BOIS ET FORÊTS DES TROPIQUES, 2007, N° 294 (4) PEUPLEMENTS FORESTIERS 21 PLATONIA INSIGNIS

Platonia insignis Mart. richness in secondary forests of north-eastern Pará,

Maria do Socorro Ferreira1 Marcelo Melo2

1 Embrapa Amazonia Oriental Rua São Miguel 2715/204 - Cremacão CEP: 66065-690, Belém Pará, Brasil

2 IBAMA-GEREX/STM Av. Tapajós, 2267 Laguinho 68 040 000 Santarém Pará, Brasil Commercial interest in the fruit of the “bacurizeiro” is increasing. Even so, most production results from extractive use by native populations, which does not cover demand. This work is part of a study of the management of natural populations. We aim to develop a small-scale socio-cultural system of fruit production in areas with naturally occurring P. insignis, which would contribute to sustainable development.

Figure 1. P. insignis trees in secondary vegetation. Photo M. S. Ferreira. BOIS ET FORÊTS DES TROPIQUES, 2007, N° 294 (4) 22 FOREST STANDS PLATONIA INSIGNIS

Maria do Socorro Ferreira, Marcelo Melo

RÉSUMÉ ABSTRACT RESUMEN

PLATONIA INSIGNIS MART. : PLATONIA INSIGNIS MART. SPECIES PLATONIA INSIGNIS MART.: RIQUEZA RICHESSE DES FORÊTS SECONDAIRES RICHNESS IN SECONDARY FORESTS DE LOS BOSQUES SECUNDARIOS DEL DANS LE NORD-EST DU PARÁ OF NORTH-EASTERN PARÁ, BRAZIL NORDESTE DE PARÁ EN BRASIL AU BRÉSIL In the Brazilian Amazon, the state of El Estado de Pará, en la Amazonia bra- L’État du Pará en Amazonie brési- Pará is the centre of dispersion of a sileña, es un centro de dispersión de lienne est un centre de dispersion useful species, Platonia insignis Mart. una especie de gran utilidad, Platonia d’une essence de grande utilité, , the importance of which is insignis Mart. Clusiaceae (bacurí), cuya Platonia insignis Mart. Clusiaceae, increasing in markets and for agricul- importancia va en aumento en los mer- dont l’importance s’accroît sur les mar- turists. This species has a wide variety cados y entre los científicos. Sus usos chés et pour les scientifiques. Les utili- of uses, producing high quality wood son muy diversos: la gran calidad de su sations de cette essence sont très with a variety of applications, a highly madera hace que tenga muchas aplica- diverses : son bois de grande qualité valued edible fruit, and latex used for ciones, los frutos son comestibles y se prête à de nombreuses applica- medicinal purposes. Furthermore, it is muy apreciados, y el látex se utiliza en tions, les fruits sont comestibles et fort valuable for the maintenance of biodi- farmacopea. Además, esta especie es appréciés, et le latex s’utilise en phar- versity and is capable of rapid growth, interesante para el mantenimiento de macopée. De plus, l’essence est inté- thereby making it useful for revegeta- la biodiversidad y su rápido creci- ressante pour le maintien de la biodi- tion. The pulp of the fruit, known as miento hace que sea especialmente versité et sa croissance rapide la rend “bacuri”, is used to flavour traditional idónea para la revegetalización. La particulièrement apte à la revégétali- foods. In Pará and other Amazonian pulpa del bacurí se utiliza para adere- sation. La