for the management of

Girard College , and began his independent author ship . He went to the University of South Carolina ,

1 8 in 35, as Professor of H istory and Political Econ WA R S T H E N I D S OF U TE TA TES . 65

o m . 1 8 y There he wrote and taught until 57, when he gladly left the South . When the Rebellion broke out he was quietly settled at Col u mbia College i n New York , but one of his sons went into the Confederate service , another with the Illinois troops into the Union army , and a third got a com mission in the regular army, and he himself began his work as legal adviser to the govern ment on questions of military and international law by preparing a code of instructions for the govern ment of armies of the United States in the ﬁeld , and from that time on he was i n constant employment i n that direction , putting his vast store of learning at the disposition of the authorities on every ﬁtting occasion . He maintained a close correspondence

with the leading German professors Bluntschli , Mohl ,

H oltzendo rff , and did m uch to secure i n Germany a proper appreciation of the great work done for the world by securing the perpetuation of the American

Union , and later on to make America alive to the merits of the great struggle with France which se

1 8 2 cured German unity . H is busy life ended i n 7 , and his best epitaph was his own favorite motto , ” a Carior Patri Cara , Libertas , Veritas Carissi ma, for

Country, Liberty, and Truth , were the great aims 69t 66 T H E GERM A N S OLD I ER I N T H E

in all he wrote and spoke and thought . His ser vices were o f a kind not often within the reach and range of a single life , and his memory deserves to be honored and kept green i n both his native and his adopted country . H e was well represented in the Union cause by his two sons , Hamilton , who

- served i n the Ninety second Illinois , and died in

1 8 6 an f nd 7 , o ﬁcer of the regular army , a Guido , r still in the regular se vice , through whom his name is perpetuated in the army register , while the death of another son on the Confederate side was another sacriﬁce to the cause of the Union . “ H is Instructions for Armies i n the Field , Gen

. 10 0 eral Order No , published by the Government of

2 1 86 the United States , April 4, 3, were the ﬁrst codi

ﬁ cation of international articles of war , and marked an epoch in the history of international l aw and of civilization . His other contributions to military and to international law , published at various times during the civil war , together with his other miscellaneous writings on political science , have been reprinted i n the two vol umes of his works issued by J . B . Lippin 1 88 1 81 Co . cott , in , and these , with his memoirs and the tributes paid hi m by President Gilman and Judge

Thayer , are his best monu ment . A memoir by T . S . WA R S T H E N I D S A OF U TE T TES . 67

Perry well deserves attention , and the German trans

’ H o l tzendo rff L ieber s o u lation , edited by , shows p p l arit y i n Germany .

General August V . Kautz was born in Baden in

1 82 8 to , and came as a lad this country , where his family settled in Ohio . At the outbreak of the Mexican war he enl isted i n the First Ohio Regi

ment , and was rewarded for his services by being

w as appoi nted a lieutenant i n the regular army . He

captain of cavalry at the outbreak of the Rebellion ,

commanded his regi ment , the Sixth Cavalry , under

M cCl ell an the o , i n perations before Richmond , was appointed colonel of the Second Ohio Cavalry an d — chief of cavalry of the Twenty third Corps , and brevetted major-general i n both the vol unteer and

- regular service . He became lieutenant colonel of the Fifteenth Infantry after the war, is now colonel

of the Eighth Infantry , and is the author of som e excellent works on various subjects of m ilitary science .

- Brevet Lieutenant Colonel Alfred Mordecai , of the

Ordnance Department of the United States army , is a

1 86 1 graduate of West Point , of the class of June , , and is now maj or of his corps . H is scientiﬁc ser vices have been recognized both i n and out of the 68 T H E GERM A N S OL D I ER I N T H E

fﬁ army . He is the son of a distinguished o cer of the regular army , Maj or A . Mordecai , of the class of

1 82 3, whose m ilitary record was a very brilliant one ; his name is familiar as the author , with General

M c Cl ell an D el aﬁ el d and General , of an admirable report of their visit to Europe and to the Crimea during the Russian war of 1 854. His grandfather was a German . Father and son have both con tributed to the science of their branch of the mili tary profession , ordnance ; and the elder, Maj or M ordecai , gave the ﬁrst i mpulse to Professor

’ ' Henry s application of electricity to ballistics ,

the art of measuring the velocity of projectiles , now become a matter of every-day use i n all arse nal s througho ut the world .

ictu General George A . Custer , one of the most p resque characters of the war and an exceptional

soldier in his Indian campaigns , was the great grandson of an ofﬁ cer of the Hessian soldiers sent here to serve i n the British army during the Revo

l u io n t . 1 8 His ancestor, paroled in 77 , after Bur

’ goyne s surrender, settled in Pennsylvania married “ Kiister there , changed his German name , , to one

easier to pronounce i n English , and m oved to Mary

w as land , where the father of General Custer born

70 T H E GERM A N S OLD I ER I N T H E

1 8 f o 54, is well remembered as the ﬁrst o ﬁcer f the t regular army o fall i n the war of the Rebellion .

1 8 ac Born i n Philadelphia in 34, he was killed in

l oth tion , at Bi g Bethel , Virginia , on the of June ,

6 1 f 1 8 . He was one of the most popular o ﬁcers i n the service , distinguished alike for gallantry and

H e attain ments . , too , was of German descent , and the traditions of the family were all patriotic . H is

- great grandfather , Andrew Greble , a native of Saxe

1 2 Gotha , came to this country in 74 , settled per m anentl y in Philadelphia , and enlisted warmly i n the cause of the war of Independence . He and his

four sons j oined the American army, and fought at the battles of Princeton and Monm outh . Two of ’ d his ancestors on his mother s si e , good Welsh

Quakers , were i n the Continental army . A gradu ate of the Philadelphia H igh School , he showed at

West Point and in the army a love of study, which , with his amiable manners and soldierly conduct , secured hi m the friendship of all with whom he was brought i n contact . After serving i n Florida , he was appointed to the corps of i nstructors at West n Poi t, and was on duty at Fortress Monroe when the civil war broke out . His untimely death was due to his deliberate purpose to sacriﬁce his life “ to H E N I D S T A WA RS T U S . OF TE TE 7 1 save the lives of the large body of soldiers imper

H is ill ed by an overwhelming force . heroism had its reward i n the gratitude with which his memory is cherished both in the army and by the people .

His son , Lieutenant Edwin St . John Greble , a grad

1 88 1 uate of the class of , is now servi ng with the

Second United States Artillery .

. 1 82 Wi lliam Heine was born in 7, died in Dres

n in 1 88 den , his ative city , October , 5. He learned n la dscape and architectural pai nting i n Paris , and was employed as a painter at the Dresden Court

1 8 8 Theatre , but , after the revolution of 4 i n Sax

1 8 1 ony , came to the United States in 5 ; he trav ell ed i n Central America , which he described i n “ ” Central am erika 18 Wanderbilder aus , Leipzig , 53.

’ r He subsequently j oined Per y s expedition to Japan ,

1 860 and , in , the Prussian expedition to the sam e

’ B eitrzi e country , describing it in his Japan , g zu r

” Ken niss t u. s 1 8 0 . des Landes . Bewohner , D resden , 7

After the outbreak of the American civi l war , he entered the Union army as captain of engineers ;

1 86 advanced to the rank of brigadier , March , 5 ; was afterwards employed in the United States con

sular service , and returned to his native land i n

1 8 1 7 . T H E GERM A N S OL D I ER I N T H E

The Germans served in large numbers i n cavalry and artillery companies of volunteers in the Mexican

war, notably from Texas and Missouri , and many of them gained distinction in this service . Kentucky had its in fantry regi ment and its cavalry company of

Germans in the Mexican war, and many Germans in

its loyal regiments during the Rebellion , notably

Companies E and G of the Fou rth Caval ry , and

’ Barth s company of the Twenty- eighth Kentucky

z l unte rs Vo e . Among the Germans whose services i n Texas ought not to be forgotten is the once fam iliar

name of William Langenheim ; and of his associates ,

Gustavus Schleicher i n Texas and J . A . Wagener in South Carolina served i n the Confederate army . New Orleans and Louisiana had among their leading — Union m en two representative Germans , Christian

Roselius and M ichael H ahn . General Godfrey Weitzel was born in Germany i n

1 8 35, and came with his parents to this country as a

child , was appointed a cadet at West Point in his

1 8 seventeenth year , and i n 55 graduated as a lieu

o f tenant engineers . He served with B utler and

Banks i n the South , and led a division under Grant i n the ﬁnal conquest of Richmond . After the war he was constantly employed in his profession , WA RS T H E UN I D S T A S . OF TE TE 73

1 until his untimely death in Philadelphia , March 9 ,

1 88 4.

Colonel Alexander von Schrader , born i n Ger

a - many , soldier by training , was lieutenant colonel

- of the Seventy fourth Ohio , and became a major i n

- the Thirty ninth Infantry of the regular army , dying

6 1 86 i n service August , 7 . He had been reduced to the direst poverty before the war, but when the occasion came his distinguished gallantry and efﬁ cient m ilitary training stood hi m in good stead . a Henry A . H mbright , retired as m aj or Nine teenth United States Infantry , brevet colonel United

- States army, brevet brigadier general United States vol unteers , was born in Lancaster , Pennsylvania ,

2 1 8 1 March 4, 9 . H is father , Frederick , a major

general of militia , and his uncle , George , a colonel , both served i n the war of 1 8 1 2 . Colonel Ham

bright served in the Mexican war , i n the war of the Rebellion as an ofﬁ cer of the Second Pennsylvania

a Volunteers , i n the First Pennsylvani (three months)

- Volunteers , and as colonel of the Seventy ninth

’ Pennsylvania ; while still i n the three months service he was com missioned captain of the Eleventh United

States Infantry , and served with distinguished gal

lantry through the war, and with great ﬁdelity until 74 T H E GERM A N S OL D I ER I N T H E he was retired for disability incurred in the line of duty . A study of the register of ofﬁcers of the regular army from 1 779 shows a large proportion of Ger — mans , beginning with Kalb and Steuben , in the

German Battalion of Pennsylvania and Maryland , the artille ry and engineer and other staff corps en

1 8 1 2 1 gaged i n the wars of and 846 . D uring the

Rebellion many old soldiers of German birth were re~ w arded by com missions , and not a few distinguished German volunteers were also appointed in the reg — a ular army , among them Bl cher, Von Hermann ,

iz S chirach L uettw t . , M ichalowski , Von There were two m illion six h undred and ninety thousand men engaged in the army and navy during

- the Rebellion , beside seventy two thousand emer geney men called out for short periods of service .

The Count of Paris , in his exhaustive history of the

war, says that of the volunteers who enlisted duri ng the ﬁrst year only one-tenth were foreigners ; of the

- remainder, two thirds were born on American soil

- and less than one fourth were naturalized Eu ropeans .

1 86 In 4, when conscription was partially resorted to , eighty per cent . were natives . This army, m ore than

- - two thirds natives and less than one third foreigners , A WA RS OF T H E UN I T ED S T T ES . 75

was raised out of a population of nineteen millions . Far more than one-third of the effective male popu in lation were of European birth , yet the army there was less than that proportion i n the ranks .

’ The Confederacy at the ti me of the battle of Bull Run had about two hundred thousand men under arms . When the North called for ﬁve hundred

thousand men , the South called for four h undred

1 862 thousand . In the South had about one h un dred and eighty thousand men in the ﬁeld ; i n April of that year the Confederate Congress ordered , not

en m asse a draft as i n the past , but a levy of all

-ﬁ ve white males between eighteen and thirty , resid ing within the Confederacy , for three years or the

o u war, divided into sixteen classes . Based on a p p lation of ﬁve million whites , this should have pro duced -it eight hundred thousand men , did give between four and ﬁve hundred thousand effective

. 1 862 men In September, , the limit of age was ex

-ﬁ ve tended to forty , and the other limit was made to i nclude all who had completed thei r seventeenth year since April . In the Confederate army there were many Ger

mans , and m uch of the literatu re of the war on the part of the South is made up of the reco rds of those 76 T H E GERM A N S OLD I ER I N T H E — who served on that side , notable among them Heros

B o rcke - von , and he speaks in his M unchausen like book of ﬁnding among the riﬂ em en an old Prus

’ — of sian soldier from Texas , meeting at Lee s head

S cheibert quarters Captain , of the Prussian engineers , detailed as an observer , but taking an active part as — “ a combatant , and the author of a book , Sieben

” Monate in den Rebellen Staaten , published i n Stet

1 868 tin i n , characterized by its strong Southern

* o tone . Then there is the bo k of another German

* ’ l ll a f of G a E . a i I n M cC e an s a . . S s dmir ble li e ener l J B tu rt, there a a s a s s ofﬁ a of 1 p per igned by th t di tingui hed cer under d te June 7,

1 862 sa s , in which he y ,

M H os von o o a ss a a a o fﬁ has s o . er B r ke, Pru i n c v lry cer , h wn him

I o War self a thorough soldier and a splendid ofﬁ cer . h pe the ' '

D epartment will confer as high a commi ssi on as p ossible on thi s ” s m an w ho has as his l ot us s n o . de erving , c t in with in thi tryi g h ur (p 69

A t a 0 ﬁ nd a on l th of A s 1 86 M a o p ge 3 7, we th t the g ugu t , 3, j r

H os von Borcke an ofﬁ of ss a a w h o w as s er , cer the Pru i n rmy , erving

’ on G a S a s s aff a s w o sa ener l tu rt t , received evere und , which di bled

f f s him rom urther ervice . (p .