pulpe des fruits, appelés states, the fruit has been cultivated zar los platos tradicionales. En Pará, “bacuri”, est utilisée pour assaisonner traditionally and has export potential. como en otros estados brasileños, les plats traditionnels. Au Pará et dans Even so, most production results from existe un cultivo tradicional de los fru- d’autres États brésiliens, les fruits sont extractive use by native populations. tos que son potencialmente exporta- traditionnellement cultivés et poten- Given the ease with which this species bles. Sin embargo, la mayor parte de tiellement exportables. Cependant, la can grow and reproduce in suitably su producción proviene de actividades production est issue pour la plupart managed areas, it can easily be incor- extractivas de las poblaciones autócto- des activités extractives menées par porated into crop systems that are nas. Esta especie se desarrolla y repro- les populations autochtones. Cette familiar to local farmers. In this con- duce muy fácilmente en cualquier área essence se développe et se reproduit text, an overall characterization of the convenientemente ordenada, esto très facilement dans toute zone amé- species should be conducted from hace que pueda incorporarse fácil- nagée de façon appropriée, et peut diverse botanical and ecological mente a los sistemas de producción donc aisément s’intégrer dans les sys- angles. Subsequently, the various agrícola, bien dominados por los cam- tèmes de production agricole déjà products from this species should be pesinos locales. Teniendo en cuenta bien maîtrisés par les paysans locaux. considered in terms of market poten- esto, sería conveniente realizar una Dans ces conditions, il convient de tial and commercialization. This caracterización global de esta especie mener une caractérisation globale de should include the results obtained for en distintos ámbitos botánicos y ecoló- cette essence dans différents this non-timber forest product (NTFP) gicos. Posteriormente, habrá que eva- domaines botaniques et écologiques. by agriculturalists in the north-eastern luar el potencial comercial y de comer- Par la suite, les produits issus de cette region of the state of Pará during eight cialización de los distintos productos essence doivent être étudiés en years of study. de esta especie. Dichos estudios debe- termes de potentiel commercial et de rán incluir los resultados sobre los pro- commercialisation. Ces études devront Keywords: Platonia insignis, fruitful, ductos forestales no maderables inclure les résultats sur les produits secondary forest, commercialization, (PFNM) obtenidos por los científicos forestiers non ligneux (Pfnl) obtenus NTFP, Brazil. durante ocho años de investigaciones par les scientifiques durant huit ans en el nordeste del Pará. d’études dans le nord-est du Pará. Palabras clave: Platonia insignis, Mots-clés : Platonia insignis, fécond, productivo, bosque secundario, forêt secondaire, commercialisation, comercialización, PFNM, Brasil. Pfnl, Brésil. BOIS ET FORÊTS DES TROPIQUES, 2007, N° 294293 (4)(3) PEUPLEMENTS FORESTIERS 23 PLATONIA INSIGNIS

Introduction Description of the species In traditional agriculture in the Brazilian Amazon, “capoeira”, or the clearing of an area of bush by burning Platonia insignis is an ever- In open environments, the or cutting down, is important. Following green species belonging to the “bacurizeiro” proliferates extremely a fallow period after “capoeira”, the Clusiaceae family. It is found mainly easily, mainly by sprouting from productivity of crops is restored and in open areas, especially anthropo- roots, and can often completely dom- the system of agricultural production is zoic areas, and is rarely found in inate the landscape. Reproduction by maintained. The secondary vegetation dense primary forests. When fully seeds is more difficult, generally as a that grows is also a source of products grown, it can reach a height of 37 m result of irregular and delayed germi- for local communities and aids the and a diameter 1.30 m above the nation. environment as a whole. ground (DAP) of 1.7 m. The characterization and impor- The economic importance of sec- In areas where it occurs natu- tance of this fruit have been dis- ondary forests is also increasing, as rally, this species plays an important cussed in the literature since the they provide a diverse range of useful role in the recovery of areas cleared 1970s (Calzavara, 1970; Alves, products, such as edible fruits, medic- for agriculture (slash and burn fol- 1971). However, until now, there was inal ingredients, materials for lowed by periods of rest and recov- no established system of production construction, animal feed, and timber. ery), as it is a pioneer species, gener- for agriculturists or “fruticultores”, Such forests are also an ecologi- ally the first to appear. After 50 years, the fruit producers. This is partly cally important resource in terms of “bacurizeiro”, the common name for because of difficulties with producing forest growth, the accumulation of bio- P. insignis, remains the most abun- from seed (Carvalho et al., mass, and in the maintenance of bio- dant species where such areas are 1998) and the lack of a suitable diversity. Given their ability to accumu- regenerating (Reis Junior, 2000). It approach to handling naturally occur- late biomass quickly, especially during can grow in soils with low to average ring plants. the first 20-30 years, they are also fertility, its main limitation being that Popularly known as “bacur- important carbon reservoirs for the it is restricted to upland (terra firme). izeiro”, P. insignis has a straight, cir- atmosphere (Vieira et al., 2003). P. insignis produces edible fruits cular trunk; brown-ash-gray to dark- Secondary forests exist in known in the Amazon region as brown rhytidome, tough, wrinkled almost all agricultural areas, particu- “bacuri”, which are popular among the and detached in small plates; cream larly in the northeast “Paraense” local population and sold in the mar- to white alburnum; rich sticky brown- region, where they are used for kets of the main cities of Pará, in partic- yellow resin, internally dark yellow; numerous products. A recent study in ular Belém. The fruit is a voluminous yellow latex; simple leaves, opposed, this region found that 10% of the globose with a diameter of 7- canaliculated leafstalk in the supe- gross income from familiar agricul- 15 cm and an average weight between rior face, oblong with slightly acumi- tural products comes from secondary 350 and 400 g. The edible part is the nated apex (Figure 1). forests (staple fibers, seeds, fruits, pulp, which is soft, white to white-yel- wood for construction, charcoal, etc.) lowish in color, and contains the seeds. (Smith et al., 2003). According to Shanley and In Bragança and Captão Poço, Medina (2005), quoting a trader, two municipalities in the north-east “bacuri” is “turning to gold” in the mar- region of the state of Pará, more than kets of the main cities of Pará. In the half of the income from secondary main market of Belém, 490 000 fruits forests is in the form of cash from the are sold annually. In February 2001, in sale of various products. According to the market of Bragança, more than the same source, this demonstrates 4 000 fruits were sold in only one day the economic importance of second- (personal observation). ary forests to local populations This species has other uses (Smith et al., 2003). apart from the fruit. For example, its The species Platonia insignis high quality timber is used in civil Mart. Clusiaceae, which is abundant and naval construction and in the in this type of vegetation, is an exam- manufacture of furniture, and the oil ple of the potential for the productive extracted from the seed, as well as management of secondary forests, the latex, is used in popular medi- hence its importance for the commu- cines. However, it is mainly used for nities in which it occurs. its fruit (Shanley, Medina, 2005).