I n o o a M a a for a 1886 s the S uthern Biv u c g zine , Febru ry , , publi hed at o s is o at a 1 a s L ui ville , Kentucky , it menti ned p ge 5 5 th t the di tin

’ uish ed o o Von o o S a s f-of—s aff a s g C l nel B r ke , tu rt chie t , l tely revi ited

a u o a s a a U on o F uq ier C unty , Virgini , t ying ne r pperville , the n rthern

' border ; his once robust c on stituti o n much aﬁ ected by the ball he

78 T H E GE RAI A N S OL DI ER I N T H E ten u nd Lichtbilder aus dem amerikanischen Leben ” S ecessio nskrie es wahrend des g (Hannover ,

Riistow , a recognized authority on war, a history of the war, from a purely military point of view . “ Mangold wrote Der Feldzu g in Neu Virg inien i n ” 1 862 August , (Hannover , which has received — high praise , Constantin Sander, a history of the

1 862 war , ﬁrst down to , and then a later and more complete volume , the former published in Frankfort i n 6 ” 1 86 1 8 . 3, the second in 5 Von Achten der Letzte is a German novel on the Southern side published

1 8 1 i n Wiesbaden in 7 . M uch that is of interest “ on the subject is to be found i n the vol ume , In

H eim ath M ittheil un en der neuen , Geschichtliche g iiber die Deutschen Einwanderer i n allen Theilen

” der Union , herausgegeben von Anton Eickhoff.

Y . 1 88 8vo 2 . . 8 te Ausgabe , N , Steiger, 5, , pp 39 . Of translations and newspaper magazine articles

' l m s endl ess a o t . i n German , the nu mber i s Many Southern citizens living abroad tried to reach the

German public by arguments and appeals , but the fact remains that the great mass of the Germ an people were from ﬁrst to last unshaken i n their faith in the success of the Union , and they proﬁted largely by the faith which led them to make in H E N I WA RS T U S T A . OF TED TES 79 vestments i n American bonds and securities at a time of general doubt . In North Carolina there was a goodly n umber of Germans and of the descendants of the early Ger

in man settlers the Confederate service . In Wil

u mingto , North Carolina , at the commencement of the war , a company was raised under the name of the German Volunteers , afterwards Company A ,

Eighteenth Regiment North Carolina troops . The

l s n rs f . o rneh e Voll e C . o ﬁcers were , C , Captain ; H ,

First Lieutenant ; G . H . W . Runge , Second Lieu

hul ken S c . tenant ; E . , Third Lieutenant There were

—ﬁ ve seventy men rank and ﬁle , all Germans , i n this organization , while in other branches of the service , artillery and cavalry , as well as in the Confederate

—so States navy , there were Germans , that North

Carolina had a fair share of them in its vol unteers . South Carolina was not without its German sol

1 6 0 diers . Indeed , as early as 7 , the ﬁrst German that set foot i n Carolina , John Lederer , made a tour of exploration u nder the direction of Governor Wil liam Berkeley, of Virginia ; he was a man of learn

ing ; his jou rnal was written in Latin , and the trans lator , Sir William Talbot , Governor of Maryland ,

ac speaks highly of h is literary attainments . The 30 T H E GERM A N S OL D I ER I N T H E

cou nt of this journey was published and circulated , and doubtless had its effect i n the settling of Caro

1680 lina , for it is certain that in German immigration

1 6 had fairly set i n . In 7 4 six hu ndred Palatines

1 66 arrived i n South Carolina . In 7 the German

Friendly Society was founded i n Charleston , and as early as 1 686 the German Lutherans were incl uded

B e among the leading elements of the population . tween 1 730 and 1 750 a great addition was made from Switzerland and Germany , and the dreadful w ar that scou rged the peaceful inhabitants for so many years drove tho usands to America , and of these many came to Carolina . Of course i n the

Confederacy , and especially i n its army from South

Carolina and in the defence of Charleston , there were

many Germans ; th us i n the force that took posses

1 86 1 sion of Fo rt Moultrie in Apri l , , there was the

N ohrden German Artillery, Captain C . ; and among the troops furnished by the city of Charleston to the

’ Southern army , i n the roster printed i n Cou rtenay s

n or H istory of Charleston , are the followi g German

anizations g , viz

Fo urth Brigade South Carolina M ilitia : Ger

Riﬁ em en man , Captain J . Small ; Palmetto Riﬂe

men , Captain A . Melchers . WA R T H E N I D A S OF U T E S T TES . 8 1

Seventeenth Infantry, German Fusileers , Captai n

S . Lord , Jr .

First Regi ment of Artillery , Major John A . Wag ener (a veteran of the war with Mexico , a member of

Company F, the Charleston company of the South

Carolina Regi ment) .

German Artillery , Company A , Captain C . Nohr

den ; German Artillery , Company B , Captain H .

Harms .

Cavalry , German H ussars , Captain Theodore

Cordes .

Marion Riﬂes , a volunteer corps of the ﬁre depart ment, Captai n C . B . Sigwald . At the com mencement of the war of the Rebel lion , the Germans of Charleston , South Carolina , took an active share i n the war , for they considered that their homes were assailed by the North , and they

volunteered freely for the war , furnishing about four hundred men . The German Artillery , Companies

A and B , were militia organizations , u nder command of Major John A . Wagener . These two compan ies served from the outset until the war ended . The two companies were under the respective command

N hrden . o . of Captains A . and H Harm s After

o 1 86 1 the battle of H ilton Head , N vember 7, , Maj or 82 T H E GERM A N S OLDI ER I N T H E

Wagener took com mand of the Home Guards in

Charleston , and the commander of Company A was

Captain D . Werner ; of Company B , Captain Franz

Melchers , who served during the rest of the war . The command was reorganized after the war as one

company , under Captain F . W . Wagener , who had

’ served d uring the war after Captain Werner s resig

nation . The German H ussars , also a militia com pany,volunteered for the war under Captain Theo F dore Cordes ; on his death , Captain remder took

command , and after his death , Captain Hanke Wohl r ken served during the war . The Ge man Vol unteers

were a company of young men under Captain W . K .

Bachman ; they volu nteered for and served through t o ut the war . All of them declared heir allegiance to the home they had chosen voluntarily and shared the fate of the people who had received them kindly, while they hardly bothered their heads about the cause of the war . They were merchants , clerks ,

artisans , etc . , and many of them have passed away during or since the war . Captai n F . Melchers still — survives , for forty years a resident of Charleston , and for thirty-three years publisher of the D eutsche

’ Zeztun g , except duri ng the four years of the war ,

and when he served as lieutenant as captai n , and as O H E I D A T E WA RS F T UN T S T S . E 83 lieutenant-colonel on the staff of General Wade

Hampton . Captai n F . W . Wagener and Captain

hl k n . W o e . Hanke are merchants , Captai n W R ‘ f Bachman a lawyer , and Pro essor C . H . Bergmann ,

of the German School , was a vol unteer and orderly

’ sergeant in Bachman s company during the war . The survivors are about to erect a monument to

their fallen comrades , and the Germans of Charleston have contributed a handsome su m for the pu rpose . The Charleston companies in the arm ies of the — Confederate States for the war ( 1 86 1 65) i ncluded in Courtenay ’s roster

Three companies of German artillery . * B . Light Battery , Hampton Legion , Captain W

K . Bachman .

Light Battery A , Captai n F . W . Wagener .

Light Battery B , Captain F . Melchers .

- Marion Riﬂes , Company A , Twenty fourth Regi ment South Carolina Volunteers , Captai n C . B .

Si gwald .

* T s o a a G a o s w as a s hi c mp ny , c lled the erm n V lunteer , r i ed by

Ge a s of a s o s o s for the rm n citizen Ch rle t n , mu tered int ervice the w ar as an fa o a and s s a sf to in ntry c mp ny , ub equently tr n erred the

a light rtillery . T H E GERM A N S OLD I ER I N T H E

d German H ussars , Troop G , Thi r Regi ment

South Carolina Cavalry , Captain Theodore Cordes . In Texas many Germans served in the Confed

’ erate . army In Walker s Texas Division , the Third Texas Vol unteer Infantry Regiment had Company

Biesenb uch B , Captai n , Lieutenants Koening and

L ieuten Uhl ; Company F , Captai n Rosenhei mer,

Ztuni ants and Hafner ; Company G , Captain Sher

o hagen ; C mpany K , Captain Bosi , Lieutenants Sara

hl eunin S c . sin and g In the Sixteenth Texas , Colonel F lournoy , Company E , Captain G . T . Marold , Lieu

Kl aedon tenants , Hanke , and Groff ; Company H ,

S abath of the Seventeenth , Captain , Lieutenant Koll

mauer , were all Germans .

In the Fi rst Virginia Infantry , Company K had

Lieutenants C . Bau man , B . Bergmeier , and A . Bitzel

(see its history by Charles Loehr) . The Louisiana militia organizations at the outset a of the Rebellion i ncluded the New Orleans J gers ,

Captain Peters , Lieutenants Fassbi nder and H uth ;

Christern usil eers the Sharpshooters , Captai n ; the F ,

Walb rack Captain Sievers , Lieutenants Gerdes and ;

the La Fayette Guards , Captain Koeni g , Lieutenants

Frideb ach f Hollenback and ; the Jef erson Guards ,

’ Woll rath Reichard s Captain , Lieutenant Lehman ;

86 T H E GERM A N S OLD I ER I N T H E

F . C . Schulz , Chestnut Artillery , South Caroli na ;

’ H anl ei r ter . Captain C . R . , J , Thompson s Artillery ,

E n l ehard Georgia ; J . A . g , Maj or and Assistant Ad ’ - j utant General , Pender s Light Division , Third Corps ;

- R . W . Memminger, Assistant Adj utant General and

f . Chief of Staf , Departm ent of M ississippi and East

Louisiana .

Gustav. Schleicher was the ﬁrst German in Con

gress , who there won reputation as a representative

of the Germans of the United States . Born in

1 82 e Darmstadt i n 3, he studied at Giessen , b came

a a successful civil engi neer , emigr ted to Texas in

1 8 47, established hi mself ﬁnally i n San Antonio ,

served , successively , in both branches of the Texas

- Legislature , was lieutenant colonel and colonel of f the Texas Rangers i n the Con ederate army , and was elected to the United States Congress i n 1 874

as a German Democrat . He showed marked ability ,

Re o . thorough training , and c nscientious study

elected twice to Congress , his premature death in 1 879 cut short a career which gave prom ise of honor

to hi mself and usefulness to his adopted country . The statistics of nativity of the population of the States at the time of the Rebellion are not to be “ S kl a absolutely ascertained . I ﬁnd in Freiheit u . H E I WA R S T UN S A S . OF TED T TE 87

verei unter dem Sternenbanner , oder Land u . Leute

’ i n Amerika , by Theodore Griesinger , Stuttgart ,

1 86 2 , the statement that i n Pennsylvania there were then over a m illion of German birth and descent ; o in New York , i n Ohi , in New

Jersey , in New England' while there were i n the Southern States , i n Virginia , o in Maryland , i n M iss uri , over

in Louisiana , i n Texas , i n

Tennessee , in North Carolina and Kentucky ,

i n Delaware , in South Carolina , — i n the cotton States , Georgia, Alabama ,

0 0 0 . Mississippi , and Arkansas , in Florida , 5 There is no esti mate of the n umber i n the North

vol un west , that vast region from which came the

teers of Illinois , Indiana, M ichigan , Wisconsin , and

Iowa . Of course the Germans of Missouri sup

o f plied large n umbers soldiers , some of them of great distinction , and many Germans from other

States went to Missouri , as that was al most the

ﬁrst seat of active operations , and Fremont and Sigel and A sb oth attracted Germans from al l quar

ters , j ust as i n the East , German regi ments were asking to j oin Blenker ’s brigade until it became a division , and others were ready to swell the di 88 T H E GERM A N S OL DI ER 'N T H E

’ vision to a corps . Indeed , it was from Blenker s

demand to lead it that M cCl ell an was obliged to administer a reproof which led ﬁnally to his resig

nation from active service . The only attempt at an ofﬁcial analysis of the nativity of the soldiers of the Union army is that found in a vol ume of medical statistics published

- i n a ﬁnal report of the Provost Marshal General ,

General James B . Fry , in which it is stated that out of drafted men there were fro m

Wiirtem b er 1 6 g , ; Austria , 7 ; Prussia , 754 ; Bavaria ,

1 35 ; Saxony, 5 ; Germany , Switzerland ,

1 1 8 5 ; total , but in another place it is said that there were of German birth soldiers drafted in the service . In the same report it is said that during the Mexican war thirty per cent . of the

American army were of foreign bi rth , and that this proportion held good of the volunteers during the

Rebellion , but that i n times of peace the propor tions were reversed , seventy per cent . of the recruits being of foreign birth . It is also stated that twenty four nationalities were represented i n the United t States army , and hat out of a total of a million two hundred and ﬁfty thousand men actually i n the

- ﬁ ve . war, there were seventy thousand Germans A N I W RS T H E U T D S A S . OF E T TE 89

the This is certainly very far short of actual n umber , and is by no means borne out as accurate even by the estimates made by the very competent authority of the statistician employed by the United States

Sanitary Commission , Dr . B . A . Gould , whose tables

are based upon very careful mathematical data , and come as near the truth as can be expected i n the absence of absolute returns .

The United States Sanitary Com mission , i n addi tion to its other good work , has published Investi ” atio ns g in the Statistics of American Soldiers , by

B . A . Gould (New York , of which one chapter is devoted to the nativity of the United States Vol un

1 teers (chap . ii . , pp . 5 It gives a suggestive list of the arrivals of aliens i n the United States , as fol lows

Thirty i n each hundred alien passengers before

1 861 - , and thirty three in each h undred during the war , were males of m ilitary age , and the total for 896 90 T H E GERM A N S OL D I ER I N T H E the years of the war may be placed at two hundred and twenty—nine thousand ﬁve hundred and thirty

two . I t was not until the war had been waged for some time that the place of birth was systematically re quired on the enlistment rolls ; the actual records

en are therefore very i mperfect , and as many men

at f f — ln listed dif erent ti mes for dif erent periods , one — instance ﬁve times , even regimental statistics are

misleading . It was not until the organization of

’ the provost -marshal - general s ofﬁce that nativity was made an essential element of the history of

nd each soldier . Out of the two a a half million of

o men i n the army , the nativities of about one m illi n c two hundred thousand have been ollected for D r . Gould ’s work from the records at the national and — State capitals , of about two hundred and ninety three fﬁ thousand from regi mental o cers . In Missouri it was estimated that there were ten thousand re-enlist

ments among the German p o pulation ; but making

due allowance for these , the Sanitary Commission gives the following table of Germans , vol unteers i n f the dif erent regiments from the States , and i n the parallel col umn that of the proportion the Germans would have borne to the native and other nationalities WA RS T H E I A UN S . OF TED T TES 9 1 i n the populations of each State ; a nd I have added the German population from the census of 1 860 in another column

N um ber of P ro ortion to From Ge m an S o d e s . ho e ul a tion r l i r w l op .

M aine 2 44 34 N ew H ampshire 952 35 Vermont 86 1 9 M assachusetts 860 Rh o de I sl and and C on 824 necticut

N ew York N ew Jersey Pennsylvani a I 3J 7S D el aware I 39 M aryland

D i strict of Columbi a

W s a 1 Va e t Virgini 94 ( . ) Kentucky

o I 8 S Ohi .9 4 I ndi an a I llinoi s M ichigan Wisconsin M innesot a I owa M issouri Kansas 692

A grand total of T H E GERM A N S OLD I ER I N T H E

And as agai nst this there were

British A mericans Engli sh I rish Other foreigners

Foreigners not otherwi se design ated

Adding to these native Americans m akes a total of soldiers whose nativity

I S th us established , out of the i n the

Union army . Part of the unwritten history of the war for the Union is the result of the ﬁrm stand the Germans f h took i n de ence of their new Fat erland . In the

East , and still more in the West, before the Rebellion the German element was hardly appreciated by the mass of the people . With the outbreak of the war it asserted itself, and won a place i n the consideration of their fellow-citizens that has been shown by their l recognition i n its government , and , to a stil greater

in degree , its social development . In the Southwest, o n tably, the Southern element was antagonistic to

- r the Germans , their i ndust y, their frugality, their f sobriety, their simple tastes , their love of amily,

94 T H E GERM A N S OL D I ER I N T H E

of their. old m ilitary experience to the new problem s of the war in this country . The scattered settlements of Germans throughout M issouri made the strength of the Union men of that

a St te and kept it i n its place . Encouraged in turn

by the success of their countrymen , large numbers

of new settlers followed thei r example , among them many who had seen the future wealth of the country even i n a time of war , and that the desolating border war which carries so m uch misery in its course . Now throughout Western M issouri there are thriving villages and prosperous towns , connected by a net

o f - work well tilled farm s , where German is the uni versal element . To them the success of the Union f cause was the guarantee of their uture prosperity , and from their support it derived m uch of its best strength .

’ Colonel Waring s attractive little book , Whip and

” Spur (Boston , gives an admirable sketch of the life in the Fourth M issouri Cavalry . Ful l of grace ,

S charmi ng i n tone and pirit , told with the true feeling

of a real soldier , it shows with much more vivid truth than m ost professed histories the real inner life of a cavalry regiment largely made up of old German

- o H el m rich soldiers . From its lieutenant col nel , Von , WA S T H E UN I T S A S . R OF ED T TE 9 5

- for twenty eight years a cavalry soldier in Germany , down to the Swiss trumpeter , all were i mbued with that military spirit which makes the typical German

’ soldier . Colonel Waring s story is one of rough

x - campaigns , of h urrying e peditions , of hair breadth

’ ’ scapes , of a soldier s life in a border warfare , and it will preserve the fame of the Fourth Missouri Cav al ry when the dull records of many other regi ments have been forgotten . It is j ust such a book as will serve to keep alive the best memories of the German cavalrymen in the war for the Union in the West . The German soldier of the West and Northwest at once took his right place in the army , and won for himself and his count rymen the respect and the affec tion and the conﬁdence of his native -born fellow - citi zens . What was before a scanty permission has now

become a matter of right , and the German , as a factor in both the political and social progress of the cou n try , owes his place to what was done and won for it in the war of the Rebellion . Many Germans no

at doubt came over here as a sort of freebooters ,

the tracted by the high pay and rapid promotion , and all the advantages that a volunteer army enjoyed

the over great standing army of their native country .

w Many of them settled here , hen the war was over, 96 T H E GERM A N S OLD I ER I N T H E

and became good and useful citizens , ready to do thei r share in making their new homes prosperous

sacriﬁ ces — and happy . Thus , whatever their , and they — were great in l ife and health , their reward has been

proportionately great , and the Germans throughout the civilized world owe m uch of thei r present po sition , of the accepted greatness of the Empire , to the f devotion , freely of ered , of their services to the United

States i n its hour of trial , and to the example they then gave of ﬁdelity to their political principles . The story of the German soldier in the Rebellion is one of the characteristic features of that varying

struggle . In the outset i n the East the enth usiasm of the German population i n their support of the

Union was heartily welcome . In Missouri , under

Sigel , it was thei r uprising that saved that State to

the Union , and from the Germans of Missouri and the Northwest there came soldiers who won the day

Fre against the disloyal government of the State . mont rallied arou nd hi m bodies of German troops of

in a strange sort at ﬁrst, but that later on the war

became useful soldiers . In New York , Blenker raised a regi ment which soon swelled to a brigade ,

and then to a division , and might have become an army corps . Thei r steadiness i n protecting the

H G RM A N S D I R I N T H E 9 8 T E E OL E

teer Organizations in the United States army dur

1 860 —6 ing the war of the Rebellion , 5, which is of the i nterest , as showing in part nationality of

troops .

In New York

’ D ickel s Mounted Riﬂes , Fourth New York

Caval ry .

’ Blenker s Battery , Second Battery Light Artillery ,

New York .

Steuben Regiment , Seventh New York Infantry .

o First German Riﬂes , Eighth New Y rk Infantry .

I n United Tu rner Riﬂes , Twentieth New York

fantr y .

- First Astor Regiment , Twenty ninth New York

Infantry .

o -ﬁ fth Fifth German Riﬂes , F rty New York In

fantr y .

- I n Fremont Regiment , Forty sixth New York fantr y.

- Sigel Riﬂes , or German Rangers , Fifty second

New York Infantry . a Barney Riﬂes , or Schwartze Y ger Regiment ,

- h Fifty fourt New York Infantry .

- o Steuben Rangers , Eighty sixth New Y rk Infantry . WA RS T H E UN I T D S A T S . OF E TE 9 9 In Pennsylvania

n - P enns l First Germa Regiment , Seventy fourth y vania Infantry .

-ﬁ fth P enns l Second German Regiment , Seventy y vania Infantry .

In Ohio

- I n First German Regi ment , Twenty eighth Ohio f n a try.

- Second German Regi ment , Thirty seventh Ohio

Infantry , Colonel Siber .

- Third German Regiment , Sixty seventh Ohio In fa ntr B urstenb inder y, Colonel .

In Indiana

- First German Regi ment , Thirty second Indiana ,

commanded , successively , by Willich , Von Trebra ,

E rdel m e er and y .

In Illinois

’ Yéi er -f Hecker s g Regi ment, Twenty ourth Illinois .

In Wisconsin

First German Regiment , Ninth Wisconsin .

o - Sec nd German Regi ment , Twenty sixth Wis

‘ C OIl S l Il . T H E GERM A N S OL D I ER I N T H E

’ B ates s H istory of the Pennsylvania Regiments , etc . , in the Rebellion , is a h uge work of ﬁve enor mous vol umes , and from its endless pages there is much material to be gathered bearing on the Ger

n man element i n the war . Pennsylvania atural ly

claims for its citizens of German descent , including

those whose ancestors were among the early settlers ,

a place i n any tribute to the German soldiers . Among the first five companies organized in Penn sylvania at the very outset , there were many Penn sylvania Germans ; and o f the twenty-fi ve regiments

’ raised for the three months service , there were the

Fourth , with Hartranft as its colonel , from Norris

o o town and P ttstown ; the Eighth , fr m Lehigh and

e Northampton ; the Ninth , from Ch ster and Dela

o ware , with Pennypacker the Tenth , fr m Lancaster ;

o o the Eleventh , fr m Northu mberland ; the F u rteenth ,

o from Berks ; the Fifteenth , fr m Luzerne ; the Six teenth , from York and Schuylkill ; the Eighteenth ,

w -ﬁ rst in Philadelphia , under Wilhel m ; the T enty ,

under Ballier , largely made up of Germans .

- o w ho Of the three year regiments , th se bore the

o f - brunt the war, there was the Twenty seventh , which gained credit from and for Bushbeck ; while of f the ﬁ teen regi ments of the Pennsylvania Reserves ,

10 2 T H E GERM A N S OLD I ER I N T H E

H ol m stedt , and Von Amsberg , and the Eighty — second Illinois , of Hecker, nothing could point more conclusively to the German element i n the war than such names as these . The One H undred and Sixty-eighth Pennsylvania

Volunteers , from Berks , was organized and com

K no derer m anded by Charles A . . This is a fair proportion of the two hu ndred and

r ﬁfteen egi ments , nine batteries , two independent

companies , and eleven colored regiments raised i n

Pennsylvania , and even a hasty glance at the long list of names of ofﬁcers and men of the successive regiments will show a large German element scat tered throughout them . One of the best elements of the little regular army was the supply of excellent

- f non commissioned o ﬁcers , largely old German sol diers , and it was a great stroke of good fortune when a vol unteer company had one of these well -trained

- —he and well disciplined men in its ranks , steadied the whole line , and gave it an example of soldierly excellence in every particular .

Such a man was Edward Scherer, ﬁrst sergeant of

' H undred and - ﬁ rst Company B , of the One Twenty

-a Pennsylvania Volunteers , German who had served

in a battery of the Third United States Artillery , WA R S T H E N I D S A S OF U TE T TE . 10 3 under some of the most distinguished ofﬁ cers of the regular army . Such men as Reynolds and Burnside recognized him as an old comrade, and his bearing and gallantry and knowledge of the real business of soldiering were the object of universal admira

tion among the green hands , both ofﬁcers and men ,

of his regiment . He fell at the battle of Fred erick sb ur a g , Virginia , and he was but type of that large n umber of German soldiers who served i n the

a r nks , and who , like Scherer , sacriﬁced good em ployment at home to do their duty to the country of their adoption at its hour of supreme peril and trial . A characteristic and distinguished example of the services rendered by our Pennsylvanians of German descent is the brilliant career of General G . Penny

of - packer , the Ni nth and the Ninety seventh Penn

1 8 2 sylvania Vol unteers . Born i n 4 , at Valley

Forge , he was one of the descendants of Heinrich

P annebacker , who came to America from Germany

1 6 before 99 , and settled on Skippack Creek . Many of this fam ily settled i n the adj oining counties of

o f Montgomery , Chester , and Berks , and the later generati o ns not a few found their way into Vir

ginia , Kentucky , Tennessee , and Mississippi , where 10 4 T H E GERM A N S OL D I ER I N T H E their names are found in positions of importance and trust .

On the rolls of those who served in the Revol u

tion and the later wars of the Republic , there are

many representatives of this old German stock . The

Pennypacker war record is a notable one . During the Revolution this family had as its representatives

in the Continental army , a captain , an ensign , a lieu tenant , a corporal , and a private . In the war of

1 8 1 2 it had two of its members i n the ﬁeld ; i n the

Mexican war , three . In the war of the Rebellion

- it furnished to the Union army two maj or generals ,

- one adj utant general , one colonel , one surgeon , one

assistant surgeon , two captains , one l ieutenant , ﬁve

c sergeants , eight corporals , one musi ian , and sixty

ﬁ ve privates . To the Southern army it gave one

- lieutenant colonel , one quartermaster , fou r captains ,

w - —a ﬁve lieutenants , and t enty eight enlisted men ,

- total of one hu ndred and twenty eight . No doubt this list could be increased if all branches of the old

o stock reported thei r military c ntingent . At all events it is worth pointing out , that others may try to parallel it by a diligent search through thei r own

fo r o records ther examples of the kind . The great

o f grandfather General . Pennypacker was a bishop of

10 6 T H E GERM A N S OLD I ER I N T H E

all of Pennsylvania birth , but of German descent .

Kno derer - , of the One H undred and Sixty eighth ,

was born in Baden , was educated at Carlsruhe , at

the Polytechnical School , and left the service of the

’ ' government to j o in Sigel s fo rce in the unsuccessful

1 revolution of 849 . I n Reading (Pennsylvania) he found a new home and employment as a civil engi neer ; but when the Rebellion broke out he went ’ f ﬁrst as a captain of engineers on Sigel s staf , then enlisted as a private and was elected colonel of the

Eleventh Pennsylvania , and afterwards was appointed colonel o f the One H undred and Sixty-el g hth Penn

oth sylvania , and fell at its head on the 3 January , 6 ff 1 8 . 3, near Su olk , Virginia Ballier was born in Wiirtem b erg in 1 8 1 5 ; studied — at the Military Scho o l at S tuttg ard in 1 833 34 ; set tl ed i n Philadelphia , where he was a member of the

the Washington Guard , ﬁrst German military organi zation 1 8 6 in the North , in 3 ; enlisted as a private i n the First Pennsylvania for the Mexican war , was — made maj or for his services there , then was colonel of the Twenty-ﬁ rst and of the Ninety- eighth for the

re Rebellion . Twice seriously wounded , he still mains with us to renew the recollection of his varied experiences , a veteran of many battles . WA RS T H E N I T D S A T S . OF U E T E 10 7

’ H art ranft s comm ission as brigadier-general was

won by his services at Bull Ru n , Antietam , Freder

' icksb urg ; and as the hero of Fort Sted man he he

— H is came a major general . services in civil life have

been equally distinguished , and his career is marked

- by well earned honors , as Governor of Pennsylvania , as the chief representative of the Federal Govern m ent in Philadelphia , and as the head of the State militia .

Everard Bierer, colonel of the One H undred and

-ﬁ rst Seventy Pennsylvania , was the son of German

parents , settled i n Fayette County . He won his ﬁrst successes in the Eleventh Pennsylvania Reserves , was appointed by Governor Curti n to be colonel of

-ﬁ rst the One H undred and Seventy , and was pro moted to the com mand of a brigade . Now he

is a successful lawyer , legislator , and farmer in

Kansas .

and Colonel Lehmann , of the One H undred Third ,

o 1 8 1 2 was b rn in Hanover i n , was educated there at

o the military sch ol , served for six years in the army ,

1 8 and i n 37 came to Pittsburg , where he became a

- l teacher . He organized the Sixty seco nd P ennsy va

- o o of nia , was its lieutenant col nel , then was col nel

after ~ the re the One H u ndred and Third , and war 10 8 T H E GER M A N S OLD I ER I N T H E

o f sumed his work education , and became president

of the Western Pennsylvania Military Academy .