Figure 2. “Bacuri” fruit showing the edible pulp. Photo G. Medina. BOIS ET FORÊTS DES TROPIQUES, 2007, N° 294 (4) 24 FOREST STANDS PLATONIA INSIGNIS

Fructification is seasonal, and the fruit falls mainly from January to March (Ferreira, Medina, 2004). Under natural conditions, the trees generally begin to produce fruit at about 10 years of age. However, with- out competition, they can start to produce fruit at about six years of age (Souza et al., 1996). An adult tree will produce on average 500 fruit each year, although wide variations can occur between harvests. A year of high production for an individual is followed by one or two years of low production. Shanley and Medina (2005) have found an aver- age annual production of 400 fruits per tree over a period of five years. The fruit vary greatly in form, color, and composition. According to some authors, the fruit can vary from 100 g to 1 kg and contain 50-80% of rind and 12-30% of pulp (Ferreira et al., 1987; Souza et al., 1996; Villachia, 1996; Carvalho et al., 2001). Because germination is slow and irregular, propagation has rarely been attempted. The difficulty in germina- tion is attributed to the recalcitrant characteristics of the seeds, which lose their ability to germinate with desicca- tion (degree of humidity around 16%). After studying propagation by seeds, Oliveira (2002) concluded Figure 3. that the most appropriate method to Location of the study area. accelerate the emergence of the radi- cle was to make two lateral cuts to the The flowers are hermaphroditic, The fruit, known as “bacuri”, is of dorsal/ventral plane of the seed. This androgynous, and measure 7 cm in a pulpy globose type, measuring 7- was stressed as a simple and effective length and 3 cm in diameter on aver- 15 cm in diameter and weighing 350 to method. However, Carvalho et al. age. They are slightly perfumed, vary in 400 g on average. The rind is tough, (1998) showed that despite sprouting colour from white to intense rose, and and its color changes from green to yel- relatively quickly and easily from roots located at the end of the branches lowish as it matures (when young, it is (12-35 days, reaching a length of (Figure 1). Platonia insignis begins to completely green, the same color as 177.7 cm after 210 days), growing flower after about 4-5 years, but does the foliage). It has a white and sweet- plants from seed took much longer, not produce fruit until later. Flowers are ish pulp containing the seeds, or occurring on average after 564 days produced annually, generally from June aborted seeds, known popularly as the (from 198 to 968 days after sowing). to August. It is an allogamous species “son” (Moraes, 1994; Teixeira, 2000; The P. insignis species has great (Maués, Venturieri, 1996), which is personal observation) (Figure 2). regeneration properties through the pollinated by insects (e.g., Polistes The word “bacuri” comes from rapid development of radiciforms. infuscatus, P. carnifex, Synoeca suri- the Tupí, where “ba” means to fall This is the favored method for pro- nama, S. virginea, Polybia striata, and “curi” means immediately. It was ducing the trees. Quite productive Trigona fulviventris and T. pallens) and so named because the fruit falls as areas of more than 40 years of age birds (e.g., Pionites leucogaster leuco- soon as it matures (Teixeira, 2000). have been observed in the munici- gaster, Brotogeris chrysopterus The fruit loosens naturally from the palities of Bragança and Augusto tuipara, and Aratinga leucophtalmus). peduncle as it matures. Correa (Pará) using this practice. BOIS ET FORÊTS DES TROPIQUES, 2007, N° 294 (4) PEUPLEMENTS FORESTIERS 25 PLATONIA INSIGNIS

Where is it found? In a recent study of Platonia P. insignis was still very well repe- species, a density of 21 250 individu- sented (Table I). However, species Cavalcante (1972) considers als/ha (higher than 50 cm) was numbers were not determined and it that this species originated in the observed in the municipality of was not possible to calculate relative state of Pará. From here, it was dis- Bragança, Pará. The area was a young densities and frequencies. persed from Maranhão to Piauí in the secondary forest in the initial phase of Since P. insignis is a pioneering north-east, to Goiás in the southeast, vegetation development following and opportunistic species (Viana, and from Mato Grosso to in clearing, and the bacuri plants repre- 1989) that needs light to develop the south. It reached Amapá and the sented 43% of all vegetation. In inter- and can be vegetatively propagated Guianas to the north, and the Amazon mediate secondary forests, well known from the roots, it is capable of occu- to the west. In Pará, it is found in areas as vegetation of medium cut-over land pying spaces very quickly after near the coast, in the municipalities of (with an average height of 8 m and removal of existing vegetation. For Soure and Salvaterra, and on Marajó approximate ages of 10-15 years after example, in an area following agricul- Island. It is also found at Marapanim, fallow), the density was lower; how- tural activity, their numbers were Maracanã, Curuçá, Bragança, Augusto ever, although more species were found in the hundreds. This is impor- Correa, and Tracuateua in north-east- present, P. insignis still accounted for tant in the context of the traditional ern Pará (Figure 3). 725 individuals/ha (starting from a slash and burn agriculture in the P. insignis is generally found in DAP of 4 cm), which represented 22% Amazon, because it enables the bio- mainland areas and on different types of all vegetation. In advanced second- mass to recover within a short time. of soils. While in Pará it appears in ary forests (more than 20 years old), areas originally characterized as humid tropical forests with firm soils, in states to the northeast it is found in transition areas (between humid tropical forests Table I. and savanna). Most “bacurizeiros” Absolute and relative density and frequency of the species P. insignis, occur naturally, while some are planted in three groups of secondary forests vegetation in the Bragantina next to houses as part of a home gar- region, State of Pará. 2006. den (quintal). They are rarely observed in a plantation. The species is observed Platonia insignis Density (individuals/1 000 m2) Frequency in great densities in areas cleared for agricultural use, but decreases as the Young secondary forest 21 250 100 vegetation develops (Reis Junior et al., Intermediate secondary forests 725 100 2000). According to Clement and Venturieri (1999), it is found in pri- Mature secondary forests 105 100 mary forests only in low densities (between 0.5 and 1.5 individuals/ha).