The Wistars who served i n the war by the half a score were all of that good old German stock whose representatives are so well and honorably known i n

o fl ife t every walk in their native ci y and far beyond it .

Philadelphia sent General Isaac J . Wistar , colonel - ﬁ rst of the Seventy Pennsylvania ; Major Joseph W . a Wistar , of the Eighth Pennsylvani Cavalry ; Colo

nel Francis Wistar , captain of the Twelfth United

States Infantry , and colonel of the Two H undred and Fifteenth Pennsylvania ; Colonel Langhorne Wis “ tar , captain of the First Pennsylvania Riﬂes , Buck

” o tails , c lonel of the One H undred and Fiftieth Penn

' - sylvania , and brevet brigadier general ; Colonel Wil

o f liam Rotch Wistar , the Twentieth Pennsylvania

Cavalry .

William Doster , colonel of the Fourth Caval ry ,

was born i n Bethlehem , Pennsylvania , where his

1 8 1 father , a native of Swabia , settled in 7 , marrying

’ the daughter of a Vorsteher of the B rethren s

o House , the granddaughter of a Revol uti nary sol

’ of dier . A graduate of Yale 57, and of the Har

’ a v rd Law School of 59 , he studied law in Heidel berg and Paris . Returning to this country , he

T H E GERM A N S OLD I ER I N T H E

m o became aj r, and later colonel of the Twenty seventh Pennsylvania , and i n that and his successive

comm ands , as general of brigade and division , won u nstinted praise for his high soldierly qualities . From General Sherman he received warm co m m en

w ar dation . The over , he returned to Philadelphia , and resumed his former occupation for some years ,

and then , going abroad with his family, died i n Flor

1 88 . ence , Italy, in 3

1 8 10 Henry Bohlen was born in Bremen in . As

1 8 1 early as 3 , on the recommendation of Lafayette ,

o n he was appointed the staff of General Gerard ,

S l e e w and served during the g of Ant erp . In the Mexican war he served on the staff of General

' m n n m n s a e a e e t . Worth , and took part in y g g In the Crimean war he served i n the French army, and

at the outbreak of the Rebellion , returning from

S Europe , where he was living in great plendor , enjoy

ing a large fortune and a brilliant social position , he

—ﬁ fth raised the Seventy , a German regiment , mainly at his own expense , and led it with such distinguished gallantry that he was commended in warm terms by

Fremont and Sigel , u nder whom he served , and was

n - soon appoi ted a brigadier general . His brilliant

62 1 8 . career ended i n his death in action , in August , WA RS H E N I D A OF T U TE S T TES . 1 1 1 — — The Vezins Oscar , Henry , Alfred served with credit i n various branches of the service , always doing honor to a name that belongs to one o f the oldest merchants of Philadelphia in its days of great ness as a commercial city

Henry Vezin was captain Company G , Fifth Penn

a o P if sylvani Cavalry ; Alfred , captain C mpany C , teenth Pennsylvania Cavalry , and afterwards adj u tant Fourth Missouri Caval ry .

K l tes er etu The name of General John A . o is p p

2 2 8 ated in that of the Post No . of the Grand Army of the Republic , which thus does due honor to that

- gallant soldier . He organized the Seventy third

Regiment , originally known as the Pennsylvania

-ﬁ fth Legion , Forty of the line . It was recruited in

1 86 1 Philadelphia , in June and July , , and was ﬁrst at

K ol es . t a rendezvous at Lemon H ill Colonel , Lieu

- M uehl eck tenant Colonel , Maj or Schott , were the

’ ﬁ eld-o ers fﬁ c . It j oined Blenker s division in Sep tember, and went with it through the West Virginia campaign under Fremont and Sigel , and then under

Koltes Pope into the second Bull Run . was i n com mand of the brigade , and Brueckner of the regi ment ,

oth when they both fell in action on the 3 of August ,

1 86 2 , gallantly leading their men against an over 1 1 2 T H E GER M A N S OL D I ER I N T H E

whelming force . General Schurz , i n his report as

o division commander , c mmends the cond uct of

K o ltes and h is brigade , temporarily attached to his

- N e w division . It consisted of the Sixty eighth

- York , the Twenty ninth New York , and the Seventy

’ D il er s third Pennsylvania , with g Battery . He says , “ The gallant K ol tes died a noble death at the head

' of his brave regiments , and he deplores the brave

” l e Ko t s . and noble General Sigel , who com manded “ the First Corps , regrets , i n his report , the death of

” K l tes the intrepid o .

Kol tes 1 82 General was born i n Treves in 7, and

came to this country while he was still a lad , in his seventeenth year . He became a teacher in a Catholic

1 8 6 institute in Pittsburg , enlisted i n 4 as a volunteer

in the Mexican war , and afterwards i n the reg ular army . On his return he was employed in the United

States Mint , became a member of the Scott Legion , and took an active part in the local militia . He drilled the M annerchor Riﬂe Guards for home ser

for re vice , and recruited a regiment the war . He ceived — a commission as brigadier general , and it was at the head o f his brigade that he fell in acti o n at

Kol tes the second Bull Run . was , like Ballier ,

Binder, and Bohlen , one of the active spirits i n the

1 14 T H E GER M A N S OLD I ER I N T H E

civil and military bodies , and has been honored by f many elective o ﬁces and appointments , all of which he has ﬁlled with characteristic zeal and energy .

natio nal i New York , as the gathering place of all

ties , naturally sent many Germans to the army . The

- Thirty ninth , or Garibaldi Guard , consisted of three

o f companies of Germans , three H ungarians , one

each of Swiss , Italians , and French , and one of Span

ish and Portuguese .

o The Seventh Regiment Infantry , New Y rk State

Volunteers , or Steuben Rangers , organized by

Colonel John E . Bendix , and reorganized by Colonel ffi G . von Schach , had , as its original o cers , Lieutenant f Ka f . Colonel Edward p , Maj or C Keller , and Captains

B restel ff H o cheim er, Goebel , Boecht , , Pfei er , Anselm ,

K ff c onl ebe ra isl au . a S h r W t . S L . p , , Bethan ,

” The Eighth , or First German Riﬂes , was organ ized by Blenker , who commanded a brigade at the

ﬁrst Bull Run , and a division under Fremont in

’ the valley campaign . It was in Sigel s corps in the

second Battle of Bull Ru n . “ The Twentieth , or Un ited Turner Riﬂes , was

- organized by the New York Turn Verein , i n April ,

8 1 1 6 . , from its societies German citizens provided

the m oney for its expenses ; a committee of ladies , E WA R S OF T H UN I TED S T A T E S .

“ - necessa called the Turner sisters , supplied many ries . Max Weber was its colonel , Franz Weiss lieu

- tenant colonel , and Englebert Schnepf maj or .

' “ ' -ninth o r The Twenty , Astor Riﬂes , was organ ized by Steinwehr , who , in his farewell order , says it

was the last to leave the ﬁeld at Bull Run , and served with distinction under Fremont , Sigel , and at Chan cel lorsvil l e , and earned a place in the history of the war . The Fifth New York State Militia was a German — f organization , its o ﬁcers were , Colonel Schwarzwal

- vo n der, Lieutenant Colonel Burger , Maj or Amsberg .

-ﬁ rst Of the Forty , or De Kalb Guards , Colonel had von Gilsa , seven hundred of its men been in the

- Prussian service in the Schleswig Holstein war . One t company was raised i n Philadelphia , and ano her in

Newark , New Jersey .

- The Fifty second Regiment Infantry , New York

State Volunteers , was organized at Staten Island ,

o 1 86 1 New Y rk , in the autu mn of , by the consolida “ o tion of f ur companies of the Sigel Riﬂes , and “ ” six companies of the German Rangers , under

Colonel Paul Frank . The commanders of companies were

A . Captain Charles G . Freudenberg . 1 16 T H E GER M A N S OL D I ER I N T H E

B . Captain Henry L . Klein .

a . C . Capt in Gustave Schultze

D . Captain Oscar von Schoening .

E . Captain J . C . Messerschmidt .

F . Captain Charles Mohring .

G . Captain O . C . Garwin .

o H . Captai n Jac b Rueger .

I . Captain Adolphus Becker .

B nzl e K . Captain Francis e r.

- Kasouzki The lieutenant colonel was Louis ; maj or,

Philip C . Lichtenstein .

A national ﬂag , a regi mental ﬂag , and two guidons were presented by the German ladies of New York .

It formed part of the Third Brigade , First D ivis

b ri aded ' w ith ion , Second Corps , was g the Fifty

- - seventh and Sixty sixth New York , and Fifty third

Pennsylvania , under Sumner, French , Zook , and

Frank .

- At Antietam it lost its lieutenant colonel , Lichten

at stein ; Gettysburg , its brigade commander , Zook ; in

the Wilderness campaign under Hancock , two gal

lant Germans , Count Hacke and Baron von Steuben ,

fﬁ vol un both o cers of the Prussian army , serving as

teers i n that of the Union . Count Hacke was a

un brave and gentle comrade , of kind , modest, and

1 1 8 T H E GERM A N S OLD I ER I N T H E

i n the battle fought near Mannheim . As his mind matured it developed such conclu sions upon political liberty as i mpelled him to forego brilliant prospects of preferment , and he came to the United States a few years before the great Rebellion . When a call was issued for soldiers he raised a company of in fantr y , and with it entered the service as captain of

- A u the Fifty second New York Volunteer Infantry,

1 6 1 th 8 . gust 3, On the 9 of November he became its maj or , and was severely wounded at the battle

. 2 1 862 of Fair Oaks On November 4, , he was pro

- moted lieutenant colonel , and com manded his regi

ment at Chancellorsville and Gettysburg , where he was again desperately wounded . Forced to leave

the ﬁeld by his inj uries , he resigned his commission i n the Fifty - second New York and accepted an ap

pointment as major i n the Veteran Reserve Corps ,

- organized the Twenty third Regiment , and on April

2 2 1 86 - , 4, became its lieutenant colonel , serving i n

o the Bureau of Refugees , Freedmen , and Aband ned

Lands , as commandant at M ilwaukee , as inspector general and commandant of the District of Wiscon

o f a sin . On the reorganization the army he was p pointed captain o f the Forty - ﬁ fth (Veteran Reserve) Infantry ; i n 1 869 was transferred to the Fourteenth WA RS T H E UN I T D S A T S . OF E T E 1 19

Infantry , was brevetted colonel of volunteers , and as

- major and lieutenant colonel of the regular army .

1 8 0 I n May , 7 , he went with h is regiment to the

Northwest , to quell a threatened Indian outbreak , but in December he was obliged to go on the retired

18 o list as captain , and i n 77 he was prom ted lieu

- 2 8 tenant colonel . He died in Washington , August ,

1 88 f o 5, enj oying the conﬁdence and af ecti n of all

who knew him , as the very embodiment of personal honor and soldierly virtue . One of the most effective services rendered the cause of the Union was the long series of political

’ cartoons furnished to H arper s Week/y during the

‘ o civil war by Thomas Nast , b rn on the Rhine in

1 8 40 . His pencil was recognized far and wide as

o that of a sturdy champion , and his producti ns were heartily welcomed by the soldiers in the ﬁeld and by earnest patri ots everywhere . Thomas Nast was

2 1 8 0 born in Landau , Bavaria , September 7, 4 , and

1 8 6 came with his mother to New York i n 4 , and

1 8 was there j oined in 49 by his father , who had

m - — to served on th e an of war Ohio . He began

' o w rk on Frank Lesl ie s illustrated paper , studied i n

the Academy of Design , made a campaign with Gari

1 860 baldi in , sending sketches to the New York , 1 20 T H E GERM A N S OLDI ER I N T H E

London , and Paris illustrated papers , returning to

’ 1 86 1 H ar er s New York in . H is contributions to p

Weekl y became historical , and have received the

- well merited praise of historians and art critics . They were useful i n keeping alive the loyal feeling t of the North , and received the hear y plaudits of the soldiers i n the ﬁeld . When peace was restored he won new honors in the civil contest that waged

’ over Andrew Johnson s administration , and even now he ﬁghts for good government with his pencil .

“ - The Princess Salm Salm , i n her book , Ten Years ”— of My Life , and a very adventurous one it was , describes ’ the camp of the German division (Blen

’ 1 86 1 ker s) i n front of Washington , in the fall of , as

‘ the principal point of attraction . It consisted of

about twelve thousand men , under Blenker and Stein wehr, who had gained great credit for protecting the retreat from the ﬁrst Bull Run . Blenker was born i n

Tours , had served in the Bavarian army and in that

of Greece under its Bavarian king , took part i n the

’ o 8 German revol uti n of 4 , ﬂed to Switzerland , then

Re came to New York , and was farming when the bellion broke out . He raised the Eighth New York , and Prussian and Austrian soldiers furnished a con siderabl e f proportion of its o ﬁcers , among them

1 2 2 T H E GE RAI A N S OL D I E R I N T H E

H aurand , Cou nt Haake , von Blankenbu rg , Bern de

T aver nier S trautz g , von , von Veltheim , Cou nt Fer

dinand Storch , and Count von Moltke , Hendricks ,

P asse er — g g , Hertzog , who soon found plenty of men . l Schurz himse f went to Spain as m inister , and the regiment was fortunate i n having for its ﬁrst colonel

ex eri i n the ﬁeld A . T . M . Reynolds , a very good , p ence d soldier . The four companies of Germans were all old soldiers . Their record through the war is a

very creditable one , and the First New York Cav al ry did its work so well that Germans may be proud of their cou ntrymen i n it both from New York and

Pennsylvania . The German element i n the cavalry and artillery went far to make both of these arms of the service f e ﬁcient and capable . In every regiment of cavalry and i n every battery of artillery there were found old

German soldiers , trained in a way that made them models for the green recruits , and instructors alike fﬁ of o cers and men . In most of the regi ments of the regular army there were privates and non -com fﬁ missioned o cers , Germans by birth and soldiers by training, who were looked on with the respect that c o urage and discipline always secure . Many of them were promoted to com missions , and some of WA RS T H E UN I S S . OF TED TA TE 1 2 3 them commanded vol unteer regiments with great credit . One of the most notable trained and veteran

German soldiers was Adolph von Steinwehr , who

2 1 82 was born September 5, 5, at Blankenbu rg in

Brunswick . H is father was a maj or , his grandfather

- a lieutenant general . He studied in the military

o scho l , became a lieutenant , came to the United f States , and served as an o ﬁcer of an Alabama regi ment during the Mexican war . He was employed

as an engineer by the United States , married i n

Mobile , returned to Germany , and then became a farmer in Connecticut . At the outbreak of the civi l war he became colonel of the Twenty-ninth New

York , part of the Germans that excited interest and admiration by their steadiness at the ﬁrst Bull Run . This led to the organization of a German division

— S tahel : u nder Blenker, the First Brigade u nder the

’ W utschel - D Utass o rt Eighth , ; Thirty ninth , y ; and F y ﬁ fth — , von Amsberg , New York ; and Twenty seventh

: Pennsylvania , Bushbeck ; Second Brigade , Steinwehr

- Kozl a - K r zanow sk Twenty ninth , y ; Fifty fourth , y y ;

- - Fifty eighth , Gellman , New York ; Seventy third

K ol tes : o rt Pennsylvania , ; Third Brigade , Bohlen F y

ﬁ rst - , Von Gilsa , and Sixty eighth New York , Klee

ﬁ sch - -ﬁ fth ; Seventy fourth , Schimm elpfennig ; Seventy 1 2 4 T H E GE RAI A N S OLD I ER I N T H E

a r Pennsylvania , Mahler ; Fou rth New York C val y,

Wilderich D ickel ; batteries of Schirmer , , and Sturm fels . There were changes in the organization i n which Sigel and Schurz obtained successive com

mands . Finally at Chancellorsville the tide turned , and the Germans of the Eleventh Corps were spoken

- of as if the ill fortune of the battle was due to them .

Steinwehr , however, was always honored for the con

0 0 duct of his tr ps , and at Gettysburg again his mili tary reputation was enhanced by h is services . Under

Sherman he won fresh honors in the West , and served i n the army u ntil the close of the war . From that time until his death i n 1 877 he was engaged in the work of authorship on subjects for which his

' thorough training especially ﬁtted hi m . His char

acter was marked by many manly qualities , and his name is an enduring example of German patriotism ,

soldiership , and culture .

-ﬁ rst Leopold von Gilsa , colonel of the Forty New

York Volunteers , the De Kalb regiment , was a

1 82 typical German soldier . Born i n Prussia i n 5, f the son of a Prussian o ﬁcer, he served in that army,

S for which he was pecially educated , became a major

- i n the Schleswig H olstein war, and soon afterwards

r came to this count y . H e was peaceably employed

1 2 6 T H E GER M A N S OLD I ER I N T H E

tietam , where Major Arndt, commander of the bat

inde en talion , was killed , the batteries were made p

- dent , and were n umbered Twenty ninth , Thirtieth ,

-ﬁ rst - - Thirty , and Thirty second . The Twenty ninth

- was afterwards consolidated with the Thirty second ,

Kl eisser Captain von Kusserow . Captain was pro moted to com mand of the Thirtieth , and the Thi rty

ﬁ rst was subsequently consolidated with the Thirtieth .

1 86 In 5, Kusserow was appointed colonel of the Sec

’ ond Regiment of Hancock s Veteran Corps . The Twenty-ninth and Thirty-second Batteries were con solidated with the Fourth and Fifteenth I ndep en

- dent Batteries , but retained the number Thirty second . Von Kusserow was an old ofﬁcer of the Prussian

s army , the son of General von Ku serow . He died i n Philadelphia , and was buried i n presence of the

German consul , Major Mergenthaler, and H . Dieck , his old comrades i n arms . Colorado had forty-two Germans i n the Second

Regiment , besides others whose nationalities are

given as Austria , Prussia , Poland , Denmark , Swe

den , Russia , Norway, Bohemia , Saxony , Holland ,

Bavaria , and Switzerland ; so that even on the bor ders the proportion of foreigners was a very large one . f Among the notable o ﬁcers from Illinois , besides WA RS T H E N I D S A OF U TE T TES . 7

m Hecker , whose memory deserves especial ention ,

Knobel sdorff there was General , a graduate of the

l ieuten military school at Culm , Prussia , who was a

in arm oined - ant the Prussian y, j the Schleswig Hol stein army , and came with h undreds of his comrades

M il w au to the United States in 1 851 . He lived i n

kee and Chicago , and when the Rebellion broke out organized the T w enty-fourth and Forty- fourth Illi

’ nois , commanded a brigade in Sigel s corps , under

A sb oth o , and had under hi m Colonel Nich las Greu

- sel , of the Seventh and Thirty sixth Illinois , and

- Colonel Juli us C . Raith, of the Forty third . The Thirteenth Illi nois Cavalry was also largely a Ger man organization . Adolph Engelmann served in the Mexican war i n the Second Illinois , and during the Rebellion was

ort - a colonel of the F y third Illinois , receiving the p

- pointment of brigadier general as a reward .

- H is predecessor in the Forty third Illinois , Juli us

1 820 Raith , was born in Germany in , came to the

1 8 United States i n 37, served as lieutenant i n the

Second Illinois i n the Mexican war , was promoted

to captain , and , good Democrat as he had been , was ready to serve in the war for the Union as colonel

- —a o r of the Forty third , German regi ment largely 1 2 8 T H E GER M A N S OL D I ER I N T H E

ani d K rner ze é . g by Gustav He fell at Shiloh , i n command of a brigade . H ugo Wangelin was educated at the military

1 8 school of Berlin , came to the United States in 34,

served in the Twelfth Missouri , u nder Osterhaus , and succeeded h im in command of the regiment when

a o Osterhaus was promoted , making a reput ti n for distinguished gallantry for himself and his German soldiers , representatives of the best elements of Ger m an in emigration the West . Wangeli n took part

- 1 88 . in twenty eight engagements , and died in 3

Gustav Ké rner was a leading spirit i n all German organizations in the West , both i n peace and war, and his term of ofﬁ ce as governor was marked by many events of i mportance .

Korner himself is a representative German , and his earnest efforts to advance German culture and to en graft it on American patriotism deserve hearty rec o nition g . H is services i n organizing troops and in h the executive c ai r of Illinois are well known . His name is honorably perpetuated i n his book describing the s uccessive and successful settlement of Germans throughout the United States . He has represented

a his adopted country credit bly abroad , and is now am ong the veterans around whom cluster the asso

1 30 T H E GERM A N S OLD I ER I N T H E

party , enlisted at the outbreak of the Rebellion in

’

Sigel s regiment in St . Lou is , and commanded , suc cessivel - - y, the Twenty fourth and the Eighty second

Illinois Vol unteers , and left the ﬁeld only because he was so severely wounded that he could no longer i . n serve i n the army Like Carl Schurz , he was vited to return to Germany to take part i n the o r

anizatio n g of its u nity as an empire , but his love of America and American freedom made it i mpossible for hi m to leave his home . He was a representa

tive man among the Germans , active i n all thei r

2 2 d best work in civil life , and his death , on the of

1 88 1 o September , , called f rth u niversal expression

of grief and sorrow . At his grave , and afterwards at the dedication of a monument to his memory in

St . Louis , his old associates and his younger admirers bore testimony to the respect and affection in which

’ Hecker s name was held . Sigel , Schurz , Korner ,

Thielemann , Rombauer , Stifel , Ledergerber , Engle

mann , and many who had fought together on both

continents for Republican principles , attested the ser vice done to constitutional liberty i n Europe and

o f America by Friedrich Hecker, and the gratitude Germany and of all Germans al ike i n the old and the new fatherland . W R H E N I D A S . A S OF T U TE S T TE 1 31

Colonel Emile Frey , the Swiss minister to the f ’ United States , was an o ﬁcer of Hecker s Illinois

— — —he regiments , the Twenty fo urth and Eighty second ,

volunteered , and was a lieutenant in the former and became a major in the latter , thus serving as a sol

dier in two republics , that of his native Switzerland and i n that of his temporary home . The son of a distinguished Liberal leader i n the Canton of Basel , the father was fortunate enough i n his old age to see him a soldier in the American Republic , and later the diplomatic representative of that of Switzer

’ in land Washington . Colonel Frey s return to the United States was made the occasion of a hearty welcome alike from his countrymen and from his

- — fellow soldiers , and his well earned reputation as a soldier i n defence of the American Union was height ened by his able management of the interests of the

Swiss Confederation in the United States . The tie that u nites the two republics was greatly strength ened by this marked instance of the good service rendered the Union cause by its Swiss soldiers . A S ketch of a Swiss company of sharpshooters serving

Richtersw eil during the war was pri nted at , Switzer “ 1 86 land , i n 5, under the title , Drei Jahre in der

P oto m aca rm ee oder eine Schweitzer S chiitzen Com 1 32 T H E GERM A N S OLD I ER I N T H E

i im a n e 8vo . p g Nordamerikanischen Kriege ( , pp The report made to the Swiss Confederation by its veteran General D ufour is one of the best accounts

of the Federal forces at the outset, and the visit of that gallant soldier is still remembered by all who

met hi m during his stay i n this country . Iowa has preserved i n the reports of the adj utant general of the State a list of the places of nativity of

its soldiers . Germany, of course , has its representa tives in almost every organization , and in the Six teenth and Twenty-sixth Iowa Vol unteers there were

companies entirely composed of Germans , rank and

ﬁle , while the Fifth Cavalry was composed in part of Germans enlisted at D ubuque and Burlington for the

Fremont Guards , by Colonel Carl Schaefer de Boern

1 862 stein , who fell in action in Tennessee i n May , , and was mou rned as a gallant soldier .

’ M atthes s Iowa battalion won distinction i n Sher

’ P erczel man s army . Colonel Nicholas , of the Tenth

Iowa, was also commended as an excellent soldier .

From the French colonists settled at Icaria , i n

Iowa, came a n umber of soldiers , among them Anton

n von Ga dain , who was born in Berlin , of French — f H uguenot stock , the son of an army o ﬁcer , and fﬁ himself trained for an army o cer . He came to the

1 34 T H E GERM A N S OLD I ER I N T H E

- mand of the Twenty fourth Indiana at Shiloh , April

A German , Albert Lange , was one of the active

o staff of Governor Mort n , and worked faithfully to enable that State to do its share successfully i n the war of the Rebellion . Another German , John B .

Lutz , led the Indiana forces in their resistance to

’ — distinc Morgan s raids . The Thirty second was a

tive German regiment , organized i n Dearborn , Floyd , f Fort Wayne , Jef erson , and other farming districts ,

- from the best classes of German American settlers .

Kentucky had many Germans among its ﬁ fty- six

thousand loyal soldiers , and just as the Germans saved St . Lou is and Missouri to the Union , so they helped to keep Louisville and Ke ntucky out of the

Confederacy . F . Bierbower was maj or of the For tieth Kiel m anse e Kentucky . Von g g served in cav al r y commands in Missouri , Florida , and Maryland , where von Koerber was also a maj or of the First

Cavalry . M innesota wisely preserved a list of the nativities of its soldiers i n the reports of its adj utant-general

during the war . Company G, of the Second Regi

ment , and Companies D and E , of the Fifth Regi

ment , were both German organizations ; and Henning W RS T H E UN I S A S . A OF TED T TE 1 35 von Minden was captain of Company A of the bat talion of cavalry raised by him , and Emil M unch was captain of the First M innesota Light Artillery . John

C . Becht , maj or of the Fifth Minnesota , and R . von

B or ersock g , colonel , are among the notable German ofﬁcers from this State . Maine had as lieutenant -colonel of its Fi rst Artil lery Regiment and captain of its Fifth Battery , George

L e ien P enns l F . pp , who had been lieutenant in a y vania battery . He was well known to Philadelphians from his residence and his connection with leading

o o citizens of that city . Educated at a military sch l

in Germany , he showed himself a thorough soldier i n his life and in his heroic death . M ichigan supplied four thousand eight hu ndred and seventy -two Germans out of a total of fourteen

- thousand foreigners , and i n addition to seventy six

- thousand native born citizens , in its portion of the

’ army . It is worth noting that Gould s estimate gives

- o only three thousand ﬁve hundred and thirty f ur .

In the eleventh and twel fth volu mes of D er

D eul S c/ze P ionier 1 8 —80 , Ci ncinnati , 79 , are published

nu merous contributions o n the outbreak o f the

civil war in Missou ri , by Friedrich Schnake , which give in great detail the part taken by its German 1 36 T H E GER M A N S OL D I ER I N T H E

citizens in saving that State for the Union . The

leaders of German thought and opinion i n St . Louis counted many who afterwards fought for their faith a i n the ranks of the Union army . Carl D nzer ,

Theodore Olshausen , Heinrich Bornstein , and L . C .

' Westl zcken P ost A nz ez er Bernays , as editors of the and lg

des Westens , did m uch to strengthen thei r German

M iinc h readers i n their political views , and Friedrich ,

Franz Sigel , Friederich Hecker , and Gustav Koerner

gave their powerful help to the cause of the Union .

H assaurek Carl Schurz , Friederich , J . B . Stallo , and others were the leading Repu blican orators i n the war

of words that preceded the appeal to arms . Emil

B riihl Rothe , Egly , , and Dresel were D ouglas Dem o c rats Riim el in — , and Carl was spokesman almost without any German following— for the Breckinridge

he wing of t party , although the secession lieutenant

governor , Thomas C . Reynolds , was said to be really named Reinhardt , of Prague . A German , Arnold

Krekel , now a j udge of the United States Court , presided over the convention which forever abol

h and is ed . slavery i n Missouri Blair Lyon , Scho

ﬁeld and Saxton , were the active representatives of the National Government , but their strength came from the support of the loyal Germans . The Third

1 38 T H E GERM A N S OL D I ER I N T H E

6 1 8 . 1 8 2 vice u ntil 5 He died i n 7 , member of a large

ﬁrm of architects and engineers . Another able ally

was Captain Wi lliam Jackson , commander of the

German artillery company . H is real name was Jac

1 82 1 quin . Born i n Metz in , he came to the United ‘ 1 8 served three States in 34, years i n the Second United States Dragoons i n the Florida and Indian

1 8 1 8 campaigns , was discharged i n 37, enlisted in 39

1 8 i n the Third Infantry , and i n 44 in the Seventh , serving under General Taylor i n the Mexican war .