Table II. Chemical composition of the fruit pulp of Platonia insignis. All results are expressed as mean±standard deviation.

Constituents Value Composition Value

pH 3±0.1 Zn (mg/100g protein) 1.04±0.106 Protein (%DM) 6.4±0.1 Cu (mg/100g protein) 0.38±0.036 Sugars (%DM) 49.7±3.3 Ca (mg/100g FW) 17.09±0.84 Lipids (%DM) 13.5±0.8 Methionine (g/100g protein) 2.41±0.27 Dry matter (%) 21.1±0.7 Threonine (g/100g protein) 4.7±0.3 Phosphorus (mg/100g FW) 10.76±0.63 Glutamine + glutamic acid (g/100g protein) 14.35±0.42 Fe (mg/100g FW) 0.449±0.074 Lysine (g /100g protein) 8.13±0.14 Na (mg/100g FW) 26.37±1.48 Asparagine + aspartic acid (g/100g protein) 10.73±0.14 K (mg/100g FW) 149.81±2.74 Leucine(g /100g protein) 7.81±0.19 Mg (mg/100g FW) 22.16±0.42 Arginine (g/100g protein) 7.18±0.34

FW: fresh weight; DM: dry matter. Source: Rogez et al., 2004. BOIS ET FORÊTS DES TROPIQUES, 2007, N° 294 (4) 26 FOREST STANDS PLATONIA INSIGNIS

Uses

The species has multiple uses, providing a variety of products such as high quality wood with a range of applications, edible fruit used in local cuisine, and latex, which is used in popular medicines and has industrial potential (Villachica et al., 1996; Cardoso, 2006). It is also valuable for the maintenance of bio- diversity, as it attracts many insects and animals (birds, bees, and rodents), and its rapid growth enables it to replace vegetation lost Figure 5. to agriculture or natural causes. Bacuri production in the state of Pará and other states in Brazil (%). Censo The wood is used commercially Agropecuario, 1996. Source: IBGE, 2006. in the Guianas and Brazil, where its characteristics are considered good: density from 0.75 to 0.80, dark albur- Processing and num and yellowish-brown heart- wood, compact, hard, elastic, easy commercialization handling, and good final product. It is suitable for hydraulic engineering The flavorsome pulp surround- The fruit is generally sold to works, naval and civil construction, ing the “bacuri” seed has tradition- local retailers who sell it in markets, floorboards, carpentry, cabinetmak- ally been considered a regional deli- fairs, cafeterias, ice cream shops, ing, frameworks, box factories, struts, cacy. It has also become appreciated hotels and restaurants. According to stakes, and domestic utensils. The as an exotic component of dishes in Ferreira and Medina (2004), 90% of rind of the fruit is used to calk boats, modern cuisine, mainly in the state the crop reaching the chief munici- and the resin it releases has uses in of Pará. According to Rogez et al. pality in Bragança, one of the main veterinary medicine. The oil extracted (2004), it is a source of minerals such buyers, is sold as fruit (Figure 4). It is from the seeds can be used as a raw as potassium, calcium, and iron not used for other purposes because material in soap industries. (Table II). The author notes that the of factors such as hygiene and the fruit is rich in soluble sugars and con- existing infrastructure for packing the cludes that its flavor characteristics products. Fruit processing is done allow it to be used in many diverse manually, and the hygiene condi- ways. It is consumed as a fruit, but is tions are inadequate. This reduces also made into jellies, creams, ice the use of P. insignis for purposes creams, juices, and as a filling in other than as a fruit on the market. chocolates. The rind of the fruit is The lack of electricity in some rural locally used for making jelly and com- communities is also a handicap as it potes, apparently having similar is not possible to preserve products characteristics to those of the pulp. for human consumption without it. The pulp can be preserved in The farmers transport the fruit the freezer, where it can be kept for a to the cities on bicycles or on collec- year without losing any of its main tive transport (buses, trucks or characteristics. The fruit, however, boats). Collective transport is used can only be preserved for at most less due to its high cost. The cost of seven days after being harvested transporting 20 litres or more of any (Barbosa et al., 1979). agricultural product is approximately R$5.00, to which about R$3.00 has to be added for the farmer taking it to market (the total of R$8.00 is equiva- lent to US$3.20, according to the exchange rate of 2.5 in May 2006).