1 8 2 Settled in St . Lou is , he organized in 5 a company

r one of uhlans , which was afte wards changed to of

1 8 dragoons . In 59 he became captain of the Mis souri artillery company, and when the war broke o ut brou ght his guns and his company of a hundred men—all Germans except eighteen Frenchmen and Americans—out of the rebel camp into the Union

- service . He was lieutenant colonel of the Fifteenth Missouri and captain of the Second M issouri Artil

’ lery . One of the captains of Sigel s regiment was

Bl and k ow s . Constantin y Born in Prussia , on the bor

1 82 1 der of Russian Poland , in , he was educated at the

Polytechnic School i n Dresden , served i n the French

army in Algiers , took part i n various unsuccessful

Polish revolutions , then fought in Italy against Aus WA RS T H E UN I D S A T S . OF TE T E 1 39

tria and in the H ungarian army , came to the United

1 8 0 . . States in 5 , and later to St Louis He died on

2 1 86 1 May 5, , of wounds received in the attack on

Camp Jackson , and was buried with military honors . The work done by the German soldiers of Missouri i s told in the history of the war , but the names of those most pro minent i n their ranks will serve as illustrations of the ﬁtness for the new task laid upon them , and of their loyalty to their new Fatherland .

Peter Joseph Osterhaus was born i n Coblenz , at studied the military school i n Berlin , and became

n 1 8 a ofﬁcer of the Prussian army . In 49 he came to the United States , settled in St . Louis , on the out break o f the civil war was chosen maj or of the Sec ’ k ond Missouri , and after the battle of Wilson s Cree , colonel of the Twelfth M issouri ; under Fremont

commanded a brigade , at Pea Ridge a division , and

th 1 862 on the 9 of June , , was made a brigadier general . He was assigned the command of a division of the Thirteenth Corps at Helena , and took part i n

1 1 86 the capture of Arkansas Post on January 3, 3, and i n the subsequent siege of Vicksburg . In the campaigns in Tennessee and Georgia he took a dis tin uished o n 2 d 1 86 g part ; the 3 July , 4, was made

- a maj or general , served under General Sherman i n 140 T H E GERM A N S OLD I ER I N T H E

f the march to the sea , and was chief of sta f to Gen eral Canby at the surrender of the army of General 866 1 86 . 1 a Ki rby Smith , i n May , 5 In he was p

in pointed American consul Lyons , France .

H assendeubel Franz was born at Gernsheim , i n

1 8 1 Rhenish Bavaria , i n 7, was educated at Speier

1 8 2 and Munich , came to the United States in 4 , and

1 8 . settled i n St . Louis i n 44 In the Mexican war

he was lieutenant i n a vol unteer battery , and later

became captain , and served in New Mexico to the

end . At the outbreak of the Rebellion he returned

u - o i n all speed from Germany, became lie tenant col nel

’ of Sigel s Third Missouri , constructed the defences

— m or of St . Louis , was made brigadier general , was

at c tally wounded the siege of Vi ksburg , and died

1 1 86 . J uly 7, 3 Of the Union forces engaged at the battle of Wil ’ — son s Creek , the German organizations were Oster

’ haus s battalion , Fi rst Kansas Infantry , Colonel Deitz

ler ; Third Missouri , Colonel Franz Sigel ; Fifth Mis

souri , Colonel C . E . Salom on ; Colonel Henry Boern

’ stein s regiment , ﬁve German regiments from St .

f . Louis , Jef erson City , etc , a light battery of six gu n s

u nder Lieutenants Schaefer and Schutzenbach , and two batteries of eight guns under Major Backo fﬁ

142 T H E GER M A N S OL D I ER I N T H E

1 82 west . Born i n Baden in 4, ed ucated at the mili

tary school at Carlsruhe , i n com mand of the repub lican tr0 0 ps and mi nister of war i n the revolution of

1 8 8 1 8 0 4 , he came to the United States i n 5 , lived i n

1 8 8 . New York until 5 , when he went to St Louis , where he became a teacher i n the German -American

Academy and editor of a m ilitary j ournal . When the Rebellion broke out he raised the ﬁrst German

regiment ; and that old patriot , Hecker , came with

his sons from their home i n Illinois , enlisted under

and Sigel , served with hi m until Hecker was made

o colonel of an Illinois regiment . From Wisc nsin

came General Salom on , who became colonel of the

- Fifth M issou ri , a brigadier general , and commanded a

’ ’ division in Fremont s army . Sigel s later services are part of the general h istory of the war of the Rebellion

In the Geschichte des 4-jahrig en B urg erkrieg es

i n d . V . S von C . Sander , Hauptman i n d . k . pr .

- am - S auerlander 1 86 Artillerie , Frankfort Main , , 5, it

i s stated that of the forty-three thousand ofﬁcers of

o the United States f rces , from three to fou r hundred

o nly had been trained i n military life abroad ; and

their services were interfered with by the jeal o usy o f

the native citizens , by thei r ignorance of the lan WA R T H E N I D S A . S OF U TE T TES 143

in guage , and of the new conditions of a war a cou n

in try which they were strangers .

These statements are mere generalizations , not based on any precise i nformation , and the best reply to them is found in the facts and names here gathered together .

Carl Schurz was born on the banks of the Rhine , became well known through his active share i n the

ﬂight of Kinkel , gave up his embassy i n Spai n to become a general of volunteers , and became a mem H ’ ber of ayes s cabinet . H is services as an orator before the war made his name familiar to the whole country, and his return to civi l life has been marked f by many evidences of popular esteem and af ection . As editor of a series of books on our early German history by Kapp and Seidensticker , he has again taken the place which he has so well earned as the type of

- o the German American citizen , equally l yal to the country of his birth and that of his adoption and his home , and alike appreciated in both . s In Nebraska , the German soldier did good service in the defence of the borders from Indians , in the

Second Cavalry , under General Sully ; and in one

1 86 engagement i n Dakota , in September , 3, the

Indians , n umbering two thousand warriors , were 144 T H E GERM A N S OL D I ER I N T H E

defeated , but not without a severe loss . When the

regiment had served out its time , its veterans were consolidated i n an independent battalion of four companies , and assigned to duty on the plains with

1 86 the First Nebraska Cavalry . In the summer of 4 the Seventh Iowa Cavalry was assigned the defence of the overland post route from Fort Kearney to — the borders , the Fi rst Nebraska Caval ry and a com

pany of regular cavalry continued the line , and protected the country from attacks by the Indians . The raids became more and more frequent and

bloody , and hundreds of homes were destroyed , and many settlers and their families killed or captured . The local government organized a force of volu m t teers , and the War Department s rengthened it by

such aid as it could give , and thus the country was saved a repetition of the bloody horrors of West

M innesota . The First Veteran Caval ry Regiment .

- - was one half German , and under Lieutenant Colonel Ball mer proved that it was able to cope successfully e with the Indians . Almost i n sight of sixt en thousand “ ” hostiles , he hanged Black Kettle , an Indian chief,

- convicted by a court martial of m urder . William

B aiim er u 1 826 was born i n M nster , Prussia , in , was educated there at its High School , was by turns a

T H E G RM A N S D I R 'N T H E 146 E OL E

10 1 86 February , 4, as the First United States H us fﬁ sars . Am ong its o cers were Major Siegfried von

Knobl esdo rf Forstner, Captains Herzberg, Schafer, ,

S tul na el S iebeth and Stoll , Lieutenants p g , Kramer , ,

Wal el Bulow , p . f Joseph Karge , formerly a Prussian o ﬁcer, was

- l ieutenant colonel of the First New Jersey Cavalry , commanded the First Brigade of Grierson ’s Division

of Caval ry , and is now professor at Princeton . General M indel commanded a bri gade consisting of the One

- H undred and Twenty seventh Pennsylvania , the One

- N ew H undred and Thirty fourth York , and the

- Thirty third New Jersey . Among the familiar names distingu ished i n the s Rebell ion is that of the Roebl ing , whose services in war have been overshadowed by their brilliant s uccess i n civil life ; yet their share was no small one i n the labors and the glories of the struggle for

the Union . Captain Soh m as an artillerist and General Karge f as a cavalry o ﬁcer, and Maj or von Forstner and

Major Alstrom of the Third New Jersey Caval ry ,

were among those who did especial service . Ohio has a large proportion of Germans i n its

borders , and from them have come many soldiers . WA RS T H E N I D S A S OF U TE T TE . 147

In the Mexican war Cincinnati sent three German

companies , Col umbus , Dayton , Hamilton , each two , and the Second Ohio Volunteers was called the

German Regiment . It was commanded by August

Moor , who had served i n the Florida war, and who served agai n i n the Rebellion . When Fort Su mter was ﬁred on , three German i nfantry companies and the Washington Dragoons were on their way to

Washington the day the ﬁrst call fo r troops was is

sued . Two German regiments were soon organized , and more than a third of the soldiers from Ohio were

Germans . There were eleven German regiments

- Ninth , Colonel Kam merling ; Twenty eighth , Colonel

- o - Moor ; Thirty seventh , C lonel Sieber ; Forty seventh ,

P o rschner - Colonel ; Fifty eighth , Colonel Bausen

- o B urstenbinder wein ; Sixty seventh , C lonel ; Seventy fourth , Colonel von Schrader ; One H undred and

Sixth , Colonel Tafel ; One H undred and Seventh ,

o Col nel Meyer ; One H undred and Eighth , Colonel

-ﬁ fth Limberg ; One H undred and Sixty , Colonel

o a B hl nder ; Third Cavalry , Colonel Zahm ; three

’ ’ ’ f il r s D e M ark raf s . batteries , Hof man s , g , and g The

r Ge man general ofﬁcers from Ohio were Weitzel ,

Kautz , Moor, Am men , von Blessing , Darr, Giese,

Leister, Meyer, von Schrader, and Ziegler . 1 48 T H E GER M A N S OL DI ER I N T H E

- August Moor , colonel of the Twenty eighth Ohio ,

1 8 1 was born i n Leipsic in 4, came to this cou ntry in

1 8 f 33, was an o ﬁcer of the Washington Guard of

K o seritz Philadelphia , and with its captain , , took part in the Seminole war in 1 836 as lieutenant of a

dragoon regiment . In the Mexican war he rose

from captain to colonel of the Fourth Ohio , and at the outbreak of the Rebellion was made colonel of

- the Twenty eighth Ohio , the second German regi

- ment , and became a brigadier general as a reward T for his gallant service . Von Blessing of the hirty

- seventh Ohio , Degenfeld of the Twenty sixth , Aug .

hra D otze . S c of the Eighth Ohio Caval ry, Alex von

—o der of the Seventy f urth Ohio , Seidel of the Third

S o ndersdo rff Ohio Cavalry , of the Ninth Ohio , Tafel

of the One H undred and Sixth Ohio , were among

those whose services are worth remembering .

General August Willich was born in Gorzyn , i n

1 8 10 East Prussia , in , of an old noble family ;

his father had been captai n i n a h ussar regiment .

As a child , the son , on the death of his father, became

o f a member of the fam ily Schleiermacher, the

— a famous theologian , connection by marriage . At

o twelve he was sent to the cadet sch ol at Potsdam .

1 82 8 In , after graduating at the military school i n

T H E GERM A N S OLD I ER I N T H E

Captain Hermann Dettweiler was born i n Baden o 1 82 . i n 5, and was a soldier i n its revoluti nary army He served i n the Sixth Kentucky u ntil his wounds obliged hi m to leave the ﬁeld . He died i n Louisville

1 1th 1 8 8 on the of September , 7 .

Battery A , First West Vi rginia Artillery, Captain

Furst , of Wheeling , was composed of Germans . Wisconsin had for its war governor Edward Salo

1 82 8 mon , born i n Halberstadt, Prussia , i n . H e

1 8 came to Wisconsin i n 49 , and was by tu rns school

teacher , county surveyor, cou rt clerk , lawyer, and governor . The Ninth Wisconsin was raised by Colo — — nel later General Frederich Salomon . Born i n

1 826 Prussia in , engineer, architect , and soldier i n i Germany, he too came to the Un ted States . H e

s ﬁrst served i n a Mis ouri regiment , but returned to organize a German regiment in Wisconsin . His com

anies p were , among other striking titles , The She b o an yg Tigers , The Sigel Guard , The Wisconsin

Tigers , and The Tell Sharpshooters . When the

- colonel became a brigadier general , the regiment was commanded by Colonel Jacobi and by Colonel

Charles E . Salomon , the third and eldest brother.

Colonel Charles E . Salomon was , like the governor an d the general , born i n Germany, i n WA R S T H E N I S A S OF U TED T TE . 1 51

1 82 2 . H e was educated as a surveyor , served as

1 8 a volunteer i n the Pioniers , and i n 43 became fﬁ an o cer of that corps . He was employed , too , in

1 8 railroad and other engineering work . In 49 he 8 a 1 0 . c me West ; i n 5 to St Louis , where he was

- elected county surveyor , defeating Ulysses S . Grant

— en i n the contest for the popular vote , county

ineer f g , and held a variety of other technical o ﬁces

’ i n the city s service . He organized and was colonel of the Fifth M issouri Volunteers , and when it was m ustered out took com mand of the Ninth Wiscon — sin , winning the brevet of brigadier general . Re

turned to civil life , he was frequently employed by

8 1 880 . the United States , and died on February , The Twenty-sixth Wisconsin was another German regi ment , organized at Camp Sigel , M ilwaukee , and commanded by Colonel Jacobi and General Winkler .