Figure 4. Bragança market showing “bacuri” fruit for sale during the harvesting period. Photo M. S. Ferreira. BOIS ET FORÊTS DES TROPIQUES, 2007, N° 294 (4) PEUPLEMENTS FORESTIERS 27 PLATONIA INSIGNIS

Discussion Conclusions

Most retailers (ice cream shops Commercial interest in the fruit The rapid rate at which P. insig- and cafeterias) who use “bacuri” of the “bacurizeiro” is increasing, but nis can regenerate is favorable to the pulp as a raw material note that it is there remains a need to conduct establishment of populations of this consumed more rapidly than other studies to produce better forms and species. As the practice is both easy product and rarely lasts until the more regular supplies of fruit. All cur- to perform and inexpensive, it has arrival of the next harvest. Only a few rent commercial production comes attracted the interest of landowners. claim that they have sufficient stock from natural populations, which do This has been helped by the support to last for periods between harvests. not cover demand. of public policies, such as adequate The retailers also note that “bacuri” Despite researchers’ interest in assistance and promotion of agricul- is the most popular product in juices establishing systems of production tural products. or ice cream. It is known that supply for the “bacurizeiro”, there is still no The lack of information on the does not cover demand. method to produce fruit that would production of P. insignis makes it dif- In the municipality of Bragança, satisfy agricultural and fruit produc- ficult to determine both production the majority of retailers who use ers. This explains why no commercial and market trends. Even though “bacuri” pulp as a raw material con- plantations exist for this species. existing information dealing with pre- firm that they acquire the product Methods for establishing orchards cise observations in some markets is directly from the producers. are laborious and their development of importance, it still does not allow Fruit sold in the markets of is being undertaken very slowly and more detailed evaluation and/or Bragança goes either directly to the carefully. Results are therefore uncer- prognoses for the product in general. final consumer or to intermediaries, tain and their implementation is Until recently, “bacuri” (also who take it to the state capital of Belém. being delayed. known as “uxi” and “piquiá”) was In the last agricultural census This work is part of a study on consumed by the families who col- (Ibge, 2006), production of more the management of natural popula- lected it. Now, however, the commer- than seven million fruit was regis- tions. It aims to develop a small- cial value of the product has tered. Of this, 80% originated from scale sociocultural system of fruit increased. This is demonstrated by the state of Pará (Figure 5). production in areas where “bacuri” anecdotes about frequent thefts of The data from the IBGE show that occurs naturally and which would the fruit in areas where there is no the fruit is registered in states in south- contribute to sustainable develop- close monitoring by the owners. This eastern and southern regions. However, ment. With more regular fruit produc- may decrease the care with which the this is probably a different species tion, it would be possible to deter- fruit is monitored in such areas (more (Scheelea phalerata Mart., Palmae), mine the overall value of P. insignis. distant from the residences), but it which naturally occurs in these regions This would guarantee the sustainabil- will increase the care with which the and is also well known as “bacuri”. ity of its production. fruit is monitored in areas where the Research from the Farming Census owners have greater control. shows that this name is popularly used and does not take into account the sci- entific name of the species. The increasing encroachment of urban centers into rural areas is caus- ing unease in the rural sector, due to the flow of people from urban centers and the lack of global policies for absorbing manual labor. Laborers from outside local populations enter particular areas to collect fruit, among which the “bacuri” is most highly prized because of its commer- cial potential. This makes it more dif- ficult for local people to find the fruit and can lead to underestimations of production in official statistics. BOIS ET FORÊTS DES TROPIQUES, 2007, N° 294 (4) 28 FOREST STANDS PLATONIA INSIGNIS

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