It served in the Eleventh Corps , and shared i n its varying fo rtunes in the East and its brilliant s uc

- cesses under Sherman . The Twenty seventh was

K rez also a German regiment under Colonel Conrad ,

- A n so were the Thirty fourth , under Colonel Fritz

- f ﬁ fth . neke , and the Thirty , u nder Colonel Henry Orf Gustav von Deutsch commanded a company of cav al r y from Wisconsin , which became Company M of 1 52 T H E GERM A N S OLDI ER I N T H E

the Fou rth Missouri Cavalry . The Second Battery,

Wisconsin Artillery, was also a German organization . The Fritz Anneke of the Thi rty-fourth Wisconsin ” Freiheitsam f was also the author of the Zweite p ,

- - - 86 o u 1 1 . published at Frankfort the Main , in

n Of the German soldiers i n the Rebellio , those mentioned i n these pages may well be considered typical examples . These are but a small proportion of the great number who served with equal patriot ism . It is not possible i n any brief way to give a detailed account of all of those who were for tunate enough to be distinguished i n their special services . These pages are only a sketch of the active share taken i n every part of the country by its m German citizens , and perhaps so e more diligent student may yet complete the picture by an ex h us i a t ve . study of the subject Imperfect as it is , n with all its omissions and shortcomi gs , it will , how ever, serve to show that the Germans did their share i n the war for the Union , alike i n numbers , in

courage , i n endurance , i n zeal , in all the qualities that make the good soldier and the good citizen . They may fairly point with pride to the record of their achievements and claim for them the reward of duty well done . Both those who brought with

1 54 T H E GERM A N S OL D I ER I N T H E

u ndisciplined Americans , unaccustomed to obedience

-sacriﬁ ce and self . Here and there a German was

found wh o steadied the others by his example , some

a en times without word , occasionally by a little

co ura em ent g , always by his manly and soldierly

qualities . The literature of the war is largely made up of the heroic achievements of those who gained

promotion and distinction , but there is also found in

regimental histo ries and i n the dry annals of State

records , the occasional mention of some special gal

his lantry of the enlisted man . The story of part of the hardships and the successes of the war remains — to be told , cannot , perhaps , i n view of the vast

— w her number of soldiers , ever be fully told , but h ever the German soldier served , t ere he made his mark by characteristic virtues , the distinguishing traits of his nationality , in both new and old country .

The Hon . Andrew D . White , lately President of

Cornell University, and formerly United States M in ister to Germany , gave an admirable summary of the i ntellectual debt of the United States to Ger

1 88 many i n his address , delivered October 4, 4, at the centennial celebration of the German S o ciety of

New York . The title is the key to the note he l “ e strikes . It is entit ed Som Practical Inﬂuences WA RS T H E N I S A . OF U TED T TES 1 55

of German Thought upon the United States , and it is full of suggestive ideas and profound thoughts . “ He refers to the Revol ution , when the organizing power of Steuben , the devotion of Kalb , and the rude cou rage of H erckheim er were precious i n es tabl ishing the liberties of the country ; to the recog nition of the infant Republic by Frederic the Great , “ ﬁrst of all European rulers ; and to the earnestness

Germ anQA m erican n of thinkers , so lo g as the strug gle was carried on with the pen , and the bravery of German -American soldiers when it was carried on ” by the sword . He pays ﬁtting tribute to the words and deeds of sympathy that came from Germany alone i n the fearful darkness and distress of the civi l “ war, when German scholars and thinkers , men like

Theodore Mommsen and his compeers , proclaimed their detestation of slavery and thei r hope for the

’D American Union . In another place he shows the reﬂex effect of the great work done by a German

American as orator, soldier and statesman , when , S peaking of Carl Schurz as ﬁrst of all the recent ” American thinkers , he tells us that Bismarck said “ to him , As a German I am prou d of the success

0 of Carl Schurz . H e closes in an earnest h pe that “ the healthful elements of German thought w ill aid 1 56 T H E GE RI l/A N S OL D I ER I N T H E pow erfully i n evolving a future for this land purer in its politics , nobler in its conception of life , more beautiful i n the bloom of art , m ore precious i n the

” al fruitage of character . What the Germans have ready done in and for this country is the best as surance that this fervent prayer will be granted . To show their share as soldiers i n the wars of the

United States , is at least a j ustiﬁcation of the right and duty cast upon them to see that so far as in them lies , neither from within nor without shall any inj u ry befall the Republic .

' 1 58 T H E GERM A N S OLD I ER I N T H E

W a o ens. 1 . eidm n , J hn , , 777

Shru H ens. 1 . pp, enry , , 777

d rfe a en 1 8 D esen e r D s. . , vid , , 77

S H ens. 1 8. pech , enry , , 77

l t s 1 Rabo d a o en . 8. , J c b , , 77

h. ens 1 C C . 8. lickner, , , 77

r W a ens. 1 8. P ue , illi m , , 77

H H ens 1 ehn , enry , . , 779 .

I ND EP E ND ENT CORP S .

S o o a a . 1 6 ch tt , J hn P ul , c pt , 77 . A o a . 1 6 Selim , nth ny , c pt , 77 .

V D R EG M E I N ALI I NT .

N o a s col . 1 ic l , Lewi , , 777.

Woel er D a d a 1 8 pp , vi , c pt . , 77 .

M A RECH A US EE LIGH T D RAGOONS .

Van H a o . a 1 8. eer , B rth l , c pt . , 77

k s n é . 1 M a ae 8. , Chri t , lieut . , 77

iin er a 1 M a t c. 8. g , J , lieut . , 77

S . . 1 8. truebing , Phil , lieut , 77

’ A RMA N D s EG O V Y L I N , CA ALR .

M a as . a . 1 8. rkle , Ch , c pt , 77

S af G o a 1 . 8. ch fner, e rge , c pt , 77 H 1 8. Seibert , enry , lieut . , 77

a Godfried S . 1 8. chw rtz , , lieut , 77

S e ern . . 1 8. g , Fred , lieut , 77

R H ens. 1 8 iedel , enry , , 77 . WA R S OF T H E N I T S T U ED A T E S . 1 59

REGU A A M Y L R R .

’ - A r a a as a m a . com t. t. 1 8 B um n , Seb ti n , j , 77 .

A rt a s M a a . . 1 . K ltei en , ich el , c pt , 794

M H . A rt. 1 . uhlenburg , enry , lieut , 794

Z D a a I st I nf 1 8 iegler , vid , c pt . . , 7 4.

’ ’

bin n H o a . r Va s s . 1 8 St u . g , Philip ( eer C rp ) , c pt , bv t , 7 4

The following ofﬁcers of the regular army were Germans :

A a E A o a s 1 6 1 a 1h I l l 6 a o l 1 th 8 . . 1 8 1 d m , mil , lt n J ger , ; c pt 9 , ; m j r 4 l l 1 6 a . th . av I 8 o I . 8 U. S C . . , 5 c pt 5 , 7 — A o s ss a s o 1 86 1 6 M d. d lphu , Philip , Pru i ; urge n , 5

A xt Go f H G a s o 20 th N . o s. U. . A . T . . , d rey . , erm ny ; urge n Y V l ; S ,

1 6 8 7.

a 2 1 8 I st 2 th I nf. s a . U. . A . M a 1 . B lder, Chri ti n , enl S y , 57 ; lieut 5 ,

1 862 .

Bendire a s . U. . A . 1 8 a . I st Cav . 1 8 , Ch rle , enl S , 54; c pt , 73 ; retired

1 886.

T oo s i a s 1 l 6th Col . Bentzon U. S . A . 8 co . U. S . , Ch rle , enl . , 57 ; s r p ,

1 86 a 2 h nf t I 1 866 . 5 ; c pt . 5 . ,

o s o W . U. . A 1 8 a . 2 th I nf. 1 86 . Cl u , J hn . , enl S 57 ; c pt 4 , 7

a ol 1 M o 1 862 a . l 1th o os a d M o . 1 86 1 c . . C nr d , J eph , c pt . 3 , ; 5th , ; c pt

f 1 2 I n . 186 as o o 88 . , 9 ; retired c l nel ,

nf 1 866 1 8 0 . d as 1 1 a 2d I . o L . E . 2 2 M s 86 . Cr ne , , , ; c pt 4 , ; retired 7

d 2 th I nf. 1 8 . h A rt. 1 8 2 . D T h . t ecker , , 4 , 75 lieut 4 , 79 86 a th U. . Cav. 1 D e G ss a o a th M o Cav . . C . . 6 . re , J c b , c pt ; c pt 9 S , 7 ;

1 8 0 retired 7 .

88 . 1 86 a 2 151 I nf. 1 E s F. H . E . . U. . A . . b tein , , enl S , 4; c pt , 5

f 1 1 86 . enm r s . 1 h I n . E e e A . I t 2t gg y , , lieut ; killed June , 4 150 T H E GERM A N S OL D I ER I N T H E

W a a a . 1 8 8 . 2d I nf. 1 866 1 88 F lck , illi m , enl 5 ; c pt , retired 3.

G. a 2 d N Y 1 6 1 a 1 nf . . . 8 . I . 1 86 re Freudenberg , C , c pt 5 . , ; c pt 4th , 9 ; - l as co . 1 8 tired lieut . , 77.

F F . . th A rt. 1 8 6 I st 1 86 uger, , enl 4 , 5 ; lieut ., 5.

Ga F I st h nf 6 . t I . 1 86 . ebel , , lieut . 45 ,

Ga d o . 2 1 th I nf. 1 8 . rdener, C rn , lieut . 9 , 79

G a W a 1 6 st . 8 I . d I nf 1 8 . erl ch , illi m , enl 5 ; lieut 3 . , 79

Go a d t H . 2 h av 1 . C . 8 ldm n , J , lieut . 5 , 77.

G o - . 1 1 8 6 m a I st Cav. 1868 col 2 d reen , J hn , enl July , 4 ; j . , ; lieut . .

av . 1 8 C , 85.

os a F 2 G s E d 1h I nf. nf . 186 a . 1 I . 18 1 r m n , . , lieut . 7 , 3; c pt 7th , 7 .

G . . I st av 1 8 a a 1 1 S C . . th C v. 8 0 88 . unther, , enl , 55 c pt 4 , 7 ; retired 4 — H A . s o U. S . A . 1 8 6 6 . eger, , urge n , 5 7 f n H a . m a A A a th n 1 6 vo D I . 86 . erm nn , C . J , j . . . . C ; c pt . 4 ,

H essel ber r A 2 d s d nf 1 . 6 I . I . 1 8 . e G. . 1 86 t g , , lieut , ; lieut 3 , 7

H oel ck e W a G a a 1 8 —1 s o , illi m , erm n rmy , 49 5 ; Briti h Legi n in Cri — 66 0 . m ea I st M o . o s I st . th U. S . 1 8 ; lieut . V l . ; lieut 39 , 7

H ff a s F R a s ss a a o E . o E . m n , rne t , y l ngineer , Berlin lieut Pru i n rmy ,

— d th nf 1 6 1 8 6 a . and m a . I a a a 2 . I . 8 . 44 5 ; c pt j t li n rmy ; lieut 35 , 7

H d rt. 1 I st 1h I nf 1 1 . o E . 2 A 8 . . 8 ppy, . , enl , 54 ; lieut 9 , 7 ; retired

f - l h nf 1 1 l es 1 n 1 6 1 co . t I . 8 . I G o I . 8 . g , uid , 4th , ; lieut 9 , 7

- s 6 nd . . o . 18 o so s 10 th I 1 86 1 . . U J hn n , Lewi , ; bvt brig gen S V l , 5 ; f a 2 th I n . 1 86 c pt . 4 , 9 .

h a nf 1 2 a 6t C v . a A V I st o 1 8 6 2 d . th I . 8 . K utz, . . , Ohi , 4 ; lieut 4 , 5 c pt ,

- 6 m a . 1 86 1 col 2 d o Cav . 1862 . o s. 1 8 . . Ohi , ; brig gen V l , 4 bvt j

. 1 86 col . 8 I nf. 18 . gen , 5 ; th , 74

W 6th M ass 1 86 1 I st . 2d I nf. 1 866 a . re Keller, J . . , . , ; lieut 4 , ; c pt t s 18 0 ired li t, 7 .

R 2 d l oth I nf. 1 86 . Keye , , lieut . , 9 6 o E A . s o th P a. U. . A . 1 8 . K erper, . , urge n 75 S , 7

162 T H E GERM A N S OL DI ER I N T H E

R a a 1 d . 1 88 2 2 th I nf 1 88 . eichm nn , C rl , enl lieut . 4 . , 4

R a o H O . 2 d . th I nf 1 861 I st 1 6 . . . 8 . en ld , , lieut 9 , lieut , 3

dl b r k Ren e oc . . 1 1 2 d th 8 . Cav . 1 862 a . 1 86 te , J , enl 5 lieut 4 , ; c pt , 7 ;

tired 1879 .

itzius H R . P . th 1 86 1 m a 2d N Y. 1 . . 86 I st . , , 5 N Y ; j 5 . , 4; lieut

2 th I nf 1 8 5 . , 75.

Ro a A rt. 1 8 8 I st 1 866 . emer, P ul , enl . 5th , 5 ; lieut . ,

R G o I st 1 I nf 1 6 . 8 . uhlen , e rge , lieut . 7th , 7

E a . l o d N Y I st 1 nf...... I 1 86 . Q uentin , J , c pt 3 ; lieut 4th , 7 s d a H . 2 d Cav. 1 861 S ch , , lieut . 3 , .

chau F 862 a . 1 rte W . 2 d 2 d Cav . 1 6 S . . 86 . , , lient , c pt ,

hi ch th 1 s n F C . N . Y. 186 I t d nf. vo S c ra . . I 1 866 re , , 54 , ; lieut 43 , ;

tired 1 870 .

von a A a 2 d . 1 1 I nf. 1 866 m a th I nf Schr der, lex nder , lieut th , ; j . 39 . , 6 1 866 ; died 1 8 7.

G o 2 d . 6th Cav. 1866. Schreyer, e rge , lieut ,

. f T o I zth M o . 1 6 2d . 1 th I n 1 86 . Schultze, hil , , 8 5 ; lieut 4 . , 5 ' f 66 a T o . . 1 8 a . 1 1 I n . 18 . Schw nn , he , enl 57 ; c pt th ,

l l m r a a 1 1 e 1 I s 8 . M . 862 t r S e e s . 1 . d A t. , Ch rle , enl 54 ; c pt th , ; lieut 3 ,

1 8 77.

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l t I l l l 2 h nf 1 6 E . co . h . co . t I . 8 6 t 1 o 881 . Smith , J hn , 45 ; 7 , ; re ired f s . 1 6 I s 1 I n . 8 S t T o . 8 t . 1 . mi h , h , enl 7 ; lieut 5th , 77 d m W a R . a an ass . s . 18 1 . Stein etz , illi m , c pt . t urg , 7

l s a s 2 d 6 te e . th A rt. 18 . S y , Cl u , lieut 4 , 3 i f d 2 th I n 1 6 . S . 2 . . 8 Sternberg , g , lieut 7 ; killed 7

Stiebner E a I st A rt. o 1 861 1 5 1 N ew o , ugene ; rmy , F rt Sumter, ; Y rk

1 862 d a 1 . 1 6 2 d A rt. . 1 86 6 N . Y 8 1 th , ; 3 Penn , 3; th , 4 ; lieut . s

f 6 1s I ieu d nf I n 1 8 t t. I . . , 5; 33

l s 1 8 S tom m e u s 15t N . Y. 2 d . d I nf. 1 866 x t . 6 . , J liu , 4 ; lieut 43 , ; lieut , 9 WA RS T H E UN I T S T A T S . OF ED E 1 63

S ber A o a . 1 l th I nf. 1 8 . y g , rn ld , c pt , 47

th Y 1 861 I s th nf a 2d N . 6 T F W. . . t . 6 I . 18 8. hib ut , . , lieut 7 , ; lieut ,

d d nf 8 s 1 66 2 . I . 1 . T F. . 8 hie , , enl ; lieut 3 , 73

U a G s a s a 2 d . th Cav. a . 1866. rb n , u t vu , rmy ; lieut s ; c pt ,

h d . a h a a t M 1 862 . t C v . 1 a o s G s a s . 88 . V l i , u t vu , c pt 4 , ; c pt 9 , 4

h a. 2 d th I nf. s a t . I t . 1 6 Veitenheimer, C rl , 74 Penn lieut 4 ; lieut , 8 6.

d 1 I nf 6 Verm ann o 2 . . 18 6. , Ott , lieut 3th ,

6 2 d th nf H . 18 . n I . 1 86 a Wa . I st a gner, enry , enl 5 ; lieut , 3 ; c pt C v

1 6 8 9 .

Wa a o B . 1st . Cav. 1 col . th A rt 1 8 2 lb ch , J hn de , lieut , 799 ; 4 . , 4 ; died ,

1 8 57.

61 a h nf Wa s . N . 1st . th M o . 1 8 . 1 t I . 188 . rren , C , lieut 4 , ; c pt 4 , 3 f 6 I n . 6 W G. 1 a 1 W . . 86 1 . 18 . edemeyer, , enl ; c pt th , 5 f E F 2 d 1 I n . 186 a 2 2 d nf W a . . . I 186 enckeb ch , , lieut 3th , 5 ; c pt . , 7.

ff ax r Was o T o o s. 1 6 d Wesendo M I st . 8 2 2 , , lieut hingt n errit ry V l , ;

2 th I nf 1 86 a . I st Cav. 1 880 . lieut . 4 . , 7 ; c pt ,

d nf st s 2 86 I . 1 80 W L o I st I . 1 8 . ilhelmi , ui , lieut . 5 ; lieut ,

Oﬂﬁcers The following , from a List of Field ” : U . S . Volunteers , are Germans

. d N A as a K . m a . 2 . . bell , C p r , j 7 Y h A A a s C . m a . 6th N . . and 1 0 t N . . rt. bell , Ch rle , j Y Y

d M o L t A rt A s H col . 1st M o. 2 . . . lm tedt, enry , ;

A s o o V m a . d N Cav. l tr m , J hn . , j 3 . J .

A a o c l 2 h o . o . 1 t mmen , J c b , Ohi

von A s G o col th N . . m berg , e rge , . 45 Y

- A s A . col d M o n elm , lbert, lieut . 3 . d A m F . m a . l st I n , , j 3 . h a . H . P m a . 1 t N . B lling, O . , j 4s . Y 164 T H E GERM A N S OL DI E R I N T H E

B an hof C m a . I st M o Cav . g , . , j .

n a m a 2 th i vo a C . . W s B umb ch , , j 4 . i Baus nw e n co . th e V l 8 o . , . , 5 Ohi

o C . m a th M Becht, J hn , j . 5 inn .

- A l . 2 d o co M o . Beck , rn ld , lieut .

-col 1h I nd av s a . C . Beck , Chri ti n , lieut . 9 . h m a 10 8t o . Beck , Fred , j . Ohi

W a m a 2 th M o Beck , illi m , j . 7 .

- l . th A o . co 6 N . . Becker, d lph , lieut 4 Y

f - l 2 h o Go . co . 8t Becker, tt ried , lieut Ohi .

- l h co t a Cav . Becker, Philip , lieut . . 5 Penn .

l nd rff m a th l l B eh e o F . 1 I , , j . 3 .

o E col th N . . Bendix , J hn . , . 7 Y

o F . m a oth Bierb wer, , j . 4 Ky .

L col N 8 . . Blenker, . , . th Y

- l L . co . th o . von ss . Ble ing , , lieut 37 Ohi

von Boernstein a ff col . th I o a Cav . , Sh e er , 5 w l von B or ersock R . co M . g , , 5th inn

B otchfur H o m a . I st A rk . Cav , ug , j

Bram l ich a s m a . 2 d A rk . I nf. , Ch rle , j

- l av s o D . . co 8 M o C . Brut che , J hn , lieut . th .

L o s col . th N . . Burger, ui , 5 Y h D f s a col . 2 6t o . egen eld , Chri ti n , Ohi

W col 1 51 a sas D eitzl er G o . . , e rge , . K n

N H a A rt. D iechm an s m a . 1 . . , Juliu , j 5th Y e vy

u -c l 8 O o Cav D otze A . . o . . , g , lieut th hi

- l N . . D u sin E . c o . 1 51 y g , mil , lieut 4 Y

ffs l 1 d W . co . 0 N . von E o F . . gl tein , , 3 Y

- E F a s . col . 2 d M o . hrler, r nci , lieut

- in id l . col s N von E s e D . . I t . , lieut 4 . Y

166 T H E GERM A N S OLD I ER I N T H E

K n de l o rer a s co . 1 6 th a , Ch rle , 7 Penn .

von o E . m a . I s . t M d Cav . K erber, V , j .

Kol tes o A col d a , J hn . , . 73 Penn . ’ l Koz a E . A . c l th o . N . y, , 54 Y .

’ A o m a M o a Krekel , rn ld , j . . B tt y .

- l W a . co 8th . N . Kreutzer , illi m , lieut 9 . Y

Krez o . c l 2 th is o . W , C rnel , 7 .

K um m l l - l . 1 is e A . H . co W , , lieut . 3th . v n l ieu ~ l o s o C . t. co 2 d . o s s U. S . . Ku er w , , . Vet V l

L aibol d l 2 d M t ar co o . , Bern d , .

L and ra b r m a t e e s 2 d M o . L . A rt. g , Clemen , j .

F m a . 1 2 th o T . M . Ledergerber, . , j

L e ien - l e A rt G o F . . co . I s M . t . pp , e rge , lieut

M a F col th a hler , . , 75 Penn .

- von M atzdorff A . . col th a , , lieut . 7s Penn .

A - l h a M o . co . 8t . ehler , d lph , lieut 9 Penn

- l . 6th N . M G. . co . etternich , , lieut 4 Y

’ ’ H a s B att n M n Cav M von H m a . . . . inden , enning , j tch i n

- von M A . col th a itzel , lex , lieut . . 74 Penn .

A u l th M oo . co . 2 8 o . r, g , Ohi

M a s - ol l o h O o c . t . ueller , Ch rle , lieut . 7 hi

s a s ol 2 h o . c . 1 1 M O terh u , P . J , .

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P orchner F . col . th o . , , 47 Ohi

P osse er F . m a . I st N . . Cav . gg , j Y

a h a . R a F H . m 1 88t eich rd , . , j . Penn

- l 1 d a . R a G o N . . co . eich rd , e rge , lieut 43 Penn d I l l ol shausen . m a . 82 R F . , , j

R sa o ol 6th o R c . N . . , ud lph , 4 Y

A son C av. Ros a t A o G. m a . 1 a. eng r en , d lph j 5th Penn ( nder ) WA R T H E N I D T S OF U TE S A TES . 167

- l c l 8th N a a o . . S lm S m , Prince , Y . l G co th . von a W . . N . Sch ch , . , 7 Y

- l 1 21h a o . co . M o . Sch dt , Ott , lieut ff l a F . co 2 d M o. Sch e er, , .

f s - l s av von Schick u F . . co . l t N . . C . , , lieut Y

von S F . m a . d a. A rt. chilling , j 3 Penn

him m el f nni l h a S c e A . co . t . g , , 74 Penn

L col 1 th N Schirmer, . , . s . Y.

hl i n r l c tt e N . co h M o . S . t , ich , 4

hl uem bach A m a 2 h von S c . . t N . . , lex , j 9 Y f - l h S E . co . 2 0 N t . . chnep , , lieut . Y

hoeffel F A - l S c . . . co . 1 N , , lieut 3th . Y .

- l th o von S a A . co chr der, lex , lieut . . 74 Ohi . i S a F . m a . 2 1st W s chum cher, , j . e ebarth H m a d a A S . . . rt g , , j 3 Penn .

B . col d o C av Seidel , C . , . 3 Ohi .

A . m a th G. . N Seidel , , j 7 . Y .

S H o m a 2 th a eidlitz, ug , j . 7 Penn .

l 2 h o s s co . t N . S e t , Clemen , 9 Y .

ond d rff - l S ers o C . . co . th o . , , lieut 9 Ohi l S a s co . 8 N . t bel , Juliu , th Y . von a s A -col 681h N Steinh u en , . , lieut . . . Y .

von A . col . 2 th N . Steinwehr, , 9 Y .

f s - l t T a G . co 1 o6 h o. el , u t , lieut . . Ohi

s A . col th I nd T as . G . . in , , 35

T a s a col 1 6 I ll . Cav hielem nn , Chri ti n , . th .

T a M o m a . 1 6th I ll Cav hielem nn , il , j . .

- T o a M ax col th N . . h m n , , lieut . . 59 Y

T a D - l th o o U. . . . F co 1 10 iedem nn , . , lieut . . S C l red

von T a H . col 2d I nd rebr , , . 3 . H E G RM A N S L I R 1 68 T E O D E .

von Ve esach E col . 20 th N . g , . , Y .

a -col th a Veitenheimer, C rl , lieut . . 74 Penn .

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H o c l . 2111 Wa o 1 M O. ngelin , ug , h N W M ax col . 20 t . eber, , Y .

von W a m a . 68th . N . edell , C rl , j Y

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B ur ckh art D . 2 . Es 1 , , 3 ebeck , 4 .

N . M 1 1 Es v . S . . . t an Burger, 5th Y , 5 , 77.

N . . S G a s 8 . E a 2 Burger, O teuben u rd , 5 w ld , 4 .

B urstenbinder 6 th o 1 , 7 Ohi , 47.

s A . 2 th P a . 1 0 . a 0 Bu hbeck , , 7 , 9 F rmer, 5 .

s 2 Fer en , 4 .

v os on 2 . o s von d N C av Cl en , , 4 , , . . . 1 6. F r tner 3 J , 4

o o a o 1 2 6 . a 2 d N Y. 1 . 1 C l r d , Fr nk , 5 , 5.

o 1 . 8. C nnecticut , 33 Freilich , 3

o a A . . 2 d N . Y . 1 1 C nr d , , 77, 44 Freudenberg , 5 , 7.

8 1 o s T . . C . . 2 th 1 1 C rde , , S , Frey , 4 3 .

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a . 2 . an 8. Cr mer, J , 3 Furm , 3

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D 8. Gau 2 . emler , 3 , 4

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h av D von t M o . C . 1 2 G o a 8 s . . eut ch , , 4 , 5 e rgi , 5

st N Y L t A rt 2 . 2 th nd D I . . . . 1 G I . 1 ieterich , , 5. erber, J , 4 , 34.

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G . T . 2 d F . 2 . A B . . U . S . rt reer, J , 5 reble , Lieut J , 6 9 .

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h . 2 H 2 . Grem et . , J , 3 enry , 4

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H van B . 0 . 2 ° eer , , 4 3 , 33, 35

Y 1 1 . H 2 . Ka ff th N . . ehn , 3 p , 7 , 4

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H W 10 d N Y 1 n l st N Cav 1 6 . . . . . a Ge . . . . . , 4 eine , , 3 , 7 K rge , J , J I nf 6 H a Gen S P . 62 A 8 . S . . . a . U . eintzelm n , . , . K utz, V th , 7

H el m rich von th a 1 1 M O . C v . . 1 . , , 4 , 4 Kentucky , 34

H s I st N . . C av. 1 2 2 . Kiel m anse e von th M o . Cav . endrick , Y , gg , , 4 ,

H s 2 W . . 1 . endrick , , 4 34 1 72 I N DEX .

6th 1 a o . . M 1 Klein , C nn , 33 ine , 35.

l eisser th Y 1 2 6 M a K o N . . . o 8. , 3 , ng ld , 7

A A r . i l h ff r . k Kl n e o e . . a af rt 1 S M o A . . g , C , , 55 rkgr , Ohi , 47

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l l 2 M ent es l d rff v n th I . 1 . nob e s o o 0 . K , , 44 , 7 g , 5

r 6 1h P a 1 0 6 . o h dere 1 8 . M l t o Kno 1 . , , eyer , 7 Ohi , 47

von I st M o . 1 . M a o 1 . K erber , , , 34 ichig n , 35

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d a . on 2 N . . ss o v l in 1 1 th o 1 . M oe . Ku er w, , 3 Y B tt , g g , C nn , 33

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M o a D . 2 . d a . 10 an 10 P . Lehm n , 3 , 7 rg n , , 3

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S a 2 . w rtz , 3 M W . 8. etzel , , 3 ez G o S t 8 . y , e rge , 3 W L . . etzel , , 43

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